May Ep Thuy Luc

Hc vin k thut qun s
B mn Gia cng p lc - Khoa C kh
inh B Tr - Nguyn trng an
My p thu lc
Ti liu ging dy i hc chuyn ngnh Cng ngh gia cng p lc v Cng ngh ch to n
H ni - 2005
Mc lc
Mc lc .................................................................................................................. 3 M u ................................................................................................................... 5 Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn 1.1. Nguyn l hot ng v phn loi............................................................. 7 1.2. Truyn dn thu lc v thit b thu lc ca my p .............................. 11 1.3. Cht lng cng tc v p sut s dng .................................................... 13 1.4. Chu trnh cng tc ................................................................................... 14 Chng 2. my p thy lc dn ng kiu bm khng c bnh tch p 2.1. Chc nng v hot ng ca cc cm chi tit ......................................... 17 2.2. Cc loi bm .......................................................................................... 18 2.3. Cng sut ca bm v ng c ca my p thy lc .............................. 27 2.4. Cc loi thit b thy lc lm vic vi du khong ................................. 33 2.5. B tr cc thit b thu lc ca my p dn ng bng bm du ............ 38 Chng 3. my p thu lc dn ng kiu bm c bnh tch p 3.1. Thnh phn ca my v cng dng......................................................... 42 3.2. Phn loi v kt cu bnh tch p............................................................. 43 3.3. Tnh ton th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p v lu lng ca bm........ 48 3.4. Tnh ton ng lc hc my p dn ng bng bm c bnh tch p ..... 54 3.5. Kt cu v tnh ton cc chi tit ca h thng np.................................. 62 Chng 4. my p thu lc dn ng tng p v hiu sut ca h thng thu lc my p 4.1. Cc loi thit b my p thu lc............................................................. 65 4.2. Cc b tng p thu lc........................................................................... 68 4.3. Bin dng n hi trong h thng my p thu lc................................. 69 4.4. Hiu sut ca cc trm my p thu lc ................................................. 73 4.5. Cc loi dn ng khc ........................................................................... 76 4.6. Thit k h thng thu lc cho my p 500T.......................................... 77
Chng 5. Cc van, b phn phi v ng ng trm myp thu lc 5.1. Cc van.................................................................................................... 87 5.2. Cc b phn phi..................................................................................... 90 5.3. Va p thu lc cc ng ng............................................................ 92 5.4. ng ng v ph tng ........................................................................... 95 5.5. Tnh chn van cho my p 500T ............................................................. 96 Chng 6. Cc chi tit c kh chnh ca my p thu lc 6.1. Xi lanh v pittng.................................................................................. 108 6.2. m kn cc xi lanh v cc phng php th nghim .......................... 111 6.3. m kn cc mi lin kt c nh ......................................................... 114 6.4. Thn my............................................................................................... 115 6.5. Dm ngang ............................................................................................ 118 6.6. Cc ct v ai c ................................................................................... 121 6.7. Cc bn di ng v c cu y.............................................................. 123 6.8. Tnh ton thit k cm pittng - xi lanh my 500T .............................. 124 6.9. Tnh ton n hi khung thn my 500T .............................................. 130 Chng 7. kt cu ca mt s dng my p thu lc 7.1. My p rn ........................................................................................... 139 7.2. My p dp nng................................................................................... 142 7.3. My p ng v my p thanh ................................................................ 143 7.4. My p thu lc dp tm....................................................................... 145 7.5. My p gia cng cht do ..................................................................... 145 7.6. Trin vng pht trin ca nghnh ch to my p ................................ 147 Ph lc ............................................................................................................... 148 Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................ 162
M u
Thit b gia cng p lc l mt mn hc c nhim v hnh thnh v hon thin kin thc chuyn ngnh gia cng p lc cho hc vin chuyn ngnh gia cng plc kim loi. Nhm trang b cc hiu bit c bn v cc dng thit b s dng thc hin cc cng ngh c bn ca chuyn ngnh. My p thu lc l mt trong nhng dng thit b gia cng p lc c ng dng rt rng ri trong ngnh ch to my. C rt nhiu dng kiu my p thu lc c cung cp nhm thc hin cc dng cng ngh khc nhau nh rn t do, dp th tch, p chy, p n, un nn kim loi C nhiu dng my c tiu chun ho v cng c nhiu my phi tiu chun, c thit k theo cng dng chuyn bit. Cc u im c bn ca my p thu lc l: - My p thu lc lm vic m, khng gy ting n. Cho p lc cc i theo lc danh ngha v c th duy tr p lc trong sut qu trnh cng ngh, khng nh my p trc khuu. - Tc ng ring bit hoc a tc ng. My p thu lc c th thit k tu theo yu cu, my n tc ng dng cho mt ng tc p, my a tc ng dng cho nhiu ng tc khc nhau nh p bin - p su; p theo chng trnh, tng p theo hm hoc theo tng bc bin dng. S iu khin lc p rt mm do tu theo yu cu cng ngh vi kt cu khun tng ng. - My p thu lc c kt cu n gin, s dng cc b phn c tiu chun ha cao nh bm bnh rng, bm cao p pittng, cc van, cc ng ng...Chnh v vy gi thnh sn phm h. - My p thu lc khng b p lc p hn ch. C th thit k cho lc p ln trn, lc p xung di, lc p ngang v c th theo hng no theo yu cu cng ngh v khun. Lc p c th nh, cng c th to lc p cc ln. - My p thu lc thit k c c cu an ton. Chnh v vy lc p khng bao gi vt qu gii hn cho php, bo m cng ngh n nh v bn ca my cao. - My p thu lc c lp nhiu dng iu khin khc nhau ; iu khin th cng, iu khin PLC v iu khin CNC. Nh , cc thng s cng ngh c kim sot v iu khin chnh xc, m bo hiu sut my cao v tn dng ht c cng sut my. - Kt cu my c th theo kiu ng, kiu nm, ng thi kt cu gn nh hn so vi kt cu cc my c kh.
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Do cc u im k trn, trong cng ngh ch to n, my p thu lc c s dng rt rng ri: + Cc my gia cng: cng dng thc hin cc nguyn cng cng ngh ch to cc chi tit c kh; ch to v liu v thn u n. + My p thu lc dng to lc nh kch thu lc, my nn, my un. + My p thu lc s dng n p thuc phng, + Lm cc c cu chp hnh trong rbot, + H thng thu lc cn c th lp to nn my c p lc, p bn lng cc hp kim mu, nh nng cao cht lng sn phm. Trong giai on cng nghip ho hin i ho hin nay, cng vi s pht trin chung ca ngnh c kh ch to, ngnh gia cng p lc ang c pht trin. Cc thit b gia cng p lc ln c nhp v c ch to phc v cho sn xut t v ng tu. Nhiu my p thu lc c ln c nhp nh : my dp tm vi lc p 1000~1200 tn dng dp v xe, v chm cu cc bnh cha. My dp nng dp cc u n vi p lc 1500 tn. My p n hp kim nhm 1600 tn. Nh cng sut ln, to ra sc mnh ca ngnh gia cng p lc ti Vit Nam. V vy, mt trong cc yu cu hc tp l nm c nguyn l kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca my p, lm c s khai thc ht tnh nng tc dng ca chng v c th t thit k ch to chng phc v cho cc yu cu cng ngh sau ny. Do vy, ti liu my p thu lc trnh by tp trung vo cc ni dung sau: - Gii thiu kt cu, nguyn l hot ng ca thit b v cc cm thit b, - Phng php tnh ton cc thng s k thut c bn, - Cch vn hnh v thao tc. Ti liu c dng lm gio trnh cho hc vin i hc chuyn ngnh Cng ngh gia cng p lc v Cng ngh ch to n, ng thi lm ti liu tham kho cho cc cn b k thut. Trong qu trnh bin son, cc tc gi c cc ng nghip gp v chnh sa nhng sai st. Nhng chc chn cn nhiu vn cn c xem xt, knh mong cc ng nghip v c gi gp kin ln xut bn sau ti liu c hon thin hn. Mi kin ng gp xin gi v B mn Gia cng p lc - Khoa C kh Hc vin KTQS 100 ng Hong Quc Vit. Cc tc gi
Chng 1
Cc khi nim c bn
1.1. Nguyn l hot ng v phn loi My p thu lc l mt my cng c s dng ngun lc l h thng thu lc, da trn nguyn l nh lut Pascal. Nu ta c 2 xilanh-pittng c ni vi nhau bng ng dn, nh hnh 1-1a, bn trong cha y cht lng. Di tc dng ca ngoi lc ln pittong 1, P1 , s to ra mt p sut trong cht lng p, gi l p sut thu tnh. Theo nh lut Pascal, p lc p c truyn cho ton b khi cht lng nm trong 2 xilanh v lun c hng vung gc vi mi thnh ng. p sut cht lng c to ra c gi tr p =
P1 . Nh vy, do p sut cht lng lun c f1
chiu vung gc vi pittng ln 2, nn chng to ra p lc tc dng ln pittng 2 c gi tr P2 = p.f2. Chnh lc ny s to ra cng nng bin dng vt liu 3. T , ta c:
P2 = P 1
(1.1) C ngha l, lc P2 lun bng tch ca lc P1 vi t s gia din tch f2 ca pittng 2 trn din tch f1 ca pittng 1. Nh vy, t s f2/f1 cng ln, p lc dng gia cng vt liu cng ln.
f2 f1
Hnh 1-1. My p thu lc a. nguyn l hot ng; b. s kt cu; c. s my p c dm di ng

Theo hnh 1.1.b, kt cu my p thu lc gm cc cm chnh sau: Thn khung my; H thng thu lc; H thng iu khin. Nguyn l hot ng ca my p: Xi lanh cng tc 4 c c nh trn dm ngang trn 6 v lin kt vi dm ngang c nh di 9 qua cc tr dn hng 7, to thnh thn khung my. Pittng 5 chuyn ng trong xi lanh 4, c gn vi dm di ng 8, c trt theo tr dn hng. Trn dm di ng c bn my trn vi cc rnh lp bulng lp khun trn. DM di ng c chuyn ng i xung nh pittng cng tc v chuyn ng i ln nh pittng tr v 11. Trn dm c nh di c lp bn my (di) dng lp khun di. Do s dng ngun cht lng p sut cao, nn gia xi lanh v pittng thng dng cc loi m kn (giong) trnh r r lm gim p lc cht lng. Cc thng s c bn ca my p thu lc: Lc p nh mc di tc ng ca p sut ti a ca cht lng gi l lc p danh ngha PH, c xc nh bng tch s gia p sut danh ngha ca khi cht lng p vi din tch tit din ngang ca pittng cng tc f. Chiu cao kn ca my H - khong cch gia hai bn my. Khong lm vic S qung ng dm di ng c kh nng trt t do. Tc dm di ng i xung l tc khng ti, thng s dng tc nhanh. Tc p l tc khi p to hnh bin dng kim loi, thng chm. Tc tr v ca bn my l tc khng ti, ph thuc xilanh-pittng i ln. Kch thc bn ca dm ngang dng lp bn my. Kch thc bn my di, dng lp khun. My p thu lc rt a dng. Vi mt cm to lc bm - pittng- xi lanh c th lp thnh nhiu dng my khc nhau, phc v cc dng cng ngh khc nhau. Tu theo chc nng cng ngh, my p thu lc c phn thnh my p gia cng vt liu kim loi (hnh 1-2.a), my p gia cng vt liu phi kim loi (hnh 1-.2.b) v cc my cng dng khc. Trong ti liu ny ch yu gii thiu my p kim loi. My p kim loi c chia thnh 5 nhm: my p rn t do dp th tch, my p chy kim loi, my p dp tm, my p dng trong lp rp v my p p kim loi ph thi. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh gia cng p lc, cc dng my mi dn xut hin nhm p ng yu cu ca tng cng ngh ring bit.
Dp ni - Dp tinh
Thanh nh hnh
My rn v dp th tch
My p chy
My p thu lc gia cng kim loi
My dp tm
My nn sa v lp rp
My x l ph liu kim loi
Dp tm tc dng n, kp
Un v gp mp tm dy
My ct vt liu tm
Nn sa, tinh chnh
Dp bng cao su
Un v gp mp
Ko v dp dn
p chy ngui My ng vin v ng bnh

p bt kim loi ng gi
My ct phi
Dp tm dy
Thanh - ng My gia cng bng pp dng in cc

Chn
Ct bavia
B ngui
Chut
Rn
Dp
My p thu lc dng gia cng vt liu phi kim loi
My gia cng cc bt phi kim loi
My gia cng cht do
My p cc tm phi kim loi
My t ng gia cng nng cht do
Hnh 1-2. Phn loi my p theo chc nng cng ngh a. my gia cng kim loi; b. my gia cng phi kim loi
ng bnh
p lp rp
My p nhm th nht l my p dng rn t do v dp th tch. My dng rn t do v rn trong khun n gin c lc p danh ngha PH = 5 120 MN (500 12000 T). My p dp th tch dng dp nng cc chi tit lm t thp hoc hp kim nhm v hp kim magi, PH = 10 700 MN (1000 70000 T). My p t l, dng t l su phi thp trng thi nng trong khun kn, PH = 1,5 30 MN (150 3000 T). My p chut ko cc phi rn bng thp, PH = 0,75 15 MN (75 1500 T). Nhm th hai gm cc my p dng p chy hay p n cc sn phm dng ng - thanh nh hnh t hp kim mu v thp, c p lc PH = 0,4 120 MN. Nhm th 3 bao gm: my p dp tm tc ng n, ch c xilanh cng tc p vi PH = 0,5 10 MN (50 - 1000 T). My p vut su cc chi tit hnh tr, vi tc ng kp c xilanh cng tc to lc p v xilanh to lc p bin, PH = 0,3 40 MN (30 - 4000 T). My p cao su PH = 10 200 MN (1000 - 20000 T). My p gp mp, to mt bch, un v dp cc vt liu dng tm dy, PH = 3 45 MN (300 - 4500 T). My p lc, un lc cc cc vt liu dng tm dy trng thi nng, PH = 3 200 MN (300 - 20000 T). Nhm th 5 thuc cc loi my p ng gi v ng bnh, dng p ph liu dng nh phoi kim loi v cc ph liu kim loi, PH = 1 6 MN (100 - 600 T). My p vt liu phi kim loi bao gm: my p vt liu bt, my p cht do v my p p cc dng tm, phin. Ngy nay nhiu dng my mi xut hin: my p vt liu bn lng kiu ng, c h thng kp cht khun bng c kh, nhng xilanh p vt liu bn lng c thit k p 2 n 3 cp p lc. Cc my p chy chi tit dng cc di c bn my di ng, my p un cc profin dng un v tu thu... Tnh cng ngh ca my p thy lc ph thuc kt cu ca thn my (kiu ct, kiu hai tr, kiu mt tr v kiu chuyn dng) v kiu dng v s lng xi lanh (pittng, pittng nhiu bc...). My bn tr c nh c s dng rng ri, cc dm ng di chuyn theo phng thng ng (hnh 1-b). i khi khung my c lm theo kiu chuyn ng (hnh 1-c). Cc my p n cc chi tit dng thanh thng c kt cu dng nm ngang gim chiu cao nh xng. Trn hnh 1-3 trnh by cc dng xi lanh ca my p, xi lanh kiu tr, kiu pittng tr nhiu bc l loi xi lanh tc dng n. Xi lanh cng tc kiu pittng nhiu bc c s dng trong trng hp khi phn di pittng i qua xi lanh cng tc (v d: my p thanh - ng).
10
Cc xi lanh kiu pittng c s dng rng ri khi dng du nhn lm cht lng cng tc. Trong trng hp ny, chi tit bt kn cho pittng thng dng dng vng gng (xcmng). Xilanh kiu pittng l xilanh tc dng hai chiu, c th to lc nn gia cng khi p sut cht lng tc dng mt trn, v c th tr v khi p sut cht lng tc ng pha di pittng. Trong my p c xilanh cng tc t pha di khung my, c th khng c xilanh y v, trong trng hp ny, xilanh chuyn ng tr v nh trng lng ca phn chuyn ng ca my p. Xilanh cng tc c ni vi thng cha cht lng qua cc ng dn.
Hnh 1-3. Cc dng xilanh ca my p thu lc a. kiu Plud; b. kiu nhiu bc c. kiu pittng
1.2. truyn dn thu lc v thit b thu lc ca my p Cc thnh phn ca h thng my p thu lc bao gm: my p, b phn truyn dn, phn thu hi cht lng, cc thng cha, cc b phn iu khin - b phn phi, cc van, cc ng ng ni, ct ni lin kt tt c cc phn t k trn thnh mt h thng thng nht, h thng in v b iu khin. Ngun cung cp cht lng p sut cao cho my p quyt nh dng dn ng ca my p. H thng cung cp cht lng quyt nh s thu lc v tc ng ca my p (hnh 1-4). C 2 dng cht lng s dng trong my p thu lc l du khong v nh tng. Cc dng dn ng gm dn ng kiu dng bm v dn ng kiu dng b tng p. Trong dng dn ng dng bm c phn lm 2 loi, c dng bnh tch p v khng dng bnh tch p. Khi dng loi dn ng khng c bnh tch p, ngun cp cht lng p sut cao cho my p ch thc hin t cc bm. H thng dn ng c bnh tch p l h thng cht lng cng tc c cp ng thi t bnh tch p v t bm hnh trnh cng tc.
11
i vi cc h thng dn ng kiu tng p, cht lng c cp cho my p trong hnh trnh cng tc nh b tng p, cht lng cng tc c cp theo tng lng nht nh. B tng p l bm xilanh p sut cao.
Hnh 1-4. Phn loi trm p thu lc Cht lng cng tc cng l mt c trng ca my p thu lc, chng quyt nh c im kt cu ca my p. Du khong l dng cht lng cng tc dng trong my p thu lc c p lc khng ln. Chng c nhiu u im nh nht cao, h s bin dng th tch nh, khng gy n mn chi tit. Nhng du khong t. Ngc li, dng nh tng lm cht lng cng tc c gi thnh h thng dng cho cc my p thu lc c lc danh ngha ln, lng cht lng ln, tnh kinh t tt. Khi s dng kiu dn ng kiu bm c bnh tch p, bnh tch p c nhim v tch tr nng lng trong ton b chu trnh cng tc ca my p thc hin hnh trnh cng tc. Nh , lm u ti cho bm v ng c in. Nhc im ca dn ng kiu bm c bnh tch p l nng lng tiu hao ph thuc vo tr lc bin dng ca phi v dung lng ca bnh tch p. i vi loi dn ng kiu bm khng c bnh tch p, th cng sut nh mc ca ng c v bm c xc nh thng qua cng sut ln nht do my p to ra. B dn ng s tiu th nng lng to ra cng c ch ca my p.
12
S dn ng t b tng p dng cho hi hoc kh nn, nng lng tiu th cng khng ph thuc vo tr lc bin dng ca phi. N c th m bo thc hin c mt s ln cc hnh trnh ngn v lp li. Dn ng t b tng p c kh s m bo tiu th nng lng khng ph thuc vo cng thc hin, n cng m bo s lng ln cc hnh trnh lp li v lng bin dng ng u ca u ba vo phi kim loi. 1.3. Cht lng cng tc v p sut s dng Trong cc my p thu lc, cht lng cng tc thng dng l nh tng hoc du khong. trnh g cho cc chi tit nh xilanh, pittng, cc chi tit iu khin v ng ng, nc c cho thm 2 3 % cht nh tng. Thnh phn ca cht nh tng bao gm: 83 87% du khong, 12 14% axit oleic v 2,5% xt nng 40%. Du khong thng c dng l du my, du cng nghip, du tuabin... Bng 1-1 Quan h c tnh cc b phn ca my p thu lc v cht lng c tnh ca cc b phn ph thuc vo cht lng B phn my p thu cng tc lc Nc - Nh tng Du khong m kn cc pittng Vng bt kn hoc xc Khe h ng knh gia ng knh t 60-70 mng pittng v xilanh l nh mm khi p sut cao B phn phi cht Kiu van trt, c th s lng p sut cao Kiu van dng cc van loi khc Tc chm c kch Tc nhanh v kch thc thc tng i ln nh m kn ca thit b R kn b mt hoc dng Kiu mm thu lc vng xcmng Kiu pittng vi xi lanh Xi lanh Kiu pittng ng knh ln Khng c cc phn t Ch c cc phn t phn Bnh tch p ngn cch v c cc cch gia du v hi phn t ny Cc tnh cht c bn ca cht lng cng tc l tnh chu nn v nht. H s nn th tch i vi nc (nh tng) 5.10-6 cm2/N, vi du khong l 6.10-6cm2/N, tng ng vi vng p sut lm vic ca cc my p. p sut cht lng cng ln, th h s nn th tch cng gim.
Bm
13
nht ca du khong dng trong cc my p thu lc vo khong 1,5 60E (BY), nhit khong 500C v p sut kh quyn. Trong khi nht ca nh tng khng chu nh hng ca p sut, th nht ca du thay i t ngt khi p sut du tng. Khi p sut ca du tng n gn 30MPa, nht ca du tng ln gp i. Nh vy, cn phi tnh n quan h gia p sut cht lng v nht trong cc kt cu c th tch cht lng ln v chuyn ng vi p sut cao, nh trong my p rn. Nhit bc chy ca hi du dao ng trong khong t 160 2100 C, v vy, cn phi ch khi rn p cc phi nng. Cc loi du c nht nh, th nhit t bc chy cng thp. Nh vy, cht lng cng tc s dng trong h thng thu lc ng vai tr quan trng c tnh quyt nh i vi cc c im kt cu ca c cu dn ng, h thng iu khin v ca c my p (bng 1-1). p sut danh ngha ca cht lng cng tc trong my thu lc c tiu chun ho theo OCT 356 - 80. Cc p sut thng thng l 20, 30 v 40 MPa. 1.4. Chu trnh cng tc Chu trnh cng tc l thi gian cc bc trong qu trnh gia cng bin dng. Thi gian ca chu trnh ca my p dng tng qut c th biu din nh sau: Tcht = t T + tKt + t Ta + tgct + t c + tga + t kh + t ch (1.2) trong : tT - thi gian dm ngang treo, l thi gian tin hnh cp phi hoc lp dng c, tKt - thi gian chy khng ti, l thi gian dm ng dch chuyn xung n lc dng c tip xc vi phi, tTa - thi gian tng p sut cc xi lanh cng tc, tgct - thi gian hnh trnh cng tc, l thi gian tin hnh gia cng theo cng ngh cn thit, tc - thi gian nn p chi tit di p lc, tga - thi gian gim p sut cc xi lanh cng tc, tkh - thi gian hnh trnh tr v ca dm ngang, tch - thi gian chuyn v tr ca c cu iu khin. Cc my p c cc cng dng khc nhau, thi gian chu trnh c th khc nhau, do s lng thnh phn v gi tr ca cc thnh phn cng khc nhau. Th d, nh khi l phi trn my p rn, khng c cc thnh phn tT v tgtc.
14
Gi tr ca tng chu k ring bit do dng dn ng quyt nh. Th d, nu Tcht vt qu tc rt nhiu, nn s dng kiu dn ng bng bm c bnh tch p, cho nn ta c:
S S t Kt = Kt ; t ct = ct ; v Kt v ct S tKh = Kh vKh
trong : SKt, Sct, SKh - hnh trnh khng ti, hnh trnh cng tc, v hnh trnh tr v, vKt, vct, vKh - tc trung bnh ca hnh trnh khng ti, ca hnh trnh cng tc v ca hnh tnh tr v. Tc chuyn ng ca dm ngang ca cc my p hin i c trnh by bng 1-2. Bng 1-2 c tnh tc ca my p thu lc (mm/s) Lc p (MN) >5 <5 <20 B dn ng c Dng hnh trnh du Vi b dn ng bm bm khng c bnh nc- c bnh tch p tch p Tc hnh trnh cng tc 30 - 200 30 200 5 - 100 Hnh trnh khng ti v kh hi 100 - 300 <500 50 - 500 Thao tc treo dm ngang nh sau: m van cht lng trong thng cha ni thng vi cc xi lanh cng tc, trong khi , ng cc van thng vi xi lanh y v v cc xi lanh y v c ni thng vi ngun cht lng p sut cao nh cch chn ng thot ca cht lng t cc xi lanh cng tc v ng ng cp cht lng ti xi lanh cng tc khi xi lanh ny pha di. Cc phng php thao tc hnh trnh khng ti: + Xi lanh cng tc v xi lanh kh hi c ni ring bit vi thng cha, + Xi lanh cng tc v xi lanh kh hi c ni vi nhau v ni vi thng cha, + Cung cp cht lng c p sut cao vo xi lanh cng tc khi chng v tr di. Cc bin php thao tc hnh trnh cng tc:
15
+ Cc xi lanh cng tc c ni vi thng cht lng p sut cao, cn xi lanh y v c ni vi thng cha, + Cc xi lanh cng tc v xi lanh kh hi c ni vi nhau v vi ngun cht lng p sut cao, + Cc xi lanh cng tc c ni vi ngun cht lng p sut cao, cn cc xi lanh y v c ni vi bnh tch p. Cc bin php thao tc hnh trnh y v: + Cc xi lanh cng tc c ni vi thng cha, cn cc xi lanh y v c ni vi ngun cht lng p sut cao, + Khi xi lanh cng tc c ni vi thng cha, cc phn chuyn ng i xung c thc hin di tc ng ca chnh trng lng ca n. Trong trng hp ny nn b tr cc xi lanh tr v trn my p v hnh trnh i xung thc hin di tc ng ca cht lng p sut cao.
16
Chng 2
my p thy lc dn ng kiu bm khng c bnh tch p
2.1. Chc nng v hot ng ca cc cm chi tit Hnh 2-1 biu din s my p dn ng bng nh tng nc kiu bm khng c bnh tch p. Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: Dm 1 gn vi pittng dng to lc p khi gia cng kim loi. Van 2 m cp cht lng cng tc p sut thp, lu lng ln, cho my p khi hnh trnh khng ti, bo m tc chuyn dch ca dm ngang nhanh. Khi hnh trnh cng tc, van 2 ngn cch bnh cha vi ng cht lng p sut cao. ng c thy lc chp hnh 3 t ng nng van cp 2 v m bo cho cht lng t xilanh cng tc tr v thng cha, khi dm ngang hnh trnh y v. Thng cha 4 cung cp cht lng cho my p, khi hnh trnh khng ti, p sut khng kh trong bnh thng bng 0,4 0,8 MPa (4 - 8 kG/cm2). B van t ng 5, b trit ti, s chuyn Hnh 2-1. S my p dn ng bng bm sang lm vic ch khng bm nc khng c bnh tch p ti sau khi t p sut nh. Van tun hon 6, van 1 chiu 7, bm pittng 8 dng cp cht lng cng tc p sut cao trong hnh trnh cng tc. B phn phi 9 c chc nng iu khin my p. Van mt chiu 10 ca cc xilanh y v dng cp v x cht lng cng tc ra khi xilanh. Van 11 l van cp, cn van 12 l van x ca xilanh cng tc.
17
pha di bn tri hnh 2-1, trnh by biu pha ng m cc van ca b phn phi. Trn trc ng biu th hnh trnh ca van trn van, trn trc ngang biu th gc quay ca cn iu khin ca b phn phi. Dng cht lng cng tc tng ng vi cc v tr cc van trong b iu khin: - v tr III ("Dng") cc van 11 v 12 c m, cn van 10 ng. Cht lng t bm qua b van t ng trit ti 5 n b phn phi, qua van 11 v van 12 n ng dn (ng ht) v bm. Nh vy, dm ca my p, khng chu p lc ca cht lng nn gi nguyn v tr do van 10 ng. - v tr II (hnh trnh khng ti) cc van 10 v 12 m. Cht lng t thng cha qua van cp 2 t ng nng ln, chy ti xilanh cng tc, dm ngang i xung. Di tc dng ca trng lng cc phn chuyn ng v p sut cht lng t thng cha ln pittng cng tc, cht lng t xilanh y v c nn v chy qua van 10 v thng cha v xilanh cng tc. - v tr I (hnh trnh cng tc) cc van 10 v 11 m. Cht lng t bm qua van 11 v phn trn ca v van 2 ti xilanh cng tc. T xilanh y v, cht lng c nn qua cc van 10 v 11 ang m ti xilanh cng tc ca my p. Van in y c ng bng p sut cht lng cp t bm ti v lc ca b tr du 3 khng m van. Khi p sut trn ng cng tc t tr s t trc b t ng trit ti th van tun hon s nng ln v bm s bt u lm vic khng ti. My p thc hin vic p phi rn. - v tr IV (hnh trnh y v) van 12 m, cht lng di p sut t bm s m van 10 v in y xilanh y v, cn t xilanh cng tc cht lng c y qua van 12 c tit din nh ti thng cha. p sut trong xilanh cng tc gim xung, b tr dn 3 nng van cp ln v cht lng t xilanh cng tc qua van cp s c nn t do tr v thng cha, dm ngang ng c nng ln. Khi thit k b phn phi ca my p c dn ng kiu bm khng c bnh tch p, cn ch bt k v tr no ca cn iu khin th tt c cc van khng c ng ng thi. Nu ng ng thi, c th dn ti va p thy lc trn ng ng v lm cho b t ng chu ti lm vic t ngt v gy hng hc. 2.2. Cc loi bm Trong h thng truyn ng ca my p thy lc, bm tc dng tnh c s dng rng ri nht. Cc bm ny, theo loi cht lng s dng, c chia ra loi bm nh tng v bm nc.
18
Trong cc loi bm nc (bm nh tng nc) dn ng my p thy lc, ngi ta thng s dng bm kiu pittng c trc khuu, b tr nm ngang, c cng sut ti 1500kW. p sut cht lng cng tc thng dng l 20 hoc 32MPa (200 hoc 320 kG/cm2). Cc bm c tc ng n v tc dng kp. S ca bm 1 pittng tc dng n c trnh by trn hnh 2-2. K hiu f l din Hnh 2-2. S bm mt pittng tc dng n gin tch ca pittng, v l vn 1. trc khuu; 2. tay bin; 3. con trt; tc, q l lng cp ca mt 4. pittng; 5. m kn; 6. van y; 7. thng cha; pittng, r l bn knh 8. ng ng p sut cao; 9. van ht; 10. v bm khuu, l gc quay ca trc khuu v l vn tc gc quay ca trc khuu. n gin ha cho cc tnh ton, ta coi chiu di thanh truyn bng v cng. Khi : q = f .v v v = r sin , vy ta c q = fr sin
Hnh 2-3. Biu lu lng ca bm a. Mt pittng; b. Hai pittng; c. Ba pittng

19
C ngha l, lu lng cht lng cng tc l mt hm Sin ca gc quay ca trc khuu. Nh vy, trong trng hp bm 1 xilanh, lu lng cht lng khng ng u theo thi gian. iu nh hng n qu trnh nn p kim loi bin dng. Trn hnh 2-3 trnh by biu lu lng ca bm ph thuc vo s pittng, lu lng cc i c coi bng mt n v. Bm ba pittng tc dng n, trn trc c ba khuu c b tr lch nhau 1200, cho lu lng v p sut cht lng tng i u theo thi gian. Bm 5 pittng khng c s dng, v khi kt cu bm phc tp, chiu rng bm tng, s ng u ca lu lng t c ci thin. Cc van t ng dng phn phi cht lng trong h thng thu lc. Khi trc khuu t mt gi tr vng quay nht nh, c gi l s vng quay ti hn, van lm vic km theo ting g khi van ng m, lu lng cht lng tr nn khng u do s ng v m ca van khng tng ng vi hnh trnh pittng. Tc trung bnh vc ca pittng, theo cc s liu vn hnh ca bm, thng ly bng 0,5 1,5 m/s, nhng khng qu 3m/s, v, nu khng s xy ra s mi mn nhanh cc m kn ca pittng v xut hin ting g ca van.
vC = S.n 30
(2.1)
trong : S - hnh trnh ca pittng (m); n - s vng quay ca trc khuu trong mt pht, gii hn do ting g ca van, thng ly n = 125 180 v/ph. Lu lng thc t, hoc c ch ca bm, m3/s
Qe = 1 fszn 0 6
(2.2)
trong : f - din tch nh pittng, m2, z - s pittng, n s vng quay ca trc khuu, v/ph; 0 - h s tn hao th tch ca bm. Cng sut trn trc khuu ca bm c xc nh theo cng thc:
N = 1000 pQ e 0M
(2.3)
trong : M - h s tn hao c kh ca bm, khong 0,80 0,85,
20
p - p sut ca cht lng do bm to ra, MPa. Tc trung bnh ca cht lng trn ng ng ht khng c qu 0,3m/s. Mc nc cao nht ca nc trong thng cha phi cao hn trc ca pittng khong 4 - 5m. Tc trung bnh ca nc ti cc van ht thng khng qu 3m/s v cc van y khng qu 6m/s. Cc chi tit chnh ca bm (hnh 2-4) l thn v c trc khuu v b dn hng, trc khuu, thanh truyn, con trt, pittng, thn van v cc van. Thn v bm 1 c c bng gang, c khi lng ln gim rung cho bm do tc ng ca cc khi lng chuyn ng tnh tin. Thn v c tnh ton kh nng chu ko v chu un di tc dng ca hp lc ca tt c cc pittng. i vi bm ba pittng, hp lc ca cc pittng thng ly l bng 2.f.p (f- din tch nh pittng, p - p sut nh mc ca bm). ng sut tng hp cho php do un v ko khi tnh ton thng ly bng [] = 7 8 MPa.
Hnh 2-4. Bm kiu ngang ba pittng Trc khuu 2 c ch to bng thp 45 v qua cng ngh rn. ca trc khuu thng lm theo kiu trt hoc ln. Trc khuu thng b tr hai hoc bn . bn ca trc khuu v p sut c tnh ton theo hai phng php trnh by trong phn my p trc khuu. Thanh truyn 3 v con trt 4 c ch to bng cng ngh rn hoc c. Chiu di thanh truyn thng ly L 5r (r bn knh khuu). B hng con trt c dng hnh tr hoc phng. cc b dn hng hnh tr, nu b mn c th thay cc ng lt bng gang. i vi cc b dn hng kiu phng th v tr ca con trt c iu chnh bng cc m. p lc n v cho php trn b dn
21
hng thng ly l 0,2 0,3 MPa. i vi cht ca con trt, p lc n v cho php 9MPa, cn i vi m khuu cho php p lc n v 6 7 MPa. Pittng 5 ca bm c ch to bng thp c bn cao v tnh chng g tt 20X13 v 3X13. B mt pittng c ti v gia cng mi bng. Lin kt ca pitng vi con trt thng l theo kiu t do. bt kn pittng ngi ta dng vng m trn nn vi cao su. m bo thm t bng nc hoc nh tng cho m, chiu cao ca m phi nh hn hnh trnh ca pittng. Thn van 6 c rn t thp 25 hoc 35. Cc van ht v van y c b tr cnh nhau hoc xp thnh dy theo chiu ng. Cc van, van, l xo v chi tit lin kt c ch to t thp khng g hoc brnz (ng thanh) cht lng cao. Van 7 thng c ch to c 8 dng cn hng theo phn hnh tr ca tit din lu thng.
Hnh 2-5. Bm pittng kiu hng knh Khi xc nh tit din lu thng ca cc van, thng xut pht t tr s nng ca van (4 - 5mm). Cc bm nc c th s dng bm du, nhng khng hp l v tnh cht ca du cho php thc hin kt cu ca bm du n gin hn v gn hn. Cc bm pittng lm vic vi du khong, c phn lm 2 loi: bm pittng kiu hng knh v kiu chiu trc. S bm c cc pittng b tr kiu hng knh c trnh by hnh 25.a, kt cu ca bm c trnh by hnh 2-5.b. Rto 1 ca bm quay quanh trc phn phi c nh 3. Cc pittng 2 c b tr kiu hng knh v chuyn
22
ng tnh tin. Cc pittng c t trn con ln 5 v ln theo vng nm trong bloc di ng 6. Trc phn phi c cc van 4 ht v y du. v tr c trnh by trn hnh 2.5.a, ht du c thc hin qua na pha trn ca trc phn phi, cn vic y du - qua na pha di. Khi dch chuyn bloc di ng, c th thay i lu lng v hng ca du. Cc khe h gia pittng v cc l tng ng khng c qu 40m (i vi pittng ng knh ti 40mm). p sut ca cc bm pittng kiu hng knh c ch to t ti 20MPa. S r r gia trc phn phi v rto, s un trc do ti trng tc ng lm hn ch vic tng p sut. ng thi c cu phn phi cn hn ch s vng quay ca rto bm pittng kiu hng knh, khng c vt qu 1000v/ph. Thng thng tng lu lng, ngi ta s dng bm nhiu xilanh. Th tch du do pittng y ra sau 1 vng quay ca rto l (m3/ph):
q= d 2 hz 4
trong : d - ng knh pittng, (m), h - hnh trnh pittng, (m), z - s pittng, thng l s l. T hnh 2-5.a ta thy, hnh trnh ca pittng bng 2e, vy lu lng l thuyt ca bm trong 1 pht l (m3/s):
Q = q.n = 2 d ezn 120
(2.4)
trong : e - lch tm ca trc khuu (m). Lu lng thc t hay c ch l:

Q e = 0Q
trong : 0 - h s tn hao th tch ca bm, ly bng 0,8 0,95. Cng sut trn trc rto ca bm (kW):
N= 1000pQ e M 0
(2.5)
trong : p - p sut, (MPa), M - h s tn hao c kh ca bm, thng ly bng 0,94 0,96. Cc bm thng c ch to theo tiu chun lu lng nh hn 1000 lt/ph. Kt cu ca bm pittng kiu hng knh c pittng dch chuyn t do c trnh by hnh 2-5.b.
23
C th thay i lu lng ca bm pittng kiu hng knh bng cch thay i v tr ca bloc bm so vi roto nh c cu trc vt. Cc bm c iu chnh t ng lu lng theo ng cong p sut cng tc cng c s dng rng ri (hnh 2-6). Di tc dng ca l xo 2, bloc di ng ca bm 1 s dch chuyn trong rnh dn hng 4 ti vt chn 5, vt dng iu chnh lu lng cc i ca bm. Khi p sut trong ng ra 7 tng, mt phn cht lng i v tc ng ln pittng 6, lm dch chuyn bloc bm sang phi. Lu lng ca bm s gi khng i, khi p sut nh hn pH, tng ng vi lc gi ca l xo do vt 3 iu chnh. Khi p sut nh hn PH, cng sut ca bm s tng t l thun vi p sut trong ng cng tc. Khi p sut ln hn pH, lu lng ca bm bt u gim theo qui lut tuyn tnh, do cng ca l xo quyt nh. Vic s dng nhiu l xo lp ni tip s cho php nhn c cc quy lut ph thuc khc nhau gia lu lng v p sut cht lng. C cu c trnh by trn hnh 2-6 m bo gi p sut nh trc ch lu lng nh nht v h thng lm vic khng c va p khi c thay i ti t ngt cui hnh trnh cng tc.
Hnh 2-6. Bm c iu chnh t ng lu lng theo p sut gi cho cng sut ca bm lun n nh, cn phi thay i lu lng ph hp vi p sut p theo quy lut:
Q = N 1 . K p
(2.6)
trong : N - cng sut ca bm, K - hng s ph thuc vo th nguyn ca p v Q. Quan h gia lu lng v p sut ca bm c th xc nh nh iu khin lc l xo kt hp vi c cu cam. Cc thng s ca bm m bo theo iu kin ca biu thc (2.6) c gi l bm cng sut n nh.
24
Bm cng sut n nh s gi nguyn tr s cng sut tiu th, bt u t p sut nh, cho ti p sut gii hn ln nht. Bm pittng kiu chiu trc gm c a phn phi di ng 1 (hnh 2-7.a), bloc xilanh quay 2, cc pittng 3, cn pittng 4, a nghing 6 lin kt vi cc cn 4 theo kiu bn l. a phn phi 1 c cc ca hnh vng cung 7, du c pittng ht v y i qua cc ca ny. Bloc xilanh 2 v a nghing 6 quay c l nh trc 5. Lng du c mt pittng cp sau 1 vng quay ca a nghing l:
V = d 2 h 4
trong : d - ng knh nh pittng, h - hnh trnh pittng. Nu s lng pittng l z, sau mt vng quay ca bloc xilianh, th tch du c cp l:
V = d 2 hz 4 d 2 hzn 4
Lu lng l thuyt trung bnh

Q =
(2.7)
trong : n- s vng quay trong mt pht, h = Dsin. Khi

d 2 znD sin (2.8) 4 Cc bm kiu chiu trc c 2 loi: dng lu lng c nh v v dng lu lng thay i, h s hu ch ca chng cao hn so vi bm pittng kiu hng knh. Do r r t hn cc c cu phn phi, v khi cht lng phn b pha u mt th khe h gia a phn phi v bloc xilanh s thng xuyn c t ng loi b. Cc bm kiu chiu trc c ch to vi p sut cng tc l 20 - 35MPa. Cc bm pittng kiu van bm du, c ch to pittng b tr theo kiu hng knh v kiu mt hng. Nh c kn kht cao ca b phn phi kiu van, cc bm kiu ny c dng trong trng hp cn du p sut cao trn 30MPa, 40MPa v cao hn. Cc bm ny c ch to dng c cng sut khng i, Q =
25
nhng cng c kt cu bm vi cng sut c th iu chnh. Tc quay trc lch tm thng l 1500v/ph. Bm c cc kt cu c bn khc nhau v lch tm ca trc khuu - thanh truyn, c con trt dng pittng v b dn hng dng xilanh.
Hnh 2-7. S bm Trn hnh 2-7.b trnh by mt ngn ca bm kiu van lch tm c pittng b tr mt hng. Bnh lch tm 3 tc dng ln pittng 2 qua kiu ln v y pittng ln, khi cht lng c nn qua van y 5 v i ra. Di tc dng ca l xo 6 Pittng h xung, ng thi vic ht cht lng qua van 1 vo bung cha. Trc lch tm v cc pittng c b tr trong thn van 4. Lu lng c ch ca bm l: (m3/ph)
d 2 ezn (2.8) 2 trong : d - ng knh pittng (m), e - lch tm (m), n - s vng quay ca trc lch tm (v/ph), 0 - h s tn hao th tch, vi p sut 30MPa 0 = 0,9. Khe h gia xilanh v pittng c ng knh 20 - 30 mm thng dng l 15 30m. Q e = 0
26
2.3. Cng sut ca bm v ng c ca my p thy lc Cng ca my p c xc nh trong thi gian tc thc hin hnh trnh cng tc, khi bin dng to hnh kim loi. Gi thit trong h thng dn ng khng c tn hao nng lng. Ta a vo cc k hiu sau: P - lc ca my p ti im cho trc ca hnh trnh pittng, p - p sut cht lng trong xilanh my p, S - hnh trnh ca pittng, Pdn - lc p danh ngha ca my p, Sc - hnh trnh cng tc. Nu b qua cc tn hao trong h thng thy lc, th quan h gia cc cng sut ca b dn ng bm khng c bnh tch p khng c bnh trn trc dn ng bm, thi im bt k ca hnh trnh cng tc tun theo ng thc: N p = N b = N dc (2.9) trong : Np - cng sut ca my p hnh trnh cng tc, Nb - cng sut ca bm, Nc - cng sut ca ng c in. Khi my nn lm vic, c thi im Nb t gi tr cc i. T biu thc (2.9) suy ra, cng sut ca bm cng c gi tr cc i. Ngha l bm phi c tnh theo cng sut cc i ca my p v c xc nh bng lc ln nht v tc cho trc ca chuyn ng con trt. V thi gian hnh trnh cng tc l nh nht khi s dng ton b cng sut ca bm, nn nhn c tC nh nht, bm phi lm vic vi cng sut nh mc trong sut ton b hnh trnh cng tc: KpQ = N b (2.10) trong : Q - lu lng ca bm, p - p sut ca bm to ra, K - h s ph thuc vo th nguyn ca Q, p v N. Gi bm l l tng, nu m bo c iu kin (2.10) trong sut hnh trnh cng tc v c h s c ch bng 1. cc iu kin thc t th cc bm ca my p thy lc khng lm vic vi cng sut khng i, c bit thi im bt u hnh trnh cng tc v i vi nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khng cn c p sut cao m ch cn nng sut cao.
27
Hnh 2-8a biu din th lc p vi s n gin nht ca my p mt xilanh dn ng khng c bnh tch p t bm c lu lng khng i. Phn din tch c gch Oab t l vi cng khng c bm s dng v c trng cho vic s dng cng sut ca bm.
Hnh 2-8. th lc p Tr s ca tung p i vi im a s tng ng vi p sut bm khng s dng ti thi im v t l vi phn cng sut khng s dng ca bm.
N ' = p 'Q , Q= const.
Trng hp bm c kt cu n gin nht, b dn ng ca bm khng c bnh tch p thng ch s dng mt phn nh cng sut nh mc ca my. th lc dn ng t bm l tng c trnh by hnh 2-8.b. y cng sut ca bm c s dng ht. Mc hon thin ca cc dn ng thc t cn c nh gi bng cch so snh vi dn ng t bm l tng, lm vic vi cng sut khng i. Trn hnh 2-8.c trnh by th lc p khi bm kiu pittng c trc khuu lm vic vi ba mc p sut v lu lng cp cho my p mt xilanh: pa Qa = pbQb = pc Qc = N b (2.11) Cc im a, b, c ca th lc l cc im cng sut khng i. pc > pb > pa v Qc < Qb < Qa Phn cng bm khng dng c gim i, nn thi gian hnh trnh cng tc, cng sut ca bm v ng c cng c th gim, trong trng hp dn ng t bm lu lng khng i.
28
Trn hnh 2-8d trnh by th lc dn ng my p mt xilanh t hai bm c c tnh khc nhau v mt ng c in lm vic. Cc bm c chn t iu kin: P1(Q1 + Q2) = p2Q2 = Nb (2.12) Bt u t p sut p1 bm c ngt vi cc thng s p1v Q1. Sau my p nhn c cht lng t bm vi cc thng s p2 v Q2 Cc im a v d trn ng cong Oad (hnh 2-8.d) tng ng cng sut khng i ca bm. Trn hnh 2-8.e trnh by th lc ca my p mt xilanh khi lm vic t bm cng sut khng i. Trong trng hp ny, mi quan h pQ = C t c bng cch s dng pittng c bit chuyn dch bloc di ng ca bm pittng hng knh, pittng cn bng nh l xo v iu chnh lng dch chuyn ca bloc di ng nh c cu cam. n im a, bm lm vic vi cng sut khng i nhng khng s dng ton b cng sut ca chng. Sau khi i qua im a, cng sut c gi khng i cho n khi kt thc hnh trnh cng tc. Vic a cc thng s lm vic ca b dn ng gn hn vi cc thng s lm vic ca bm l tng trong thi gian tc thc t c thc hin bng cc phng php sau: s dng cc bm c iu chnh kiu bc thang lu lng theo p sut; s dng cc bm c c tnh khc nhau; s dng mt lot cc bm ging nhau; s dng cc bm c thay i t ng cng sut; s dng my p nhiu xilanh lm vic vi cc p sut khc nhau v c bng cch s dng t hp cc phng php k trn. ci thin vic s dng cng sut ca cc ng c in trong thi gian ton b chu trnh cng tc Tcht ca my p, c th a cc thng s ca b dn ng gn cc thng s ca ng c l tng (l ng c c th cp trong sut khong thi gian Tcht mt cng sut khng i) c tnh bng t s:
A cht Tcht
(Acht - cng
c ch ca my p). Khi khng c bnh tch p, vic a s dn ng ti gn vi s lm vic ca ng c l tng c th t c bng cc phng php k trn gim cng sut ca bm. Thng thng, thi gian dnh cho cc cng on ph li nhiu hn thi gian ca hnh trnh cng tc ca my p. Nh vy, b dn ng bt buc phi lm vic khng ti trong thi gian di. Cng sut ca ng c in khi bm chy khng ti thng vo khong 10 15% cng sut cc i. V vy, trng trng hp cc yu t cng ngh cho php, th hp l nht l gim mt phn tc ca hnh trnh cng tc hoc tng
29
t s
tp Tcht
. Trong trng hp ny, thi gian ton b ca chu trnh c th thay i
khng ng k do vic gim thi gian cho hnh trnh tip cn, hnh trnh y v v chuyn ch . Cc qu trnh cng ngh ring, th d khi t l, s yu cu tc ca hnh trnh cng tc lc cao, lc thp khc nhau, do cc tnh cht cng ngh ca vt liu phi quyt nh. Trong trng hp ny, bng cch ngt mt s bm cng ng c, c th t c cng sut ca bm v ng c in ti u. Khi chn cng sut ca ng c in cho my p thu lc, ngi ta thng phn bit hai ch : Ch lm vic lu di v ch lm vic ngn - lp li. Theo ch lm vic lu di ngi ta thng chn ng c in cho dn ng kiu bm c bnh tch p, v ngi ta thng chn ng c in theo ch lm vic ngn - lp li cho dn ng kiu bm khng c bnh tch p. Thng c th chn cng sut nh mc ca ng c in bng mt na cng sut ca bm. C th gim tip theo cng sut ca ng c in dn ng khng c bnh p bng cch t mt bnh trn trc ni gia bm v ng c in. c cu dn ng c bnh , vic thay i s vng quay v s nh nng lng ca bnh ph thuc vo c tnh c hc ca ng c in. Trong trng hp ny biu thc (2.9) s c dng: Np = Nb Nc (2.13) Yu t gii hn y l cng sut ca bm - cng sut ng c c th gim 2 - 3 ln v ph thuc vo c tnh ti P = f(S) v t s
tp Tcht
Trong mt s trng hp, vic s dng trit cng sut ca ng c in v bm c th t c bng cch lin kt nhiu my p c cng lc p vo mt my p ln. Khi lc p cng tc ca my p tng ng vi p sut gii hn ca cht lng trong bm th bm c ngt ra khi my p v chuyn lm vic cho my p khc. Phng php trn s gim hoc trit tiu ton b s lm vic khng ti ca bm v v vy n l phng php kinh t. La chn dn ng bm khng c bnh tch p, c th c xc nh bng ch lc tc dng ca my p. Cc qu trnh cng ngh trong gia cng bng p sut, theo c tnh ca ch lc, c th chia ra lm 6 nhm chnh (hnh 2-9).
30
Hnh 2-9. th c trng ca cc lc cng ngh Nhm I (cc qu trnh p chy, vut...) - lc to ra trong thi gian hnh trnh ca pittng my p c gi gn nh khng i, ngha l
dP 0 . Mc in dS
y th lc l = 70 - 80% (c xt n lc cc i cui hnh trnh). Nhm II (cc qu trnh chn, vut...) lc tng u theo hnh trnh ca pittng my p, mi quan h P = f(S) gn nh tuyn tnh, ngha l
dP const ; = 60 70 % . dS
Nhm III (un, dp khi nng, ng bnh, dp tm, ng gi...) th lc c th chia lm hai on: on u lc tng t t theo hnh trnh ca pittng dP dP ; = 10 25%. (dS const), on sau lc tng mnh, ngha l dS Nhm IV (dp vut su vt liu tm, dp bng cao su...) - Lc thay i u dP theo hnh trnh ca pittng: dS const; - 40 70%. Nhm V (Qu trnh cht, t...) - lc tng t t vi hnh trnh cng tc tng i ngn v sau gim cn nhanh hn,
dP = 0; = 25 60%. dS
31
Nhm VI (cc qu trnh dp ni, dp tinh...) - lc tng t ngt theo hnh trnh ca pittng, ngha l
dP vi hnh trnh cng tc ngn, thng c dS
xc nh theo bin dng n hi ca my p: = 40 45%. Cc th tnh ton lc cn biu th khng nhng cng bin dng do cho phi, m cn c cng bin dng n hi ca cc b phn ca my p. i vi cc tnh ton c lin quan n vic chn la b dn ng, cc th thc t, nn c thay bng cc th c n gin ho gm cc on thng ni nhau. Vic xt cc th lc c trng cho php a ra cc kt lun v vic s dng loi dn ng loi ny hoc loi khc. Th d vi cc qu trnh ca nhm III, my p c p lc khng ln, nn khng cn phi trang b loi dn ng kiu bm c bnh tch p. H s thu lc khng ng k do mc in y th lc nh. y, khng nn s dng loi dn ng kiu bm khng c bnh tch p kt cu n gin nht (bm lu lng khng i v my p mt xilanh). Cng sut ca b dn ng thu lc khng c s dng mc cn thit. V vy, nn s dng b dn ng t cc bm c c tnh cng tc khc nhau. Hnh 2-10. th tnh ton lc dp nng Xt tnh ton cc thng s h dn ng thu lc ca my p mt xi lanh dp nng t hai bm c c tnh khc nhau. th tnh ton my p dp nng c trnh by trn hnh 2-10. Theo th, nhn thy qu trnh p c phn thnh hai on, v vym trong trng hp ny, ch cn s dng hai bm c c tnh khc nhau l hp l. S chuyn i t phn nm ngang ca th n phn dc c biu th ti im B (Sp - aSp; P1). K hiu Q1 v Q2 l lu lng ca cc bm p sut thp v p sut cao; p1 v p2 l cc p sut ca cc bm cc im B v C tng ng. Ta xc nh mi quan h gia lu lng v p sut ca cc bm chn: KQ1p1 + KQ 2 p1 = N b (2.14) trong : K- h s; Nb- cng sut ca bm l tng:
N b = kQ 2 p max
32
K hiu p1/pmax = b; ta c:
Q2 = b Q1 = Q1 1 b
vi
b . 1 b
C th dng cc tc trung bnh ca hnh trnh cng tc xc nh Q2. Gi F l din tch pittng cng tc ca my p, xc nh tc trung bnh theo cng thc:
v tb = Sp tp
(2.15)
Ch : tP = t1 + t2, t hnh 2.10 ta c:

t1 =
t2 =
(1 a )S p Fb
Q2
aS p F Q2
(2.16) (2.17)
Thay th cc cng thc (2.15) v (2.16) vo (2.14) ta nhn c:

v tb = Q2 F[(1 a )b + a ]
(2.18)
Vi a = 1/4 v b = 1/4 th (2.19) vtb 2,3 v2 m bo ch c mt tc trung bnh th lu lng ca bm p sut cao c th ly mt cch gn ng bng mt na so vi lu lng yu cu ca mt bm. Cng sut ca cc bm cp hai: NQ 2 = Pdn v 2 (2.20) dp nng, nu xt phng trnh (2.18) ta c:
P v NQ 2 = dn tb 2,3
(2.21)
2.4. Cc loi thit b thy lc lm vic vi du khong thay i hng chuyn ng ca dng du trong h thng thu lc ca my p ngi ta s dng cc b phn phi kiu van trt (hnh 2-11). Khe h gia pittng v xilanh ca van trt thng vo khong 5 30 m. V ca b phn phn phi c kch thc tng i ln, nn bc v van trt c ghp cng.
33
trnh hin tng van trt b p vo mt pha, ng dn du vo van s dng kt cu rnh vng. Trn b mt ca xi lanh c lm cc rnh c b rng 0,5 0,75 mm v su 0,3 0,5 mm. V vy, lc lm dch chuyn pittng s khng ln v khng vt qu 10 20N.
Hnh 2-11. B phn phi kiu van trt Cc lc khng cn bng theo chiu trc, gy ra do tc dng phn lc ca dng du, thng c xt khi thit k cc b phn phi kiu van trt. trng ( che) ca vnh gi pittng i vi rnh trn xilanh thng ly khong 2 3 mm. Kch thc cc ng dn trong b phn phi, ph thuc vo kh nng thng qua v c tnh ton vi vn tc cho php ca dng du l v = 3 6 m/s. Din tch tit din ca ng dn (dm2):
f= Q 600v
vi Q - tnh bng lt/ph; v - m/s. kn ti cc v tr mi ghp gia cc chi tit ca b dn ng thu lc, nh kn ca cc van kiu van trt, ph thuc vo khe h, vn tc, p sut v tnh cht vt l ca cht lng cng tc (ph thuc ch yu vo nht). Cc b phn phi kiu van trt c ch to vi p sut lm vic ti 50 MPa (500 kG/cm2) v lu lng t 8 3000 lt/ph. Cc b phn phi ny thng khng m bo kn tuyt i, nhng lng r r qua n thng khng ng k v gim nhiu khi gim khe h gia pittng v xi lanh ca van.
34
Pittng 1 c t ng v tr gia nh cc l xo 4 v ng lt 3, khi bm c ni vi thng cha du qua cc ng dn trong pittng, cc ng thot t xi lanh c ng kn. Khi pittng dch chuyn sang tri, bm cp du vo ng S2, ng S1 thng vi ng x. Cn khi pittng dch chuyn sang phi, ng S1 c ni thng vi bm, ng S2 thng vi ng x. Tu theo s lng cc l dn du ti v thot du, cc b phn phi kiu van trt c chia ra cc loi: hai ng, ba ng, bn ng dn v.v... Cn theo s lng cc v tr lm vic ca pittng th cc b phn phi c chia ra: loi hai v tr, ba v tr v.v... Theo s cc ng dn du t bm v tr gia ca pittng th cc b phn phi c chia ra lm b phn phn phi kiu ng gia hoc m gia. Hnh 2-11 trnh by kt cu b phn phi bn ng dn, ba v tr v m gia. Theo kiu iu khin s dch chuyn ca van trt, cc b phn phi c cc loi: iu khin bng tay, bng cam, bng thu lc, bng in v bng in thy lc. Trn hnh 2-11 pha di c trnh by s b phn phi bn ng dn, ba v tr c iu khin bng in t, s dch chuyn ca pittng v y ngc li bng cc l xo v v tr gia. Pittng van trt c ch to t thp cc bon cao (Y8A, Y10) hoc thp thm cc bon (20X), c ti v ram thp t cng HRC 58 - 62. B mt ngoi ca pittng van trt c mi bng, o van thng c lm t hp kim ng bronz, t thp cht lng cao v c th t thp thm cc bon. Mt trong ca o van c r bng v c c nh vo thn v ca b phn phn phi bng cch p cng. Thn v b phn phn phi c ch to bng cng ngh rn t thp 45. Cc van trong cc h thng thu lc ca my p thc hin cc chc nng sau y: bo v khi b qu ti, m bo mt p sut nht nh khng i cc phn khc nhau ca h thng, lm gim p sut ca dng cht lng, m bo th t thc hin hot ng ca cc xi lanh cng tc v p sut bin i. Van an ton c kt cu n gin nht l kt cu kiu van bi, nhng kt cu ny khng m bo c p sut khng i, c bit l khi lng cht lng tiu th ln v p sut cao, v khng c nh hng v gim chn cho bi.
35
cc h thng thy lc ca my p ngi ta s dng nhiu cc van c s nguyn l c trnh by hnh 2-12. iu chnh hoc t p sut cho van bng cch thay i lc p ca l xo 7 qua nt vn 9. Cn nt vn 9 c bt kn bng m 8. Tit din lu thng ca van bi v l 5 trong thn v lm tng tit din ca l 3 trong van 1. L xo 2 p van 1 vo van. Khi t p sut t trc, van 1 s b nng ln trn v p l xo 2, do c chnh p sut cc khoang C v D (v c du cp qua l 3). L A c thng vi bm, l B - thng vi h thng v nh du c a v thng cha. Sau khi p sut khoang C gim xung, l xo 2 s y van 1 tr v ng li v gim lng du v thng cha. Van s ng chm do pittng c l thng nh. Nu p sut tng ln th qu trnh li c lp li. u di ca van 1 c chi tit 4 c chc nng lm trit tiu nng lng ca tia du phun qua khe dng cn ca van khi m. Cc van k trn c cc loi khc nhau: - Van an ton hoc van trn. - Van gim ti: c tc dng lm gim p sut trong h thng hoc trong mt phn no ca h thng, bng cch ni thng khoang D vi ng x, qua b phn phi dng van trt c iu khin bng cam hoc nam chm in. - Van th t tc dng: m bo th t hot ng ca hai xi lanh N01 v N02. Trong trng hp ny, khoang A c thng vi bm, khoang B ni thng vi xi lanh N01, cn khoang C thng vi xi lanh N02. Du i qua van bi c dn tr v thng cha bng ng ring, cn l 10 van khi khng lm vic. Sau khi p sut xi anh N01 t mc nh, van 1 c nng ln v du c a ti xi lanh N02. Hnh 2-12. Van an ton
36
- Van c tc dng thay i lin tc p sut ca h thng: s dung trong my p nn. Trong trng hp ny, khoang D c ng thot du ti b phn tit lu lm thay i lng du qua l tit lu 3. Khoang sau b phn tit lu c ni thng vi thng cha.
Hnh 2-13. Kt cu v k hiu van Trn hnh 2-13.a biu din cu to ca van an ton. L xo 3 c tnh vi lc tng ng ng knh ca pittng tr dn 2. Nu p sut h thng cao hn p sut nh, pittng 2 s nng li van trt 1 ln v cht lng t h thng s quay v thng cha. Khi li van trt h xung, qu trnh iu chnh c lp li. p sut thay i u, v l xo 3 c lc p khng ln. i khi trn ng dn ti pittng tr dn 2, ngi ta t b tit lu. Van c th dng vi chc nng nh van th t tc dng. Khi l B c ni vi xi lanh N02. Sau khi t p sut nh h thng th cht lng s i ti xi lanh N02. t ng cp cc xung vo mch iu khin in - thu lc ca my p khi t c p sut nh trc, ngi ta thng dng r le p sut. Trong r le p sut, chi tit lm vic (pittng) s p l xo v lm ng mch in ca cng tc.
37
Bng 2.1 Cc k hiu trong h thng thu lc Tn gi K hiu Tn gi Bm lu lng khng ng p sut cao i Bm lu lng iu ng iu khin ph chnh ng x ng c in Hng dng chy Ch ni Thng cha Bnh tch p Rle p sut Xilanh kiu pittng tr B tr thit b thy lc Trc quay L xo B lc ng h p sut Ch cc ng ng ct nhau khng c mi ni Xi lanh kiu pittng K hiu
K hiu ca cc thit b khc trn s nguyn l ca h thng thu lc, c trnh by bng 2-1. 2.5. B tr cc thit b thu lc ca my p dn ng bng bm du Cc thit b thy lc dng dn ng kiu bm du c sn xut theo n t hng. Trong h thng thy lc ca my p, cc thit b thy lc phi m bo nhng yu cu sau: thc hin hnh trnh khng ti vi tc cao v thc hin hnh trnh cng tc vi tc ph hp vi cng sut nh nht ca bm v ng c in; trong trng hp cn thit phi gi c chi tit di p lc nht nh; gim p sut ng u trong cc xi lanh cho n khi bt u hnh trnh y v; trit ti cho bm trong thi gian ngng ngh; c kh nng iu chnh p sut v.v...
38
Tt c nhng yu cu trn khng phi bt buc i vi tt c cc my p thu lc, m n ph thuc vo chc nng ca my. Hnh 2-14.a biu din s dn ng my p t bm lu lng khng i, khng c hnh trnh khng ti tc cao. H thng dn ng bao gm: bu lc 1, bm 2 (Q = const) v van an ton 3. B phn phi kiu van trt 4 iu khin bng tay, cho php a lng du c bm cp ti cc khoang S1 v S2 ca xi lanh pittng 5.
Hnh 2-14. S dn ng kiu bm ca my p Tc ca hnh trnh khng ti bng tc hnh trnh cng tc. Tc hnh trnh y v ca pittng ln hn nhiu so vi tc ca hnh trnh cng tc, v S1> S2. Lng du a ti khoang S1 trong thi gian hnh trnh y v s ln hn lng du do bm cp. Cn xt n yu t ny khi xc nh tit din lu thng ca cc van ca b phn phi v ca cc phn ng ng tng ng. S dn ng khng cho php thc hin hnh trnh khng ti tc cao, chng c dng my p c lc p ti 0,1 - 0,15 MN (10 - 15 tn) hoc my p c hnh trnh khng ti nh.
39
Tit din lu thng ca cc ng trn ng tng p c ly theo tc cho php ca dng du l 3 6 m/s. i vi ng ng ht v ng ng x th tc cho php ca dng du l 0,75 1,5 m/s. S dn ng my p t bm c cng sut khng i, vi hnh trnh khng ti nhanh c trnh by hnh 2-14.b. y xi lanh 5 c thm pittng nh 6 dng cho hnh trnh khng ti. Din tch khoang S3 nh hn mt t so vi khoang S1. Trong thi gian hnh trnh khng ti th bm y du vo khoang S3, khoang S1 c in y cht lng cng tc qua van mt chiu c iu khin 9 (van cp) t thng cha 8 bng cch t chy. Khi p sut khoang S3 tng ln, van 7 lm vic: du t bm i vo cc khoang S1 v S3, hnh trnh cng tc c thc hin. Trong thi gian hnh trnh y v th du t khoang S3 tr v khoang cha qua b phn phi 4. Du t khoang S1 tr v thng 8 qua van 9 hin ang m do c p sut khoang S2. Bi v thng 8 du a n nhiu hn du i ly, nn phn du tha s c chy v khoang cha ca bm. Thng pittng 6 c thay bng hai xi lanh pittng. B dn ng kiu ny c s dng cho cc my nn nm ngang v my nn c lc p nh. Khi khi lng ca cc phn chuyn ng tng i ln v khung my p c kiu ng, th ngi ta s dng xi lanh pittng bnh thng. Trong thi gian hnh trnh khng ti, cn m bo cp du cho xi lanh, ngi ta lp van cp ngay trc tip n xi lanh ca my p v b tr bn trong thng cp du. i khi du trong thng trng thi c p sut d ca khng kh hoc nit (p = 0,4 MPa). Van cp c tnh ton vi tc lu thng ca dng du khng qu 1,5 m/s. Tng khi lng ca cc phn chuyn ng s tng tc ca hnh trnh khng ti lm cn tr vic in y cht lng cng tc cho xi lanh. V vy, ngi ta a thm van hm 10 vo h thng (hnh 2-14.b), to thnh t hp ca van mt chiu v van an ton. Van an ton y c iu chnh sao cho du khng i qua khi p sut ca du do khi lng ca cc phn chuyn ng v p sut ca du trong thng 8 to ra. Nh vy, c th gi dm ngang bt k v tr no, nu s dng b phn phi 4 c m gia. ng nng tch tr c ca cc phn chuyn ng, dch chuyn vi tc hnh trnh khng ti, khng bin thnh cc dng va p truyn cho phi khi cc phn chuyn ng tip xc vi phi, cn phi gi tc cng tc n trc thi im p kim loi.
40
Trong h thng (hnh 2-14.c), van 7 dng iu chnh th t chuyn ng, c iu khin khng phi bng p sut, m bng c cu cam. Cam K c gn trn dm ngang di ng. Khoang S1 c ni vi ngun t bm. Khi cam tip xc vi van 7 th tc ca dm di ng gim xung. Trc thi im ny th khoang S1 c cp du qua van 9 t thng 8. s dng mt cch tt hn cng sut ca ng c in, ngi ta dng cch kt hp hai bm: mt bm c lu lng ln v p sut nh c dng cho hnh trnh khng ti v phn ti nh ca hnh trnh cng tc, cn bm th hai c dng cho phn ti ln ca hnh trnh cng tc (hnh 2-14.d). Khi sc cn chuyn ng ca x ngang nh, th lu lng ca cc bm H1 v H2 c kt hp vi nhau. Khi tng lc v p sut ti tr s cao hn p sut t trc van 7, th van ny s chuyn du t bm H2 v thng. Van ngc 11 c ng li, cn do c p sut cng tc nh bm H1 to ra, van 7 vn m. Du do bm H2 cp s quay li thng khi p sut d bng 0. Nu p sut trong h thng gim xung di gi tr t van, lu lng ca bm H2 c kt hp vi lu ca bm H1. B phn phi 4 c m gia. B tr van an ton 3, trnh qu ti cho h thng. C th dng bm p sut cao lu lng khng i v thay i. Trong trng hp bm c lu lng thay i, th trong thi gian di c th to lc ln gii hn m du khng b nng. i khi kh nng ny c thc hin bm c lu lng rt nh khng i.
41
Chng 3
My p thu lc dn ng kiu bm c bnh tch p
3.1. Thnh phn ca my v cng dng My p s dng dn ng t trm bm c bnh tch p c trnh by hnh 3-1.
Hnh 3-1. My p thu lc c dn ng t trm bm c bnh tch p Khi ng b tng p, van mt chiu 7 trong b phn phi s ngt xi lanh cng tc vi bnh tch p 15. B tng p trung gian 13 c nhim v iu tit p sut ca cht lng cng tc cp cho my p. Bnh tch p 15 gm c bnh thy lc v bnh kh. Van mc ti thiu 14 c b tr nh mc p sut cht lng trong bnh thu lc ca b tch p khng c gim qu mc. Bnh tch p khng pittng 15 lm nhim v tr cht lng c p sut t bm a n trong nhng khong thi gian ngh ca my p v cp cht lng cho my nhng khong thi gian lm vic. My nn kh p sut cao 16 dng cp kh nn cho cc bnh kh
42
ca bnh tch p, c tnh ton thit k cng sut , trong thi gian lm vic ca my p, lng tiu th khng kh khng nhiu. Thng ca bm 17 m bo cp cht lng cho bm v cha cht lng tha t thng cp du tr v. Bm 18 p sut cao dng np cho bnh tch p, thng ngi ta s dng kiu bm trc khuu ba pittng. Van gim ti 20 ca bm c nhim v chuyn bm sang lm vic ch khng ti khi bnh tch p y. Trn hnh 3-1 gc di bn phi c biu m cc van. Bng 3-1 lit k v tr cc van phn phi cc giai on khc nhau ph hp vi biu trn. Bng 3.1 V tr cc van ca b phn phi Giai on I II III IV V Cc van 4 M M M 5 M 6 M M 7 MT 8 M M 9 M 10 M M
Ch thch: M - m; - ng ; MT - m t ng H thng hot ng theo cc giai on sau: I - hnh trnh cng tc, p sut t b tng p trung gian; II - hnh trnh cng tc, p sut t bnh tch p; III hnh trnh khng ti (cp du); IV - gi dm ngang; V - hnh trnh y v. 3.2. Phn loi v kt cu bnh tch p Bnh tch p ca cc my p thu lc c hai loi chnh: loi bnh tch p ti trng v bnh kh thu lc (dng hi). Theo kiu ca c cu phn phi gia khng kh v cht lng th tch p kiu bnh kh thu lc cn chia ra lm cc loi khng c pittng, loi c pittng v loi mng. 3.2.1. Bnh tch p ti trng Bnh tch p ti trng c kt cu dng ng di, tc dng nh mt xi lanh, trong ng c pittong c gn thm mt khi ti trng lm bng gang, to p lc nn cho cht lng.
43
Trng lng khi ti trng c tnh nh sau G:

G = a.f .p
trong : a - h s tnh ton xt n nh hng ca ma st do s bt kn ca pittng, thng dng a = 1,1; f - din tch tit din ngang ca pittng; p - p sut cht lng yu cu. bo m an ton ca c cu v kh nng lm vic theo ng yu cu ca bnh tch p, ngi ta s dng cc dng c cu: - C cu chng tro cht lng c bm n ca bnh tch p ti trng. C cu gm t hp cc van kh hi v van gim ti ca bm, bm ny dn ng nh c kh t khi ti trng ca bnh tch p v kt ni gia mch t ca bm vi thng cha ca bm. - C cu hiu chnh an ton khi v ng bao gm khoang cha van bi, c nn bng trng lc ca khi ti vo l ni ng dn vi bnh tch p. Khi ng dn n my b v, di p sut ca nc van bi o chiu sang v tr khc v ng kn l dn cht lng n my p. - C cu nn t t khi ti ln b , l mt van tit lu c lp trn ng ng dn n my. Khi khi ti trng ca bnh ti h xung c khng ch chiu cao, t ngay trn khi ti qua h thng tay gt nng cc van tit lu, van lm iu tit lu lng nc chy ra t bnh tch p v nh lm gim ph tn ca cht lng. S lm vic ca bnh ti ko theo cc lc va p trong h thng thu lc do chuyn ng nng ca khi ti thnh nng lng ca p sut cht lng. u im ca bnh ti trng l bo m n nh p sut c to khi qu trnh gim ti ca bnh khc nhau. Nhc im ca bnh ti trng l c chiu cao ln, cn mng ln v khi ti nng, c lc va p thu lc trong h thng v kh tng dung tch cng tc bnh tch p. Ngy nay, bnh tch p ti trng c s dng khi cn bo m tiu hao cht lng khng ln v p sut cht lng cng tc khng i, khng ph thuc vo loi bnh tch p. 3.2.2. Bnh tch p kh - thu lc kiu pittng Bnh tch p kh - thu lc kiu pittng (hnh 3-2) gm pittng 1, xi lanh kh 2, xi lanh thu lc 3, bnh kh 4 v my nn kh 5.
44
T s gia din tch F v din tch f c gi l h s tng p K, thng chn t 1 n 100. Khi s dng kh nn c p sut 0,6 - 0,7 MPa, kh nn c ly t h thng kh nn chung ca nh my. Th tch kh ca b tch p VB , gm th tch cc bnh kh, th tch ccng ng dn kh v th tch phn khoang nm trn pttng khi pittng nm v tr trn cng, c tnh ton khi bit th tch VP (VP - th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p, ngha l th tch cht lng y ra khi xi lanh thu lc khi pittng dch chuyn t v tr trn cng ti v tr di cng). Th tch VB thng c chn xut pht t iu kin sao cho h s chnh lch p sut cho php m =
p max p min p max
khng
Hnh 3-2. Bnh tch p kh - Thu lc kiu pittng
vt qu 10 20%. Khi khng kh trong bnh tch p dn n, th tch do kh chim s tng ln mt lng l:
SF = Vp F = Vp K f
trong :
K=
F f
n p max VB = p min (VB + VP K )n
Trng thi ca kh c biu din bng phng trnh: (3.1) trong : pmax, pmin - p sut khng kh trn pittng khi pittng v tr trn cng v di cng. n - ch s a bin vi p sut 20 MPa v bng 1,29 n 1,30.
p max =
1 p min 1 m
(3.2)
Thay pmax t biu thc (3.3) vo (3.2) ta nhn c

1 n p min VB = p min (VB + VP K )n 1 m
(3.3)
Kt qu ta c cng thc tnh VB nh sau:

45
VB =
VP K 1
n1 m
= 1
VP K n 1 m 1 n1 m
(3.4)
Nu n = 1, m = 0,1 v K = 10, ta c VB = 100 VP. Cc bnh tch p kiu pittng c kt cu tng i phc tp, kch thc ln v thng c s dng cht lng l nh tng v du khong. u im ca kt cu l cht lng cng tc c kh nng to p sut ln, ti 60 100 MPa. Bnh tch p kiu pittng khng nn s dng khi th tch cng tc tng i nh v p sut cht lng cao. 3.2.3. Bnh tch p kh thu lc kiu khng c pittng Bnh tch p gm c bnh thu lc, trong khng kh trc tip p ln b mt ca cht lng v cc bnh kh nn c ni vi nhau. H s k trong cng thc (3.4) vi bnh tch p khng c pittng c gi tr bng 1 v th tch VB c tnh bng: VB = 9.VP (3.5)
Hnh 3-3. S thu lc iu khin bnh tch p kh thu lc kiu khng c pittng. 1. bnh thu lc; 2. bnh kh; 3. b phn phi iu khin van mc ti thiu; 4. van mc ti thiu; 5. van gim ti; 6. b phn phi iu khin van gim ti; 7. t thit b in; 8. b iu chnh thu ngn Trn hnh 3.3 trnh by s b iu khin bnh tch p kh thu lc kiu khng c pittng. Bn trong b iu khin 8, cha mt lng thu ngn. Khi mc
46
cht lng trong bnh 1 tng ln, thu ngn s ln lt ng cc tip im platin na bn tri ca b iu khin 8. Cc nam chm in E1 v E 2 dng ng cc tip im. Khi cht lng trong bnh thu lc 1 t mc trn th nam chm in E 2 ng v b phn phi 6 s chuyn cc bm sang lm vic ch khng ti. Tng t nh vy, khi cht lng t mc thp th ng nam chm in E1 v b phn phi 3 s thc hin vic ng van mc thp 4. Hot ng ca b iu khin mc cht lng kiu thu ngn da trn c s nh lut bnh thng nhau. Phng trnh cn bng cht lng i vi c hai khoang ca b iu chnh c dng: (H + h) = 2 hp + (H - h) B trong : H- chiu cao mc cht lng cng tc bnh thu lc; h - lng dch chuyn ca thu ngn trong b iu khin; - trng lng ring ca cht lng cng tc; p - trng lng ring ca thu ngn; B - trng lng ring ca kh quyn p sut p. Ngoi b iu khin kiu thu ngn ngi ta cn s dng cc b iu khin c cm bin kiu cm ng t kiu in tip xc. Nhc im ca bnh tch p kiu khng c pittng l nc bo ho khng kh, iu ny lm nh hng n bn ca cc van, b phn phi v cc thit b khc, v vy p sut s dng bnh tch p kiu ny rt t khi qu 30 MPa. Cc u im ca cc bnh tch p kiu khng c pittng l th tch cng tc ln ca cht lng rt ln v gim nguy c xut hin va p thy lc - do khng c cc chi tit trung gian gia khng kh v cht lng, tn tht khng kh tng i nh, c kh nng d dng tng th tch cng tc ca my. Cc bnh tch p kiu khng c pittng c s dng cc my cn c th tch cng tc ca nc ln v p sut 32 MPa. Khi s dng du khong lm cht lng cng tc, du thng b oxy ho do oxy ca khng kh v s b mt cc tnh cht ca du v c th to nn cc hn hp. Ngi ta thng s dng cc bnh tch p du - kh c cc mng cao su phn chia du v kh, ph bin dng kh nit. Trong trng hp ny c th s dng bnh tch p c pittng.
(3.6)
47
3.3. Tnh ton th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p v lu lng ca bm i vi my p c ng kiu bm - bnh tch p c lp, th Vp c tnh theo lng tiu th cc i c th ca cht lng p sut cao.
S p max FP + s FB i Vp = 0,7
(3.7)
trong : SPmax - hnh trnh cng tc cc i ca my nn kh; FP - din tch mt u ca cc pittng cng tc; s - hnh trnh ca dm ngang; FB - din tch mt u ca cc pittng tr v; 0,7 - h s xt n tn tht v lng d tr cht lng cn thit. Khi my p lm vic vi b tng p trung gian, Vp c tnh nh sau:
S' p max FP + S M FM + s FB i Vp = 0,7
(3.8)
trong : S'Pmax- hnh trnh cng tc cc i n khi ng b tng p; SM - hnh trnh ton b ca pittng b tng p; FM - din tch ca pittng ln ca b tng p. Phng php tnh VP nu trn c s dng rng ri cho cc my p tc cao, trong t s gia thi gian hnh trnh cng tc tp chia cho thi gian ca ton chu trnh Tcht l nh. Nu tp gn bng Tcht th khi tnh th tch cng tc cn phi tnh n lu lng QH ca bm:
Vp = VH QH t p + t o 0,7
(3.9)
trong : VH - l lng tiu th nc p sut cao ca my p trong thi gian mt chu trnh; t0 - thi gian hnh trnh y v. Lu lng ca bm QH (l/ph) c xc nh theo cng thc:
48
QH =
VH .60 0t cht
(3.10)
trong : VH - lng tiu th nc ca my p, dm3 (lt); 0 - h s tn hao th tch ca bm; Tcht - thi gian mt chu trnh (giy); Bng 3-2 Tc ca pittng my p, khi p chy cc ng bng ng thau v ng thanh Tc pittng (mm/s) Pittng chnh hnh tr Pittng hnh tr bc Lc p Hnh trnh (MN) Hnh trnh Hnh trnh Hnh trnh Hnh trnh khng ti cng tc khng ti y v cng tc v kh hi 25 80 200 300 130 350 15 100 250 400 180 400 6 120 350 500 C th tnh ton th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p dng chung cho mt nhm cc my p, theo phng php ca P.S.Istomin, da trn c s cc s liu v tc chuyn ng ca pittng my p khi cc hnh trnh cng tc, khng ti v kh hi, v chiu di ca phi c gia cng v cng sut ca bm. Th d, cc s liu v tc chuyn ng ca pittng my p, khi p chy cc ng bng bronz v latng clit k trong bng 3-2. Vi mi loi my p, khi bit tc yu cu, kch thc ca pittng v phi, ta xc nh thi gian chu trnh l lng tiu th nc p sut cao trong mt chu trnh. Sau dng th tiu th nc p sut cao ca mi my p theo thi gian, trn trc honh l trc thi gian, cn trc tung l trc lu lng Q (hnh 3-4). Th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p cn phi c tr s sao cho lng tiu th nc cc i ca nc trong khong thi gian tnh ton, th mc nc trong th tch ny khng b gim qu mc cho php. Vi gi thit, lng nc t c lng tiu th ln nht khi cc cng on p ca nhiu my p mt lc. Trn c s cc th ring l v tiu th nc cc my p, ta dng th tng hp cho cc thi im bt u p trng nhau. T th tng hp ca lng tiu th, ta xc nh lng tiu th nc cc i Vmax , trong chu k nh tmax, bng thi gian np y bnh tch p.
49
Hnh 3-4. Cc th lng tiu th nc p sut cao Lu lng cn thit ca cc bm c th c xc nh nh sau. Nu vi my p 1, lng tiu th nc p sut cao cho 1 chu trnh Tcht1 l V1 v nu c n1 my p, th lu lng cn thit ca cc bm l.
Q1 = V1n1 .60 t cht1
(lt/pht)
(3.11)
Tng t, ta tnh c lu lng ca cc bm cho cc my p khc: - Tng lu lng ca cc bm: Q = Qi. - Th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p: VP = Vmax - Qtmax (3.12) Nn sao cho vic np th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p c thc hin trong thi gian khng hn 20 - 30 giy v khng vt qu 90 - 120 giy. iu ny cho ta kh nng ngt cc bm nu nh cc aptomat khng lm vic. S dng l thuyt xc sut trong tnh ton th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p i vi mt nhm cc my p. Phng php ny s hp l nht khi p dng cho
50
trng hp cp cht lng cho mt nhm cc my p nh nhau t mt bnh tch p. Theo phng php ca P.S.Istomin, th tch VP nhn c s tng ln, v xc sut ton hc l t s gia s lng cc trng hp xut hin cc s kin theo mun, chia cho tng s cc trng hp. Xc sut s kin hn hp c c trng bi du hiu chung cho mt s s kin ring (nhng khng trng nhau), bng tng cc xc sut ca cc s kin ny (nh l v cng xc sut). Xc sut sao cho s kin 1 v s kin 2 xy ra ng thi bng tch ca cc xc sut ring (nh l nhn xc sut). Gi thit tng qut ta c M my p (cc my p khng ging nhau), mi my p s ly nc p sut cao trong khong thi gian ti v c thi gian ton b chu trnh l Ti. Xc sut ly nc ca my p th nht:
P1 = t1 T1
Theo nh l v tch xc sut, ta c xc sut ly nc ng thi ca tt c cc my p: P = P1. P2...Pm (3.13) Xt trng hp khi trong xng c M my p ging nhau lm vic, thi gian ly nc cho mi my p l t v thi gian ton b chu trnh ca mi my l T giy. Ta xc nh xc sut ly nc ca K my p trong tng s M my p ang lm vic. Xc sut bt k thi im no c K my p cng ly nc: PMK = PK (3.14) Xc sut bt k thi im no c K my p trong s M cng ly nc, cn (M - K) my khng ly nc l:
MK T t K = 1 P ; P (1 P ) T
i vi bi ton y th K my no trong s M my s ly nc. Ta nhn c s lng cc nhm c K my t M my s l s cc t hp ca M theo K ngha l CMK. Xc sut chung sao cho trong bt k thi im no cng c K my p no trong s M my, cng ly nc p sut cao, cn M - K my s khng ly nc:
K PM = P K (1 P )M K
(3.15)
Th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p c th nh hn lng tiu th c th v cht lng ca tt c cc my p:

51
VP = Vmax
(3.16)
trong : - h s s dng ng thi hoc trng nhau (cho bit khong bao nhiu my p ta cn d kin khi tnh ton); Vmax - th tch nc p sut cao c cc my p ly. Ta xc nh thi gian xc sut lm vic ng thi ca 1,2,3... cc my p trong tng s M my, trong mt ca lm vic (420 pht):
K PM = 420P K (1 P )M K
(3.17)
trong : P - thi gian hot ng tng i trung bnh ca mi my p:

P= tp + t0 T
Tnh bnh tch p m bo cho s lng K my p no , trong tng s M my, sao cho khi c s c ngt cung cp cht lng p sut cao c th xy ra, s khng lm nh hng nhiu ti cng vic ca xng.
Th d: Trong xng c lp 6 my p c c tnh gn ging nhau P=
+ t0
= 0,15
Xc nh h s trng nhau. Cng thc tnh ton v kt qu ca n c a trong bng 3.3. Trong trng hp cho th tch bnh tch p c tnh cho 4 my p. 4 = = 0,67 6 Bi v, thi gian lm vic ng thi ca 5 my (0,164 pht) thc t l khng th gy ra s gin on hot ng ca xng.
Trong trng hp cho th th tch bnh tch p c tnh cho 4 my p, do thi gian lm vic ng thi ca 5 my l 0,164 pht, thc t s khng th gy ra s gin on hot ng ca xng. V vy = 4/6 = 0,67. Th tch phn hnh tr ca bnh thu lc ca bnh tch p kiu khng c pittng ca th tch cng tc l Vp, th tch an ton pha di l VH.a.o v th tch d tr trn l VB.P.O. Th tch d tr trn (lt) c xc nh t iu kin lm vic ca van gim ti ca bm:
VBPO = v n Ft pa 3 = QH t pa 3 60
(3.18)
trong : vn - vn tc tng mc cht lng trong bnh tch p (dm/s);
52
F - din tch tit din cht lng trong bnh (dm2), Tpa3 - thi gian lm vic ca van gim ti ca bm, thng ly bng 3-5 giy; QH - lu lng ca bm (lt/ph); Bng 3-3 Xc nh s my p cho php S lng cc my p lm vic ng thi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
C K P K (1 P )M K M
C 0 P 0 (1 P )6 = 0,37715 6 K , Pht M
159,0 167,7 73,8 17,4 2,3 0,164 0,004
C1 P1 (1 P )5 = 0,399333 6
2 C 6 P 2 (1 P )4 = 0,17618
C 3 P 3 (1 P )3 = 0,04145 6
C 64 P 4 (1 P ) = 0,0549
2
C 5 P 5 (1 P )1 = 0,00039 6 C 6 P 6 (1 P )0 = 0,00001 6
Cn c th tch an ton di khng xy ra ht kit cht lng trong bnh tch p v gy ra s lt kh p sut cao vo h thng ca my p. Vic xc nh th tch ny c tin hnh t iu kin lm vic ca van mc ti thiu. VH.a.o = v0FtM (3.19) trong : v0 - vn tc gim mc cht lng trong bnh tch p, theo cc s liu th nghim khng c vt qu 2,5 m/s. tM - thi gian ng van mc ti thiu, ly bng 3-5 giy. Thng cha ca bm (hnh 3.5) cn c kch thc tip nhn cht lng cha trong cc xi lanh cng tc v xi lanh y v (V1 + V2), cha trong bnh tch p (V3) v thng np (V4). Th tch thng cha ca bm: VHao = 1,5 (V1 + V2 + V3 + V4) (3.20) p sut cht lng trong thng cha ca bm thng bng p sut kh quyn. Cc thng cha ca bm thng c lm t thp 10, 20, theo kiu hn. Cc
53
thng ny c t v tr cao nht theo kt cu khung nh cha trm bm - bnh tch p cho php, nhm m bo ct p cn thit trn ng ng ht ca bm. Cc thnh dc ca cc thng cha kch thc ln (hnh 3-5), bn trong c lin kt bng cc tm ngang c khot l cc v tr i nhau. Cc ng trong thng cha Hnh 3-5. Thng cha ca bm ca bm, ng t thng np v ng dn n cc bm, c b tr cc pha i din nhau ca thng. Nh vy, cht lng phi i con ng zc zc v s m bo kh nng loi b lng khng kh ho tan, cng cc cn bn ln trong cht lng. 3.4. Tnh ton ng lc hc my p dn ng bng bm c bnh tch p Hnh trnh cng tc ca dm ngang c ngha ln trong vic quyt nh tnh thch hp v mt cng ngh ca my p. Hot ng ca my p thu lc trong thi gian hnh trnh cng tc c thy r trn hnh 3-6a. H s cn quy dn ca ng ng xi lanh cng tc c xc nh t cng thc:
n l 1 n 1 2 p = Fp i + i 2 2 d i =1 Fi i =1 i Fi
(3.21)
trong : Fp - din tch ca pittng cng tc; - h s tn tht ma st ng ng, i vi nc nh tng thng ly bng 0,03; li - chiu di on ng ng; di - ng knh trong ca on ng ng; Fi - din tch tit din ngang on ng ng; I - s th t ca on ng ng hoc l sc cn cc b; n - l s on ng ng hoc v tr cc b;
54
i - h s sc cn cc b. Chiu di quy dn ng ng ca xi lanh cng tc c xc nh t biu thc:

Lp =
i =1 Fi
n F p
li
Tng t, ta c th tm cc h sc cn quy dn B, y v chiu di ng ng LB, Ly ca xi lanh tr v v xi lanh cn bng.
Hnh 3-6. Hot ng ca my p theo thi gian a- hnh trnh cng tc; b - hnh trnh khng ti; c- hnh trnh y v; P- xi lanh cng tc; B- xi lanh kh hi; H - thng np; A - bnh tch p Trn cc phn chuyn ng ca my p trong hnh trnh cng tc c cc lc tc dng sau y: khi lng G, p lc nc ln pittng cng tc ppFp, lc ma st R1 trong cc m kn ca xi lanh v phn dn hng ca dm ngang di ng, lc cn ca phi R(x) = Kx + R0 (R0 - lc cn ban u ca phi); p sut nc ln pittng cn bng (pyFy) v ln pittng y v (pBFB). Gc ta tng ng vi im bt u hnh trnh cng tc (im O), chiu dng ca trc 0x ta chn theo chiu chuyn ng ca dm ngang my p. Chp nhn cc gi thit: cc van iu khin c m vi tit din khng i, cht lng b nn, my p v ng ng l cng tuyt i, ct p trong bnh tch p v thng cha chnh l khng i, gi tr tc ct p v v tr ct p l v cng nh.
55
S dng cc k hiu c, ta vit phng trnh chuyn ng dm ngang my p nh sau:

m d 2x dt 2 = p p Fp + G R1 R(x ) p y Fy p B FB
(3.22)
xc nh p sut ca cht lng trong xi lanh tng ng, s dng phng trnh Becnuly i vi chuyn ng khng n nh. Vi ng dn ca xi lanh cng tc, ta chn mt tit din trn b mt cht lng trong bnh tch p, cn tit din th hai l trn b mt ca pittng cng tc, khi :
v 2 L p d 2 x pp = pa p n g dt 2 2g
(3.23)
trong : Pa - p sut trong bnh tch p. Tng t, nh phng trnh (3.23), ta vit phng trnh cho chuyn ng ca cht lng cc xilanh kh hi v xi lanh cn bng:
v 2 L B d 2 x pB = pH + B n + 2g g dt 2
(3.24) (3.25)
v 2 L y d 2 x p y = p a + yB n + 2g g dt 2
Thay cc phng trnh (3.23) (3.25) vo phng trnh (3.22) v sau khi chia c hai v cho FP. Ta nhn c:
2 R pa vn L p d 2x R G K p + 1 x 0 2 2g g dt Fp Fp Fp Fp 2 Fy v n L y Fy d 2 x p H FB p Fy a y Fp Fp Fp 2g g Fp dt 2
F v2 L F d2x m d 2x B B n B B = Fp 2g g Fp dt 2 Fp dt 2
(3.26)
lm n gin cho cc tnh ton tip theo biu thc cui cng, ta dng cc k hiu sau:
M= L p L y Fy Fy L B FB m + + + Fp g g g Fb g Fp Fy F + B B Fp Fp
(3.27) (3.27')
n = p + y
56
p = p a +
G Pa Fy p H FB R1 R 0 Fp Fp Fp FP Fp K Fp
(3.28)
H s ca x trong biu thc (3.26), k hiu l:

C=
Thay vo biu thc (3.26) cc gi tr M, n, p v C nhn c:

M dv n v2 p + n n + Cx =0 dt 2g
(3.29)
trong : M - c trng cho qun tnh ca h thng; n - h s tn hao ma st khi cht lng chuyn ng; p - p sut to tc cho dm ngang. Khi tr lc bin dng ca phi l khng i, th phng trnh chuyn ng ca dm (3.29) c th vit l:
M dv n v 2 p + n n =0 dt 2g
(3.30)
Thc t l tr lc bin dng khng i trn phn ln di ca hnh trnh cng tc ca cc qu trnh kiu p, chut, t ... Nu nh chuyn ng pittng my p vi tr lc bin dng khng i ca phi l chuyn ng n nh th
U=
dv n = 0 v vn tc chuyn ng l: dt
p 2g n
(3.31)
Thay gi tr p t biu thc (3.31) vo cng thc (3.30) nhn c:

M dv n v2 u2 + n n n =0 dt 2g 2g
(3.32)
Sau khi bin i v ly tch phn biu thc (58) ta c:

t= u + vn M2g 1 . . ln +C 2u u vn
(3.33)
trong : C = 0; v khi t = 0 th Vn = 0. K hiu:

= Mg nu
(3.34)
57
V thay vo biu thc (3.33) nhn c :

vn = u
t e t e
1 +1
(3.36)
Thc t, ngi ta chp nhn tc vn t c tr s n nh khi t = 4. Thi gian t1 tng ng vi vn = 0,96 u, thng tr s t1 ca cc my p thy lc rt nh (nh hn 0,1 thm ch c khi lc tng t ngt t 0 ti 0,5 PH). Cng thc (3.31) ca chuyn ng n nh c th s dng tnh ton tc ca my p trong hnh trnh cng tc. Xt s thay i ca u ph thuc vo cc tr lc bin dng khc nhau ca phi. K hiu:
p 0 = p a + G p a Fy p n FB R1 Fp Fp Fp Fp
(3.37)
Nu Nu Nu
R0 =0 Fp
th u 0 =
P0 2g . = u max n
P0 2g . = 0,7u max n P0 2g . = 0,5u max 4 n
R0 = 0,5.p 0 th u 0,5 = Fp R0 = 0,75.p 0 th u 0,75 = Fp
Trong trng hp, khi
R0 = p 0 , c ngha l vi cc iu kin gn iu Fp
kin nh mc, th tc dm ngang my p bng 0. Ta xc nh t l gia u v pp (pp - p sut trong xi lanh cng tc, tng ng hnh trnh cng tc), khi m cng sut ca my p t cc i:
p p p a Ku 2
Nu coi nh p a = p 0 , iu m thc t hon ton cho php cng sut ca my p l:

N = up p Fp = u p a Ku 2 Fp
dN = p a 3Ku 2 Fp = 0 du
Nh vy:
Ku2 = Pa/3
58
p p = p a Ku 2 =
2 pa 3
(3.38)
My p c th t cng sut cc i, khi lc my phi thng gn bng tr lc bin dng ca phi, bng 2/3 lc p danh ngha ca my p. 3.4.1. Hnh trnh khng ti ca my p S tnh ton ca my p thy lc khi hnh trnh khng ti c trnh by hnh 3-6.b. Chiu dng ca trc x l chiu hng xung di. im 0 l im u tnh ton, l v tr bt u ca dm ngang khi hnh trnh khng ti. Trn phn chuyn ng ca my p c cc lc sau y tc dng: trng lng G ca phn chuyn ng, p sut nc trong xi lanh cng tc ( p p Fp ), p sut trong xi lanh kh hi ( pB FB ), trong xi lanh cn bng ( p y Fy ) v cc lc ma st.
R1 = R H + R ms
trong : RH - lc cn ma st phn dn hng ca dm ngang chuyn ng khi hnh trnh khng ti; Rms: lc cn ma st phn m kn ca xi lanh
R ms = KPi Di
trong : K - 0,1 i vi m vng t lm kn, K 0,6 0,7 i vi m t bung; Pi - lc ca pittng to ra (dN); Di - ng knh pittng (cm). Phng trnh chuyn ng ca dm ngang c dng:
m d 2x dt 2 = p p Fp + G p B FB p y Fy R1
(3.39)
c th s dng c phng trnh Becnuli vi chuyn ng khng n nh ng ng dn t thng np n xi lanh cng tc, ly mt mt ct trn b mt cht lng thng np, cn mt ct kia trn pittng cng tc:
v2 Lp d 2x pp = pH p n z p g dt 2 2g
(3.40)
trong : PH - p sut thng np. B qua ct p do tc to ra, tng t nh trn nhn c:
59
v2 L d 2x pB = pH + B n + B + z B g dt 2 2g v 2 L y d 2x p y = pa + y n + g dt 2 2g
(3.41) (3.42)
Thay cc biu thc (3.39) - (3.41) vo (3.38) chia c hai v cho Fp v k hiu:
M= L p L B FB L y Fy m + + + Fp g g Fp g Fp
Fy F n = p + B B + y FP FP p = p H + Fy F F R G p H B Pa Z B B 1 Fp FP FP Fp Fp
p = const ta c:
(3.43)
Phng trnh (3.42) cho hnh trnh khng ti, v mt cu trc trng vi phng trnh cho hnh trnh cng tc khi sc cn ca phi khng i, nhng cc tr s ca M, n, p y c ngha khc. Nh tnh ton cho thy, thi gian tc tc t1 khng vt qu 0,01s. V thi gian tng tc nh, nn khi tnh ton tc ca hnh trnh khng ti c th s dng cng thc (3.31). Tc u c th tng bng cch tng p sut thng np, tng khi lng cc phn chuyn ng ca my p, gim lc cn trn ng dn thng np - xi lanh cng tc. C th gim tc u bng cch tng lc cn ng dn xi lanh y v v bng cch s dng cc xi lanh cn bng. my p hot ng bnh thng, khi tnh ton hnh trnh khng ti cn ch ti c tnh thay i p sut xi lanh cng tc. p sut cht lng gim n 0 dn n s gin on dng cht lng v gy s ht kh ngoi mi trng vo xi lanh. iu kin khng b gin on dng cht lng: pp 0 (3.44) trong : pp - p sut d trong xi lanh cng tc.
60
Tc cc i ca hnh trnh khng ti t c khi ch n nh:

p p = p H p u2 z p 0 2g
(3.45)
Trong tc u c xc nh theo cng thc (3.31). C th ngn s gin on ca dng chy bng cch t thng np trung gian gn my p hoc thng np chnh gn my p, bng cch tng ng knh cc xi lanh cn bng, tng p sut thng np, tng tit din ca ng ng np nh t b van tit lu mt chiu trn tuyn ca cc xi lanh y v. 3.4.2. Hnh trnh y v ca my p Khi dm ngang y v, nc t trong xi lanh cng tc tr li thng np qua van x ca b phn phi v qua van np ca xi lanh cng tc. Lng nc i qua van x ca b phn phi nc, thng chim khong t hn 7% tng hp nc c y ra khi xi lanh cng tc. V vy, iu kin tnh ton l nc c y ra ch qua van np. S tnh ton my p thu lc i vi hnh trnh y v c trnh by trn hnh 3-6.c. Chiu dng ca trc x ta ly l chiu hng trn. Trn cc phn chuyn ng ca my p khi hnh trnh y v c cc lc tc dng sau y: lc cn c ch R0, trng lng G, p sut nc ln xi lanh cng tc ( p p Fp ), ln pittng kh hi ( p B FB ) v ln pittng cn bng ( p y Fy ), lc ma st cc m kn ca xi lanh Rms v phn dn hng RH m ta coi bng 0. Trn c s nh lut 2 ca ng lc hc ta c:
m d 2x dt 2 = p B FB + p y Fy p p Fp G R o R ms
(3.46)
Khi hnh trnh y v, cng nh khi hnh trnh cng tc ca my p, ta b qua ct p tc v ct p v tr i vi cc xi lanh kh hi v cn bng. S dng phng trnh Becnuli i vi chuyn khng n nh, ta tm cc p sut p p , p B , v
p y . Sau khi thay tr s ca cc p sut ny vo phng trnh (3.46) v k hiu: M= L p L B FB L y Fy m + + . + Fp g g Fp g Fp
Fy F = P + B B + y Fp FB Fy G + R 0 + R ms F p = p a B + p a p H + z p Fp Fp Fp
61
p = const v qua mt vi php bin i ta nhn c phng trnh

(3.47)
Nu khi chuyn ng l n nh (
dv n = 0 ) khi tc chuyn ng ca dt
dm ngang c biu th bng phng trnh (3.31). Bi v, cc qu trnh ca dm ngang xy ra rt nhanh, cho nn xc nh tc ca dm ngang hnh trnh y v c th s dng cng thc (3.31). Tc u c th tng bng cch tng p sut trong bnh tch p, tng din tch ca cc xilanh y v v xilanh cn bng hoc l gim sc cn tuyn xilanh cng tc thng np. 3.5. Kt cu v tnh ton cc chi tit ca h thng np Cc thit b np bao gm: thng np, c b tr gn my p hoc trn xilanh cng tc. to p sut ln cht lng, thng ngi ta s dng h thng kh nn ca nh my, p sut 0,6 0,8 MPa. Van np ni xilanh cng tc vi thng np. Th tch ton b ca nc trong thng np V c xc nh, xut pht t th tch nc Vp do cc pittng cng tc y ra sau mt hnh trnh ton b. Nhm ngn nga s lt kh t thng np vo ng ng dn n van np thng ly V = (2-2,25)Vp. Gi s, p sut khng kh trong thng np khi tiu th cht lng c thay i theo quy lut ng nhit: pVB = const trong : VB - th tch ban u ca khng kh trong thng cha. p sut khng kh sau khi loi tr th tch Vp s b gim xung v ngi ta ly pmin = 0,75max. S thay i trng thi khng kh c biu din bng cng thc: pmin(VB +Vp) = pmaxVB (3.48) T , thu c: VB = 3Vp . Th tch ton b VH ca thng np VH = (22,5)Vp + 3Vp = (55,5)Vp (3.49)
62
Cc thng np c ch to theo kiu hn t thp tm: dy ca phn hnh tr v phn hnh cu thng khng nh hn 8mm. dy ca thnh c tnh theo cc thng s nh tnh chiu dy ni hi. kh va p khi u ba chm phi, trn ng np trc my p, ngi ta lp b b va p thu lc, c thng np c lp van bo him l xo, ng o mc nc, ng h p sut v ba van (van x, van dn nc t ng ng nc v van dn kh nn). ngt thng np v tr ni vi my p, ngi ta t van chn mt chiu trn ng ng np, dng ngt thng np ra khi my p v nu cn thit s chuyn nc t xilanh cng tc v thng np. a lng nc tha v thng bm, thng np c van thot du c iu chnh p sut nh hn 0,2MPa so vi p sut m van an ton ca thng np s lm vic. S ca van thot du c trnh by hnh 3-7. Cht lng t thng np theo ng ng A n khoang di van 5 v l tit lu 1 - vo khoang trn van 5. Vt nng 3 s gi p sut nh Hnh 3-7. Van thot du thng qua van 2 c kch thc nh, c ni vi pittng 4. Khi p sut vt qua mc chnh p trn van 5 v di van 5, n s lm nng van v chuyn cht lng t thng np v thng bm qua ng ng B. Khi gim p sut trong thng van np, van 2 c ng li v van chnh 5 cng s ng li trn van. Van chuyn c iu khin bng s thay i mc nc trong thng np, c th c s dng thay th van c iu khin bng p sut. S nguyn l ca van c trnh by trn hnh 2-1. Van gm c van np 2 v dn ng thy lc 3 nng van. Dn ng c ni vi ng ca xilanh y v. h tr m van np, i khi ngi ta cn lm van np c thm van ph gim ti c tit din nh. Tit din lu thng ca van np c tnh theo tc hnh trnh khng ti vxx cho trc v theo tc chn trc vH.K ca dng cht lng trong tit din lu thng ca van np khi n c m hon ton
63
f=
F.v x.x v H.K
(3.50)
trong : F - din tch ca pittng cng tc, vx.x - thng khong 300 400mm/s, vH.K - khng qu 6-7 m/s. V vy, giai on thit k ban u thng ngi ta ly: f = 0,05F (3.51) Sau khi chn cc kch thc ca ng np, ngi ta tin hnh tnh ton kim tra ng lc hc ca hnh trnh khng ti. Thn v ca van np c lm t thp 45, cn van c lm t thp khng g.
64
Chng 4
my p thu lc dn ng tng p v hiu sut ca h thng thu lc my p
4.1. Cc loi thit b my p thu lc Trong cc my p thu lc dn ng c tng p, b phn to cht lng p sut cao gi l b tng p. Cc b tng p c th chia lm hai loi chnh: loi kh - thu lc v loi c kh. S my p thu lc c b tng p thu lc c trnh by hnh 4-1. Kiu my ny c hiu sut rt thp ( 2%), nn t c s dng, hin nay ngng sn sut loi my ny.
Hnh 4-1. My p hi - thu lc 1-6. van; 7. van trn; 8. van con trt; 9. thng cha; 10. thng bm; 11. b tng p hi thu lc; 12. b iu khin cha van phn phi; 13. hp phn phi
65
Trong cc cm tng p kh, dn ng my p rn thu lc tng p c trc khuu c s dng rng ri nht - l tng p mt xi lanh tc ng trc tip khng c van. Th tch cht lng c pittng ca n y ra sau mt hnh trnh ng bng th tch cht lng p sut cao my p yu cu mt hnh trnh. S lng hnh trnh cng tc ca my p bng s vng quay ca trc khuu b tng p v bng 30 + 120v/ph (ph thuc vo lc p danh ngha ca my p). Ngi ta ch to my p c b tng p trc khuu vi lc p ti 15 MN. Trn hnh 4.2 trnh by s iu khin my p c dn ng t b tng p trc khuu.
Hnh 4-2. S iu khin my p c b tng p kiu trc khuu 13. cc van ca b phn phi; 4. b tng p kiu trc khuu; 5. thng bm; 6. bnh tch p khng c pittng (thng tnh cho p sut 67MPa); 7. bm kiu pittng - trc khuu np cho bnh tch p; 8. khp ni ng b tng p; 9. bnh ; 10. ng c in; 11. b phn phi
66
p sut cht lng do b tng p c th to ra thng vo khong 40 50 MN/m2 (400 500 kG/cm2). Khi x di ng dch chuyn xung di, nc c dn t bnh tch p qua van 1 n xi lanh cng tc (tay quay v tr I). Cc xi lanh y v c ni thng xuyn vi bnh tch p. Lc khng i ca cc xi lanh hi s c trit tiu bng lc p ca xi lanh cng tc khi hnh trnh xung di, lc p ny s c t sao cho ln hn mt t so vi lc p danh ngha. S dch chuyn u trt ln trn c thc hin bng vic x nc t xi lanh cng tc v thng bm (v tr II ca tay quay), khi van 2 m. Nc t bnh tch p dch chuyn x di ng thng khng c dn n khi b tng p lm vic trong thi gian u trt p vo kim loi. Khi v tr II ca tay quay th van mt chiu 3 ca b phn phi 11 khng cho php chuyn nc p sut cao t xi lanh cng tc v bnh tch p. Bm 7 s np cho bnh tch p, vic ng bm s c thc hin t ng bng van gim ti. Bng vic ng v ngt khp ni 8 c th nhn c cc hnh trnh n gin ca my p. Khi chut th cng sut ca ng c in dn ng l (kW): N = Pen/(60 ) trong : P - lc p cng tc ln nht khi chut (kN) e - su p, tng ng vi hnh trnh nh v vo khong 40 - 50% hnh trnh lc (m) n - s lng hnh trnh trong mt pht, bng s vng quay ca trc khuu - h s c ch c xt n tn tht ma st, tn tht thu ng, tn tht do r r, tn tht v th tch, cc tnh ton gn ng thng ly bng 0,8. Trong a s cc trng hp, my p thng lm vic vi cng sut thp nn cho php ng c in qu ti. Cc vt liu s dng ch to cc chi tit ca b tng p kiu trc khuu v phng php tnh ton cng tnh ton cng tng t nh i vi cc chi tit ca bm pittng - trc khuu. Kiu dn ng xt c s dng cho my p rn, a s thng dng thc hin cc nguyen cng vut v chnh tinh khc m yu cu s lng ln cc hnh trnh trong mt n v thi gian v c v tr nht nh ca u ba cui hnh trnh cng tc.
67
4.2. Cc b tng p thu lc B tng p thu lc m bo cung cp cho xi lanh my p cht lng p sut cao hn so vi cht lng t bnh tch p hoc t bm. Cc b tng p ny c hai loi chnh: hot ng khng lin tc v hot ng lin tc. S b tng p hot ng khng lin tc c ch ra trn hnh 4-3.a. Nu cc xi lanh y v l loi c iu khin, th h s tng p l: K = M DH 2/DB2 trong : M - h s tn tht c kh, bng ~ 0,95. DH - ng knh pittng p sut thp. DB - ng knh pittng p sut cao.
Hnh 4-3. Cc b tng p thu lc 1. xi lanh p sut thp; 2. pittng p sut thp kt hp lm xi lanh p sut cao; 3. pittng p sut cao; 4. x ngang c nh; 5. x ngang di ng; 6. cc xi lanh y v; 7. pittng c pittng p sut cao; 8. vn ht; 9. xi lanh p sut cao; 10. van y; 11. cng tc; 12. thanh iu khin c ni vi hnh trnh, c iu khin bng nam chm in; H. cp du t bm; C. cp du vo h thng. Hnh trnh tng p HM v ng knh pittng p sut cao c xc nh xut pht t th tch cht lng V cn v tnh n bin dng n hi ca h thng my p: V = 0
D 2 4
trong : 0 - h s tn tht th tch, thng ly bng 0,9 n 0,95.
68
Cc phng php tnh ton cc chi tit ca b tng p v cc vt liu dng ch to cc chi tit trn cng tng t nh i vi cc chi tit ca my p. Do nhc im ca b tng thu lc hot ng khng lin tc l nguyn nhn ngi ta to ra cc b tng p hot ng lin tc s dng rng ri cc b dn ng bm du. S ca b tng p hot ng lin tc lm vic vi du khong c trnh by trn hnh 4-3b. Khi dch chuyn pittng 7 (c cc pittng p sut cao) v v tr u cng, th pittng thng qua thanh ni 12 v cng tc 11 s cp in cho cho nam chm in E1 hoc E2. Sau du t bm s lm dch chuyn pittng v hng ngc li. Cc pittng p sut cao s thay phin nhau ht du qua cc van ht 8 v y n vo h thng qua van 10. Lng du p sut cao c cp lin tc. Thng thng cc b tng p kiu ny to c p sut 40 - 60 MN/m2 (400600 kG/cm2). Cc b phn tng p hot ng lin tc cho php s dng cc bm p sut cao n gin v r, tng hiu qu s dng ng c in, gim thi gian hnh trnh khng ti v hnh trnh cng tc. 4.3. Bin dng n hi trong h thng my p thu lc Khi my p thc hin cc nguyn cng cng ngh th trong my c tch t mt lng nng lng bin dng n hi trong cc chi tit kim loi v cht lng. Trong mt s trng hp, nng lng tch t trong h thng ca my p thu lc (nng lng ny s mt i sau khi my thc hin hnh trnh cng tc) s gn bng hoc ln hn so vi cng c ch ca my p. Cn xc nh th tch cht lng, tr s ca hnh trnh ca pittng v nng lng tch t Hnh 4-4. S tnh ton my p thu lc (lm bin dng cc chi tit kim loi v cht lng). Trn hnh 4-4 trnh by s tnh ton ca my p. cng ca x ngang trn v di c ly bng ln v cng. B qua gia tc tng i trong cc hng vung gc vi hng tc ng ca cc lc m cc lc ny khng c ngha thc t, ta c: - Lng thay i th tch xi lanh do c s tng ng knh trong ca n di tc dng ca p sut cht lng:
69
v: nn:
x t 1 2 DL 2 D t = t = ; D= t D D D V1= D L. 2
V1=
- S tng th tch xi lanh do b ko di theo chiu trc ca n:

V2=
F 2 L Fc
Do: Suy ra: trong :
F L = = L Fc F L = L Fc
D - lng thay i (gia s) ng knh xi lanh. L - gia s chiu di xi lanh.
t1 - ng sut tip tuyn trn thnh bn trong ca xi lanh.
E- mun n hi ca thp. D- ng knh trong ca xi lanh. L- chiu di xi lanh cng tc. p - p sut cao ca cht lng cng tc. F - din tch bn trong ca xi lanh cng tc. L - chiu di ca cn pittng hoc pittng. Fc - din tch tit din ca cn hoc ca pittng. Fc - din tch tit din ca xi lanh cng tc. Lng bin i tng cng ca th tch cc ng ng v xi lanh, do c s tng ng knh trong ca chng, c xc nh theo biu thc:
V3 =
2 1 ( t V1 + V ) t
trong :
- ng sut tip tuyn trong ng ng dn; Vx1 v VT th tch bn trong t
ca cc xi lanh v ng ng (vi chiu di Lm). - Th tch ph thm ca cht lng trong xi lanh b cho lng p ca cn hoc pittng:
70
V4 =
F 2 L Fc
- Th tch b cho s nn ca cht lng trong ng ng v trong xi lanh:

V5 = (VT+ V0+ VX+ VP) 1
trong : E1 - mun n hi ca cht lng V0- th tch c hi ca xi lanh c ngha l th tch cht lng cng tc trong xi lanh khi x ngang di ng v tr tn cng; Vx v Vp - th tch gy ra bi hnh trnh khng ti v hnh trnh cng tc ca pittng). Th tch ca cht lng cng tc cn thit b cho lng bin dng ca cc phn kim loi v cht lng: 2 F 2 L L L x Vb= ( t V + t 1Vn ) + ( + + )+ (VT +V0+Vx+Vp)
Fc F Fc
(4.1) Chiu di hnh trnh ca pittng cn thit b cho s thay i th tch gy ra bi s bin dng ca cc phn kim loi v cht lng: Lb=
Vb F
P L b 2
(4.2)
Th nng tch t trong h thng thu lc: U= (4.3)
trong : PH - lc p nh mc ca my p. Ta thy rng, cng thc (4.1) c th s dng khi nn ng nhit cht lng ti p sut p 40MPa. Cc tnh ton c thc hin cho my p kiu 4 tr theo cc cng thc cho thy rng phn nng lng ln nht tch t trong my p c dng p cht lng trong cc xi lanh ( 66%), th tch ca n c xc nh bng chiu di ca hnh trnh tip cn v th tch c hi. Mt phn nng lng tiu hao lm ko di cc tr (~15%) v lm tng th tch ca xi lanh cng tc ( 10%). Cc s liu nhn c trn cng c trng cho c cc loi my p khc. Xc nh cc trng hp n hi ca my p l yu t quyt nh khi thit k my.
71
Nu ch c trng cho cng ca h thng my p bng tr s lc, tng ng vi lng bin dng n hi n v ca cc ct, v khi s bin dng ca cht lng cha c xt. Cng c th ly lc cng tc ca my p chia cho chiu di hnh trnh pittng, b cho bin dng ca cc phn kim loi v cht lng cng tc, nhng iu ny cng khng cho php tr li c cu hi: cng ca my p nh th cha? Cc qu trnh cng ngh c din ra trong my p rt a dng theo mc in y ca th lc v chiu di ca hnh trnh cng tc (hnh 2-9). Cc qu trnh nh: dp nng, dp tm, un, ng bnh cc phoi kim loi v cc qu trnh khc, c c trng bng s in y khng ln ca din tch th lc vi tr s ng k ca hnh trnh cng tc. ng thi khi , ngay mt my p c dng p c dng p nong cc ng t phi dng hnh tr v dng dp nng (vi chiu di ca hnh trnh cng tc l nh nhau) th trong trng hp th nht cng ca my c th l hon ton , cn trng hp th hai th c th li thiu. Tiu chun nh gi cng ca my p thu lc c th ly bng t s ca cng do my sn ra bin dng do chi tit, chia cho cng Ab dng bin dng ton b h thng: L p L p = GT = = (4.4) b CP L b CL b trong : - in y th lc Lp - di hnh trnh cng tc ca pittng C - hng s, i vi dn ng bm khng c bnh tch p C = 1/2 cn i vi dn ng bm c bnh tch p C = 1. Tr s ca Ab khng phi bao gi cng bng U. Cc gi tr v Lp c chn t cc thng s thng gp nht ca ch lc khi lm vic my p, v vy tnh GT c quy nh bi kiu ca qu trnh cng ngh c thc hin trn my p. i vi my p dp nng ang xt, c lc p 100 MN (10000T), chiu di ca hnh trnh cng tc l khong 80 mm (Lb = 2,4 cm; C = 1). in y th lc khi dp cc chi tit c profil phc tp l 0,15, khi GT = 0,5 c ngha l tn tht cho bin dng n hi ca my p ln hn hai ln cng c ch. Nu my p c dng rn t do, c th l vut ( = 0,6 v Lp= 8cm), th i vi trng hp ny GT = 2, c ngha l cn bin dng n hi s nh hn 2 ln so vi cng c ch. Nh vy, cn phi lm my p dp c cng ln hn so vi my p rn .
72
T biu thc (4.4) suy ra, my p thc hin cc thao tc vi hnh trnh cng tc ngn v in y th lc l nh, cn phi c cng ln. xc nh cc phng php lm gim tn tht do cc bin dng ca h thng my p gy ra, xt biu thc xc nh hnh trnh ca pittng, cn b li nn ca cht lng cng tc: L= {Lx+Lp+(V0+VT)/F} (4.5) trong : Lx- di ca hnh trnh khng ti nn ca cht lng cng tc. Cc tn tht do cc bin dng ca h thng my p, nh l th tch cht lng thuc pittng cng tc v bng (Vx+Vp+V0+VT), c th c gim i bng cch rt ngn hnh trnh khng ti v thc hin mt phn ca hnh trnh cng tc vi ti nh (vi Lp ln) nh dn ng ph kiu c kh. 4.4. Hiu sut ca cc trm my p thu lc Cc b phn ca trm my p thu lc, gy hao tn nng lng khi truyn t li in n u ba (khun) ca my p. Chng ta s xc nh hiu sut (h s c ch) ca mi b phn ca trm my p thu lc. 4.4.1 My p thu lc My p tip nhn th nng ca cht lng cng tc c a vo cc xi lanh cng tc hay xi lanh y v v tiu th nng lng ny thc hin bin dng do phi. Nng lng truyn t cht lng cng tc ti u vo ca xi lanh cng tc hay xi lanh y v c gi l nng lng c th dng c. K hiu App- l nng lng c th dng c ca hnh trnh cng tc; Apo- nng lng c th dng c ca hnh trnh y v (cng c ch m u ba ca my p thc hin hnh trnh y v). Cng c ch m u ba ca my p thc hin hnh trnh cng tc c k hiu l Acht. Ngi ta phn bit cc hiu sut sau y ca my p: hiu sut tc thi tt ; hiu sut ca mt hnh trnh cng tc ht ; hiu sut sau mt chu trnh ct . Khi xc nh hiu sut ca my p sau mt chu trnh, khng cn xt n hnh trnh khng ti. Cc tn tht lin quan n hnh trnh khng ti s c xt hnh trnh y v.
73
Hiu sut sau mt chu trnh ct ca my p l t s gia cng c ch bin dng do sau mt hnh trnh cng tc, chia cho nng lng tiu th sau mt chu trnh lm vic ca my p (hnh trnh kp ca x ngang):
ct = cht / = cht /( + ) cht cht =
(4.6)
Cng ca trng lng cc phn chuyn ng khng c tnh n khi tnh ton hiu sut sau mt chu trnh, v cng ny s tch t li thi gian hnh trnh y v, do nng lng c th s dng c dnh cho hnh trnh y v. Hiu sut ca my p sau hnh trnh cng tc ht , trng hp tng qut l t s ca cng c ch thc hin chia cho cng ca trng lng cc phn chuyn ng AG cng vi nng lng c th dng ca cc xi lanh cng tc: ht = cht /( G + ) (4.7) Trong nhiu trng hp th trng lng ca cc phn chuyn ng l khng ng k so vi lc ca my p, do : ht = cht / pp (4.8) Biu thc (4.8) ng i vi my p c pittng nm ngang. Nng lng ca cht lng cng tc nm bn trong xi lanh cng tc hoc l xi lanh y v c gi l nng lng xi lanh Axl, cn cng sut tng ng Nxl c gi l cng sut xi lanh. Nng lng ca xi lanh hnh trnh cng tc c k hiu l Axlp. Khi : App= Axlp + Ath (4.9) trong : Ath - l tn hao thu lc trn ng vo xi lanh cng tc. Hiu sut thu lc tl l t s nng lng xi lanh chia cho nng lng c th dng c hnh trnh cng tc. tl = xlp / pp (4.10)
Nng lng ca cht lng cng tc trong xi lanh b gim v c cc tn tht do bin dng n hi cht lng v cc phn thu lc ca my p v do s r r t xi lanh, c gi l nng lng ch th Au. Nng lng ch th ca hnh trnh cng tc v hnh trnh y v ca my p c k hiu l Au.p v Au.0. Khi , i vi hnh trnh cng tc ta c: Axlp= Au.p + AbE + Ay (4.11) trong : bE - cng sn ra bin dng n hi cht lng trong xi lanh cng tc v cc phn kim loi ca my p;
74
Ay - nng lng xc nh bi s r r cht lng t xi lanh. Hiu sut th tch l t s gia nng lng ch th Au chia cho nng lng xi lanh Axl. i hnh trnh cng tc: = Au.p/ Axlp (4.12)
Thng th c th b qua phn tn hao cht lng, tr s ca n khng vt qu 0,01 Axlp. Hiu sut th tch s b gim t ngt i vi cc my p thc hin cc qu trnh c c trng bi hnh trnh cng tc ngn. T , ta c: u. p = cht + (4.13) trong : - cng thng sc cn ma st v sc cn t pha cc xi lanh y v. Hiu sut c kh l t l gia cng c ch ca my p Acht chia cho cng ch th Au.p. i vi hnh trnh cng tc: = cht / u (4.14) Hiu sut c ch ca my p hnh trnh cng tc, nu b qua cng ca cc phn chuyn ng: ht = cht / = tl . . (4.15) Hiu sut c ch ca my p trong mt chu trnh:
ct = cht /( + . ) = 'tl .' .'
(4.16)
' ' trong : tl .' . - ln lt l hiu sut thy lc, hiu sut th tch, hiu
sut c kh ca my p trong mt chu trnh cht . 4.4.2. Bnh tch p Trong cc bnh tch p kh - thu lc kiu pittng c cc hao c kh, tn hao th tch v tn hao thu lc, c xc nh ging nh khi tnh tn hao phn my p. Ngoi cc tn hao k trn trong cc bnh tch p v c nh gi bng hiu sut kh nn v cc tn hao nhit ng c nh gi bng hiu sut nhit ng . xc nh hiu sut nhit ng ta coi rng nhit ban u ca khng kh trong bnh tch p bng nhit ca mi trng, cn qu trnh nn khng kh trong khi np cht lng c coi l qu trnh ng nhit. S gin n khng kh phng cht lng t bnh tch p c xy ra kh nhanh, v vy qu trnh gin n c coi l on nhit. Trong trng hp ny, p sut khng kh cui qu trnh gin n s nh hn p sut ng vi gin n ng nhit do c s h nhit . V vy, cng gin n s nh hn cng nn, do c cc tn hao nhit
75
ng. T s gia cng gin n g chia cho cng nn mt chu trnh, c gi l hiu sut nhit ng.
= g /
(4.17) (4.18)
Hiu sut ton b ca bnh tch p kiu pittng:

= tl
i vi bnh tch p kiu khng c pittng th = 1, nhng y s xut hin cc tn hao lin quan ti vic ho tan khng kh trong nc. 4.4.3. Tn hao trong ng ng Trong cc ng ng c cc tn hao thu lc v tn hao th tch khi np cht lng cng tc vo bnh tch p, xi lanh cng tc, xi lanh y v... Hiu sut ton b ca ng ng: = tl (4.19) 4.4.4. B phn tng p trung gian Hiu sut ca n c xc nh tng t nh hiu sut ca my p. Hiu sut ton b ca b tng p l: y = tl (4.20) 4.4.5. My bm Trong bm, c cc tn hao thu lc, tn hao th tch v tn hao c kh. Cc tn hao ny c trnh by trong cc cataloge ca mi loi bm. Hiu sut ton b ca bm: e = ct ct dc (4.21) trong : dc - hiu sut ng c in. 4.5. Cc loi dn ng khc Nu nh ly hiu sut ca thit b ni hi l 0,75, ca ng ng dn hi l 0,905 v ca trm my p l 0,02, th hiu sut chung hay l hiu sut kinh t ca my p c dn ng t b khuych i kiu hi - thu lc, bng tch ca cc hiu sut thnh phn, bng 1,5%. Tr s nh ca hiu sut kinh t phn ln l do vic s dng khng trit hi. Cc b tng p c kh c s dng trong dn ng cc my p rn, v chng m bo c s lng tng i ln cc hnh trnh lp li v su nht
76
nh ca u ba ngp vo kim loi. Nhc im chnh l kch thc ca b dn ng ln nn c tc chm. C nhiu trin vng trong vic s dng dn ng my p rn c lc khng ln (ti 15MN) t b tng p kiu trc khuu, lm vic vi du khong. Trong cc my p thy lc hin nay ngi ta s dng rng ri dn ng kiu bm. Dn ng ny thng lm vic vi nh tng hay du khong, v iu s quyt nh cc c im v kt cu ca ton b h thng trm my p. Khi b dn ng kiu bm khng c bnh tch p lm vic, cn phi ch rng, vic gim cng sut ca bm v ng c in c th t c bng cch s dng dn ng c thay i theo nhiu cp lu lng cht lng t bm; s dng my p c vi xi lanh cng tc, cho php nhn c mt loi cc mc lc p khc nhau; s dng dn ng t bm c lu lng thay i hoc s dng t hp khc nhau ca cc phng php k trn. nng cao tnh kinh t ca b dn ng kiu bm c bnh tch p ta c th thc hin bng cch: s dng my p c cc mc lc p khc nhau, c b tng p trung gian hoc c cc trm bm; bnh tch p c th cung cp cht lng cng tc cho my p vi nhiu p sut khc nhau. Dn ng kiu bm c bnh tch p s t hiu qu cao nht khi s dng trng hp m thi gian ca hnh trnh cng tc tc nh hn nhiu so vi thi gian ton chu trnh Tcht (nh my p p kim loi) v cng nh nhn c cc tc ln ca hnh trnh cng tc (dp nng thp v vt liu dng tm dy). Vic s dng dn ng kiu bm khng c bnh tch p s hp l i vi cc qu trnh c mc in y ca th lc nh (ng bnh, ng gi, vut khng su tm mng, un cc profin t tm mng). Cc qu trnh cn hnh trnh cng tc ngn v cc qu trnh khng cn tc ln ca hnh trnh cng tc (p hp kim nhm, vut cc chi tit t tm mng). Kiu dn ng c xc nh bng lc p nh mc ca my p. Trong cc trng hp ring, ta s kh xc nh s hn hn ca kiu dn ng c bnh tch p hay kiu dn ng khng c bnh tch p. Khi , tt hn l phi xc nh s tiu th nng lng cc dn ng trong mt chu trnh v trn c s tin hnh la chn phng php dn ng kinh t ln nht. 4.6. thit k h thng thu lc cho my p 500tn 4.6.1. Phn tch chn s thu lc Ngy nay, trong my p thu lc ngi ta thng s dng cc dng s truyn dn thu ng thu lc mch h. Trong h mch h, cht lng t xi lanh cng tc, sau khi lm vic xong, c chuyn v thng du khng tr v ngay bm. u im ca h mch h l, trong qu trnh lm vic, cht lng lun c lm ngui thng du trc khi vo bm, it kh nng r r du trong h thng so
77
vi h thng thu ng thu lc kiu kn. Vic b sung du vo thng cha cng d dng hn. Cng ca my p c xc nh bng thi gian hnh trnh cng tc tp, trong , xy ra qu trnh bin dng to hnh vt liu. Vic xc nh cng sut thit lp ca bm ph thuc vo s thay i ca ti trng cng tc trong h thng my p sao cho trong h thng dn ng hn ch s tn tht nng lng. Trong dn ng bm khng tch p ti bt k mt thi im no ca hnh trnh cng tc, ta c: NH = NHH trong : NH - cng sut danh ngha ca my NHH - cng sut danh ngha ca bm. T suy ra gin cng tc ca bm v my p l nh nhau khi bin dng phi. Mun s dng hon ton cng sut danh ngha ca my trong thi gian hnh trnh cng tc tp th bm cn phi lm vic vi cng sut NHH trong khong hnh trnh Sp. Ta c cng thc: NHH = k.Q.p trong : k - h s th nguyn ca Q,p, NHH, Q - lu lng bm. Nh vy, vi my p thu lc mt xi lanh cng tc vi lu lng bm khng i th cng ca my p tiu hao cho bin dng phi bng cng ca bm (cng sut thit lp); p l phn p sut m bm khng s dng ht thi im bt k. Phng php s dng bm khng tr p lm tng hiu qu s dng cng tc thit lp ca bm trong thi gian lm vic do gi c p sut mt mc nht nh, d chn v hiu qu lm vic ca ng c in cao, cng sut yu cu ca ng c c th gim. Tuy nhin, s dng bm c lu lng khng i vi mt bc hiu sut c mt s nhc im sau: - Phn ln cng sut bm khng c s dng ht. - Cng sut bm ch s dng ch yu trong hnh trnh c ti Sp, tnh kinh t thp. V vy, vic s dng tt nht cng sut thit lp ca bm trong thi gian cng tc tp c th thc hin c khi ta s dng mt s bm c ng m tun t v cho mt p sut cht lng cng tc n nh. S nguyn l ca dn ng ny khc vi s dn ng bm khng tch p bnh thng ch s dng hai hay nhiu bm c lu lng v p sut khc nhau c dn ng t cng mt ng c.
78
p PH
d o
Hnh 4-5. Gin p lc ca bm lu lng khng i Lc u c hai bm cng lm vic, sau mt khong thi gian bm (1) t n tr s p sut ti a ca n th nh c c cu gim p s ngt ti v bm chy khng ti, lc ny ch cn bm (2) hot ng thc hin lm bin dng vt dp nhng vi tc chm hn v c xc nh bng nng sut ca bm ny. Trn biu ta thy: - Trn on S1 c hai bm cng lm vic, lu lng ca h thng s l Q1+Q2 v cho p sut PH1. - Bt u t im d, bm (1) b tch ra khi h thng, khi ch cn bm (2) lm vic cho lu lng Q2 v p sut ca h thng do bm (2) quyt nh. Tc dch chuyn ca pittng cng tc trong hai giai on s l:
v1 =
Q1 + Q 2 Q v v 2 = 2 . Kt qu tnh ton v thc nghim cho thy v1>v2. S1 S2
- Hiu sut ca h thng trong s dng bm c hai bc hiu sut cao hn so vi s dng mt bm c lu lng khng i. Nu tng s lng bm (dn ng nhiu bc hiu sut) th hiu sut ca h thng s tng ln. Tuy nhin vic tng s lng bm cn ph thuc vo tnh kinh t v gi thnh ch to ca my p thu lc. H thng truyn ng thu lc thu tnh trn my p thu lc c kt cu theo mc phc tp khc nhau tu theo yu cu, c im v tnh nng s dng theo tng loi my. My p thu lc dp nng thng dng gia cng cc chi tit c kch thc ln, nn my p thu lc khng cn c cu p bin. cm u trt (x ng v khun trn) chuyn ng ln xung c nhanh m khng phi s dng cc bm lu lng ln, trn my p s dng hai xi lanh y v, dng nng cm u
79
trt v bo m tc i ln ca x ng theo yu cu k thut. ng thi, d dng tho sn phm khi khun di, s dng thm mt cm xi lanh - pittng y phi lp pha di bn my.
Q2
Q1 + Q2
PH2=PH PH1
S, t
V1 V2 S, t S1, t1 S2, t2
Hnh 4.6. Biu lu lng, p lc v tc ca hai bm trong dn ng hai bc hiu sut My p thu lc theo thit k s c 2 ch lm vic chnh, hot ng nh sau:
Ch lm vic khng ti
a. Hnh trnh khng ti i xung ng c khi ng, bm cp du cho h thng thu lc, du qua h thng thu lc i vo bung trn ca 2 xi lanh ph. Pittng ca 2 xi lanh ph i xung mang theo cm u trt vi tc 50 mm/s, hnh trnh ln nht ca cm u trt l 600 mm. Khi u trt i xung im gii hn di cng, cm bin v tr hot ng truyn tn hiu iu khin v van o chiu, iu khin cm van phn phi o chiu chuyn ng ca du, du s i vo bung di ca 2 xi lanh ph. b. Hnh trnh khng ti i ln Du qua h thng thu lc i vo bung di ca 2 xi lanh ph, y pittng i ln mang theo cm u trt vi tc 40 mm/s. Nu pittng i ln ht hnh trnh, cm bin v tr hot ng s truyn tn hiu cho van iu khin, iu khin
80
h thng thu lc lm o chuyn ng ca du vo 2 xi lanh ph, khi cm u trt li chuyn ng i xung. Ch lm vic c ti a. Qu trnh p phi Cm x ngang - u trt chuyn ng i xung, khi chm vt dp, p lc trong xi lanh chnh tng dn ln do bm cao p tng p, u trt tip tc chuyn ng i xung vi tc chm 1 mm/s. Nu tr lc bin dng ca vt rn ln vt qu p lc lm vic cho php, h thng van an ton s t ng ngt ti ca cc bm bo m an ton cho h thng. Lc p ln nht ca my l 500 T. b. Qu trnh tho sn phm Khi cm x ngang - u trt chuyn ng i ln n cao cho php, h thng iu khin ni du cho cm pittng - xi lanh tho phi. Pittng i ln y sn phm ra khi khun, ht hnh trnh ca pittng y phi (320 mm), cm bin v tr hot ng truyn tn hiu iu khin, h thng thu lc o chiu chuyn ng ca du vo bung trn ca xi lanh tho phi y pittng i xung. Lc tho phi l 60 T. Nh vy, my p thu lc hot ng theo yu cu lm vic nh thit lp trn, h thng thu lc ca my phi c mt s cc phn t thu lc sau: - Cm pittng - xi lanh chnh. - Hai cm pittng - xi lanh ph. - Cm pittng - xi lanh tho phi. - Cm bm thu lc. - ng c dn ca bm thu lc. - Cm van an ton. - Cm van iu khin. - Cm van phn phi. - Cm van chia dng. - Thng du. - B lc du. - H thng ng dn du. Ngoi ra cn c mt s cc thit b khc nh cc van mt chiu, van chn, ng h o p sut, ng h bo du, nhit k, cc van x kh... Cn c vo ch lm vic ca my, s nguyn l truyn ng thu lc ca my c thit k nh hnh 4-7.
81
82
Hnh 4-7. S nguyn l h thng thu lc my p 500 T
Trn hnh 4-7 gm 41 chi tit v cm chi tit: 1,6 - ng c in 3 pha; 2,7cc bm bnh rng; 3,5,8,10- cc b lc du; 4- bm pittng cao p; 9- van iu p; 11- thng du chnh; 12,13,14- cc van an ton; 15,16,28,32- cc van mt chiu; 17,18,20,36- cc van iu khin; 19,35- van phn phi; 21- van o chiu; 22,23- cm van chia dng; 24,26,29,34 - b iu tc; 25,30: cm xi lanh, pittng ph; 27-cm xi lanh, pittng chnh; 31- thng du ph; 33- cm pittng, xi lanh ca c cu tho phi; 37- ng h p sut; 38,39,40- van x kh v 41- van chn. 4.6.2. Tnh ton v chn cc bm thu lc Bm l phn t to ra nng lng, bm l mt trong nhng phn t quan trng nht ca h thng thu lc. Cc thng s c bn ca bm l lu lng v p sut. a- Bm bnh rng lu lng Bm lu lng (5) c nhim v cp du cho 2 xi lanh ph (33), (35) v b sung du cho thng du (46).
Hnh 4-8. S nguyn l cu to bm bnh rng t c tc dch chuyn ca cm x ngang-u trt chuyn ng i xung vi v = 50 mm/s v i ln vi v = 40 mm/s th bm lu lng phi bo m cung cp lng du in y vo 2 xi lanh ph v b sung du lin tc cho thng du ph (31). Theo thng s thit k ban u: lc y tr v ca cm u trt l 10 T, vy lc tc dng trn mi xi lanh ph l 5 T. Din tch lm vic ca mi xi lanh ph l:
83
S=
P 5000 = = 200 p 25
cm 2
S = 2.104 mm2 Vn tc chuyn ng i xung ln nht l 50 mm/s, nn lu lng du cn thit a vo xi lanh ph khi i xung l: Qx = vx.S = 50.2.104 = 106 mm3/s Qx = 10-3 m3/s Hai xi lanh ph s c lu lng ln nht cn thit khi i xung l: Qp = 2.Qx = 2.10-3 m3/s Qp= 120 l/ph V bm phi m nhim cung cp du cho thng du ph (31) nn ta chn bm lu lng c cc thng s k thut nh bng 8-1. Bng 4-1 Cc thng s ca bm bnh rng lu lng STT 1 2 3 Lu lng p sut ln nht cho php Tc quay ca trc bm i lng n v tnh l/ph MPa v/ph Gi tr 200 2,5 1450
b- Bm bnh rng iu khin Bm c nhim v cung cp du iu khin cho cc van iu khin trong h thng, cp du cho xi lanh tho phi, b sung du cho thng du ph. Din tch xi lanh tho phi l:
S tp = Ptp p = 60000 = 150 cm 2 = 15.10 3 mm 2 400
Bng 4-2 Cc thng s ca bm bnh rng iu khin STT 1 2 3 Lu lng p sut ln nht cho php Tc quay ca trc bm i lng n v tnh l/ph MPa v/ph Gi tr 100 25 1450
84
Lu lng du cn thit cho xi lanh tho phi l: Qt = vtp.Stp = 65.15.103 = 975 000 mm3/ Qt = 58,5 l/ph Bm bnh rng iu khin c cc thng s k thut c chn theo bng 4-2. c- Bm pittng cao p Bm pittng c kh nng lm kn tt hn so vi bm bnh rng, v vy bm pittng c s dng trong h thng thu lc c p sut cao. Bm pittng cao p c nhim c cung cp du cao p cho xi lanh chnh v xi lanh tho phi khi chng lm vic.
Hnh 4-9. S nguyn l bm pittng rto hng trc 1. r to; 2. pittng; 3. a nghing; 4. np; 5. rnh bm Bng 4-3 Cc thng s ca van phn phi dng cho bm pittng cao p STT i lng n v tnh Gi tr 1 Lu lng l/ph 30 2 p sut ln nht cho php Mpa 40 3 Tc quay ca trc bm v/ph 1450
Din tch tit din ngang xi lanh chnh l: P 500000 S= = = 1250(cm 2 ) = 125.10 3 mm 2 p 400
85
Lu lng cn thit cho xi lanh chnh khi lm vic c ti l: Qclv = vlv.S = 1.125.103 = 125 000 mm3/s Qclv = 7,5 l/ph - Pittng tho phi khi tho phi c tc 22 mm/s, vy lu lng du cn thit cho xi lanh tho phi khi c ti l: Qtlv = vtlv.St = 22. 15.103 = 330 000 (mm3/s) Qtlv = 19,8 l/ph Cn c vo cc gi tr tnh c, chn bm pittng cao p c cc thng s k thut nh bng 4-3.
86
Chng 5
Cc van, b phn phi v ng ng trm my p thu lc
5.1. Cc van Theo chc nng, trong my p thu lc s dng cc loi van sau y: van np v van x, van tit lu, van mt chiu, van an ton, van cht, van kt hp.
Hnh 5-1. Cc van ca my p thu lc 1,8,9. cc van; 2. l xo; 3-10. v o ca van; 4-12. cn ca van; 5-11. thn v; 6. m kn; 7. nt x kh; 13. ng lt; 14. l; 15. m kn; 16. np; 17. l xo; 18. kim ch th Theo phng thc hot ng, cc van c chia ra lm ba loi: van c iu khin (van np v x), van t ng (van mt chiu, van an ton) v van hot ng hn hp (mt s loi van chn, van cp). ca van c dng cn, vi gc l 450, p sut trn vnh cn c ly bng 80 - 100 MPa. Cc van phi c dn hng m bo s ng n nh trn van. Chiu cao h ca van c ly bng (1,5 - 2,0)d. Khe h gia van l l dn hng thng ly bng 0,1mm. S van np c iu khin, khng gim ti, c trnh by trn hnh 5-1.a.
87
Thn van c p vo bng lc:

=
d 2
4
pa +
(5.1)
trong : d- ng knh van; pa- p sut nc hoc nh tng; - lc p ca l xo. Nu ly t s truyn gia tay quay v cn van bng 1/25 v lc trn n by iu khin l 80N (8kG) v b qua lc l xo v ly Pa= 20MPa (200kG/cm2), th theo biu thc (5.1) ta nhn c tr s gii hn ca ng knh van khng c gim ti l: D=
4.8.25 = 1,1cm 3,14.200
S hot ng ca van trong b phn phi nc c gim ti c trnh by trn hnh 5-1.b. Van chnh 8 c m do tc dng ca cn van 12. Cn van u tin s nng van gim ti 9, sau s m van chnh qua ng lt 13. Cc l 14 c ng knh khong 2mm s lm tng tc ng ca khe h gia van v v o. Nu nc p sut cao a vo khoang trn van qua tit din tng f1 tng i nh, th van s t m. Nu tit din f1 ln hn nhiu so vi tit din tng f2, qua tit din nc p sut cao c a vo khoang nm di van, th hiu lc gim ti s b gim i. Cn ca van thng c lm lin vi van gim ti v c lm kn t hai u bng cc m 15. V o ca van 10 c lp vo thn v van 11 c np che 16. iu chnh v quan st s nng ca van, c kim ch 18 c p vo cn van bng l xo 17. Lc nng ca van c gim ti l:
= 2 (d1 d 2 )a + + 2 4
(5.2)
trong :
d1 - ng knh van gim ti, cm; d2 - ng knh cn van, cm; T - lc ma st cc m, N. Tit din lu thng ca van:
88
f = trong :
Fpt Vvt v
(5.3)
Fpt- din tch ca pittng ca van; vpt- tc pittng; v - tc chuyn ng ca cht lng qua van. Khi p sut ca cht lng p = 20-30MPa, v ca van np ly n 20 30m/s, v ca van x ly n 10 15m/s. cao nng van c chn t iu kin cn bng ca din tch lu thng cht lng gia van v van, vi din tch tit din lu thng di van. thi im m ban u ca van, tc cht lng gia van v van rt ln. V vy, cn ng van bng b mt cn v khe h gia phn hnh tr v v o ca van. Nh s gim s mi mn b mt cn ca van. nng bnh thng ca van gim ti l 2 4mm. Thn v ca van c rn t thp 45, cn van v con i van c lm t thp khng r, v o ca van c lm bng ng. Cc van tit lu: c s dng iu chnh tc chuyn ng ca pittng. V o ca van c mt mng li l, cho php iu chnh u sc cn khi cht lng chuyn ng qua van. Van c kt cu nh vy gi l van tit lu c iu khin. Cc van mt chiu: van mt chiu hot ng t ng, van ch cho cht lng chuyn ng theo mt chiu. Nu van mt chiu c thm l nh, n tr thnh van tit lu t ng. Nu van mt chiu c thm c cu m van bng ng c tha hnh, n tr thnh van mt chiu c iu khin. Cc van nh vy c th s dng nh van np, ngn nga s t h xung ca x ngang. Cc van an ton: van an ton dng h p sut ca cht lng khi p sut vt qu gii hn nh. Cc van ny c chnh p sut Hnh 5.2. B phn phi ca cao hn p sut nh mc 20-30%. my p thu lc Van chn: c s dng ngt cc b phn khc nhau ca h thng thu lc v kh. Cc van c tit din nh v trung bnh c lm khng c gim ti, cn cc van c tit din ln thng c lm c gim ti.
89
5.2. Cc b phn phi B phn phi thng gm c hp van, van 1, cc tr ng 2, b phn dn ng con i ca van 3, cn iu khin 4 (hnh 5-2). Vic nng cc con i c thc hin bng cc n gnh hoc bng cc cam. Trong thi gian gn y ngi ta cng s dng rng ri kiu nng con i bng cam. B phn phi c cc loi iu khin khc nhau: iu khin bng tay, iu khin bng ng c tha hnh v iu khin t xa. Cc nhc im ca iu khin bng tay l lm ngi iu khin chng b mt mi v phi t cc b phn phi gn v tr iu khin lm cn tr ti vic tip cn sa cha cc ng ng khi cn thit. Trn hnh 5-3 trnh by s hot ng ca ng c tha hnh dn ng iu khin my p vi lc l 120MN. Khi quay cn iu khin 1 lm dch chuyn van trt iu khin 2, kh nn s i vo khoang tri ca xi lanh 3, cn khoang phi ca xi lanh 3 c ni thng vi p sut mi trng qua van iu khin. B gim chn du 4 s ngn nga s chuyn ng git cc ca pittng xi lanh kh. n by 5 v thanh ko 6 lm quay trc ca b phn phi. C cu n by 7 thc hin vai tr mi lin h ngc. Nh trc ca b phn phi s quay mt gc t l thun vi gc quay ca cn iu khin.
Hnh 5-3. S hot ng ng c tha hnh dn ng iu khin my p rn c lc l 120 MN
90
Xc nh cc thng s ca thanh ko v n by ca mi lin h ngc iu khin trn c s s ng dng ca tam gic C1CB v A1A0B, BB1C1 v A1A0C1 (hnh 5.3): l1 = l0(h1+h2)/h2 (5.4) l2 = l0(h1+h2)/h1 (5.5) trong : l0 - dch chuyn ca van trt iu khin. ng c chp hnh c iu khin bng van trt 1, van ny c lin kt vi cn iu khin my p. Lc lm dch chuyn van trt khng qu 10N, thm ch i vi ng c tha hnh to c lc ln hn. Rotor 2 s dch chuyn theo van trt. Du t bm hoc t bnh tch p s i vo khoang 4. Khi van trt dch chuyn sang tri th rotor 2 cng dch chuyn sang tri mt khong ng bng nh vy. Khi van trt dch chuyn sang phi th rotor cng dch chuyn sang phi. ci thin s tun theo ca rotor ngi ta lm van trt c trng ip bng 0.
Hnh 5-4. ng c chp hnh lm vic bng du 1. van trt; 2. rto; 3. din tch hot ng; 4. m kn; 5. thn v ng c chp hnh Lc do ng c tha hnh to ra c tnh nh sau: - Khi hnh trnh sang phi:
91
2 2 (D D CP ) 4
2 2 (D CP d 0 ) 4
(5.6)
- Khi hnh trnh sang tri:

1 =
(5.7)
trong : p - l p sut du. Trong cc kt cu mi nht ca cc my p thu lc, thng lm c iu khin t xa. H thng iu khin t xa cho php b tr b phn phi gn cc xi lanh thu lc, iu ny lm gim ng k chiu di ng ng p sut v ng ng x. Vi b iu khin t xa, ngi ta s dng trc cam dn ng van, thay cho cc trc c n gnh. iu chnh s quay ca trc phn phi, ngi ta lp ng c in hoc khp ni vo ng cho ca cu Utston. ng h o in th ca mt nhnh c ni vi cn iu khin, cn ng h o in th ca nhnh khc c ni vi trc phn phi. Khi quay n by iu khin s xy ra mt cn bng ca cu o v xut hin dng in ng cho, dng in ny c khuch i bng b khuch i in t v c a ti cc u cc ca ng c in hoc ti khp ni. ng c in hoc khp ni s ng v trc phn phi s quay. Khi trc phn phi quay, lm cho s chnh lch in tr ca cc nhnh ca cu gim ti 0, khp ni v ng c in s c ngt. 5.3. Va p thu lc cc ng ng Khi c s thay i t ngt tc chuyn ng ca cht lng trong ng ng (khi ng hoc m rt nhanh cc van ca b phn phi) s xut hin sng va p vi p sut cao, c gi l va p thu lc. C th xc nh p sut cc i ca sng va p, nu khi phanh ct cht lng, ton b ng nng c chuyn thnh cng ko thnh vch ca ng v nn cht lng: K= AC.T+Anl (5.8) trong : K- ng nng ca ct cht lng chuyn ng ; ACT - cng ko thnh vch ca ng ng; Anl - cng nn cht lng trong ng. Trong trng hp nu nh ng ng c ng knh d khng i v chiu di l:
92
K=
v2 d 2 .l 4 2
(5.9)
trong : - t trng ca cht lng; v - tc chuyn ng ca cht lng trong ng. xc nh ACT, xt trng hp ko ng mng, n thng hay gp cc ng np v ng x cht lng. Vic thay ng mng bng ng dy khi tnh ton khng lm thay i nguyn tc tnh:
2 .d 2 p y A CT = dl 4 2E
(5.10)
trong : p - p sut va p ; - chiu dy thnh ng ; E - mun n hi vt liu lm ng. Cng p ct cht lng trong ng:
2 .d 2 p y l Al = 4 2E l
(5.11)
trong : El - mun n hi ca cht lng. Sau khi thay biu thc (5.9) (5.11) vo (5.8) v bin i, ta nhn c: py = a..v (5.12) trong : a - tc lan truyn sng va p trong ng ng
El p E d 1+ l E
a=
(5.13)
Cng thc (5.13) ca H. E. Zucovxki xc nh ng p sut ln nht va p thu lc khi va p trc tip, thi gian ko di ca va p T = 2l/a, s ln hn thi gian ng ng ng T3, c ngha l T > T3 (l - chiu di ng ng). dng tng qut, biu thc (5.11) c dng: py = a v (5.14) trong : py- s tng p sut va p ; v - lng tc b tht thot ca cht lng khi chuyn ng trong ng.
93
Va p thu lc trc tip c th xy ra khi ng nhanh cc van ca b phn phi nu nh ng ng t bnh tch p n my p c chiu di kh ln. Nguyn tc hot ng ca b b tr thu lc l khi c s tng p sut cht lng s lm dch chuyn pittng v p n hi chi tit (khng kh hoc l xo), v vy qu trnh va p s chuyn thnh qu trnh dao ng. Trn hnh 5-5 trnh by cc b b tr va p thu lc c s dng rng ri. Cc b b tr hnh 5.5a,b c s dng ng cao p sut. B b tr hnh 5-5.c c s dng ng np v cp kh nn p sut 0,8 1,0 MN/m2 (8 -10 kG/cm2). Vic tnh ton b b tr thng lm gn ng, bt u t iu kin l coi ct cht lng chuyn ng s tip nhn ton b nng lng t bnh tch p hoc t thng np. Ta c th xc nh ng nng ca cht lng chuyn ng trong ng thi im ng ng ng t phng trnh (5.9). Qu trnh nn khng kh b tr c Hnh 5-5. Cc b b tr va p thu lc coi l nn on nhit (h s on nhit n =1,4). Khi , nng lng do b tr hp ph c th biu th bng phng trnh:
q 0 p 0 p k K= n 1 p 0
n 1 n 1
(5.15)
trong : p0 - p sut ban u ca khng kh b tr ; q0 - th tch ban u ca khng kh b tr. Cho trc q0 v ly p0 = pa hoc p0 = pH vi pH - p sut nh mc trong h thng thu lc ca my p, ta c th xc nh p sut cui pk ca khng kh trong b b tr. Trong b b tr kiu l xo, ng nng ca cht lng c chuyn ng c dng nn l xo:
94
K=
4D 3 n Gd
4
(Pk 2 P0 2 )
(5.16)
trong : Pk v P0 - lc cui v lc ban u tc dng ln l xo ; D - ng knh trung bnh ca l xo; G - mun n hi xon ca l xo ; d - ng knh tit din dy ca l xo Bit K v cho trc cc tr s D, n, G, d, P0 th theo cng thc (5.16) ta xc nh Pk v p ngn ca l xo theo cng thc:
= 8Pk D 3 Gd 4 n
(5.17)
5.4. ng ng v ph tng Cc ng ng ca trm my p c cc loi cao p, thp p v loi p sut bin i. Cc ng ng p sut thay i l loi c th cho cht lng p sut cao i qua v cht lng p sut thp i qua. Tit din ca ng ng c tnh trn c s tc cho php ca chuyn ng cht lng. Vi ng p sut cao 20-30 MN/m2 (200 - 300 kG/cm2) cho php chuyn ng ca nc hoc nh tng ti 8 - 10 m/s v du khong ti 5-6 m/s. Vi ng ng p sut thp cho php tc chuyn ng ca nc l 3 - 4 m/s v du khong 2,5 - 3 m/s. Khi thit k v lp t ng ng nn gim n mc nh nht s lng cc ch ni v thay th chng bng cc mi hn. Cc mi hn khng i hi phi theo di v bo dng thng xuyn. Vt liu lm ng l thp cacbon c b = 400 - 500 MN/m2 (40- 50 kG/mm2) v c dn di = 10 - 30%, c tnh chu hn cao hoc rt cao. Lc p ca cc bu lng: (5.18) Pb > Fy pp + Fnp py trong : Fy - din tch tit din ngang ca ng ; pp - p sut cng tc ; Fnp - din tch m chu lc p ; Py - p sut tc dng trn m (i vi m mm ~ 2pp, vi m kim loi th p sut ny bng gii hn chy ca vt liu).
95
Cc mi ni ng ng kiu c vnh cn (hnh 5-6) chng t cht lng cht lng tt trong s dng. Khi khng c lc p v p sut bn trong th m kiu vnh cn s tip xc thng vi b mt nghing ca ng ng. Khi c lc p, s gy tc dng lm kn. Cc vnh cn c ch to bng vt liu nh l vt liu ng ng. Khi thit k ng ng cn phi xem xt n s cn thit x kh (t cc nt x kh), s gin n ca kh v nhit ca ng ng (phn b tr), s rung ng ca ng ng (c nh cht ng ng), kh nng ci thin cc iu kin lp t ng ng, kh nng xut hin va p thu lc v s cn thit phi thay th cc chi tit m kn.
Hnh 5-6. Cc mi ghp ni ng ng a. p sut thp; b. p sut cao 5.5 Tnh chn van cho my p 500T 5.5.1. Van phn phi Van phn phi s dng trong h thng thu lc ca my p c chn l cc van trt 4 ca, 2 chiu c iu khin bng du thu lc. Van phn phi c nhim v phn chia v nh hng dng du thu lc vo cc ng ng khc nhau theo cc tn hiu iu khin v tr du v thng cha. Khi la chn van phn phi, cn phi cn c vo nhng tnh nng k thut nh kiu ng m van, p lc v lu lng du qua van.
96
Bng 5-1 Cc thng s ca van phn phi dng cho bm bnh rng STT 1 2 3 i lng p lc du vo van ln nht Lng tt p cho php ln nht Lng du qua van: - nh mc - Cao nht l/ph 160 200 n v tnh MPa MPa Gi tr 17 0,8
Trong h thng thu lc ca my, s dng hai loi van phn phi: + Loi van phn phi du c lu lng ln, p sut khng cao t bm bnh rng. + Loi van phn phi du c lu lng nh nhng p sut cao dn t bm pittng cao p. Cn c vo tc dng du, lu lng ca cc bm trong h thng, chn 2 loi van phn phi c cc thng s k thut sau. + Loi van phn phi dng cho bm bnh rng + Loi van phn phi dng cho bm pittng Bng 5-2 Cc thng s ca van phn phi dng cho bm pittng STT i lng n v tnh Gi tr 1 MPa 40 p lc du vo van ln nht 2 3 Lng tt p cho php ln nht Lng du qua van: - nh mc - Cao nht MPa l/ph 3 90 125
Nguyn l lm vic ca van phn phi 4 ca iu khin bng thu lc nh hnh 5-7. Trong trng hp khng c lc tc dng t hai ca C v D, con trt v tr gia van 1, van phn phi ng hon ton. Mun a du cao p t ca P ra ca A v du v t ca B qua ca T, cho du iu khin vo ca C, con trt dch chuyn sang phi (v tr 2).
97
Hnh 5-7. S nguyn l ca van phn phi A, B. ng du ni vi thit b thu lc; P. ng du vo cao p; T. ng du v thp p; C, D. ng du iu khin Mun a du cao p t ca P ra ca B v du v t ca A ra ca T, cho du iu khin i vo ca D, con trt dch chuyn sang tri (v tr 3).
Hnh 5-8. Cc v tr hot ng ca van phn phi 5.5.2. Tnh chn van an ton Van an ton dng hn ch vic tng p sut cht lng trong h thng thu lc vt qu tr s qui nh. Vi cng dng chung nh trn, tu theo yu cu cng vic v c im cu to, van an ton c nhiu chc nng khc nhau, tuy vy trong h thng thu lc ca my p thu lc, van an ton c hai chc nng quan trng nht l: - m bo tui th cc chi tit v my. - Duy tr tnh nng hot ng ca h thng theo qui nh k thut. bo m tui th cho h thng truyn dn thu lc, van an ton phi khng ch cho p lc du ca h thng khng vt qu p lc nh mc cho
98
php. Nu vt qu p lc ny, cc ng ng c th b nt, v, giong, pht b hng, chi tit my s b mn, chng hng thm ch c th gy mt an ton khi vn hnh my. Van an ton c rt nhiu kiu, chng loi khc nhau, thng thng trong h thng thu lc c cc loi van an ton nh: - Van ng m bng l xo hay p lc du. - Van tc ng trc tip hay vi sai, van c tc dng tr ng (hai cp) Trn c s mc ch s dng, van an ton c tnh chn ch yu theo hai thng s chnh l p lc du nh mc v lu lng du qua van. Nguyn l lm vic ca van da trn s cn bng tc dng ca nhng lc ngc chiu nhau trn nt van: lc to thnh bi kt cu van (l xo, i trng...) v p sut ca cht lng. Khi p sut cht lng t ngun cung cp cho h thng vt qu tr s qui nh, p sut cht lng tc dng trn nt van thng c lc cn ca l xo v hnh thnh khe h gia nt van v l, mt phn cht lng qua khe h ny tr v thng cha v p sut cht lng s tr v gi tr Hnh 5-9. S tnh van an ton 1. l xo nn; 2. nt chn van; 3. thn van qui nh, qu trnh ny din ra khng thng xuyn. Do c im ca cc phn t nng lng trong h thng, h thng thu lc ca my cn s dng hai loi van an ton, loi 2,5 MPa cho bm bnh rng v loi 40 MPa cho bm pittng. chn c van an ton ta cn c vo ng knh lm vic cn thit ca van. ng knh l van c tnh theo cng thc:
Dv = 4Q v
trong : Dv - ng knh l van; Q - lu lng bm; V - vn tc du. Vn tc du qua van c chn theo bng 5-3 Nh vy, vi van chu p 2,5 MPa ta chn v1= 13 m/s Vi van chu p 40 MPa ta chn v2 = 25 m/s Thay s vo cng thc tnh ta c:
99
4Q 4.2.10 1 Dv1 = = = 0,0174 m v1 3,14.13.60 Hay D v1 = 17,4mm
Bng 5-3 Vn tc du qua van an ton ph thuc p sut m van p sut m van, MPa V, m/s Tng t ta c:
Dv 2 = 4Q 4.8.10 2 = = 0,008 m v 2 3,14.25.60
0,5 - 1,2 5 -12
1,2 -20 12 - 15
> 20 25 - 30
Hay D v2 = 8 mm
Cn c vo ng knh l van, chn kiu van cho tng loi nh sau: Van chu p 2,5 MPa: chn kiu van tc dng trc tip c cc thng s nh bng 5-4. Nguyn l hot ng ca van an ton tc dng trc tip c trnh by trn hnh 5-10. Bng 5-4 Bng thng s van an ton tc dng trc tip kiu nt cn STT 1 2 3 i lng Hnh trnh ng, m van p lc du nh mc Tn tht p lc qua van - nh mc - Nh nht 4 Trng lng van kG l/ph 18 1,5 2 n v tnh mm MPa Gi tr 5 2,5
100
Di tc dng ca l xo nn 2, nt van 3 lun gi v tr ng. Khi p sut du vt qu mc cho php, p lc du thng lc cn l xo 2 nng nt van 3 ln, mch chnh v mch ra ca van c ni vi nhau, du qua ca van T v thng du, bm lm vic ch khng ti. Van chu p 40 MPa: Van an ton tc dng trc tip (van an ton Hnh 5-10. S nguyn l ca van an ton tc dng trc tip mt cp) khng s dng c trong 1. thn van; 2. l xo; 3. nt van h thng thu lc c p sut cao, v kch thc ca van, nt van s rt ln, lc l xo phi tng qu mc cho php. gim lc l xo iu kin p sut v lu lng ln, m bo nhy ca van v n nh v p sut trong van c th s dng kiu van an ton hai cp (cn gi l van an ton c tc dng tr ng) c cc thng s nh bng 5-5. Bng 5.5 Bng thng s k thut van an ton tc dng hai cp STT i lng n v tnh Gi tr 1 Hnh trnh ng, m van mm 40 2 MPa 40 p lc du nh mc 3 Tn tht p lc qua van - nh mc - Nh nht Trng lng van l/ph 200 20 15
kG
S nguyn l hot ng ca van an ton hai cp nh hnh 5-11. Cht lng c p sut p1 t ngn a qua l tit lu 6 i vo ngn b sau i vo van an ton ph 3. Di tc dng ca l xo 4 v p sut cht lng trong ngn b, nt van 1 c gi v tr ng. Khi lc do p sut cht lng trong ngn b thng c lc ca l xo 2 van ph 3 s m. Khi p sut trong ngn b do sc cn ca l tit lu gim v nt van 1 s tch khi 5. p sut p1 trong ngn a cng gim ti tr s m lu lng cht lng qua van 3 s bng lu lng qua tit lu vo ngn b. Bng cch iu chnh lc cng s b l xo 2 ca van ph 3 c th iu chnh c van chnh. L thng c gia ngn d v e cn bng nt van 1. Knh f ni vi mch cht lng v thng du, p sut cht lng trong ngn b gim xung
101
bng p sut p2 mch ra. Nt van 1 chuyn ng ln, mch chnh v mch ra c ni vi nhau, bm lm vic ch khng ti. 5.5.3. Tnh chn ng h o p sut ng h o p sut ca h thng cho bit c p lc tc dng ln xi lanh cng tc v xi lanh y phi. d tho lp ng h vo h thng thu lc phi dng van chn. Van chn hot ng theo nguyn l dng khe tit lu dp tt dao ng ca du thu lc trong h thng trc khi a vo ng h o p sut, nh vy bo m cho ng h o c p sut chnh xc. Vic chn ng h o p sut lp vo h thng thu lc ph thuc Hnh 5-11. S nguyn l hot ng vo p sut cc i ca bm. ca van an ton hai cp ng h o p sut c chn theo OCT 8625-9 c cc thng s sau: Bng 5-6 Cc thng s ng h o p sut STT i lng n v o Gi tr 1 ng knh l du vo 45 m 2 3 chnh xc o Gii hn o p sut d MPa MPa 2,5 - 4 1 - 60
5.5.4. Tnh chn van chia dng Van chia dng dng chia cht lng cng tc ra lm nhng dng theo cc t l cn thit vi mc ch ng b s chuyn ng ca cc c cu chp hnh m khng ph thuc vo gi tr ti trng tc dng ln chng. Vic n nh qua h lu lng cht lng cng tc trong van chia dng da theo nguyn l t ng khng ch lu lng bng tit lu trn ng dn.
102
Hnh 5-12. S nguyn l ca van chia dng 1,2. tit lu; 3. con trt; 4. thn van Cn c vo lu lng v p lc ca h thng ta chn van chia dng dng KD-32-20 (Lin x), cc thng s ca van c th hin trong bng sau: Bng 5-7 Thng s chn van chia dng STT i lng n v tnh Gi tr 1 Lu lng u vo l/ph 130 - 160 2 MPa 40 p sut nh mc 3 4 5 Tn hao p sut ti a sai s chia dng ti a Khi lng 5.5.5. Tnh chn b lc du B lc du c nhim v lm sch cht lng cng tc khi cc cht cn, bn t bn ngoi vo hoc do s mi mn cc chi tit khi lm vic, bo m cho h thng lm vic n nh, tng tui th cho cc chi tit. lm sch cc cht bn dng cng ngi ta thng dng phng php c kh (b lc c cc phn t lc dng l hoc khe, vt liu lm li lc thng dng li kim loi, vi, giy hoc gm). Trong my p thu lc ny, chn phn t lc l li kim loi, b lc bng li kim loi c u im l lu lng lc ln, bn tng i cao, kh nng chu p lc tt.
MPa % kG
1 1 13,5
103
Nguyn l hot ng ca b lc: Du vo ca A i vo b lc qua ca C, qua cc mt li ca li lc 2, i vo ng 3, qua ca E v thot ra ca B. Nu mt li b tc, p sut du trong b lc tng ln y van 4 m ra, du s thot thng ra l B, khng qua li lc, khng ph hu b lc. bo m lu lng cho b lc, chn kch thc li lc l 0,08 - 1 mm.
Hnh 5-13. S nguyn l b lc du thu lc 1. thn b lc; 2. li lc; 3. ng dn; 4. van an ton 5.5.6. Tnh chn thng du Thng du trong h thng thu lc c cc chc nng sau: - Cha ton b lng du cn thit phc v cho h thng thu lc ca my. - Gp phn lm mt du. - m bo lc sch du trc khi a vo h thng. - To iu kin lm lng cc cn bn, mt kim loi. - i mi, b sung du trong qu trnh lm vic. Dung tch thng cha du c xc nh theo [2]: V = (2-3) Q trong : Q - lu lng bm thu lc, l/ph V - th tch thng du, l. Mt khc, thng du c mt thong v tng kh nng lm mt ca du ta chn th tch ca mt thong trong thng du bng 10-15% th tch du ca h thng. Trong h thng thu lc ny ta cn hai thng du: - Thng du chnh t trn sn cung cp du cho ton h thng.
104
- Thng du ph cung cp du cho xi lanh chnh. Nh vy, cung cp du cho xi lanh hnh trnh cng tc ln nht, th tch ca thng du ph s l: Vp = 1,15.Vxmax = 1,15.F.H Vxmax = H.F = 600.125600 = 75360000 mm3 hay 0,07536 m3 trong : - F: din tch tit din ngang ca xi lanh chnh. - H: hnh trnh ln nht ca pittng chnh. - Vxmax: th tch du ln nht trong xi lanh cng tc. Thay s ta c: Vp = 1,15.75360000 = 86664000 (mm3), hay Vp = 86,664 l. Chn kch thc thng du ph l ( Di x Rng x Cao ): DxRxC = 0,6 m x 0,4 m x 0,37 m - Th tch ca thng du chnh l: Vc = 3(Q 5 + Q 6 + Q 8 ) 1,15 + Vp = 638,664 (l) Chn kch thc thng du chnh l ( Di x Rng x Cao ): D x R x C = 1,2 m x 0,67 m x 0,8 m 5.5.7. Tnh chn ng dn du ng dn du c nhim v truyn nng lng t bm du n cc c cu chp hnh. Yu cu c bn ca ng dn du l phi c bn cao v tnh n hi tt. Cc mi ni phi bo m kn kht trnh d du v khng kh t ngoi lt vo h thng. Trong h thng thu lc ca my p thu lc 500 T ny chn cc ng ca ng du iu khin l cc ng lm bng ng, cc ng ca ng du p lc chnh lm bng thp. Kch thc c bn ca ng dn du l ng knh trong. Chn ng knh trong ca ng theo cng thc:
d= 4Q v gh
trong : - d: ng knh ng, m; - Q: lu lng, m3; - vgh: vn tc du trong ng, vgh = 5-10 m/s; vi ng dn du iu khin ly vgh = 5 m/s; vi ng dn du chnh ly vgh = 10 m/s. Thay s ta c: vi ng dn du iu khin
105
dk =
4.0,08 0,0146(m) 3,14.8.60
Vi ng du p lc
4.0,2 0,03(m) 3,14.10.60 Chn ng dn du tiu chun, ta c: d al =
- ng dn ca ng du iu khin + ng knh trong: 15 mm. + Chiu dy ng: 2 mm. - ng dn ca ng du p lc + ng knh trong: 30 mm. + Chiu dy ng: 2,5 mm.
5.5.8. Tnh chn ng c in
Theo s thu lc h thng cn phi c 2 ng in 3 pha dn ng cc bm. Ta tnh chn ng c in theo cng sut ca cc bm du. Cng sut ca cc bm l: Bm lu lng: N5 = p5 . Q5 = 2,5. 200 = 8,333 (kW )
60
Bm iu khin: N6 = p6 . Q6 = 2,5. 100 = 4,167 (kW )

60
Bm pittng cao p: N8 = p8 . Q8 = 50.

30 = 15 (kW ) 100
Cng sut ng c dn cho bm lu lng v bm pittng cao p l: NA = N6.6 + N8.8 = 0,92.(15+8,333) = 23,333 kW Cng sut ng c dn cho bm iu khin l: NB = N5.5 = 0,92.4,167 = 3,834 kW trong : p - p sut lm vic ca bm, MPa; Q - lu lng bm, l/s; - hiu sut bm du.
106
Loi ng c dng cho bm lu lng v bm pittng c cc thng s nh bng 5-8. ng c dng cho bm iu khin bng 5-9. Bng 5-8 Thng s ca ng c dng cho bm lu lng v bm pittng Loi ng c in A2 - 72 Cng sut trn trc, kW 30 Tc quay ca trc, v/ph 1450
Bng 5-9 Thng s ca ng c dng cho bm iu khin
Loi ng c in AO2
Cng sut trn trc, kW 4
Tc quay ca trc, v/ph 1450
107
Chng 6
Cc chi tit c kh chnh ca my p thu lc
6.1. Xi lanh v pittng Thng dng cc kiu xi lanh sau: kiu pittng tr, kiu pittng bc, kiu pittng ng v kiu nm ngang, kiu c nh v kiu di ng, kiu c b trn mt bch v trn y. S lng cc xi lanh cng tc (mt, hai, ba bn v nhiu hn) ph thuc vo cng dng, chc nng cng ngh, lc ca my p v s lng cc mc lc p khc nhau theo yu cu. Trong my p thu lc hay s dng nhiu nht l cc xi lanh c nh (hnh 6-1.b). Gn y, ngi ta ch to my p c nhiu xi lanh cng tc kiu di ng nh my p rn c cc xi lanh b tr pha di v b di ng. Trong lnh vc ch to my p hay s dng cc xi lanh c b trn y v trn mt bch. B ca xi lanh trn y l hp l nu xt t pha bn, v trong trng hp ny loi tr c cc ng sut do s un thnh xi lanh bi phn lc ca b trn mt bch. Ngoi ra, thnh ca xi lanh s khng chu ng sut ko theo chiu trc. Khi c b xi lanh trn Hnh 6-1. Kt cu ca xi lanh y, lm phc tp thm kt a. xi lanh c b trn mt bch; b. cm xi cu, tng khi lng v kch ca thn ca my p, , V vy, lanh c c nh vi dm ngang trn;1. xi trong ngnh ch to my p, lanh; 2. van tit lu ca phanh; 3. pittng; 4. ngi ta s dng rng ri nht ng dn hng; 5. m; 6. vng; 7. vng kp; l cc xi lanh c b trn 8. ng kp mt bch (hnh 6-1a) Theo cc c trng ca trng thi ng sut xi lanh c chia ra lm ba vng chnh: vng tr A, vng mt bch B, vng y C.
108
Do vng hnh tr kh ln so vi vng y v vng mt bch cho nn c th coi nh ng dy v c tnh theo cng thc Lam. Nu nh ch c p sut trong p tc dng ln xi lanh th trn thnh ca xi lanh xut hin: - ng sut hng knh:
r = r 2 1 H 2 2 r2 rH rB p.rB
(6.1)
- ng sut hng tip:

t = r 2 1 + H 2 2 r2 rH rB p.rB
p.rB rH rB 2
2
(6.2)
- ng sut theo chiu trc do nh hng ca y:

z =
(6.3)
trong : t > z > r ng sut ln nht xut hin bn b mt trong ca xi lanh (r = rB). Theo thuyt bn nng lng, ng sut tng ng c xc nh theo cng thc:
e = 1 2 ( t z ) 2 + ( z r ) 2 + ( r t ) 2
(6.4)
ng sut ln nht e max trn thnh bn trong s l: e max =

3.rH 2 rH 2 rB 2 .p
(6.5)
ng sut cho php c xc nh bng biu thc: [] = trong : T - gii hn chy khi th ko; n - h s d tr bn theo gii hn chy. T nhn c:
T
n
3.rH 2 rH 2 rB 2
.p
(6.6)
109
rH = rB.
[ ] [ ] 3p
(6.7)
Gi tr ng sut cho php [] vi xi lanh c l 80 - 100 MN/m2 (800 1000 kG/cm2), xi lanh bng thp (0,3 - 0,35%C) rn l 110 - 150 MN/m2 (1100 1500kG/cm2); cn xi lanh bng thp hp kim (1,5 2% Ni) rn l 150 -180 MN/m2 (1500 1800 kG/cm2). Quan h gia [] v p khi ng knh ngoi ca xi lanh s l nh nht: 2 PH = .rB p (6.8) trong : PH - lc chnh do xi lanh to ra; T suy ra: rB =
PH p PH .[ ]
(6.9)
Thay biu thc (6.9) vo (6.7), nhn c: rH =

p([ ] 3p)
(6.10)
T biu thc ny, suy ra rH nh nht khi biu thc (6.10) t gi tr ln nht: U = . p ([] - 3 p) y, [] l hng s, cn p thay i. Khi :
dU = .[] 3.2p dp
t : pOT =
[ ]
2 3
(6.11)
p sut p t phng trnh (6.11) gi l gi tr chnh. Thay gi tr p t phng trnh (6.11) vo (6.10) nhn c phng trnh: rmin = 1,5 .
PH [ ]
(6.12)
Khi chn p sut cht lng cng tc, cn phi ch , khi tr s ca p tin gn ti pOT, khi tng p sut, c s gim khng ng k kch thc ca xi lanh. V vy, ly: p = (0,70 0,75) pOT Gi tr p sut p gi l gi tr hp l.
110
Cc cng thc Lam ng i vi cc tit din xi lanh nm xa cc on c s thay i chiu dy ca thnh xi lanh. Ti cc tit din ca xi lanh nm gn mt bch hoc nm gn phn vm cong, xut hin cc ng sut ph c tr s gn bng cc ng sut tnh theo cc cng thc Lam. V vy kch thc thnh xi lanh vng vm v vng mt bch c chn theo kinh nghim thc t. Chiu dy phn y xi lanh, phn gia phi vo khong khng t hn hai ln chiu dy thnh xi lanh v phi c s chuyn tip u t phn hnh tr ca xi lanh sang phn y (R > 0,4t). Kch thc ca gc ln mt bch c kim tra theo p sut khong 80 MN/m2 (800 kG/cm2). Chiu dy ca mt bch b = 0,7t; chiu dy h ca mt bch c kim tra theo bn ct, ng sut cho php thng ly ti 40 MN/m2 (400 kG/cm2) hoc chn theo chiu dy t ca thnh xi lanh. gim ng sut tp trung, phi lm trn cc gc to bi b mt ngoi ca xi lanh vi b mt ca mt bch bng cc gc ln: r ~ (0,7 0,75) t Cm xi lanh cng tc cng mi ghp c ch dn trn hnh 6-1.b. Cc pittng ca xi lanh cng tc c lm c hoc rng. Pittng truyn lc ti dm ngang di ng v chu nn. Lin kt gia pittng c th l kiu cng (ui pittng ngm cht vo dm ngang di ng), qua ngng cu hoc lin kt qua chy bng cc np hnh cu. Khi pittng lin kt cng, chng chu tc dng mmen xut hin do my p chu ti lch, dn n mi mn nhanh ng dn hng v lm hng m bt kn. Lin kt cng c s dng trong my p mt xi lanh v dng trong pittng gia ca my p ba xi lanh. Pittng c ch to theo cch rn t thp ccbon 45 hoc 60, b mt ca chng c ti v nh bng cn thn ( nhm b mt khng qu cp 8 v chnh xc tng ng cp 2 khi lp vo ng dn hng). Cc pittng c lin kt cng vi dm ngang di ng thng c ch to t thp hp kim Cr-Ni, CrMo, cng b mt cng tc 48 60 HRC. 6.2. m kn cc xi lanh v cc phng php th nghim C ba kiu m kn cc mi ghp ng: kiu m t bung, kiu m vng v kiu dng xecmng.
111
m t bung thng phi p v nh s lm trit tiu s r r ca du thu lc. m vng s lm vic t ng di tc dng ca p sut cht lng. Trong my p, kiu s dng rng ri nht l kiu m t bung. m vng thng c s dng cho cc pittng c ng knh ti 100 150 mm khi my p lm vic vi du khong. Cc vng xecmng c dng m kn cho cc xi lanh c ng knh trong ti 600 mm khi lm vic vi du l cht lng cng tc. Trong s cc vng m t bung th c s dng rng ri nht l cc m vi - cao su kiu ch V nhiu lp. Hng chuyn ng ca vng m lun hng v pha tc dng ca p sut. Vic b tr m kiu ch V trong xi lanh my p thu lc c trnh by trn hnh 6.2.a. Trng thi b mt ca pittng c ngha rt ln i vi kh nng hot ng ca m t bung.
Hnh 6-2. m pittng 1. xi lanh; 2. pittng; 3. ng dn hng; 4. m t bung; 5. ng kp; 6-7. vng kp; 8-9. cao su mm v cng. Cc vt cy c tnh ton vi lc P bng:
112
P=
[(D + 2 ) 2 D 2 ]
4
(6.14)
Trong : p - p sut nh mc ca cht lng. ng sut cho php ca cc vt cy l 60 100 MPa (600 1000 kG/cm2). B m vi cao su kiu ch V nhiu lp c trnh by trn hnh 6-2.b. Cc vng m kiu ch V c lm t vi bng c trng cao su v tm graphit. Cao su c s dng phi c tnh cht c hc sau: cng b mt theo So l 80 90 n v; bn chng t khng nh hn 100%; dn di d khng qu 5%; tnh chu du sau 24 gi 20 0C, c ngha l s tng khi lng khng qu 20%. S lng cc vng m ph thuc vo ng knh ca pittng v p sut ca cht lng cng tc v c chn theo tiu chun. Lc ma st khi s dng c tnh theo cng thc: R = 0,15 f..D.b.p (6.15) trong : f - h s ma st (bng 0,05 i vi m t bung; 0,20 i vi cc loi m kiu ch V); D - ng knh pittng; b - chiu cao m; p - p sut ca cht lng. H s 0,15 c tnh n s gim p sut s gim p sut theo chiu cao ca m. Vng m kiu ch V mt lp thng c ch to t cao su. Trn hnh 6-2.b trnh by vng m kiu ch V ng knh 100 mm (OCT 6969 - 54). m ch V ny c lp sao cho cc cnh hng theo chiu tc ng ca p sut cht lng. Do c s tc ng ca p sut, cc vng m s t ng m bo s khp kn. m ny s lm vic khng tt p sut thp, v khi cht lng khng p cc cnh ca m vo kim loi. Nhc im ny c khc phc bng cch to cng ban u v tng cng cho vng m (hnh 6.2.d) bng l xo kim loi hoc bng cao su mm. Cao su mm 8 s to cng ban u, cn cao su cng 9 s m bo sc cn chng p phn ca m vo cc khe h. S mi mn m kiu ch V xy ra phn ca m, ni c s p m vo khe h. V nguyn nhn ny m i vi cc p sut ln hn 32 MN/m2 (320 kG/cm2) thng s dng cc vng m c chiu cao hn.
113
Cc xi lanh cn phi c th bng p sut cht lng cao hn p sut nh mc cng tc 1,5 ln; xi lanh nh c th bng bm tay; cc xi lanh ln c th bng bm dn ng. Khi t p sut th, cn phi gi p sut ny mt thi gian, sau gim p sut v lp li chu k th vi ln. 6.3. m kn cc mi ghp c nh Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc m kn cc mi lin kt c nh da trn c s bin dng n hi - do ca chi tit lm kn, nh m trn cc b mt ny c kh nng to p sut ln hn p sut cc i kh nng ca cht lng cng tc. Chi tit lm kn cc mi lin kt c nh thng l cc vng m c tit din khc nhau, c t trong khng gian kn gia cc b mt. Cc vng thng c ch to t ng , nhm, thp mm, capron v cao su.
Hnh 6-3. Cc m kn ca cc mi lin kt c nh a. tit din hnh thang b. tit din hnh trn Trn hnh 6-3 ch ra cc kch thc chnh ca m capron dng cho mi lin kt c nh (p sut cng tc ti 40 MPa). Cc m kim loi mm c s dng ch yu lm kn cc mi lin kt c th tho ri nh lp t ng. Trong mt s trng hp th cc m ny c thay bng m capron. Vng cao su c tit din trn c s dng rng ri lm chi tit bao kn mi lin kt c nh. Cc vng cao su bao kn cc mi lin kt ng (p ti 10 MPa) v c nh (p ti 32 MPa) c ch ra trn hnh 6.3.b. Cc m c lm t cao su chu du v xng 3826, TY 233-54p. Khi lp t vng m cn phi ch trnh lch, vng m b h hng do nt. i vi cc mi lin kt c nh th nhm b mt tip xc vi cc vng m cn phi khng thp hn cp 7. Cn b mt ca rnh nhm khng c thp hn cp 6.
114
Hnh 6-4. m bao kn cc mi lin kt c nh bng vng cao su Cc m bao kn cc mi lin kt c nh bng vng cao su tit din trn c trnh by trn hnh 6-4. 6.4. Thn my
Thn my p thu lc
Kiu nm ngang
Kiu thng ng
Kiu hn hp
Kiu mt tr
Ghp t nhiu thn mt tr
Kiu hai tr
Ghp t nhiu thn hai tr
Kiu ct
Ghp t nhiu thn 2 hoc 4 ct
Kiu c bit
Kiu hai ct
Kiu ba ct
Kiu bn ct
Kiu nhiu ct
Hnh 6-5. Phn loi cc thn my p thu lc Trn hnh 6-5 trnh by s phn loi thn my p thu lc. Ch tiu u tin c dng phn loi l hng chuyn ng ca dng c cng tc: kiu nm ngang, kiu ng hoc kiu hn hp (dng c cng tc dch chuyn theo
115
phng nm ngang v phng thng ng, theo phng thng ng v nghing...). Cc my p kiu ng cn phn loi tip theo hng tc ng ca lc lm vic (hng ln trn hoc xung di), my c dn ng trn v dn ng di. Ngi ta cng phn bit cc loi khung: mt tr, hai tr, kiu kt cu c bit. Mi thn my p c th li l kiu lm lin hoc kiu lp ghp,kiu c c (thp 35 II) hoc c hn (thp CT3). Cc thn my p c ln c khi c lm bng b tng ct thp. gia cng cc chi tit c kch thc ln, ngi ta s dng cc thn my kiu t hp t nhiu cc thn my mt tr, hai tr hoc t nhiu cc thn my ghp ni vi nhau. Ph thuc vo chc nng cng ngh ca my v s lng cc chi tit phi gia cng m kt cu thn my c th thay i. Trn hnh 6.6 trnh by cc phng n kt cu thn my p hai tr.
Hnh 6-6. Cc phng n kt cu thn my p thu lc. a. kiu hai tr; b. kiu t hp t thn hai tr; 1. kiu thao tc lp c bu lng lin kt; 2. thn kiu hn hoc lp rp (cc ct - cc tm); 3. lp rp t cc tm song song mt trc ca my p; 4. thn kiu vnh ai; 5. thn c cun dy; 6-7. thn c lp bng bu lng c chung dm trn; 8. kiu lp rp khng c chung dm trn.
116
Tnh ton cc thn my p kiu tho lp v kiu lm lin c mt tr v hai tr c th tin hnh tng t nh tnh ton cc thn my p c kh kiu ging nh vy. Vic tnh ton cc thn kiu ct c c im ring. Tnh ton cc thn my kiu ng cng tung t vic tnh ton ca thn kiu hai tr (chiu cao ca thn c ly bng di ca ct gia cc mt phng trong ca cc dm ngang). i vi my p kiu ng, nu ta tnh thn theo ti nm ngang s khng thch hp v cc ct c cng vng nh so vi cng vng ca dm ngang. Thng th cc ct chu tc ng ca ti nm ngang, c coi nh l cc dm, m cc u mt c c nh cht cc dm ngang c nh. ng thi gi s l c ti u tc dng ln cc ct (c th c s khng u ca cc ti thi im ban u, nhng sau s c san bng u, v c s phn b li ti), ng sut cc ct s l:
= N Mu + [ ] F 0,1d 3
(6.16)
trong : F - din tch tit din ngang ca ct; d - ng knh tr. i vi my p kiu bn ct, th lc N tc dng ln tr l:
N= P 2e 1 + 4 L
(6.17)
Tr s ca momen un Mutc dng vo ct ph thuc vo s kt cu ca thn my p (gi s c bn ct u lm vic). i vi s trn hnh 6-7.a (pittng my p c ni vi dm ngang di ng treo kiu bn l): Mu = P.e.z/4 (6.18) i vi trn hnh 6-7.b (ni cng gia pittng vi dm ngang di ng hoc l c cn dn hng c bit ):
Mu = Pe 32( y + k )
(6.19)
i vi my p kiu hai ct (hnh 6-8) th nguy him nht l lch tm theo hng trc y. Khi ng sut cc ct ca my p hai ct l: =
P 2e 8e 1 + + 2F l d
(6.20)
117
F=
d 2 d 3 l d ;l = ; = 4 32 F 8
Hnh 6-7. My p kiu bn ct
Hnh 6-8. My p kiu hai ct
i vi my p kiu ba ct c th ly gn ng l: =
P e 1 + 8 3F d
(6.21)
Cc ct ca my p chuyn dng (vi cng vng, chiu di v b tr i xng ca chng khc nhau) th tnh ton theo phng php bin dng l thun tin hn c. 6.5. Dm ngang Dm ngang di c kt cu dng hp v c gn tng cng bn trong. Chiu cao ca dm bng 2,5 3,5 ln ng knh ca cc tr dn hng. Dm ngang di c t trn cc phn cngson hoc bng cc di dng ai c v u cc tr. cc my p c lc ln hn 40MN th cc dm di c ch to lp ghp v lin kt li bng cc bulng lm vic ch ch chu ko. Vt liu ch to dm di thng dng l thp c c b= 450 550 MN/m2 (45 - 55 kG/mm2). Trong cc phi c dy c ng sut d nhit, chng c th gy ph hu sm trc s ph hu do ng sut gia cng vt liu gy ra. V vy, khi thit k khi c dm di cn phi x l nhit, kh ng sut d sau c.
118
Hnh 6-9. Cc dm ngang A - dm trn; b - dm di ng

119
Gn y, ngi ta hay s dng dm kiu hn, cc dm ngang ny c cng cng vng nhng c khi lng v thi gian ch to nh hn. Khi tnh ton dm ngang theo kiu un, cng ging nh tnh cho thanh nm trn hai gi ta v c ti t i xng. Khi tnh ton mang tnh gn ng, do hnh dng ca dm rt phc tp. Khong cch gia hai gi ta c ly bng khong cch gia hai ng tm ca cc tr. Trn hnh 6-9a ch dn dm trn ca my p rn c lc 30 MN (3000T). C s ca kt cu l cc hc dng ng lp xi lanh v cc tr. Cc hc ny c lin kt bng cc gn v to thnh mt chi tit thng nht, c dng hnh ch nht theo hnh chiu thng. T cc iu kin cng ngh, ngoi cc my p thu lc c mt xi lanh, cn c cc my s dng hai, ba xi lanh hoc nhiu hn v thay i kt cu ca cc dm ngang. Dm ngang trn c ch to kiu c hoc hn, vt liu ch to l thp c hoc thp tm dy c gii hn bn khng nh hn 450 MPa. Chiu cao ca dm trn c th l nh nhau trn sut chiu di v bng chiu cao ca cc hc cho tr hoc l chiu cao c tng thm cc phn trung tm. chiu cao ca dm trn ca cc tr thng bng 2,5 3,5 ln ng knh ct. Cc dm trn ca my c lc p ln c ch to kiu lp ghp. Mt phng phn cch ca cc phn ghp ca dm thng song song vi hnh chiu chnh ca my p, mt na ca lc p t mi pittng c t trng tm ca na vng - l b mt ca mt bch xi lanh tng ng. ng sut cho php ca thp c 50 70 MPa. Dm di ng ca my p thu lc dng c nh dng c cng tc pha trn v truyn lc t pittng cng tc ti phi cn bin dng (hnh 6-9.b). Dm c ch to theo kiu lm lin khi hoc kiu lp ghp, kiu c hoc kiu hn. Vt liu ch to thng dng l thp c hoc thp tm c s khng nh hn 450 MPa. Chiu cao ca phn gia ca dm c tnh trn c s gi thit khi dm nm trn b hn ch hnh trnh th dm chu ton b p sut ca my p. Dm di ng c tnh ton nh tnh cho thanh nm trn hai gi ta, c khong cch gia chng bng khong cch gia cc ct, ng sut cho php chu un khi dm t trn b phn hn ch hnh trnh l 120 150 MPa. Trn b mt di ca dm di ng c cc rnh hnh ch T c nh u ba hoc khun dp. Hng ca dm di ng theo cc ct c m bo bng cc ng dn hng, c ch to bng ng cht lng cao hoc bng gang c bit, v cc ng dn hng ny c lp trong hc xi lanh ca dm. B mt bn
120
trong ca cc ng lt c gia cng t nhm cp 8. Gia ng v ct my p rn cn phi c khe h mt mt, vo khong khng nh hn 1mm, khe h ny dn dn s gim i khi my p lm vic do c s dn n nhit ca dm. ngn nga s xut hin p sut cc b v cho ton b b mt ca ng dn hng u lm vic, ngi ta thng lm b mt ng c dng hnh cu. i khi t c mc ch ny, ngi ta tng chiu cao ca hc cho ng dn hng ca cc tr (so vi chiu cao xt ca kt cu trc) v nh vy lm tng cnh tay n dm di ng khi truyn mmen to thnh do lch ti ln cc tr my p. Vic c nh cc pittng vo dm di ng s dng kt cu kiu cng ( my thu lc c mt pittng cng tc hnh 6-10.a,b); theo kiu c ta hnh cu ( c nh cc xi lanh pha bn vo dm di ng, ng thi khi xi lanh gia c c nh cng vi dm - hnh 6-10.c ); theo kiu c cc na vng (i vi xi lanh kiu pittng my p c thu lc khng ln, khi h v nng dm c thc hin bng mt cn duy nht - hnh 6-10.d).
Hnh 6-10. Cc phng n c nh pittng vi dm c nh Hng ca my p thn hai tr thng c thc hin bng cc b dn hng lng tr, nh my p c trc khuu. Hng nh vy cho php trong qu trnh tng s mi mn b mt dn hng, th c th chn c khe h, v v vy s thun li hn cho cc my p cn c chnh xc cao khi t trng cc phn khun vi nhau (v d nh my p cht, dp..). 6.6. Cc ct v ai c Cc ct dng lin kt dm trn v dm di bng ai c vo thnh mt khung my p hon chnh. Ct cn c dng dn hng dm di ng. Cc ct c ng knh di 500 700 mm thng c ch to dng khi c. Cc ct c ng knh ln hn c lm rng bng cch khoan l dc theo ng trc
121
ca ct, vi ng knh l khoan 150 300mm. Cc ct rng, nu c cng din tch tit din nh ct c, th s c mmen chng un ln hn. Mt ngoi ca ct c nh bng cn thn d di trt dm ngang. nhm b mt nh vy phi khng c nh hn cp 7, cc b mt cn li ca ct c gia cng sao cho khng c vt xc. Cc bc chuyn tip t tit din ny sang tit din khc phi c m bo trn u. Vt liu ch to cc ct thng l thp ccbon do cha 0,30 0,45%C v thp hp kim cha 1,5 2%Ni. Kh nng lm vic ca cc khung my p ph thuc rt nhiu vo kiu lin kt ca dm trn, dm di vi cc ct.
Hnh 6-11. Cc phng n c nh ct v dm di ng S dng rng ri nht l kiu c nh cc ct vo cc dm bng cc ai c (hnh 6-11.a). Kiu c nh ny khng m bo s dch chuyn ca ct trong dm ngang mt lng bng khe h gia chng v cc hc (khe h khong 2mm) nhng n li n gin trong vic ch to, lp rp cc ct v dm ngang. ngn s t xoay cc ai c di, trn dm di c cc chn chng xoay. Cc ai c c hm bng cc tm hm. Vic chng xoay cho cc ai c l vic cn thit. Kiu c nh c s dng cc my p c lc 1MN v ln hn. Nhc im ca kiu c nh ny l c ng sut tp trung cc ng ren ca ct ti ch thot ren t dm c nh trn v di, ti y c momen cc i. Trn hnh 6-11 trnh by kiu c nh cc ct vo cc dm bng vai trc dng cn v ai c. Kiu c nh ny i hi chnh xc cao ca cc v tr cc vai trc trn cc ct v cc l trn dm. m bo cng ban u, trong cc
122
ct c cc l t vo cc b sy nng. Sau khi sy nng, cc ct s dn ra v s bao m s ko cng cc ct vi dm sau khi ngui. Trong cc my p c lc nh hn 10MN ngi ta thng s dng cc vai ta phng cc ct. Trn hnh 6-11.c trnh by kiu c nh phn trn ca cc ct, cho php loi tr ng sut tp trung do ng ren hoc vai ta gy ra. cng ca mi lin kt cc ct vi dm c m bo bng cc thanh no di, chng tip nhn khi lng ca dm trn, cc lc qun tnh v trong mt s trng hp l lc do hnh trnh kh hi ca dm ngang gy ra. Trn cc ct ngi ta s dng kiu ren chn. ng knh ngoi ca ren trn tr ca my p c lc gn bng 10MN (1000 T) cn phi nh hn khong 1mm so vi kch thc ca hc t ct. Cc ai c ca ct thng c dng hnh tr. Cc ai c c kch thc ln hn thng c ch to t thp c vi b = 450 MPa, theo kiu lin khi hoc kiu ghp. ng knh ngoi ca ai c thng ly bng1.5d (d-ng knh ct), chiu cao ca chng c ly bng (1.0 1.5)d. Ren ca ai c c tnh chu p sut ti 80 MPa, chu ng sut ct vng ren ti 55 MPa, chu ng sut un vng ren ti 80 MPa. Mt phng ca ai c, tip xc vi dm ngang, c tnh chu p sut ti 80MPa. 6.7. Cc bn di ng v c cu y Bn di ng t dng c, dch chuyn phi gia cng, a chng vo vng lm vic ca my p v chuyn cc sn phm c dp ra ngoi. Bn di ng c nm t trn dm di ca my p v cc phn cng son ca n. Vt liu bn di ng l thp c c B = 450MPa. Trong trng hp ny phn di ca dm di c lm bng cc tm gang. Phn dn hng c dng phng, phi c che bng cc tm chn c gn vo pha u bn. Vic iu chnh phn dn hng ca bn c thc hin bng cch thay cc tm gang. Lc di chuyn bn: P = f.N (6.22) trong : N - tng cc trng lng ca bn ko, phi ln nht v ca dng c. f - h s ma st, thng ly bng 0.5 0.6. Bn c dch chuyn bng hai xi lanh, c b tr hai bn bn, hoc bng mt xi lanh.
123
Cc pittng c th lin kt trc tip vi bn my hoc qua mt khu trung gian. Lin kt trc tip c s dng khi hnh trnh tng i nh (khong 2 3mm). i vi hnh trnh di bn c dch chuyn theo tng nc, dch chuyn ton b th pittng phi thc hin mt s hnh trnh. y cc vt dp ra khi khun tm ca dm di hoc y phi i mt khong bng hnh trnh ca bn, ngi ta s dng c cu y. Kt cu c s dng rng ri ca c cu y c trnh by trn hnh 6-12. y xi lanh kiu di ng, cn pittng l c nh. Hnh trnh tr v ca c cu y c thc hin bng hai xi lanh y v, tc dng ln thanh ngang ca c cu y. Khi s loi tr kh nng cc bi bn v vy st ri vo cc m. Xi lanh ca c cu y c tnh ton nh xi lanh c thnh dy, cn dm ngang c tnh chu un; cc thanh ko c tnh chu ko. Bn di ng v cc thanh ko dn ng n phi c cc l cn ca c cu y i qua. Khi s dng du lm cht lng cng tc, ngi ta thng s dng xi lanh ca c cu y l xi lanh kiu pittng, thng th Hnh 6.12. C cu y pittng c bao kn bng cc xecmng. 6.8. Tnh ton thit k cm pittng - xi lanh my 500T 6.8.1. Tnh ton thit k xi lanh chnh Cm pittng - xi lanh chnh c nhim v to ra lc p lm bin dng vt dp. Khi cm u trt i xung nh hai pittng ph, pittng chnh i xung vi tc 50 mm/s, du t thng du ph pha trn in y vo trong xi lanh chnh. Khi khun trn chm vt dp, p sut du tng ln dn dn trong xi lanh chnh nh bm pittng cao p, u trt tip tc chuyn ng xung p vt dp vi tc 1 mm/s. S nguyn l kt cu ca cm pittng - xi lanh chnh nh hnh 6-13. Bn knh trong ca xi lanh c tnh theo cng thc:
124
rB =
PH .p
trong : - PH: lc p danh ngha ca my. PH = 500 tn -p: p sut lm vic ca du thu lc. p = 40 MPa Thay s vo ta c: rB 199,52 mm Vy ng knh trong tnh ton ca xi lanh chnh l: DB = 2.rB = 399,04 mm Ly DB = 400 mm. Ta c th ly: p = (0,7 - 0,75) po.m trong po.m l gi tr p sut ti u trong xi lanh tng ng vi vt liu ch to xi lanh. Ly p = 0,7.po.m hay
p o.m =
ta c:
p 40 = = 57,15 MPa 0,7 0,7

[] = 2 3
Hnh 6-13 Nguyn l cu to cm pittng xi lanh chnh
p o.m
trong : [] l ng sut cho php ca vt liu ch to xi lanh. Thay s ta c: [ ] = p o.m .2. 3 = 197,973 MPa Gi tr ng sut cho php trn nm trong khong gi tr ca thp c 45, thp chuyn dng ch to cc chi tit chu p lc nh xi lanh, thp c [] = 320 MPa, vy ta chn vt liu ch to xi lanh l thp c 45. Ta tnh c:
rH = 200.
320 320 3.40
225,95 mm
Vy ng knh ngoi ca xi lanh l: DH = 2.rH = 451,89 mm. Ly DH = 480 mm. Din tch tit din ngang bn trong ca xi lanh chnh l:
125
F=
2 .D B
3,14.400 2 = 125600 (mm 2 ) 4
Th tch du lm vic ln nht ca xi lanh l: Vmax = H.F = 600.125600 = 75360000 mm3 hay 0,07536 m3. 6.8.2. Tnh ton thit k pittng chnh ng knh pittng c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
d=D
trong : d - ng knh cn pittng; D - ng knh pittng; - h s t l ( = 1,25 - 2,5). Chn = 2,5 thay s vo ta c:
d = 400.
2,5 1 309,839 (mm) 2,5
6.8.3. Tnh kim bn cho xi lanh v pittng a. Tnh kim bn cho xi lanh ng sut ti mt ngoi xi lanh l:
=
2 3.rH 3.480 2 .p = .40 =226,741 (MPa) 2 480 2 400 2 rH rB2
So snh vi [] ca vt liu ch to xi lanh ta thy xi lanh bn. b. Tnh kim bn cho pittng - ng sut xut hin trong pittng l:
=
N Fc
trong : N - lc tc dng trn cn pittng; Fc - tit din ngang ca cn pittng. 500000.4 Thay s ta c: [] = = 441,096(KG / cm 2 ) = 44,11MPa 3,14.38 2 - ng sut cho php ca pittng vi vt liu thp 45 l:
126
[] =
Thp 45 c ch = 320 MPa n: h s an ton, ly n = 3 Thay s ta c:
ch n
[] = 120 MPa So snh ta thy din tch pittng ln hn so vi yu cu ca kt cu pittng khi lm vic, v vy ta c th gim tit din lm vic ca pittng bng cch ch to pittng rng. Theo tnh ton trn ta c din tch ti thiu ca pittng l:
Fmin = P 500000 = = 416,67(cm 2 ) = 41667 mm 2 [ ] 1200
ng knh ngoi ca pittng l 380 mm, vy din tch tit din ngang ca pittng l:
Fn =
.Dn2
4
= 113411,5 mm 2
Phn din tch rng ca pittng l: Fr = Fn - Fmin = 11341,5 - 41667 = 71744,5 mm2 ng knh trong ca pittng l:
Dt =
4.Fr = 302,2382 mm 3,14
bo m c th lp ghp pittng vi u trt c thun tin v m bo cc yu cu k thut v an ton, tnh bn vng ca mi ghp chn ng knh l trong ca pittng l Dt = 200 mm. Cc thng s c bn ca xi lanh chnh l: - ng knh trong: 400 mm. - ng knh ngoi: 480 mm. - Vt liu ch to: thp c 45. Cc thng s c bn ca pittng l: - ng knh ngoi ca pittng: 380 mm. - ng knh trong ca pittng: 200 mm. - Vt liu ch to cn pittng: thp 45. 6.8.4. Tnh ton thit k pittng - xi lanh ph, cm tho sn phm Tng t nh cch tnh ca cm pittng - xi lanh chnh ta tnh cho cm pittng xi lanh ph v c cu tho sn phm nh sau.
127
a. Tnh ton cm pittng - xi lanh ph Theo thng s thit k ban u: lc tr v ca cm u trt l 10 T, vy lc tc dng trn mi xi lanh ph l 5 T.
Hnh 6-14. Nguyn l cu to cm xi lanh - pittng ph Chn vt liu ch to xi lanh v pittng l thp c 35 c ch = 280MPa Bn knh trong xi lanh ph:
rt = rt = PH . p 5 = 0,798 dm 3,14.2,5
rt = 79,8 mm ng knh trong xi lanh ph s l: Dt = 2.rt = 2.79,8 = 159,6 mm Ly Dt = 160 mm
128
Tng t nh tnh vi xi lanh chnh ta c ng knh ngoi ca xi lanh ph l:

rn = rB . rn = 80. [ ] [ ] 3. p 280 280 3.2,5 87,012 mm
Vy ng knh ngoi ca xi lanh ph l: Dn = 2.rn = 2.87,012 = 174,024 mm Ly Dn = 180 mm. Tnh ng knh cn pittng ph:
d=D
d = 160
1
2,5 1 = 123,936 mm 2,5
Ly ng knh cn pittng d = 130 mm Cc thng s ca cm pittng xi lanh ph l: - ng knh ngoi: Dn = 180 mm - ng knh trong: Dt = 160 mm - ng knh cn pittng: d = 130 mm b. Tnh ton cm pittng - xi lanh tho phi Chn vt liu ch to xi lanh v pittng l thp c 45 c ch = 320MPa Bn knh trong xi lanh tho phi l:
rt = rt = PH . p 60 0,692 dm 3,14.40
rt = 69,2 mm ng knh trong ca xi lanh: Dt = 2.rt =2.69,2 = 138,4 mm Ly Dt = 140 mm Bn knh ngoi xi lanh ph:
rn = rB . rn = 70. [ ] [ ] 3. p 320 320 3.40 79,082 mm
129
ng knh ngoi xi lanh tho phi l: Dn = 2.rn = 2.79,082 = 158,164 mm Ly ng knh ngoi xi lanh tho phi Dn = 170 mm ng knh cn pittng tho phi: d = D.
1
2,5 1 = 108,44 mm 2,5
d = 140 Ly d = 110 mm
Hnh 6-15. Nguyn l cu to cm xi lanh - pittng tho phi. Cc thng s chnh ca xi lanh - pittng tho phi l: - ng knh ngoi: Dn = 170 mm - ng knh trong: Dt = 140 mm - ng knh cn pittng: d = 110 mm 6.9 . Tnh ton n hi khung thn my 500T Thn my l mt b phn kt cu ch yu ca my, n mang mt s cc b phn kt cu tng ng vi cc nhm. Thn my l mt b phn dng g lp, nh v v kp cht tt c cc cm chi tit khc ca my, ng thi truyn lc cho
130
khun dp. Cht lng gia cng ca my ph thuc vo thuc tnh tnh v ng ca n. V vy vic nghin cu thuc tnh c hc ca my l mi quan tm ln. Khi gia cng cc phi kim loi trong cc iu kin nhit khc nhau, ti trng lm vic thay i, yu cu thn my c cng vng ln, c kh nng chu cc thay i ln v lc, v ng sut. p ng c yu cu trn, thn my cn c thit k sao cho kt cu my c kh nng chng un tt, bin dng n hi theo hng thng ng nh, gim chn, gim rung tt, nhng kch thc v trng lng ca thn my khng qu ln. Khi tnh ton thn my dng khung thng tnh theo sc bn tnh v cng, h s an ton bn ly bng 2,5 - 3 i vi thp cn, nhm bo m an ton khi qu ti v cng vng ca my. Ti trng tc dng ln bn my coi nh ti trng phn b u trn chiu di c=(2/3)l 0 (l 0khong cch gia cc ng tm ca tr my). Cc lc tc dng ln b phn dn hng do ti trng ca u trt thng coi bng khng. Hin nay i vi loi khung kn ngi ta tnh cc tr s m men ti cc im c trng ca n. Cng thc tnh cc tr s m men ti cc im nguy him ca thn my nh sau: Cc h s ph:
1 =
Cc m men:
l2 J J ; k21 = 2 ; k32 = 3 l1 J1 J2
1 a2 3.P.l 1 ( . 2 ).(2..k 32 + 3) 3 l2 M1 = 2 8[(2..k 32 + 3).(3.k 21 + 2.) .k 32 ]

M2 =
M4 =
3.P.l 1 + K 32 .8.M 1 8.(2..k 32 + 3)
P.l 1 M2 4 M + M2 M5 = M2 1 l2
Cc gi tr ng sut ti cc tit din nguy him: P Mi Mn = 2.F J y 2.J x hy hx
trong : P - lc p danh ngha ca my;

131
Mi - m men un ca khung ti cc v tr nguy him; Mn - m men mt phng vung gc vi mt phng ca khung Mn = P.l1,2; l1,2 - khong cch t ng tc dng lc P n mt phng i qua trng tm tr tng ng; F - din tch tit din ngang nguy him ca tr thn my; Jx, Jy - m men qun tnh ti cc tit din nguy him theo cc trc x,y i qua trng tm tit din; J1, J2, J3 - m men qun tnh ti cc mt ct ca khung thn my; hx, hy - khong cch t th ngoi cng ca tit din n trc trung ho x,y. bin dng theo phng tc dng lc c tnh theo cng thc:
=
+
l12 [ P.l1 2.( M 2 + M 1 .k 31 )] + 48.E.J 3
M P.l 2 M + k. 3 + k. 1 2.E.F2 G.F1 G.F3
trong : k = 1,2 - i vi tit din l hnh ch nht. k = 1,7 - 2 i vi tit din l hnh ch nht rng. Trn khung thn my ta tnh cho 3 v tr tit din nguy him l dm ngang pha trn, thn tr ng v bn my. Hnh 6-16. M hnh tnh khung tnh ton, chn 3 mt ct ti 3 v tr thn my nguy him ca khung thn my: - V tr 1, gia dm ngang khung thn my (mt ct A-A). - V tr 2, gia tr khung thn my (mt ct B-B). - V tr 3, gia bn my (mt ct C-C). Th d tnh khung my p 500T. Thn s dng vt liu: thp tm CT3 dy 40mm, 60mm v 25mm.
ch = 230 k = 450 N mm 2 N
mm 2
H s an ton n = 2,5.
132
Vy cc ng sut cho php ca vt liu ch to thn my c xc nh nh sau:
[ k ] = 92 N / mm 2 [ k ] = 180 N / mm 2
Hnh 6-17. Tit din ngang dm ngang pha trn (mt ct A-A) Xc nh to trng tm mt ct tit din ngang ca dm ngang: xc =
Sy F
F .x
i =1 i
F
i =1 n i =1 i
F1 . x c1 + F2 . x c 2 + F3 . x c 3 + F4 . x c 4 + F5 . x c 5 + F6 . x c 6 F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 + F6
S yc = x = F
trong :
F .y F
i =1 n i
F1 . y c1 + F2 . y c 2 + F3 . y c 3 + F4 . y c 4 + F5 . y c 5 + F6 . y c 6 F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 + F6
xc,yc - to trng tm trc qun tnh chnh ca mt ct; xci, yci - to trng tm cc tit din thnh phn ca mt ct; Fi - din tch cc tit din thnh phn.
133
To trng tm cc tit din thnh phn ca mt ct: xc1 = 128,75 xc2 = 871,25 xc3 = 980 xc4 = 852,5 Thay s ta c: xc5 = 147,5 xc6 = 20 yc1 = 710 yc2 = 710 yc3 = 340 yc4 = 20 yc5 = 20 yc6 = 340
xc =
xc =
F1x c1 + F2 x c 2 + F3 x c 3 + F4 x c 4 + F5 x c 5 + F6 x c 6 F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 + F6
25,75.6.12,875+87,125.6.25,75+98.4.68 + 85,25.6.21,5 + 14,75.6.21,5 + 2.68.4 25,75.6 + 25,75.6 + 68. 4 + 21,5.6 + 21,5.6 x cI = 50(cm )
yc =
=
F1 y c1 + F2 y c 2 + F3 y c 3 + F4 y c 4 + F5 y c 5 + F6 y c 6 F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 + F6
2 . 71 . 25,75 . 6 + 2 . 34 . 4 . 68 + 2 . 2 . 21,5 . 6 2 . 25,75 . 6 + 2 . 4 . 68 + 2 . 6 . 21,5
ycI = 36,86 cm. xcI = 50 cm ycI = 36,86 cm M men qun tnh theo cc trc v cc tit din c xc nh nh sau:
( J xi = J xi ) + b 2 . Fi
Vy:
J yi = J iy + a 2 . Fi
Jxiyi = Jxy(i) + ai.bi.Fi
J max = J =
min
Jx + Jy 2
1 (J x J y ) 2 + 4J 2 xy 2
trong : Jxi, Jyi - m men qun tnh theo cc trc x, y ca cc tit din thnh phn;
( ( J xi ) , J yi ) - m men qun tnh ca cc tit din thnh phn;
a, b - khong cch t trc qun tnh trung tm ca mt ct ti cc trc to trng tm ca cc tit din thnh phn;
134
Fi - din tch ca cc tit din thnh phn. Thay s vo ta c: Jx1 = Jx(1) + b12.F1 = 180 539,36 cm4 Jx2 = Jx(2) + b22.F2 = 180 539,36 cm4 Jx3 = Jx(3) + b32.F3 = 107 035,51 cm4 Jx4 = Jx(4) + b42.F4 = 179 024,28 cm4 Jx5 = Jx(5) + b52.F5 = 179 024,28 cm4 Jx6 = Jx(6) + b62.F6 = 107 035,51 cm4 JxI = Jx1 + Jx2 + Jx3 + Jx4 + Jx5 + Jx6 = 933 198,3 cm4 Jy1 = Jy(1) + a12.F1 = 221 478,95 cm4 Jy2 = Jy(2) + a22.F2 = 221 478,95 cm4 Jy3 = Jy(3) + a32.F3 = 627 050,66 cm4 Jy4 = Jy(4) + a42.F4 = 165 259,73 cm4 Jy5 = Jy(5) + a52.F5 = 165 259,73 cm4 Jy6 = Jy(6) + a62.F6 = 627 050,66 cm4 JyI = Jy1 + Jy2 + Jy3 + Jy4 + Jy5 + Jy6 = 2 027 578,6 cm4 Jx1y1 = a1.b1.F1 = -195821 cm4 Jx2y2 = a2.b2.F2 = 195821 cm4 Jx3y3 = a3.b3.F3 = -37340,2 cm4 Jx4y4 = a4.b4.F4 = -158967 cm4 Jx5y5= a5.b5.F5 = -158967 cm4 Jx6y6 = a6.b6.F6 = 37340,2 cm4 Jxy = Jx1y1 + Jx2y2 + Jx3y3 + Jx4y4 + Jx5y5 + Jx6y6 = 0 JmaxI = 3507967,05 cm4 JminI = 2413586,75 cm4
Hnh 6-18. Tit din ngang thn tr ng (mt ct B-B)

135
To trng tm ca cc tit din thnh phn mt ct B-B: xc1 = 1,25 yc1 = 60 xc2 = 26,25 yc2 = 118 xc3 = 26,25 yc3 = 2
Tnh tng t nh trn ta c: xcII = 15,54 cm ycII = 36,86 cm T ta c: a1 = -14,29 b1 = 23,14 Jx1 = 520637,88 cm4 Jx2 = 1252894,59 cm4 Jx3 = 243310,59 cm4 JxII = 2016843,05 cm4 Jy1 = 61417 cm4 Jy2 = 64607 cm4 Jy3 = 64607 cm4 JyII = 190632 cm4 Jx1y1 = a1.b1.F1 = -99201 cm4 Jx2y2 = a2.b2.F2 = 169518 cm4 Jx3y3 = a3.b3.F3 = 74670 cm4 JxyII = 144987 cm4 JmaxII = 2028282,22 cm4 JminII = 179193,29 cm4 To trng tm ca cc tit din thnh phn mt ct C-C: xc1 = 4,5 xc5 = 123 yc3 = 68,75 xc2 = 7 xc6 = 125,5 yc4 = 68,75 yc1 = 2 yc5 = 28,25 xc3 = 26 xc4 = 104 yc2 = 28,25 yc6 = 2 Thay s vo ta c: a2 = 10,71 b2 = 79,14 a3 = 10,71 b3 = 34,86
136
xcIII = 65 cm ycIII = 63,41 cm
Hnh 6-19. Tit din ngang bn my (mt ct C-C) T to trc qun tnh trung tm mt ct ta suy ra khong cch t to trc qun tnh ti cc to trng tm cc mt ct thnh phn: a1 = -62,5 b1= -62,2 a2 = -62 b2 =-39,95 a3 = -39 b3 = 4,55 A4 = 39 B4 = 4,55 a5 = 62 b5 =-39,95 a6 = 62,5 b6= -62,2
Jx1 = Jx(1) + b12.F1 = 135810,77 cm4 Jx2 = Jx(2) + b22.F2 = 277855,81 cm4 Jx3 = Jx(3) + b32.F3 = 196946,57 cm4 Jx4 = Jx(4) + b42.F4 = 196946,57 cm4 Jx5 = Jx(5) + b52.F5 = 277855,81 cm4 Jx6 = Jx(6) + b62.F6 = 135810,77 cm4 JxIII = Jx1 + Jx2 + Jx3 + Jx4 + Jx5 + Jx6 = 1221226,3 cm4 Jy1 = Jy(1) + a12.F1 = 132201 cm4 Jy2 = Jy(2) + a22.F2 = 652874,67 cm4 Jy3 = Jy(3) + a32.F3 = 2951303,33 cm4 Jy4 = Jy(4) + a42.F4 = 2951303,33 cm4 Jy5 = Jy(5) + a52.F5 = 652874,67 cm4
137
Jy6 = Jy(6) + a62.F6 = 132201 cm4 JyIII = Jy1 + Jy2 + Jy3 + Jy4 + Jy5 + Jy6 = 7472380 cm4 Jx1y1 = a1.b1.F1 = 133750,98 cm4 Jx2y2 = a2.b2.F2 = 395620,32 cm4 Jx3y3 = a3.b3.F3 = -351959 cm4 Jx4y4 = a4.b4.F4 = 351959 cm4 Jx5y5= a5.b5.F5 = -395620,32 cm4 Jx6y6 = a6.b6.F6 = -133750,98 cm4 JxyIII = Jx1y1 + Jx2y2 + Jx3y3 + Jx4y4 + Jx5y5 + Jx6y6 = 0 JmaxIII = 74 723 880 cm4 JminIII = 1 221 226,304 cm4 Sau khi tnh bn, nhn thy cc ng sut tnh ton nh hn gi tr cho php. Thn my bn v bo m bin dng n hi nh.
138
Chng 7
Kt cu ca mt s dng my p thu lc
7.1. My p rn Trn cc my p rn ngi ta thng s dng thc hin cc nguyn cng rn t do ( vut, chn, p nhn, t, cht ..) v dp th tch trong khun.
Hnh 7-1. Cc phng n b tr my rn p Kt cu my p c bn ct, khung c nh v cc xi lanh cng tc b tr pha trn (hnh 7-1.a). Kt cu nh vy m bo thao tc d dng khi rn t do cc dng phi trong thi gian gia cng v bo m tnh n nh cao ca my khi chu cc lc lch tm. Khi s dng kt cu my p c khung di ng (hnh 7-1.b), c th b tr dm trn hp. u im ca vic b tr l chiu cao ca my p khng ln so vi mt bng sn thao tc v kh nng a phi vo ra tt hn.
139
My p mt tr (hnh 7-1.c), c kh nng vn hnh tt, c ch to c lc p di 12 MN (1200 T). Cc thng s chnh v cc kch thc ca my p rn kiu bn ct, cng dng chung, c ghi trong tiu chun OCT-284-80, trong c trnh by c loi my p vi lc p danh nh 5 50MN v hnh trnh ca dm di ng l 800 2500mm.
Hnh 7-2. S thu lc ca my p rn kiu ba xi lanh Trn hnh 7-2 gm cc chi tit v cm chi tit nh sau:1. hp cc van np x; 2. van np - x ca xi lanh gia; 3. cc xi lanh y v; 4. cc xi lanh bn cnh; 5. xi lanh gia; 6. thng; 7. lin h ngc; 8. xi lanh kh lm cng dy; 9. c cu visai; 10. cn iu khin; 11. b chuyn i ch lm vic ca my p; 12. van trt; 13. pittng hn ch v tr ca van trt 12; 14. trc chnh ca b phn phi; 15. bnh tch p ca iu khin thu lc; 16. bm iu khin thu lc b phn phi; 17. thng np; 18- van chn; 19. b phn phi; 20. van iu khin ng cc xi lanh cng tc v np cht lng p sut cao vo xi lanh cng tc; 22. van tit lu; 23. van np cht lng p sut cao vo b phn phi; 24. xi lanh thu lc ca van 23; 25. b khuch i; 26. xialnh t ng ng hnh trnh cng tc;
140
A. ng dn cht t trm bm - bnh tch p; A'. ng dn kh nn t h thng kh nn ca xng; I III. t cc ch rn. Hin nay, kiu n ng c s dng rng ri nht cho my p rn l loi dn ng kiu bm nc - bnh tch p. Kiu dn ng hi-thu lc khng c s dng cc my p mi sn xut v khng kinh t. i vi cc my p c lc nh hn 30 MN, s dng rng ri loi dn ng bm du - khng c bnh tch p. p sut du c s dng l 30 - 35MPa. Khi dng du lm cht lng cng tc, thng ngi ta s dng phng n b tr my p c khung di ng v xi lanh cng tc t di. Trn hnh 7-2 trnh by s thu lc nguyn l iu khin my p rn kiu ba xi lanh c lc 20 MN. Trong s ny, dm ngang ca my s lp li chuyn ng ca cn iu khin khng ch theo hng v chiu di hnh trnh, m cn c theo tc . Trn s hnh 7-2, cc v tr iu khin nh sau: I - rn bnh thng (hnh trnh tip cn phi- cp cht lng t thng np, hnh trnh cng tc - cp cht lng t trm bm - bnh tch p; p = 32MPa); II - p phng (cp cht lng cho xi lanh my p ch t trm bm - bnh tch p, cc xi lanh y v di p sut khng i); III - my lm vic di tc dng ca cht lng cng tc t thng np v khi lng ca cc phn chuuyn ng. Ch rn thng do ngi vn hnh t ra, bng cch a b chuyn ch v v tr nh, c hai khoang xi lanh pittng - b hn ch v tr c ni vi ng x. Khi , nu u ba chm vo phi, p sut trn ng xi lanh tr v s gim n gi tr p sut trong thng np 17 v pittng ca xi lanh 16 di tc dng ca l xo s h xung cng vi van trt 12. Pittng ca xi lanh thu lc 24 s m ng cht lng p sut cao vo xi lanh ca my p. Hnh trnh cng tc c thc hin. Khi t c lc p nh, van 20 s t ng cho cht lng p sut cao i vo cc xi lanh bn 4. My p khi c th to c lc ton b. t ch p phng phi a b chuyn ch lm vic 11 v v tr, khi du t trm bm c cp n khoang trn ca xi lanh pittng - b hn ch 13, cn khoang di ca n c ni thng vi ng x. Khi lm vic, di tc dng ca cht lng t thng np 17 v ca khi lng cc phn chuyn ng, b chuyn ch lm vic s a du t trm bm vo khoang di ca xi lanh pittng - b hn ch 13 v ni khoang trn vi ng x. Van trt 12 khng th h xung v c gi v tr tn cng trn.
141
7.2. My p dp nng My p thy lc dp nng dng dp th tch cc sn phm nh bnh rng, trc khuu, cc chi tit dng a hoc dng thanh ngn. Khi gia cng cc chi tit ch to bng hp kim nhm, ng, magi, cn dp trong khun kn vi nhit gia cng thp ( 450 0C). Cc my p dp khc my p rn ch, nu c cng lc p danh ngha nh my p rn th s c hnh trnh v chiu cao ca khng gian my dp nh hn, do khng cn khng gian thc hin nguyn cng chn. Cc my p c lc nh hn 50MN (hnh 7-3) c ch to vi kt cu trm bm - bnh tch p hoc trm bm du, v tc trung bnh ca hnh trnh cng tc nh khong 1 5cm/s.
Hnh 7-3. My p thu lc vi lc p 50MN i vi cc my p c lc ln hn 50MN, ngi ta s dng dn ng bm bnh tch p. p sut cht lng cng tc ti 60 MPa c tng p nh s dng b tng p trung gian.
142
7.3. my p ng v my p thanh Cc thanh, ng, dy v cc profil lm t kim loi mu v cc hp kim c gia cng bng cch p trn my p thu lc nm ngang. Gn y, nh ng dng nhiu loi du bi trn mi, chu c p sut v nhit cao, bng phng php p n, c th nhn c cc chi tit bng thp, hp kim chu nhit v cc loi vt liu c tnh do thp. Trn hnh 7-4 trnh by my p ng - thanh kiu nm ngang, c lc p danh ngha 120MN. Cng dng ca my l p nng cc thanh profil v ng bng hp kim nhm. thn my kiu ct, b tr nm ngang c cc dm c nh 3 v 6 c lp trn thn hn. Trn dm c nh 6 c b tr hai xi lanh cng tc 7, cc pittng ca chng c lin kt vi dm di ng 5. Cc xi lanh y v nm bn trong cc xi lanh cng tc 7. t l khi p ng, ngi ta s dng xi lanh t 8 c b tr pha sau cc xi lanh cng tc v c c nh trn mt dm ring. Lc ca xi lanh t c truyn qua thanh, thanh ny c dn hng nh dm c nh 6. Hnh trnh y v ca trc t c thc hin t xi lanh y v nm trong xi lanh t. Dm c nh trc 3 bao gm c ba tm thp c c lin kt vi nhau bng cc bulng. gia dm 3 b tr u m c mt b cc vng v ci. Khi p chy th u m s t vo cc tm chn c c cu nng thu lc. Nm gia dm c nh 3 v dm di ng 5 l bung p 4 v c cu gi bung p. c im ca kt cu my p l c h thng t c lp, m bo cho trm my p kh nng cng ngh ln hn. My p c thm cc thit b ph v vn chuyn a cc phi c t l in v bung p 4. Ko ct 2 dng ct phn p d ra khi sn phm p. My cn c trang b c cu y cc chi tit c gia cng xong. Cc profil hoc cc ng gia cng xong c chuyn ti bn nhn 1 ca my p. Vic iu khin cc thao tc chnh v ph c thc hin t bn iu khin chnh qua h thng theo di tha hnh in c. Dn ng ca my p theo kiu bm-bnh tch p. Cht lng cng tc l nc pha thm 2-4% du khong. V c 3 xi lanh cng tc nn n to cho my p c kh nng lm vic vi ba mc lc: 50 MN, 70 MN, 120 MN v cc tc hnh trnh cng tc ti 30 mm/s.
143
144
Hnh 7-4. My p thu lc nm ngang lc p 120MN dng p ng
7.4. My p thu lc dp tm Cc thng s c bn ca my p thu lc dp tm c xc nh theo OCT 7901 - 56 vi my c lc p n 2000 T v OCT 9753 - 61 c lc p n 250 T. Trn hnh 7-5 l s dng my p thu lc dp tm, c tc u trt khi hnh trnh lm vic n 14,5 mm/s. My p thu lc dng dp tm thng c hnh trnh ngn, bn my ln v c c cu chn phi. Loi my ny c sn sut c 2 tc ng hoc 3 tc ng. Ngoi tc ng chnh l p to hnh chi tit, cn c ng tc chn phi. Lc chn phi thng bng 40% lc p chnh. My p dp tm dng vut su c th c dng nm ngang v c hnh trnh ln. Tu theo cng dng c th c kt cu khc nhau. 7.5. my p gia cng cht do gia cng cht do, ngi ta s dng rng ri cc my p thu lc chuyn dng. Kt cu my s dng kiu dn ng bng bm du. Cc qu trnh cng ngh gia cng cc Hnh 7-5. My p thy lc dp loi cht do khc nhau c nhng im ring, yu cu phi gim t ngt thi gian ng cc khun p, iu ny ch c th thc hin khi tng tc d cng tc ca bn trt my p ti 160 200mm/s. Do nguyn nhn ny ngi ta ch to cc my p c xi lanh kiu pittng, c cc van np v xi lanh y v. Khi bn trt chuyn ng xung, di tc dng ca trng lc, thi k hnh trnh khng ti, do c bnh tch p kiu kh - thu lc, kt cu ca my cho php tng t ngt tc chuyn ng ca cc b phn cng tc ca my p m khng cn tng (thm ch c trng hp li gim) cng sut dn ng.
145
146
Hnh 7-6. My p thu lc gia cng cht do
S thu lc dn ng cc my p bn t ng (hnh 7-6) m bo cho my lm vic cc ch p v c. v tr ban u, cc nam chm in ca b phn phi khng c cp in, cn cc van trt ca b phn phi nm v tr trnh by trn hnh 7-6. Bm 1 khng lm vic. Con trt 6 c gi v tr trn bng cc xi lanh y v 7. My p bt u lm vic khi ng mch cc nam chm in 2E v 5E ca cc b phn phi 15 (1) v 11. B phn phi 11 s a du t h thng iu khin ti van np 9 v kho thu lc 12, b phn phi 15 (1) s m ng x du t cc xi lanh y v. Do c tc dng ca trng lng u trt, du c y ra khi cc xi lanh y v 7, qua kho thu lc 12 m v van tit lu 13. Th tch c gii phng ca xi lanh chnh 8 c np cht lng t bm 1(2) qua van np 9. Tc ca hnh trnh khng ti ca u trt c xc nh bng iu chnh van tit lu 13. 7.6. Trin vng pht trin ca ngnh ch to my p Cc my p thu lc cho php to ra cc lc ln v hnh trnh di ca dm mt cch tng i d dng, to lc bt c im no ca hnh trnh, loi tr qu ti; thc hin vic kim tra tr s ca lc to ra; gi chi tit di p sut; iu chnh tng i n gin tc ca hnh trnh cng tc. Nhng v tc th cc my p thu lc c kt cu thng thng s thua xa so vi cc my p c kh v c hnh trnh ca dm di ng ln hn, c tn hao v thi gian nng v h p sut cc xi lanh cng tc, c tc chm trong vic chuyn cc c cu phn phi v khng c tc cao ca hnh trnh khng ti. tng hiu qu hiu qu s dng ca cc my p thy lc ta c th thc hin bng cch chn la mt cch ti u cc thng s v kt cu tng ng. La chn ti u cc thng s chnh bng chnh bng cch s dng phng php tip cn h thng kt hp vi phng php lp trnh ng. Phng php ny c dng to ra thit b dp thu lc c hiu qu cao, c xt n mi trng xung quanh ca h thng, cc yu cu ca qu trnh cng ngh v cc chi tit ring ca my p, ngoi phng php ny cn cho php a ra cc nhn nh trin vng pht trin ca ngnh ch to my p.
147
148
YQ41-100T (Trung quc) Lc p danh ngha (Tn) 100 100 Lc tho phi (Tn) 19 p lc lm vic ln nht (Mpa) 25 25 K hiu YQ41-100T YQ30-100T
Ph lc
Thng s k thut ca mt s my p thu lc
1. My p thu lc mt tr
YQ30-100T (Trung quc) Hnh trnh u trt (mm) 500 600 Hnh Kch thc bn my Cng sut trnh tho (mm) ng c phi (kW) Tri-Phi Trc-sau (mm) 800 600 7.5 200 680 580 7.5
2. My p thu lc dp tm My p thu lc dp tm mt tr 3228, 3230, 3232 v 3234 (Nga)
- Chc nng c bn ca my l thc hin cc nguyn cng dp cc chi tit vut su t vt liu tm mng trong trng thi ngui i hi c tho phi hoc p bin di. Ngoi ra my cn c th s dng p, t, dp tinh, un v cc cng vic tng t m khng i hi l bn my. My c th a vo trong dy truyn t ng ton b. - Ch lm vic theo mc t ng: + Ch iu chnh + Ch bn t ng + Ch t ng - Ch lm vic theo chc nng cng ngh: + Ch khng c m thu lc + Ch c m thu lc (nh c p bin bn di) + Ch c s dng y phi (khng c p bin di)
149
My p thu lc dp tm thn kn 3228, 3230, 3232, 12.1.38.02 my p thu lc 4 ct 1232, 1236
150
My p thu lc dp tm thn kn (Nga) del: 1234, 1238 v 12.1.38.02
My p thu lc dp tm kiu 4 ct (Nga) del: 1232 & 1236
Lc p danh ngha (Tn) Hnh trnh u trt (mm) u trt v bn my (m) trc u trt v Thn my (mm)
Cng sut ng c (kW)
Lc dm thu lc (Tn)
K hiu
Kch thc bn my (m)
Tc u trt (mm/s)
Kch thc my (m)
Trc-sau
Khng ti
Tri-Phi
Cng tc
3228 3230 3232 3234 1234 1238 12.1. 38.02 1232 1236
63 100 160 250 250 630 630 160 400
500 500 500 500 710 900 900 630 710
0.71 0.75 0.75 0.80 1.25 1.60 1.60 1.00 1.30
320 400 400 400 -
0.63 0.80 0.80 1.00 1.65 2.10 2.10 1.00 1.30
0.56 0.63 0.63 0.63 1.40 1.80 1.80 0.90 1.12
220 10 230 12.5 180 6.5 45 4.5 45-18 28-11 70-11 36-18 24-12
310 320 180 110 -
25 40 63 100 100 250 220 63 160
180 200 200 200 320 380 380 250 300
15 15 15 15 44 66 66 37 55
1.06 1.8 2.9 3.6 1.2 2.09 3.4 6.2 1.25 2.09 3.5 7.88 1.32 2.23 3.67 11 3.8 2.6 4.75 32 4.7 3.0 5.50 65 4.7 3.0 5.50 70 13 27
2.80 2.50 4.40 3.20 2.80 5.30
Cao t nn
Tri-Phi
Trc-sau
Tr v
Khi lng my (Tn)
Khong cch
Hnh trnh ca m thy lc (mm)
151
152
My p thu lc dp tm kiu 4 ct YQ32-315T v YQ27-315T (Trung quc)
My p thu lc dp tm kiu 4 ct YQ32-315T My p thu lc dp tm kiu 4 ct YQ27-315T Lc p Hnh Hnh Kch thc bn my p lc Lc tho Cng sut danh trnh u trnh tho (mm) lm vic K hiu phi ng c ngha trt phi ln nht (Tn) (kW) Tri-Phi Trc-sau (Tn) (mm) (mm) (Mpa) YQ32 315 63 25 800 300 1200 1200 22 YQ27 315 80 25 800 300 1200 1200 22
3. My p thu lc dp khi My p thu lc dp khi ca cng ty - Lin bang Nga c lc dp ti 75000 tn (750MH). Cc my p ny dng dp cc chi tit c ln t hp kim nhm, hp kim titan v thp. Nh c p lc ring cao trong khun dp nn c th s dng nhn c vt dp vi hnh dng phc tp, kch thc ln v lng d l nh nht. Cc thng s Lc p danh ngha, tn p sut cht lng, Mpa Chiu di Chiu ngang Chiu cao h khng gian dp, mm Hnh trnh ca x ngang, mm cht ti lch tm cho php Trc ng so vi, mm Trc ngang Ton b Chiu cao my, mm So vi sn Di Kch thc my, mm Rng Khi lng my p, tn Kch thc bn my, mm Model 150 300 15000 30000 63 100 3500 2700 1800 1800 2300 1650 700 300 300 150 200 150 11935 11410 6800 4925 18170 4870 5060 3700 1030 1200
50 5000 64 2000 1400 2200 650 200 140 10345 6800 12170 5400 320
100 10000 64 3000 1600 2300 750 240 160 640
650 65000 63 6000 3500 5500 1500 300 200 39700 25700 11760
750 75000 32 16000 3500 4500 2000 600 300 34700 21900 13600 13300 20500
153
154
My p thu lc dpkhi Model: 5000 - 75000 Tn My p thu lc dpkhi Model: 250 - 3150 tn
4. My p thu lc rn
My p thu lc rn (TQ) Model: J55-400, J55-630, J55-1000, J55-1250, J55-1600, J55-2000, J55-2500, J55-3150, J55-4000
My p thu lc rn 3500 tn (Euro)
155
My p thu lc rn ca Trung quc sn xut Model: J55-400, J55-630, J55-1000, J55-1250, J55-1600,
J55-2000, J55-2500, J55-3150, J55-4000. Tc u trt, mm/s 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 Kch thc bn my, Cng Hnh Chiu mm trnh u sut cao kn, trt, ng Trc Trimm mm c, kW sau phi 300 335 355 375 400 425 450 625 500 530 500 560 630 740 760 800 860 1150 950 1060 800 900 950 1000 1060 1250 1200 1400 1450 1600 670 750 800 850 900 1000 1200 1400 1450 1600 18 30 37 45 55 90 90 132 132 160 Khi lng my, Tn 23 32 44 56 71 110 180 250 290 320
156
K hiu
Lc danh ngha, tn 4000 6300 8000 10000 12500 16000 20000 25000 31500 40000
Lc cho php, tn 5000 8000 10000 12500 16000 20000 25000 40000 40000 50000
J55-400 J55-630 J55-800 J55-1000 J55-1250 J55-1600 J55-2000 J55-2500 J55-3150 J55-4000
My p thu lc rn ca Nga sn xut Model: 10000, 3500 tn

Cc thng s 100 Lc p danh ngha, tn Kch thc bn my, mm Chiu cao h khng gian dp, mm Hnh trnh ca u trt, mm lch tm cho php khi lc ln nht, mm Rng Kch thc my, mm Di Cao Khi lng my p, tn Nc sn xut 10500 4000x10000 7100 3000 250 8620 45110 22535 2300 Nga Model 35 3600 2800x6000 3950 2060 200 5700 36800 13170 730 Nga My p thu lc rn (Nga) Model: 10000, 3500 tn
157
158
K hiu Lc danh ngha (Tn) 2 250 350 630 630 1000 1000 1600 1600 1 1424 1426 1428 1428 10.4.30.01 10.4.30.012 10.4.32.01 10.4.32.02
5. My thu lc un tm My thu lc un tm l cc my c dng sn xut cc chi tit c nhiu b mt un chuyn tip khc nhau t vt liu thanh cn v tm cn. Loi my ny s dng khi ch to cc dng chi tit dng v, hp bng vt liu tm (thp v hp kim). N c cung cp y dng c un (mt b hoc nhiu b chy v khun nhiu lng khun). Cc dng c un c xp xp, g lp cht v m bo vic iu chnh li nhanh chng. Thng s ca mt s my thu lc un tm (Nga) Chiu Khong Cng di bn Chiu chch sut Chiu rng my v gia cc ng c di my bn my u tr in (mm) trt (mm) (mm) kW (mm) 3 4 5 6 7 1350 100 1050 2,2 1550 2050 100 1550 4,0 2260 2550 100 2050 5,5 2650 3050 100 2550 5,5 3150 3150 200 2550 7,5 3450 3150 200 2550 7,5 3450 3150http://www.ebook.edu.vn 250 2550 11 3466 2500 250 2050 11 2594
Chiu rng my (mm) 8 1040 1075 1130 1130 1410 1410 1530 1530
Chiu cao my (mm) 9 1810 1810 2200 2200 2730 2730 3040 3010
Khi lng (kG) 10 2000 2500 4150 4700 8485 8855 12195 10850
1 10.4.32.012 10.4.32.05 10.4.34.04 10.4.34.042 10.4.34.05 1434.2 10.4.34.06 10.4.34.062 10.4.34.07 10.4.34.072 10.4.36.01 10.4.38.06
2 1600 1600 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 4000 6300
3 3150 5000 3150 3150 5000 5000 6000 6000 7000 7000 6300 6300
4 250 250 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 400 400
5 2550 4000 2550 2550 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 5000 2 2400
6 11 11 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 30 30
7 3465 5100 3510 3510 5100 5100 6000 6000 7000 7000 6460 6460
8 1525 1530 1690 1690 1690 1680 1690 1690 1690 1690 3300 3300
9 3030 3030 3105 3115 3980 3150 3980 3980 3980 3980 4920 4920
10 12490 17790 17250 17290 22500 22230 24970 25390 27466 27466 49190 5800
159
160
My thu lc un tm del 1424 My thu lc un tm del 1426 My thu lc un tm. del 1434.2 My thu lc un tm del 10.4.30.01; 10.4.32.01; 10.4.32.02; 10.4.34.04; 10.4.34.05; 10.4.34.06; 10.4.34.07; 10.4.36.01; 10.4.38.06
6. my p thu lc t ng dng p chi tit t kim loi bt

Cc thng s
1532
K hiu
1534 1536 153.01
Lc p danh ngha, tn Lc danh ngha ca xi khi sit lanh di, tn khun Chiu cao h khng gian dp, mm Hnh trnh ca u trt, mm Hnh trnh ca xilanh di, mm Rng Kch thc my, mm Cng sut ng c, kW Sn lng, hnh trnh kp/pht Khi lng my p, tn Nc sn xut Di Cao
160 630 1000 1620 630 200 2350 2200 4200 42.5 6 12 Nga
250 1000 1600 2060 670 250 2700 2400 4800 50.5 5 22.37 Nga
400 1600 2500 2360 710 300 2850 2710 5300 60.5 3.8 29.6 Nga
400 1600 2500 2360 710 300 2890 2880 5300 60.5 3.8 31.75 Nga My p thu lc t ng p kim loi bt (Nga) Model: 1532, 1534, 1536 v 153.01
161
ti liu tham kho

[1]. B mn rn dp (1977)- Thit b rn dp (phn hai) - i hc bch khoa H ni. [2]. Trn Don nh, Nguyn Ngc L, Phm Xun Mo, Nguyn Th Thng, Vn Thi, H Vn Vui (1984)- Truyn dn thu lc trong ch to my - Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut. [3]. Nguyn Phc Hong, Phm c Nhun, Nguyn Thc Cn - Thu lc v my thu lc - Tp 1,2 - Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip. [4]. Phm Vn ngh, Vn Phc (2001) - My ba v my p thu lc Nh xut bn gio dc - Nm 2001. [5]. Nhiu tc gi - S tay thit k c kh - Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut - Nm 1977. [6]. . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . (1970)- - "" . [7]. . . , . . (1977)- - - " ". [8]. . . , . . , . . (1968)- - "" . [9]. . . , . . (1982) - - - " ". [10]. M.. . . (1974) ."",
162

May Ep Thuy Luc

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

May Ep Thuy Luc

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hc vin k thut qun s

B mn Gia cng p lc - Khoa C kh

inh B Tr - Nguyn trng an

Hnh 1-1. My p thu lc a. nguyn l hot ng; b. s kt cu; c. s my p c dm di ng

My p thu lc gia cng kim loi

My x l ph liu kim loi

Nn sa, tinh chnh

p chy ngui My ng vin v ng bnh

Thanh - ng My gia cng bng pp dng in cc

My p thu lc dng gia cng vt liu phi kim loi

My gia cng cc bt phi kim loi

My gia cng cht do

My p cc tm phi kim loi

My t ng gia cng nng cht do

Hnh 2-3. Biu lu lng ca bm a. Mt pittng; b. Hai pittng; c. Ba pittng

trong : M - h s tn hao c kh ca bm, khong 0,80 0,85,

trong : e - lch tm ca trc khuu (m). Lu lng thc t hay c ch l:

Lu lng l thuyt trung bnh

trong : n- s vng quay trong mt pht, h = Dsin. Khi

. Trong trng hp ny, thi gian ton b ca chu trnh c th thay i

Ch : tP = t1 + t2, t hnh 2.10 ta c:

Thay th cc cng thc (2.15) v (2.16) vo (2.14) ta nhn c:

Trng lng khi ti trng c tnh nh sau G:

Hnh 3-2. Bnh tch p kh - Thu lc kiu pittng

Thay pmax t biu thc (3.3) vo (3.2) ta nhn c

Kt qu ta c cng thc tnh VB nh sau:

Th tch cng tc ca bnh tch p c th nh hn lng tiu th c th v cht lng ca tt c cc my p:

trong : P - thi gian hot ng tng i trung bnh ca mi my p:

trong : vn - vn tc tng mc cht lng trong bnh tch p (dm/s);

159,0 167,7 73,8 17,4 2,3 0,164 0,004

i - h s sc cn cc b. Chiu di quy dn ng ng ca xi lanh cng tc c xc nh t biu thc:

Tng t, ta c th tm cc h sc cn quy dn B, y v chiu di ng ng LB, Ly ca xi lanh tr v v xi lanh cn bng.

S dng cc k hiu c, ta vit phng trnh chuyn ng dm ngang my p nh sau:

H s ca x trong biu thc (3.26), k hiu l:

Thay vo biu thc (3.26) cc gi tr M, n, p v C nhn c:

Thay gi tr p t biu thc (3.31) vo cng thc (3.30) nhn c:

Sau khi bin i v ly tch phn biu thc (58) ta c:

trong : C = 0; v khi t = 0 th Vn = 0. K hiu:

V thay vo biu thc (3.33) nhn c :

R0 = 0,5.p 0 th u 0,5 = Fp R0 = 0,75.p 0 th u 0,75 = Fp

Trong trng hp, khi

Nu coi nh p a = p 0 , iu m thc t hon ton cho php cng sut ca my p l:

trong : PH - p sut thng np. B qua ct p do tc to ra, tng t nh trn nhn c:

Tc cc i ca hnh trnh khng ti t c khi ch n nh:

p = const v qua mt vi php bin i ta nhn c phng trnh

F.v x.x v H.K

trong : 0 - h s tn tht th tch, thng ly bng 0,9 n 0,95.

- S tng th tch xi lanh do b ko di theo chiu trc ca n:

Do: Suy ra: trong :

D - lng thay i (gia s) ng knh xi lanh. L - gia s chiu di xi lanh.

t1 - ng sut tip tuyn trn thnh bn trong ca xi lanh.

- Th tch b cho s nn ca cht lng trong ng ng v trong xi lanh:

Th nng tch t trong h thng thu lc: U= (4.3)

Hiu sut ton b ca bnh tch p kiu pittng:

Q1 + Q 2 Q v v 2 = 2 . Kt qu tnh ton v thc nghim cho thy v1>v2. S1 S2

Thn van c p vo bng lc:

Hnh 5-3. S hot ng ng c tha hnh dn ng iu khin my p rn c lc l 120 MN

- Khi hnh trnh sang tri:

4Q 4.2.10 1 Dv1 = = = 0,0174 m v1 3,14.13.60 Hay D v1 = 17,4mm

0,5 - 1,2 5 -12

4.0,08 0,0146(m) 3,14.8.60

Bm iu khin: N6 = p6 . Q6 = 2,5. 100 = 4,167 (kW )

Bm pittng cao p: N8 = p8 . Q8 = 50.