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DNG 1: Kim loi tc dng vi axit:
- Axit loi 1(HCl, H
2
SO
4
long, ) mui + H
2
| .




- Axit loi 2 (HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c, ) mui + sn phm kh + H
2
O.
Axit HNO
3
(long, c):



Axit H
2
SO
4
(c nng):


DNG 2: Oxit kim loi tc dng vi axit:
- To mui, nc. [O
2-
] + 2[H
+
] H
2
O
- To mui, sn phm kh.
Dng 1: Tnh khi lng kim loi - oxi ho 2 ln:


Dng 2: Tnh khi lng mui hn hp oxit st phn ng vi dd NHO
3
d sinh
mui Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ sn phm kh (NO, NO
2,
N
2
, N
2
O).

Dng 3: Tnh khi lng mui hn hp oxit st phn ng vi dd H
2
SO
4 c, nng
d
sinh mui Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ sn phm kh (SO
2
).


DNG 3: Mui tc dng vi axit:
[Mui cacbonat (CO
3
2-
) + axit (HCl, H
2
SO
4
long) mui + H
2
O + CO
2
]
m
mui
=

. (m
hn hp oxit
+ 8.n
e
) = 242.

MT S CNG THC GII NHANH BI TP MN HA
HC
m
mui clorua
= m
Kl

phn ng
+ 71.nH
2
m
mui sunfat
= m
Kl phn ng
+ 96.nH
2
nH
+
phn ng
= ho tr Kl. nKl
phn ng
= 2.nH
2

m
mui

nitrat
= m
Kl

phn ng
+ 62.n
e nhn

4.nNO = 2.nNO
2
= 12.nN
2
= 10.nN
2
O = 10.nNH
4
NO
3

nH
2
SO
4 png
= 2.nSO
2
= 4.nS = 5.nH
2
S

nH
+
phn ng
= 2.n[O]
trong oxit
=

= n
axit
. s H
m
mui sunfat
= m
oxit
+ 80.nH
2
SO
4

m
mui clorua
= m
oxit
+ 55.nH
2
O = m
oxit
+ 27,5.nHCl
m
mui nitrat
= m
oxit
+ 54.nHNO
3
m
mui photphat
= m
oxit
+ 71.nH
3
PO
4


m
Fe
= 0,7.m
hh oxit
+ 5,6.n
e

m
Cu
= 0,8.m
hh oxit
+ 6,4.n
e

m
mui
=

. (m
hn hp oxit
+ 8.n
e
) = 400.

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2



[Mui hirocacbonat (HCO
3
-
) + axit (HCl, H
2
SO
4
long) mui + CO
2
+H
2
O]

[Mui sunfit (SO
3
2-
) + axit(HCl, H
2
SO
4
long) mui + SO
2
+ H
2
O]

DNG 4: Dng bi tp rt dung dch:
H
+
vo dd (CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
): CO
3
2-
+ H
+
HCO
3
-

CO
2
| + H
2
O

dd (CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
) vo H
+
: 2H
+
+ CO
3
2-
CO
2
+ H
2
O
H
+
+ HCO
3
-
CO
2
+ H
2
O
DNG 5: Tnh hiu sut tng hp amoniac:
Bi ton: Cho hn hp X (H
2
, N
2
) c

= a, tin hnh tng hp NH

3
thu c hn hp Y c

= b. Tnh hiu sut tng hp NH

3
?
Tnh t l s mol (hay t l th tch) da vo

= a bng phng php ng

cho ca N
2
v H
2
. G/s: nH
2
= x, nN
2
= y
x >3y
Nu hiu sut 100% H
2
cn d.
H =

x < 3y
Nu hiu sut 100% N
2
cn d.
H =

x = 3y Dng mt trong hai cng thc trn u c.
DNG 6: Phn ng nhit luyn:
[oxit kim loi + (H
2
, CO, Al, C)

hn hp rn + (H
2
O, CO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, CO)]
< kim loi phi ng sau nhm trong dy: K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Au >.

DNG 7: Dng bi tp c kt ta:
o Tnh tng, gim khi lng [CO
2
tc dng dd M(OH)
2
]:
+ m+ > mCO
2
m
dd gim
= m+ - mCO
2

+ m+ < mCO
2
m
dd tng
= mCO
2
m+
Ch :
+ Kh CO
2
/SO
2
hp th vo dung dch kim:
Xt t l: T =

T < 1 T =1 1 < T< 2 T = 2 T > 2

HCO
3
-
, CO
2
d


HCO
3
-


CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
,
H
2
O
CO
3
2-
CO
3
2-
, OH
-
d
+ Trng hp: tnh s mol kh hp th vo dd kim.
* CO
2
CO
3
2-
+ HCO
3
-
nCO
2
= nCO
3
2-
+ nHCO
3
-

m
tng
= m
mui clorua
m
mui cacbonat
= 11.nCO
2
m
tng
= m
mui sunfat
m
mui cacbonat
= 36.nCO
2
m
gim
= m
mui hcnat
m
mui clorua
= 25,5.nCO
2
m
gim
= m
mui hcnat
m
mui sunfat
= 13.nCO
2
m
gim
= m
mui sunfit
m
mui clorua
= 9.nSO
2
m
tng
= m
mui sunfat
m
mui sunfit
= 16.nSO
2
nH
+
= nCO
3
2-
+ nCO
2

nCO
2
= nCO
3
2-
+ nHCO
3
-
n[O]
trong oxit
= nH
2 phn ng
= nCO
phn ng
= n(H
2
,CO)
phn ng
= [nH
2
O, nCO
2
]
to ra
.
CO
2
+ 2OH
-
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ OH
-
HCO
3
-


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* SO
2
SO
3
2-
+ HSO
3
-
nSO
2
= nSO
3
2-
+ nHSO
3
-
DNG 8: Tnh s p, z, e, n: [p s n s 1,5p]

DNG 9: Cng thc tnh nhanh s ng phn:
Ancol n no: C
n
H
2n + 2
O 2
n-2
(n < 6)
Anehit n no: C
n
H
2n
O 2
n-3
(n < 7)
Axit cacboxylic no n:C
n
H
2n
O
2
2
n-3
(n < 7)
Este no n: C
n
H
2n
O
2
2
n-2
(n < 5)
Amin no n: C
n
H
2n +3
N 2
n-1
(n < 5)
Trieste to bi glixerol v hn hp n axit
bo

Ete no n: C
n
H
2n + 2
O

(2 < n < 5)
Xeton no n: C
n
H
2n
O

(3 < n < 7)
T n ancol c s ete to thnh

DNG 10: Bi ton v hirocacbon
*Dng chung: (X) C
n
H
2n+2-2A
+

O
2

nCO
2
+ (n+1-A) H
2
O (A l s lk pi)
n
X
=

(A 1)
+ Tnh khi lng hirocacbon em t chy:

+ Tnh s mol O
2
phn ng:
*Ch : s lk pi ca hp cht: C
X
H
Y
O
Z
N
T
X
K
l A =

(X l halogen)
+ Tnh s C trung bnh: dng tng qut (C
n
H
2n+2-2A
):

DNG 11: Ancol n chc, a chc
*t chy: Ancol no,n chc dng C
n
H
2n+1
OH: Xt t l: T =

.
T > 1 T = 1 T< 1
Ancol no.
N
ancol
= nH
2
O nCO
2
Ancol c 1 lkt hoc
1 vng.
Ancol c 2 lkt hoc
vng tr ln.
*i vi ancol c s C = s OH = K:


*Tnh khi lng m gam ancol no, n chc t chy to ra V lt (hay k gam) kh CO
2
v a
gam H
2
O:
m = mH
2
O 4.nCO
2
m = mH
2
O

m = a

s p s

m
hirocacbon
= 12.nCO
2
+ 2.nH
2
O
nO
2
= nCO
2
+

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*Phn ng vi kim loi kim:

DNG 12: Anehit, xeton
*Phn ng trng gng: R(CHO)
x
+ xAg
2
O

R(COOH)
x
+ 2xAg+
- TH1:

anehit n chc.

anehit 2 chc hoc l HCHO.

- TH2:

<

<

trong hn hp c: anehit 2 chc hoc l HCHO

DNG 13: Axit:
*t chy:
axit n, no (C
n
H
2n
O
2
) nCO
2
= nH
2
O
axit khng no, 1lk t gc hidrocacbon, n chc (C
n
H
2n-2
O
2
) n
axit
= nCO
2
nH
2
O
*Phn ng trung ha: R(COOH)
x
+ xNaOH R(COONa)
x
+ xH
2
O

DNG 14: Este
*Trong phn ng thy phn nu:

Du = xy ra vi este thng.
Du > xy ra vi este phenol, hay ng ng ca n
DNG 15: Amin, axit amin
*Cng thc phn t dng tng qut:
Amin Aminoaxit
Mch h
C
n
H
2n+2-2a-x
(NH
2
)
x

x
Bt k R(NH
2
)
x
(COOH)
y
x,y 1
No, n
chc
C
n
H
2n+1
NH
2

Hay C
n
H
2n+3
N
n
Mch h
C
n
H
2n+2-2a-x-y
(NH
2
)
x
(COOH)
y
a l tng lk
Amin
thm n
chc
C
n
H
2n-7
NH
2
n
Cha 1 chc
amin, 1 chc
axit
C
n
H
2n
(NH
2
)COOH
Hay C
m
H
2m+1
NO
2
(m = n+1)
*Amin phn ng vi axit HCl: (x mol) R(NH
2
)
a
+ aHCl R(NH
3
Cl)
a

*Aminoaxit phn ng vi:
X: (NH
2
)
a
-R-(COOH)
b


(ClH
3
N)
a
-R-(COOH)
b



(H
2
N)
a
-R-(COONa)
b

DNG 16: Polime:
* Bi ton: tnh n s mt xch trung bnh ca PVC khi tc dng vi 1 phn t Cl
2
. Bit % Clo l
h%.
Phng trnh: C
2n
H
3n
Cl
n
+ Cl
2
C
2n
H
3n-1
Cl
n+1
+ HCl
%Cl =

n =

. s nhm chc

m
mui
= m
axit
+ 22.x.n
phn ng

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