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H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
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D&3H
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
Chng II
nguyn t : mi nguyn t trong bng tun hon chim 1 nguyn t. nguyn t cho bit : S hiu nguyn t K hiu nguyn t Nguyn t khi Tn nguyn t. Chu k nh : cc chu k 1, 2, 3 gm cc nguyn t s v p (chu k 1 cn gi l chu k c bit, gm 2 nguyn t) Chu k : tp cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron (S TT chu k = S lp e) Chu k ln : cc chu k 4, 5, 6, 7 gm cc nguyn t s, p, d, f (chu k 7 cn gi l chu k m hay chu k cha hon thin). Nhm A : Nhm : bao gm cc nguyn t c cu hnh electron nguyn t tng t nhau STT nhm A = s e lp ngoi cng ; Gm cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p. Nhm B : STT nhm B = s e ho tr (tng s e tnh t phn lp gn nht cha bo ho tr ra, lu nhm VIIIB) ; Gm cc nguyn t d v nguyn t f.
2. Nhng tnh cht bin i tun hon
Bn knh nguyn t ; Nng lng ion ho ; m in ; Tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim ; Tnh axit baz ca oxit v hiroxit tng ng ; Ho tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi oxi (n = STT nhm) v ho tr ca nguyn t vi hiro (m) : n + m = 8.
D&3H
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh tnh cht ca cc n cht, thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. II. Nhng ch quan trng
1. Bn knh nguyn t
Trong mt chu k khi in tch ht nhn tng ni chung bn knh nguyn t gim. Trong mt nhm A : Khi in tch ht nhn tng th bn knh nguyn t tng. Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
2. Nng lng ion ha
- nh ngha : L nng lng ti thiu cn tch electron ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn. - Quy lut: Nng lng ion ha th nht (I1) ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
3. Cu hnh electron
Sau mi chu k, cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon S bin i tun hon v cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi in tch ht nhn tng dn chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t.
4. m in
nh ngha : m in ca mt nguyn t c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc. Quy lut : m in ca cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
5. Tnh kim loi, phi kim
- Tnh kim loi l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhng electron tr thnh ion dng. - Tnh phi kim l tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m nguyn t ca n d nhn thm electron tr thnh ion m. Quy lut : - Trong mi chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t gim dn, ng thi tnh phi kim tng dn. - Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t tng dn, ng thi tnh phi kim gim dn.
D&3H
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
- Tnh kim loi, phi kim ca cc nguyn t nhm A bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
6. Tnh axit - baz ca oxit v hiroxit tng ng
- Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca oxit v hiroxit tng ng gim dn, ng thi tnh axit ca chng tng dn. - Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca oxit v hiroxit tng ng tng dn, ng thi tnh axit ca chng gim dn. - Tnh axit, baz ca oxit v hiroxit tng ng bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. III. Cu hi, bi tp 1. Dy gm cc phi kim c sp xp theo th t tnh phi kim gim dn : A. Cl, F, S, O B. F, Cl, O, S 2. A. chu k 2, nhm IVA. B. chu k 2, nhm IIA. C. chu k 3, nhm IVA. D. chu k 3, nhm IIA. 3. Nguyn t X thuc chu k 4, nhm IIIA. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X l 4. A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 A Nguyn t R c cng thc oxit cao nht l R2O5 R thuc nhm : A. IVA 5. B. VA C. VB D. IIIA Electron cui cng ca nguyn t M in vo phn lp 3d3. B. 2 D. 4 D. 5 C. F, O, Cl, S D. F, Cl, S, O E. O, S, Cl, F
a) S electron ho tr ca M l : A. 3 C. 5 b) V tr ca M trong bng tun hon l A. chu k 3, nhm IIIB. C. chu k 4, nhm IIB. 6.
Anion X c cu hnh electron ca phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. V tr ca X trong bng tun hon l
D&3H
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
7.
A. chu k 3, nhm IIA B. chu k 3, nhm IVA C. chu k 2, nhm IVA D. chu k 2, nhm VIIA a) Trong bng tun hon, nguyn t c tnh kim loi mnh nht l A. Na B. Ca C. Fr D. Ba b) Trong bng tun hon, nguyn t c tnh phi kim mnh nht l A. O B. At C. F D. Cl Chn p n ng cho cc cu trn. xc nh v tr ca cc nguyn t c Z=15 ; Z=62 ; trong bng tun hon. So snh tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t sau. Al, K, Ca, Rb. Mt nguyn t nm chu k 4, nhmVIIA ca bng tun hon. Hi : a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c bao nhiu electron thuc lp ngoi cng ? b) Electron lp ngoi cng thuc nhng phn lp no ? c) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t . d) Nguyn t l kim loi hay phi kim ?
8. 9. 10.
11.
Nguyn t Y l phi kim thuc chu k 3, c cng thc oxit cao nht l YO3. a) Xc nh tn nguyn t Y. b) Y to vi kim loi M mt hp cht c cng thc MY2, trong M chim 46,67% khi lng. Xc nh tn nguyn t M.
12.
Nguyn t R l phi kim thuc chu k 2. Hp cht kh ca R vi hiro c cng thc l RH2. a) Xc nh v tr ca R trong bng tun hon. b) R phn ng va vi 12,8 g phi kim X thu c 25,6 g XR2. Xc nh tn nguyn t X.
13.
Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R c cng thc RO3. Trong hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, R chim 94,12% v khi lng. a) Vit cng thc hp cht kh ca R vi hiro. b) Xc nh tn ca nguyn t R.
14.
Hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t R l RH4. Oxit cao nht ca n cha 53,33% oxi v khi lng. a) Vit cng thc oxit cao nht ca R. b) Xc nh tn nguyn t R.
15.
Nguyn t R c ho tr cao nht vi oxi l a v ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hiro l b. Bit a b = 0. a) R thuc nhm no trong bng tun hon ? b) Cho 8, 8 g oxit cao nht ca R tc dng hon ton vi dung dch NaOH thu c 21, 2 g mt mui trung ho. Xc nh khi lng phn t ca R.
D&3H
16.
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
Cho cc nguyn t X, Y, Z c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 6, 9, 14. a) Xc nh v tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. b) Xp cc nguyn t theo th t tnh phi kim tng dn.
17.
Cho cc nguyn t 7N, 8O, 9F. Khng dng bng tun hon, hy : a) Vit cu hnh electron, cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro tng ng ca cc nguyn t trn. b) Sp xp cc nguyn t trn theo chiu tnh phi kim tng dn v hy gii thch ti sao li sp xp c nh vy.
18.
Cho hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong bng tun hon v c tng s n v in tch ht nhn l 37. a) C th khng nh A, B thuc cng mt chu k khng ? Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca A v B. b) Xc nh v tr ca A v B trong bng tun hon v so snh tnh cht ho hc ca chng.
19.
Cho 1,2 g mt kim loi thuc nhm IIA trong bng tun hon tc dng vi HCl thu c 0,672 lt kh (ktc). Tm kim loi . Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t, nu r v tr trong bng tun hon v so snh tnh cht ho hc ca M vi 19K (c gii thch).
18 2p 1, 5 p
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
5,1 p 6 p=6 Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca A : 1s22s22p2. Vy X, thuc chu k 2, nhm IVA. A B C D a) C b) C B1: vit cu hnh electron. B2: xc nh s lp e-> s th t ca chu k. B3: xc nh s e ngoi cng -> s th t ca nhm
D&3H
H NG D N T
2 2 6 2 3
H C HA H C 10
Z = 15: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p : - c 15e-> thuc nguyn t. - c 3 lp-> thuc chu k 3. - Mc nng lng cao nht thuc phn lp p. - c 5e lp ngoi cng-> thuc nhm VA. Z = 62: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p 4f 6s . - C 62e -> thuc nguyn t s 62. - C 6 lp e-> thuc chu k 6. - Mc nng lng cao nht thuc phn lp f. - C 6+2-3=5 -> nguyn t thuc s 5 ca h Lantan.
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 6 2
a: 1->10
b: 1->2
C 3 trng hp: - nu a+b<8 th a+b l s th t ca nhm. - nu a+b>10 th a+b-10l s th t ca nhm. - nu 8 a+b 10 th nguyn t thuc nhm VIII B. -Vi nguyn t loi II, nguyn t f . cu hnh e c dng: (n-2)f ns a) 1->14 v b) 1->2
a b
9.
B1: Xc nh v tr (chu k, nhm) trong bng tun hon. B2: Xp cc nguyn t vo trong bng. B3: da vo cc quy lut bin i tnh kim loi v phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong chu k v nhm so snh tnh cht ca chng. Al(3, IIIA) ; Ca(4, IIA) K (4, IA ) ; Rb(5, IA)
D&3H
H NG D N T
Nhm Chu k 3 4 5
H C HA H C 10
IA
IIA
IIIA Al
K Rb
Ca
(*)Ga
10.
11.
12.
13.
Ta so snh Al v Ga: t trn xung trong nhm A tnh kim loi tng dn. (*) Ga c tnh kim loi ln hn Al. tip tc so snh K, Ca, (*)Ga theo chiu t tri sang phi trong chu k tnh kimloi gim dn -> tnh kim loi ca K > Ca > (*)Ga => tnh kim loi ca K > Ca > Al. So snh tnh kim loi ca K v Rb: theo chiu t trn xung trong nhm IA tnh kim loi tng dn -> tnh phi kim ca Rb > K. Vy tnh kim loi Rb > K > Ca > Al. a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c 7 electron lp ngoi cng v thuc nhm VIIA. b) Electron lp ngoi cng nm 4s v 4p v nguyn t thuc chu k 4, nhm VIIA. 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 c) Cu hnh electron nguyn t : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p . d) Nguyn t l phi kim v c 7 electron lp ngoi cng. a) Do Y l phi kim nn Y thuc nhm A. Cng thc oxit cao nht ca Y l YO3 Y thuc nhm VIA. Y thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA Y l S (lu hunh). b) Trong MY2, M chim 46,67% khi lng : M 46,67 = M = 56 M l st. M + 2.32 100 a) Do R l phi kim c cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro l RH2 R thuc nhm VIA. R thuc chu k 2, nhm VIA R l oxi. b) X + O2 XO2 12,8 25,6 n X = n XO2 = X = 32 X l lu hunh. X X + 32 a) Oxit cao nht ca R l RO3 R thuc nhm VIA cng thc hp cht kh ca R vi hiro l RH2.
b) Trong RH2, R chim 94,12% khi lng nn : R 94,12 = R = 32 R l lu hunh. R+2 100 a) Hp cht kh ca R vi hiro l RH4 R thuc nhm IVA cng thc oxit cao nht ca R l RO2. 2.16 53, 3 b) Trong RO2 th O chim 53,33% khi lng : = R = 28 R l silic. 2.16 + R 100
14.
D&3H
15.
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
a) C ho tr trong hp cht vi hiro l b ho tr cao nht vi oxi a = 8 b m theo gi thit a b = 0 a = b = 4 Vy R thuc nhm IVA trong bng tun hon. b) RO2 + 2NaOH Na2RO3 + H2O 8,8 21,2 n RO2 = n Na2 RO3 = R = 12 R l nguyn t cacbon. R + 2.16 23.2 + R + 3.16
16.
a) Cu hnh electron ca X : 1s 2s 2p chu k 2, nhm IVA. Cu hnh electron ca Y : 1s 2s 2p chu k 2, nhm VIIA. Cu hnh electron ca Z : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p chu k 3, nhm IVA. b) X v Y cng thuc chu k 2, ZX < ZY tnh phi kim ca X < tnh phi kim ca Y. X v Z cng thuc nhm IVA, ZX < ZZ tnh phi kim ca Z < tnh phi kim ca X. Vy th t tnh phi kim tng dn l Z, X, Y.
2 2 6 2 2 2 2 5
17.
: 1s 2s 2p chu k 2, nhm VIA. : 1s 2s 2p chu k 2, nhm VIIA. Cng thc hp cht kh vi hiro : NH3, H2O, HF.
2 2 5
18.
a) Khng th khng nh iu ny v A, B ch lin tip, c th thuc 2 chu k khc nhau. Do A v B ng k tip nhau nn in tch ht nhn ca chng l Z v Z + 1. Tng in tch ht nhn : Z + Z + 1 = 37 Z = 18. b) Cu hnh electron ca A : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p A chu k 3, nhm VIIIA. Cu hnh electron ca B : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s B chu k 4, nhm IA.
2 2 6 2 6 1 2 2 6 2 6
A l kh him do c 8 electron lp ngoi nn tng i tr v mt ho hc iu kin thng, B l kim loi v c 1 electron lp ngoi cng. 19.
Gi kim loi l M. Ta c phng trnh : M + 2HCl
MCl2 + H2
n M = n H2 =
MM =
1, 2 = 40 (g/mol). Vy M l 20Ca. 0, 03
2 2 6 2 6 2
Cu hnh electron ca Ca : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s .
M thuc chu k 4, nhm IIA. K v Ca l 2 nguyn t lin tip trong chu k 4 nn tnh kim loi ca K mnh hn Ca.
D&3H
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
Chng 2
3.
Dy kim loi xp theo chiu tnh kim loi tng dn : A. Mg, Ca, Al, K, Rb B. Ca, Mg, Al, Rb, K C. Al, Mg, Ca, K, Rb D. Al, Mg, Ca, Rb, K
D&3H
4. 5.
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
Hp cht kh vi hiro ca nguyn t M l MH3. Cng thc oxit cao nht ca M l A. M2O Ion A
3 2
C. M2O5
2 2 6 2 3
D. MO3
C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
D. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
6.
A, B l 2 nguyn t thuc cng nhm A v 2 chu k k tip trong bng tun hon. S n v in tch ht nhn ca A v B chnh lch nhau l : A. 10 B. 8 C. 6 D. 12 Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t : A. bn knh nguyn t v m in gim. B. bn knh nguyn t v m in tng. C. bn knh nguyn t tng, m in gim. D. bn knh nguyn t gim, m in tng.
7.
8. 9.
Nguyn t X thuc nhm IIIA. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X l : A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 5 Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi, ho tr ca cc nguyn t phi kim trong hp cht kh vi hiro bin i theo quy lut : A. Tng t 1 n 8 B. Gim t 7 n 1 C. Gim t 4 n 1 D. Tng t 1 n 4
3
10.
Electron cui cng ca nguyn t M in vo phn lp 3d . V tr ca M trong bng tun hon l : A. chu k 3, nhm IIIB. C. chu k 4, nhm IIB . B. chu k 3, nhm VB. D. chu k 4, nhm VB.
p n : Cu A 1
B
2
C
3
C
4
C
5
B
6
B
7
D
8
A
9
C
10
D
D&3H
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10 2
2.
B.
20Ca
D. C A v C B.
25Mn 6
3.
4.
Cation R c cu hnh electron ca phn lp ngoi cng l 2p . V tr ca R trong bng tun hon l : A. chu k 2, nhm VIA B. chu k 2, nhm VIIIA C. chu k 3, nhm IIA D. chu k 2, nhm VIB Cho cc nguyn t 20Ca, 12Mg, 13Al, 14Si, 15P. Th t tnh kim loi tng dn l : A. P, Si, Al, Mg, Ca B. P, Si, Mg, Al, Ca
5.
D&3H
H NG D N T
H C HA H C 10
6. 7.
D. P, Al, Mg, Si, Ca Nguyn t R thuc chu k 3, nhm VA. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X l A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 5 Nguyn t X thuc chu k 4, nhm IIIA. Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X l : A. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 1
C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s D. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2
B. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p
10
8.
Anion X cng c cu hnh electron ca phn lp ngoi cng l 2p . V tr ca X trong bng tun hon l : A. chu k 3, nhm IIA C. chu k 2, nhm IVA B. chu k 3, nhm IVA D. chu k 2, nhm VIIA B.
25Mn
9.
D. C B v C u ng
10.
Nguyn t M c 7 electron ha tr bit M l kim loi thuc chu k 4. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M l : A. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p B. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
2 2 6 2 6 5 2 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5
C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p D. C A v B u ng
p n : Cu A 1
C
2
D
3
B
4
C
5
A
6
D
7
B
8
D
9
C
10
B