1.

H THNG V TR LY MU PHC V GIM ST CHT LNG NC MT

TI

Trnh t tip cn chng trnh quan trc mi trng phc v nh gi cht lng mi
trng c minh ha trong hnh 3.1:
i tng nghin cu

La chn v tr o v
s lng v tr cn o

Cc thng s cn o

Thi gian thc hin

o c

Phng php ly mu

Thc hin ly mu

La chn thit b ly
mu v thit b o

Bo qun v phn tch mu

Ghi chp v x l s liu

Trnh by s liu v
vit bo co

Hnh 1: S trnh t tip cn chng trnh quan trc mi trng

La chn v tr ly mu
+ Cc yu cu tng qut i vi vic la chn v tr ly mu
- V tr cc im ly mu nc cn chn n nh v phi i din cho mi trng
nc mt ni quan trc, c xc nh da vo kh nng t lm sch ca thy vc cn cn nhc n cc yu t lin quan n s phn b, pha long trong khu vc quan trc
nh tc , lu lng dng chy, lu vc, thi tit
- i vi sng, knh, rch chy qua thnh ph v khu cng nghip th ti thiu
phi quan trc ti hai im u vo v u ra khu vc nghin cu.
+ Cc iu kin c th trong vic la chn v tr quan trc:
Trn cc sng ngi, tuyn o th nht (nn) phn b tp trung ti khong cch
1km trc ngun nhim v loi b nh hng ca nc thi vo.
Tuyn o th hai c ch nh quan trc s thay i cht lng sng rch gn
im thi trong vng nhim. Tuyn o ny c b tr ti v tr trc ni s dng
1

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

nc gn nht 1km. Trong cc thnh ph hay khu dn c ni c nhiu ch nc

thi, tuyn o kim tra cn b tr khong cch 0.5 1.0km sau knh dn chnh, hoc
knh dn cui cng.
Tuyn o th ba c b tr sao cho s liu quan trc i din c cht lng
mi trng nc ni chung tc l v tr trn ln (> 80%) nc thi v nc sng.
S lng cc i tng (sng/rch) cn quan trc v s im ly mu ti mi i
tng cn c xc nh vi cc iu kin c th ca thy vc sao cho i din c ch
nhim ca i tng cho.
i vi tuyn o nn trn sng/rch, cc mu nc cn ly y cc tng t b
mt n tng y. i vi cc tuyn o cn li, mu c ly ti cc tng nc tng
ng vi su ca i tng quan trc nh sau:
- su < 5m: ly nc ti tng mt
- su > 5m v < 10m: ly nc tng mt v tng y
- su > 10 m: ly nc tng mt, tng trung gian v tng y
Trn c s cc v tr v tn sut ly mu thc hin nm 2008, cc c s khoa hc
trong vic xc nh v la chn v tr ly mu, tnh hnh thc t v h thng quan trc
cht lng nc mt hin c ti a phng, n nghin cu xut h thng v tr ly
mu phc v chng trnh gim st cht lng nc mt hng nm ti.
(bt u t nm 2009) nh sau:
1.1. Cc i tng chnh cn tip cn

1.2. H thng ly mu c phn b nh sau

V tr quan trc c s: v tr quan trc nhm kim sot ngun nc t bn ngoi a
vo a phng: (M16, M17); (M15), (M1).
V tr quan trc tc ng: c b tr ti khu vc chu tc ng t hot ng sn
xut nng nghip, cng nghip v dn c.
Tuyn o nhm quan trc tc ng t hot ng nng nghip c b tr ti
(M25), (M24), (M26), (M18, M19), (M2).
2

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

 Tuyn o nhm quan trc cc tc ng t hot ng cng nghip v dn c: M14,

M3, M6, M4, M5, M11, M8, M9, M10, M18.
Cc v tr ly mu ti cc hp lu chnh v cc v tr kim tra: (M25); (M24);
(M13); (M23), (M19), (M20), (M21), (M22).
V tr quan trc xu hng: V tr quan trc nhm kim sot ngun nc ca huyn
Bn Lc trao i vi cc a phng ln cn: (M25), (M24), (M23).
Tm li, v tr ly mu nc mt trn cc tuyn sng rch ti .nm
2009 c phn b c th nh sau:
Bng 1: V tr ly mu nc mt ti .nm 2009
i
tng
tip cn

STT

V tr

K
hiu

Ta

S
lng

Tng cng

26 mu

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

Hnh 2: S v tr cc im ly mu nc mt ..nm 2009

1.3. Tn sut ly mu v thng s quan trc
- Tn sut v thi gian ly mu nh sau:
Tn sut: 2 ln/ nm (ma kh v ma ma)
Thi gian: cui thng 03 v thng 06/2009.

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

\- Cc thng s quan trc

n thc hin phn tch i vi cc thng s cht lng nc mt c quy nh
ti QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT Qui chun k thut Quc Gia v cht lng nc mt
(National technical regulation on surface water quality).
Bng 2: Cc thng s tin hnh phn tch
TT Thng s

n v

TT Thng s

n v

15

Ch (Pb)

mg/l

pH

Oxy ha tan (DO)

mg/l

16

Crom III (Cr3+)

mg/l

Tng cht rn l lng (TSS)

mg/l

17

Crom VI (Cr6+)

mg/l

COD

mg/l

18

ng (Cu)

mg/l

BOD5 (200C)

mg/l

19

Km (Zn)

mg/l

Amoni (NH4+) (tnh theo N)

mg/l

20

Niken (Ni)

mg/l

Clorua

mg/l

21

St (Fe)

mg/l

Florua

mg/l

22

Thy ngn (Hg)

mg/l

Nitrit (NO2-) (tnh theo N)

mg/l

23

Cht hot ng b mt

mg/l

10

Nitrat (NO3-) (tnh theo N)

mg/l

24

Tng du m

mg/l

11

Phosphate (PO43-) (tnh theo P)

mg/l

25

Phenol (tng s)

mg/l

12

Xianua (CN-)

mg/l

26

Ha cht tr c

g/l

- 2,4 D

g/l

- Paraquat
13

Arsen (As)

mg/l

27

E.Coli

MPN/100ml

14

Cadimi (Cd)

mg/l

28

Coliform

MPN/100ml

1.4.

Thit b o c, phng php ly mu, bo qun v phn tch mu

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

 Thit b o c ti hin trng: My GPS, my TOA o nhanh cc thng s ch th

cht lng nc.
Phng php ly mu v bo qun mu c tin hnh theo TCVN 5992-1995,
TCVN 5993-1995 v TCVN 5996-1995. i vi cc v tr ly mu trn cc i tng
sng ln nh: sng Vm C ng, sng Bn Lc, Knh Xng Ln, knh Xng An H
thc hin ly mu t hp theo khng gian, tc l ly 3 mu 3 v tr (b tri, b phi,
gia dng) em trn ln vi nhau. Cc i tng cn li thc hin ly mu n.
Cng tc phn tch mu c tin hnh ti Phng Mi Trng - Phn vin Kh
tng Thy vn v Mi trng pha Nam (t chun Vilas 284).
1.5. Cc tiu chun so snh, nh gi
i vi cht lng nc mt ti mt s tuyn knh rch quan trc, p dng quy
chun so snh: QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT Qui chun k thut Quc Gia v cht
lng nc mt (National technical regulation on surface water quality).
2. KT QU PHN TCH MU
Kt qu phn tch mu tham kho t S liu phn tch ca phng Mi trng Phn
vin Kh tng Thy vn v Mi trng pha Nam, ngy 02/04/2009 v ngy 26/06/2009.

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

3. NH GI HIN TRNG CHT LNG NC MT TRN CC TUYN

SNG RCH CHNH HUYN BN LC
LA CHN TIU CHUN I SNH PH HP VI TNG I TNG
GIM ST
Bng 3: M t thng tin v ngun thi v mc ch s dng 11 tuyn sng rch
STT

Tn sng
/knh, rch

Ngun thi

Mc ch s dng

Kt qu o c cht lng nc mt h thng sng rch trn a bn huyn c

nh gi v so snh vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT: qui chun k thut quc gia v cht
lng nc mt. Do hu ht cc sng rch c kho st u dng cho mc ch ti tiu
v giao thng ng thy nn cc kt qu phn tch c so snh vi ct B1.
n thc hin nh gi kh nng s dng nc mt trn sng vo mc ch
lm nc cp sinh hot, cc kt qu phn tch trn sng .. c so snh vi ct A2
ca QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT.
Da trn kt qu phn tch ca 52 mu c ly trn 11 tuyn sng rch
chnh qua 02 t kho st vo ma kh v ma ma, cht lng mi trng
nc mt trn a bn huyn nm 2009 c nhn nh:
+ pH
Tr s pH trong nc l n v o lng cho tnh axit, trung tnh hay kim ca nc,
pH l mt yu t ch th tt nht. Bt c s thay i no d rt nh trong nc
cng lm thay i pH ca mi trng, c th s nhim do thc n tha, to n hoa,
nhng thay i v xy ho tan, hm lng ammonia
Trn sng (M16, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22, M23) c gi tr pH dao ng
t 3.45 n 5.95, cc kt qu dao ng khng ng k, s chnh lch gi tr gia 2 t
kho st l khng ln. Vi kt qu phn tch pH ca 7 v tr trn sng vm C ng u
cha t QCVN 08:2008 (ct A2).
Ti cc tuyn sng rch cn li, thng s pH c gi tr t 3.45 n 6.30, cc gi tr
pH o c a s dao ng t 4 n 6, hu ht u khng p ng (thp hn) QCVN
08:2008 (ct B1). Din bin pH trn h thng sng rch cho thy nc mt ti
7

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

y c tnh acid nh. Mu nc ly ti Knh Xng Ln (M1), Knh Xng An H (M17)

trong ma kh c gi tr o thp, c bit ti v tr quan trc ng 3 Rch Vng v sng
Vm C ng (M21) vo ma ma cho kt qu o pH thp nht (3.45). Cc sng rch ti
Bn Lc c gi tr pH dao ng khng ng k v tng i n nh. (Xem hnh 5)
+ Oxy ha tan (DO)
DO (Dissolve Oxygen) l mt ch s quan trng nh gi s nhim nc ca cc
thu vc. DO l lng oxy ho tan trong nc cn thit cho s h hp ca cc sinh vt
nc (c, lng th, thu sinh, cn trng v.v...) thng c to ra do s ho tan t kh
quyn hoc do quang hp ca to. Nng oxy t do trong nc dao ng mnh ph
thuc vo nhit , s phn hu ho cht, s quang hp ca to
Nhn chung, gi tr DO o c qua 2 t kho st u khng t QCVN 08:2008,
dao ng t 1.43 mg/l n 3.27 mg/l.
Hm lng DO o c ti cc v tr ly mu trn sng Vm C ng (M16, M18,
M19, M20, M21, M22, M23) c bin dao ng (1.74 3.26 mg/l), v tt c 7 v tr
trn sng Vm C ng u khng t QCVN 08:2008 (ct A2). Hm lng DO trn
sng Vm C ng tng i cao so vi hm lng DO o c trn cc sng rch
khc.
Ti mt s v tr nh trn knh T4 (M25), knh T6 (M24), rch B King (M26), ch
Tn Bu trn sng Bn Lc (M15), rch Bc Tn (M9), sng Rch Chanh (M12) qua 2
t kho st u cho thy hm lng DO khng p ng QCVN 08:2008 - ct B1 (thp
hn rt nhiu).
S dao ng v hm lng DO gia 2 ma kh v ma ma khng ng k, v c xu
hng tng vo ma ma. Ngoi ra, s thay i ca gi tr DO gia hai t ly mu cng
ph thuc vo nhit thi im ly mu, s phn hy ha cht, s quang hp ca to.
Hm lng DO thp cho thy nc mt sng rch Bn Lc c du hiu theo chiu hng
xu, lu di s nh hng n h sinh thi ti cc thy vc v lm gim kh nng t lm
sch ca sng rch. (Xem hnh 6)

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

Hnh 3.5: Din bin pH trn h thng sng

rch huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

Hnh 3.6: Din bin DO trn h thng sng

rch huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

Nhn chung:
Cht lng nc mt trn 11 tuyn sng rch kho st ti huyn Bn Lc thay i
theo thi gian v chu nhiu nh hng t cc ngun thi. S thay i pH gia cc v tr
kho st v gia 2 ln o cho thy cht lng nc trong khu vc khng n nh v thnh
phn cc cht lun bin i theo khng gian v thi gian.
Kt qu phn tch, nh gi cho thy, hin trng cht lng nc mt huyn Bn Lc
a phn t tiu chun cho php phc v cho mc ch ti tiu v giao thng thy
li. Vo thi im hin ti, nc mt trong khu vc kho st c biu hin nhim cc
cht hu c v ha hc, nhng mc nhim cha tht s nghim trng.
Cc thng s ch th nh: pH, DO, COD, BOD, N-NH4, Clorua, st (Fe) du m ca
cc v tr kho st a phn cha t c tiu chun cho php, mt s cn vt ngng
rt cao nh: hm lng du m.
Cht hot ng b mt, phenol, kim loi nng pht hin c tn ti trong mi trng
nc ca khu vc nhng hm lng tng i thp hn so vi quy chun cho php. Tuy
nhin, cc thng s ny cn c kim tra nh k theo tn sut nht nh trong nm bi
c trng v s d tch t trong ng vt v thc vt, i vo chui thc n gy nh hng
n sc khe con ngi.
Mt vi nhn nh i vi tng tuyn sng rch trn a bn huyn Bn Lc:
Kt qu phn tch v nh gi cht lng nc sng Vm C ng cho thy a
phn cc thng s u t QCVN 08:2008 (ct A2). Tuy nhin, cn mt s thng s vt
quy chun cho php nh: pH, DO, COD, BOD, amoni. Hm lng du m trn sng
Vm C ng cho thy s tn ti kh cao, vt ngng cho php.
Cc mu th cho thy Sng Vm C ng mang tnh acid nh v c du hiu
nhim hu c. Bn cnh , hu ht cc knh rch trn a bn huyn Bn Lc u ra
sng Vm C ng. Do , kim sot hiu qu cht lng nc trn sng ny, cn
phi kim sot t cc knh rch nhnh. Mt iu ng quan tm l ngun nc sng Vm
C ng hin ang c s dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot, do vy, vic qun l
cht ch cc ngun thi vo lu vc ny l v cng cn thit, cng nh cn quan tm
p dng cc cng ngh x l nc cp thch hp trc khi a vo s dng.
Mt s sng rch khc trn a bn c du hiu nhim ngun nc mt vi a
phn cc thng s ch th khng t quy chun cho php (pH, DO, COD, BOD, clorua,
st (Fe) hm lng du m) nh: sng Bn Lc, sng Rch Chanh, rch Thanh Lp, rch
9

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

Bc Tn (pH, DO, COD, NH4, du m),. Nguyn nhn nhim c th do nh hng ca

hot ng sn xut cng nghip (KCN Thun o thi nc thi ra sng Rch Chanh,
mt s nh my, c s sn xut dc sng Bn Lc,) cng nh cc hot ng dn sinh
t cc khu dn c phn b dc theo cc sng ny.
Knh Xng Ln, rch B King, rch Cy Trm ang c xu hng b nhim (mt
s t thng s ch th cht lng nc cha t quy chun cho php: pH, DO, NH4, du
m). Cht lng nc trn knh Xng An H, knh T4, knh T6 vn mc chp nhn
c, a phn cc thng s ch th u t QCVN 08:2008 (ct B1).
Nh vy, vi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc mt trn a bn huyn Bn Lc
c nh gi nh trn, cn ra cc bin php thch hp nhm qun l cht lng nc
ca h thng sng rch ny cng nh quan tm ton din n cc khu vc cha c biu
hin nhim (ch mt s t thng s khng t tiu chun cho php).
Trn thc t, mun nh gi tng i ton din v hin trng cht lng nc mt
ti mt lu vc th cn phi c mt chui cc s liu theo thi gian v khng gian. Cc
kt qu phn tch trn y trc mt ch a ra hnh nh v hin trng cht lng nc
mt ti 11 tuyn sng rch vo thi im kho st, cha th phn nh ton din hin trng
cht lng nc mt trn a bn huyn Bn Lc trong c nm. Tuy nhin, nhng nhn
xt, nh gi da trn cc kt qu phn tch mu phn no cung cp c s khoa hc
quan trng, to tin cho vic hoch nh cc bin php khng ch nhim, bo v
ngun nc mt ni ring v bo v mi trng ni chung trn ton a bn.

3.4. BIU DIN CHT LNG NC CC TUYN SNG RCH CHNH

HUYN BN LC THNG QUA CH S CHT LNG NC WQI NSF
3.4.1. ngha ca vic nh gi hin trng cht lng nc qua ch s cht lng nc

nh gi cht lng nc (CLN), nhim nc sng, knh rch, hin nay

Vit Nam v nhiu quc gia trn th gii, ngi ta thng da vo vic phn tch cc
thng s CLN ring bit, sau so snh tng thng s vi gi tr gii hn c quy
nh trong Tiu chun Quc gia hoc Tiu chun Quc t. Tuy nhin, cch lm truyn
thng ny c mt s hn ch nh sau:
- Khi nh gi CLN qua nhiu thng s ring bit, s khng th ni ln din bin CLN
tng qut ca mt con sng (hay on sng) v do vy, kh so snh CLN tng vng ca
mt con sng, so snh CLN sng ny vi sng khc, CLN thi gian ny vi thi gian khc
(theo thng, ma), CLN hin ti so vi tng laiV th, s gy kh khn cho cng tc
gim st din bin CLN, kh nh gi hiu qu u t bo v ngun nc v kim
sot nhim Mt khc, khi nh gi qua cc thng s CLN ring bit, thng thng,
ch cc nh khoa hc hoc nh chuyn mn mi hiu c, do kh thng tin v CLN

10

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

cho cng ng v cc c quan qun l Nh nc, cc nh lnh o ra cc quyt nh

ph hp v bo v v khai thc ngun nc
khc phc kh khn trn, cn phi c mt hoc h thng ch s cho php lng
ha c CLN (ngha l biu din CLN theo mt thang im thng nht), c kh nng
m t tc ng tng hp ca nng nhiu thnh phn ha l sinh trong ngun
nc. Mt trong nhng ch s l Ch s cht lng nc (Water Quality Index
WQI).
B ch s chun cht lng nc (Water Quality Index - WQI) v c bn l phng
tin ton hc tnh ton mt gi tr ring l t kt qu mt s th nghim. Kt qu ch
s biu hin cht lng nc (CLN) ca mt lu vc nht nh nh ao h, sng rch...
WQI c xut v p dng u tin M vo nhng nm 70 v hin vn ang c
p dng rng ri nhiu bang. Hin nay, nhiu m hnh WQI c trin khai nghin
cu p dng nhiu quc gia nh n , Canada, Chile, Anh, i Loan, c,
Malaysia,v ngay ti Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y cng c nhng nghin cu
v vn ny. Mt trong nhng b ch s WQI ni ting, c p dng ph bin nht
trn th gii l b ch s WQI- NSF.
3.4.2. Phng php tnh ton Ch s cht lng nc NSF - WQI

Ch s CLN ca Qu v sinh Quc gia M NSF (National Sanitation Foundation -Water

Quality Index) l mt trong nhng ch s CLN ni ting v c s dng ph bin nht.
NSF WQI l kiu ch s CLN tng qut, chung cho cc mc ch s dng. Do , nhm
nghin cu s p dng vic tnh ton CLN theo ch s WQI- NSF tin hnh thnh lp
cc bn phn vng cht lng.
NSF - WQI c xy dng bng k thut Delphi ca tp on Rand. Mc ch ca
phng php ny l thu nhn v tng hp kin ca mt s ng cc chuyn gia khp
nc M la chn cc thng s CLN quyt nh (Xi), sau xc lp phn trng lng
ng gp ca tng thng s (wi) v tin hnh xy dng cc th chuyn i t cc gi
tr xi (gi tr o c ca thng s Xi) sang ch s ph (qi).
C 4 giai on c bn xy dng WQI. Qu trnh xy dng WQI c th c m t
theo s :

11

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

a) Giai on 1: La chn cc thng s CLN quyt nh (Xi): Mt s t cc thng s quyt

nh (hay thng s la chn) c chn ra t nhiu thng s CLN tnh vo WQI.
T kt qu cc phiu cu hi iu tra cc chuyn gia, 9 trong 35 thng s CLN c
la chn, bao gm :
Thng s vt l: Thay i nhit , c, Tng cht rn.
Thng s ha hc: pH, BOD5, DO, NO3-, PO43-.
Thng s vi sinh: Fecal Coliform.
b) Giai on 2: Xc nh phn trng lng ng gp ca mi thng s quyt nh
(wi).
Phn trng lng ng gp (wi) ca cc thng s quyt nh c biu din di
dng s thp phn. Mi thng s c mc ng gp ln, nh vo WQI khc nhau v tng
phn trng lng ng gp ca cc thng s bng 1 (wi = 1). Song, cng c mt s loi
WQI khng tnh n phn trng lng ng gp.
Phn trng lng ng gp (wi) c xc nh theo trnh t:

Xc nh im xp hng ca mi thng s quyt nh (mi) :

Tng im ca thng s i

mi =

(1)

Tng s phiu cu hi

Tnh phn trng lng ng gp trung gian ca mi thng s (wi'):

chp nhn mi nh nht c wi bng 1,0
tnh wi ca cc thng s khc bng cng thc:
wi '

mi (min)
mi

(2)

Tnh phn trng lng ng gp chnh thc ca mi thng s (wi)

12

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

wi =

wi '
n

(3)

wi '
1

c) Giai on 3: Chuyn cc gi tr o ca cc thng s quyt nh (xi) thnh cc ch

s ph (qi) quy v mt thang im chung t 1-100.
chuyn gi tr o ca cc thng s quyt nh (xi) thnh cc ch s ph (qi), ch
yu theo hai cch: s dng cc hm th cn gi l hm n hoc s dng cc hm
tuyn tnh / phi tuyn tnh.
d) Giai on 4: Tnh ton WQI bng cc cng thc tp hp.
Cc cng thc tnh WQI c nhiu dng khc nhau, c th tnh v khng tnh n
phn trng lng ng gp, c th l dng tng hoc dng tch hoc dng Solway.
Trong s su cng thc bng 3.10 th hai cng thc WQI dng tng v dng tch l
hai cng thc c NSF xy dng. Hai cng thc ny c s dng rng ri M
cng nh nhiu quc gia trn th gii.

13

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

Bng 3.10. Cc cng thc tp hp tnh WQI

Khng tnh phn trng

lng ng gp

Dng tng

Dng tch

1 n
qi
n 1

( qi )1/n

1 1 n
2
( qi)
100 n 1

(UA-WQI)

(UM-WQI)

(US-WQI)

C tnh phn
lng ng gp

trng

wi

qiwi

qi

(WA-WQI)

(WM-WQI)

Dng Solway

1 n
2
( qiwi )
100 1

(WS-WQI)

Kt qu tnh phn trng lng ng gp (wi) ca 9 thng s quyt nh nh sau:

Bng3.11. Phn trng lng ng gp (TLG) (wi) ca 9 thng s quyt nh
chnh
im xp hng TLG trung gian TLG
STT Thng s
(wi')
thc(wi)
thng s(mi)
1
DO
1,4
1,0
0,17
2
Fecal Coliform
1,5
0,9
0,15
3
pH
2,1
0,7
0,12
4
BOD5
2,3
0,6
0,10
5
NO3
2,4
0,6
0,10
36
PO4
2,4
0,6
0,10
7
Nhit
2,4
0,6
0,10
8
c
2,9
0,5
0,08
9
TS
3,2
0,4
0,08
1,00
wi
Trn c s WQI tnh c, tin hnh phn loi v nh gi CLN theo thang im
WQI theo bng 3.12
Bng 3.12. Phn loi cht lng nc theo NSF WQI
Loi

WQI

Gii thch

91-100

Excellent (Tuyt ho)

II

71- 90

Good (Tt)

III

51- 70

Medium (Trung bnh)

IV

26 50

Bad (Khng Tt)

0 25

Very Bad (Rt t)

14

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

3.4.3. Xy dng cc bn hin trng nhim cht lng nc mt ti cc sng trn khu vc nghin
cu theo ch s WQI NSF

p dng tnh ton cht lng nc theo ch s WQI NSF dng tng trnh
by trn cho cc s liu quan trc cht lng nc cc tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn
Bn Lc nm 2008 v 2009, nhm nghin cu xy dng mt cch s lc cc bn
hin trng nhim cht lng nc mt ti cc sng trn khu vc nghin cu. Qua ,
din bin cht lng nc sng theo thi gian c th c nhn nhn mt cch n gin,
trc quan hn qua cc thang im c th v cc bn .
Bng 3.15: Kt qu tnh ton WQI-NFS ca cc mu nc mt Huyn Bn
Lc vo ma kh nm 2009
Stt

Mu MK

pH

DO

BOD

NNO3

PPO4

F.C

Nhit

TS

WQI

Ghi ch

M16

16

18

24

96

99

62

93

66

85

57

M18

26

17

61

96

99

63

93

67

86

63

Sng Vm C
ng

M19

24

26

22

96

92

60

93

70

87

59

M20

22

19

31

97

94

67

93

67

86

60

M21

14

23

96

99

59

93

76

84

56

M22

53

29

45

96

99

70

93

61

84

66

M23

46

19

23

96

99

54

93

61

82

59

M17

27

17

96

100

82

93

55

85

60

K. Xng An H

M24

16

13

63

96

99

45

93

66

86

58

K. T6

10

M25

17

26

62

96

97

67

93

66

87

64

K. T4

11

M1

18

16

96

99

67

93

85

52

K.Xng Ln

12

M2

28

24

14

97

99

60

93

23

85

55

13

M26

18

16

61

97

99

63

90

42

81

59

R. B King

14

M13

42

20

21

96

99

67

93

55

80

60

S. Bn Lc

15

M14

55

35

44

95

99

57

93

44

82

64

16

M15

27

16

54

97

99

62

93

59

81

61

17

M4

31

16

19

97

99

76

93

52

85

59

15

R.Cy Trm

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

18

M5

27

16

34

93

99

59

93

69

83

59

19

M3

45

16

33

96

99

67

93

58

83

61

20

M6

35

27

27

97

99

57

93

72

84

61

21

M8

55

17

25

96

98

54

91

80

86

61

22

M9

51

11

12

96

99

65

93

80

83

60

23

M10

55

14

24

96

99

63

93

69

83

61

24

M7

35

16

57

96

99

76

93

57

84

64

25

M11

45

15

43

91

99

70

93

56

82

62

26

M12

52

16

16

97

99

62

93

61

76

59

R. Thanh Lp

R. Bc Tn

S. Rch Chanh

Bng 3.16: Kt qu tnh ton WQI-NFS ca cc mu nc mt Huyn Bn

Lc vo ma ma 2009
Mu MM

pH

DO

BOD

NNO3

PPO4

F.C

Nhit

TS

M16

17

23

60

96

95

30

93

52

85

M18

18

30

58

96

99

54

92

32

81

56 Sng Vm
C ng
59

M19

34

30

60

96

97

54

93

76

83

65

M20

17

25

61

96

97

62

92

51

84

61

M21

33

66

96

56

52

91

84

87

59

M22

18

32

62

96

98

45

92

45

81

59

M23

19

23

78

96

97

54

93

53

86

62

M17

16

22

27

96

88

43

93

51

84

53

M24

20

15

69

96

97

59

93

56

84

61 K. T6

10

M25

33

16

62

96

98

52

93

55

82

60 K. T4

11

M1

37

25

66

96

97

43

93

44

85

61 K.Xng Ln

12

M2

49

27

58

97

98

45

93

47

84

62

16

WQI

Ghi ch

Stt

K. Xng An
H

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

13

M26

15

16

65

96

97

45

93

61

85

58 R. B King

14

M13

27

31

57

96

98

43

93

61

83

61 S. Bn Lc

15

M14

64

21

32

97

67

52

93

60

83

59

16

M15

18

14

17

97

46

34

93

51

81

45

17

M4

20

27

31

97

46

36

93

61

80

50 R.Cy Trm

18

M5

58

18

26

97

65

54

93

67

80

57

19

M3

53

19

20

96

96

43

93

70

83

20

M6

27

17

29

96

94

28

93

66

83

58 R.
Lp
53

21

M8

18

16

57

96

99

52

93

66

83

59 R. Bc Tn

22

M9

17

13

52

96

97

58

86

74

85

59

23

M10

63

21

50

96

97

63

93

76

83

67

24

M7

27

30

37

96

99

40

93

61

86

25

M11

27

28

57

96

45

60

93

53

85

Rch
58 S.
Chanh
57

26

M12

20

14

65

96

92

45

93

66

84

58

Thanh

Hnh 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40, 3.41 th hin din bin gi
tr WQI NSF ca h thng sng rch Huyn Bn Lc nm 2008, 2009 v ca sng Vm
C ng (on chy qua Huyn Bn Lc) vo thng 3 v thng 5 nm 2009.

17

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

Hnh 3.32. th din bin gi tr WQI NSF ca h thng sng rch Huyn Bn
Lc nm 2008 v 2009

18

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009

Nhn xt:
th din bin gi tr WQI NSF ca h thng sng rch Huyn Bn Lc nm 2008 v
2009 (Hnh 3.32) cho thy, cht lng nc ti hu ht cc tuyn sng rch u t
mc trung bnh (WQI t 50-70).
nm 2008 (15 mu th/t), s chnh lch v cht lng gia 2 t kho st l
khng ln do thi im ly mu ri vo cc thng ma ma (thng 9) v chuyn tip t
ma ma sang ma kh (thng 11).
Cc kt qu phn tch mu v gi tr quy i WQI nm 2009 (26 mu th/ma) cho thy
c s dao ng v cht lng nc gia 2 ma kh v ma ti mt s v tr (r rt nht
l mu 15). Tuy nhin, din bin cht lng nc gia hai ma cha cho thy xu hng
r rng (c mt s mu th cht lng nc vo ma ma tt hn ma kh v ngc
li). Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny c th do cc iu kin mi trng trong thi
im ly mu (c hoc khng c s x thi nc thi ca cc CSSX/dn c ti thi im
ly mu); hn na, gi tr WQI ph thuc kh nhiu vo cc thng s c la chn
tnh ton v quy i.
th cn cho thy mt s v tr cn quan tm khi din bin cht lng nc ca 2 nm
quan trc u c du hiu tiu cc nh: mu 15 trn sng Bn Lc (vng gip ranh gia
Huyn Bn Lc v Huyn Bnh Chnh TpHCM), mu M1, M2 trn knh Xng Ln (gip
ranh vi Huyn c Ha).
Nhn chung, theo kt qu quan trc nm 2009, cht lng nc mt Huyn Bn Lc
ang mc trung bnh. Trong ,
Cc sng rch khu vc pha Nam - ni tp trung nhiu hot ng cng nghip cng nh
dn c - c cht lng nc tng i thp hn so vi khu vc pha Bc. Do vy, cn
tp trung qun l v kim sot cht ch cc ngun thi ca khu vc ny nhm hn ch
n mc thp nht kh nng tim cn cht lng nc mc xu (WQI t 30-50).
i vi khu vc pha Bc, cc s liu quan trc cht lng nc ch mi c xy dng
ln u tin (nm 2009), do vy, s l kh sm khi c nhng nh gi lc quan v hin
trng mi trng nc khu vc ny. Mc d cc kt qu quy i WQI nm 2009 tng
i tim cn cht lng nc mc tt (WQI t 70-90), nhng cn ch ng c nhng
bin php qun l chc ch cc ngun thi, c bit trong lnh vc sn xut nng nghip
cng nh xu hng cng nghip ha trong tng lai ca mt s x ti y.

19

Chuyn 1: nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nc trn cc

tuyn sng rch chnh Huyn Bn Lc nm 2009