BG Ky Thuat Lanh

Gio trnh k thut lnh dng cho sinh vin ngnh in Cng Nghip
BAI 1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE NHIET ONG

LC HOC
I. NHIET ONG HOC VA PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU
NHIET ONG HOC
Nhiet ong hoc la mon khoa hoc nghien cu nhng quy luat bien
oi nang lng trong cac qua trnh vat ly, hoa ly khac nhau, trong
o chu yeu la cac qua trnh bien oi nhiet nang va c nang.
Nhng c s nhiet ong hoc a phat minh t the ky XIX khi xuat
hien cac ong c nhiet
Nhiet ong hoc c xay dng tren hai c s hai nh luat th
nhat va nh luat th hai cua nhiet ong hoc
nh luat th nhat thc chat la nh luat bao toan va chuyen
hoa nang lung ng dung trong pham vi nhiet, no at trng ve mat
so lng cua nhng qua trnh bien oi nag lng. nh luat th hai
xac nh chieu hng tien hanh cua cac qua trnhtrong t nhien,
ieu kien vamc o bien hoa cuanang lng, cu the la bien hao
giai nhiet va cong, no at trng cho mat chat lng cua cua
nhng qua trnh bien oi nang lng
II. CAC KHAI NIEM VE QUA TRNH NHIET ONG:
1. Cong va nhiet lng
Khi cac vat tac ong lan nhau, chung trao oi cho nhau mot nang
lng nao o. S truyen nang lng c thc hien bang hai cach
Thc hien mot cong cua vat nay oi vi vat kia. Luc o nang
lng cua mot vat tang len mot lng ung bang long vat kia
mat i. Cong trong nhiet ong ky thuat k hieu la L va qui c cong
do vat sinh ra la dng, va ngc lai cong do vat nhan c la cong
am.
Nang lng truyen t vat nong sang vat lanh khi chung tiep xuc
trc tiep vi nhau. Nang lng c trao oi di dang nay c goi
la nhiet lng. Nhiet lng trong nhiet ong ky thuat c ky hieu
la Q va qui c nhiet lng do vat nhan c la nhiet dng va vat
nha ra la am. n v o cong va niet lng la Joul (J), trc ay
nang lng c o bang n vla calo (cal), gia cal va J co quan he
nh sau:
1cal= 4,1868 J
2. He nhiet ong
Tap hp tat ca cac vat co trao oi nhiet lan nhau va vi moi
trng xung quanh goi la he nhiet ong. Neu he nhet ong khong
trao oi nhiet vi moi trng xung quanh goi la he oan nhiet. He
khong trao oi nhiet va cong vi moi trng xung quanh c goi la
he co lap
Bin son: KS Nguyn Hong Phong Trang 1
3. ong c nhiet, bm nhiet va may lanh
ong c bm nhiet: la loai may nhan nhiet va sinh cong. Cac
may nay nhan nhiet t nguon nong e bien mot phan nhiet lng
nay thanh cong va nha phan nhiet con lai cho nguon lanh. V du
nh cac ong c ot trong, cac ong c phan lc, cac thiet b ong
lc hi nc
Bm nhiet va may lanh: ve nguyen ly bm nhiet va may lanh
giong nhau. Cac may nay nhan cong t ben ngoai e chuyen
nhiet lng t moi trng co nhiet o thap hn en moi trng
co nhiet o cao hn. Nh ve muc ch th bm nhiet va may lanh co
s khac nhau. Ve bm nhiet ngi ta quan tam en nhiet lng ma
nguon nong nhan c, con may lanh ngi ta quan tam lng nhiet
nhan t nguon lanh.
4. Chat moi gii va trang thai cua chat moi gii
e thc hien qua trnh chuyen hoa gia nhiet va cong va
chuyen tai nang lng trong cac he nhiet ong ngi ta phai dung
mot chat trung gian c goi la chat moi gii. Chat moi gii thng
gap trong ky thuat dang kh hoat hi, v the kh co kha nang thay
oi the tch rat ln do o co kha nang sinh cong ln. nhng
ieu kien khac nhau chat moi gii se co cac trang thai khac
nhaubieu th bang cac ai lng vat ly thng at trng bi nhiet
o (T), ap suat (P), the tch rieng (v). Cac thong so dung e xac
nh trang thai cua chat moi gii c goi la thong so trang thai.
mot trang thai xac nh th cac thong sotrang thai cung co
nhng gia tr xac nh. trang thai ma cac thong so trang thai
co gia tr giong nhau bat ky iem nao trong toan bo khoi kh th
ta goi la trang tha can bang, va ngc lai ta goi la trang thai khong
can bang.
5. Cac thong so trang thai cua chat moi gii
a. Ap suat
Ap suat la lc tac dung cua vat chat len 1 n v dien tch cua
thanh bnh cha. Ap suat c ky hieu la P, n v N/m
2

2
m
N
S
F
P
Khi ta at mot vat ran len mot dien tch th ap suat se phan
ng tren dien tch o.
Khi ta cha nc trong bnh th ap suat di ay bnh bang nhau
nhng ap suat thanh ben giam dan theo chieu cao cot nc.
Khi nen kh (hoac hi) vao trong mot bnh kn, hi se tac dung len
moi pha bnh vi gia tr ap suat giong nhau.
Trong ky thuat co mot so khai niem ap suat nh sau: ap suat
kh quyen, ap suat chan khong, ap suat d va ap suat tuyet oi.
p
P
d
(ap suat d)
P
td
(as tuyet oi)
P
ck
as chan khong P
0

(as kh quyen)

Ap suat kh quyen (P
0
): c o bang Barometer 1 atm vat ly
c bieu th qua cot thuy ngan cua Baromer cao 760mmHg,
dien tch cua ong o la 1cm
2
. (Baromer at tren mat nc bien
0
o
C) Trong lng thuy ngan: 13,6x0,076 = 1,033kg. Vay ap suat
kh quyen P
o
= 1 atm = 1,033 kg/cm
3
(atmosphe vat ly)
Ap suat chan khong (P
ck
): la ap suat o bang Vacummeter,
Tr so ap ke nho hn ap suat kh quyen P
ck
< P
o
Ap suat d (P
d
): la ap suat o bang Manometer, tr so ap ke
ln hn ap suat kh quyen P
d
> P
o
Ap suat tuyet oi: khong o at c ma ch co the tnh
toan c t ap suat kh quyen, ap suat chan khong
o P
td
= P
o
+ P
d
o P
td
= P
o
P
ck
b. Nhiet o
Nhiet o la ai lng vat ly, no bieu th mc o nong lanh
cua vat chat. Nhiet o chnh la mc o van ong hoac rung ong
trung bnh cua cac phan t trong noi bo vat chat thi iem o.
Neu lam lanh vat chat en nhiet o -273,15
o
C th tat ca cac rung
ong phan t se bien mat. Nhiet o t = -273.15
o
C c goi la
nhiet o khong tuyet oi
He n v quoc te SI s dung nhiet o bach phan (Celcius) va
nhiet o Kelvin
o
K lam n v o nhiet o
Thang nhiet o Celcius xay dng tren c s lay iem nc a
tan 0
o
C va nc soi la 100
o
C ieu kien chuan (P = 1atm =
760mmHg)
Trong ky thuat ngi ta s dung nhiet o Kelvin
o
K.
o
K ng vi
nhiet o khong tuyet oi 0
o
K = -273.15
o
C. Do o:
o T
0
K = t
o
C +273.15
He n v Anh My s dung nhiet o Fahrenheit (
o
F). Quan he
gia nhiet o t
o
F va t
o
C nh sau:
o t
o
C = 5/9(t
o
F 32)
o t
o
F = 32 + 9/5t
o
C
c. The tch rieng
Mot kh co khoi lng la G kg va choang mot the tch la V m
3
,
the tch rieng cua khoi kh o c nh ngha nhu sau:
G
V
v m
3
/ kg
Ta co khoi lng rieng la:
v V
G 1
kg/m
3
III. KH LY TNG VA PHNG TRNH TRANG THAI CUA KH
LY TNG
1. nh ngha ve kh l tng
Mot chat kh la tap hp vo so cac phan t, gia cac phan t
luon luon co lc tng tac, va ban than cac phan t co mot the
tch nhat nh. Nhng mot chat kh ta bo qua lc tng tac gia cac
phan t va bo qua the tch ban than th chung c goi la kh l
tng.
2. Phng trnh trang thai cua kh l tng
phng trnh viet cho 1 kg
pv = RT
Phng trnh viet cho G kg
pV = GRT
Trong o:
p = (N/m
2
); v = m
3
/kg; V= m
3
; T= (
0
K)
R: Hang so chat kh
8314
R
(J/kgK)
: Phan t lng cua kh (kg/kmol)
G: Khoi lng kh (kg)
Phng trnh viet cho 1 kilomol kh
pV
= R
T = 8314 T
Trong o:
V
: The tch cua 1 kilomol V

= . (m
3
/kmol)
R
= 8314 J/kmol.
0
K
Phng trnh viet cho M kilomol kh
pV = M.R
T = 8314MT
M: So kilomol
IV. CAC QUA TRNH C BAN CUA KH LY TNG:
1.QUA TRNH ANG TCH:
Qua trnh ang tch la qua trnh xay ra khi the tch khong thay oi V
= Const va so mu a bien n = t . Nhiet dung rieng cua qua trnh C
v
.
Trong qua trnh nay ta co moi quan he sau.
+ Quan he gia nhiet o va ap suat
1
2
1
2
p
p
T
T
+ Cong thay oi the tch

l
12
= 0
+ Cong ky thuat
l
kt
= -(p
2
p
1
) = (p
1
p
2
)
+ Nhiet cua qua trnh
Q = GC
v
(T
2
T
1
)
+ o bien oi Entropi
1
2
ln
T
T
GC S
v

2.QUA TRNH ANG AP
Qua trnh ang ap la qua trnh ch xay ra khi ap suat khong thay
oi p = const va so mu a bien n = 0, nhiet dung rieng cua qua trnh
C
p
. Trong qua trnh nay ta co cac quan he sau:
+ Quan he gia nhiet o va the tch:
1
2
1
2
T
T
+ Cong thay oi the tch:
l
12
= p(
2

1
)
+ Cong ky thuat
l
kt
= 0
Q = GC
p
(T
2
T
1
)
+ Bien oi Entropi

1
2
ln
T
T
GC S
p

3.QUA TRNH ANG NHIET
Qua trnh ang nhiet la qua trnh xay ra khi nhiet o cua qua
trnh khong thay oi. T = Const va so mu a bien n = 1. Nhiet dung
rieng cua qua trnh la C = . Trong qua trnh nay co cac quan he
sau:
+ Quan he gia ap suat va the tch
2
1
1
2
v
v
p
p
+ Cong thay oi the tch va cong ky thuat

2
1
1
2
12
ln ln
p
p
RT
v
v
RT l l
kt

2
1
12
ln
p
p
GRT l Q
+ Bien oi Entropi
2
1
ln
p
p
GRT S

4.QUA TRNH OAN NHIET
Qua trnh oan nhiet la qua trnh xay ra khi khong kh trao oi
nhiet vi moi trng q = 0 va dq = 0, so mu a bien n = k, Entropi
cua qua trnh khong oi S = const va nhiet dung rieng cua qua trnh
C = 0. Trong qua trnh nay ta co cac quan he sau:
+ Quan he gia nhiet o, ap suat va the tch
2
1
1
2
v
v
p
p
( )
( ) 1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1

,
_
,
_
k
k
k
v
v
p
p
T
T
+ Cong thay oi the tch
( )
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
k
k
p
p
k
v p
l
1
1
2 1 1
12
1
1
+ Cong ky thuat
( )
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
k
k
kt
p
p
k
kRT
l l
1
1
2 1
12
1
1
5.QUA TRNH A BIEN
Qua trnh a bien la qua trnh xay ra khi nhiet dung rieng cua qua
trnh khong oi. C
n
= Const va c xac nh bang bieu thc.
1
n
k n
C C
v n
Trong qua trnh nay ta co cac quan he sau:
+ Quan he gia nhiet o, ap suat va the tch.
n
v
v
p
p
,
_
2
1
1
2

( )
( ) 1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2

,
_
1
]
1
n
n
n
v
v
p
p
T
T
+ Cong thc thay oi the tch
( )
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
2 1 1
12
1
1
n n
p
p
n
v p
l
+ Cong ky thuat
( )
1
1
]
1
,
_

1
1
2 1
12
1
1
.
n n
kt
p
p
n
nRT
l n l
Q = GC
n
(t
2
t
1
)
+ Bien oi Entropi
1
2
ln
T
T
GC S
n

V.NH LUAT NHIET ONG LC HOC.
1. NH LUAT NHIET ONG HOC 1:
a.Phat Bieu:
nh luat nhiet ong th nhat thc chat la nh luat bao toan
va chuyen hoa nang lng ng dung cho cac hien tng nhiet va
c phat bieu nh sau: Nang lng khong mat i va cung khong t
sinh ra, no ch co the bien oi t dang nay sang dang khac trong
nhng qua trnh vat ly va hoa hoc khac nhau. Noi mot cach khac,
tong so cac dang nang lng trong mot he co lap bat ky la
khong oi.
Trong pham vi nhiet ong, mot lng nhiet nang nao o mat i
th sinh ra mot lng c nang xac nh va ngc lai.
nh lut nhit ng I pht biu: Nhit lng cp vo cho h mt phn
dng thay i ni nng, mt phn dng sinh cng:
dq = du + dl (1-9)
- ngha ca nh lut nhit ng: nh lut nhit ng I cho php ta vit
phng trnh cn bng nng lng cho mt qu trnh nhit ng.
b.Cc dng biu thc ca nh lut nhit ng
nh lut nhit ng I c th c vit di nhiu dng khc nhau nh sau:
Trong trng hp tng qut:
dq = du + dl (1-10)
i vi 1 kg mi cht:
q = u + l (1-11)
i vi G kg mi cht:
Q = U + L (1-12)
Mt khc theo nh ngha entanpi, ta c: i = u + pv,
Ly o hm ta c: di = du + d(pv) hay du = di - pdv - vdp, thay vo (1-10)
v
ch dl = pdv ta c dng khc ca biu thc nh lut nhit ng I nh sau:
dq = di - pdv - vdp + pdv
dq = di - vdp (1-13)
Hay: dq = di + dl
kt
(1-14)
i vi kh l tng ta lun c:
du = CvdT
di = Cp dT
thay gi tr ca du v di vo (1-10) v (1-13) ta c dng khc ca biu thc
nh lut nhit ng I :
dq = C
v
dT + pdv (1-15)
dq = C
p
dT - vdp (1-16)
i vi h h:
(1-17)
c.Noi Nang Cua Chat Kh:
Bat ky he nhiet ong nao bao gom nhieu vat tac dung len nhau
eu co nang lng tong E. Nang lng tong nay bao gom ong
nang cua toan bo he E
ac trng cho s chuyen ong cua toan bo

he, the nang cua toan bo he E
t
ac trng cho v tr cua toan bo
he trong trng lc nao o ( v du nh trong trng, ien trng.)
va noi nang cua toan bo he at trng cho nang lng cua cac
phan t nho be cau tao nen vat
Noi nang bao gom hai thanh phan chnh:
Noi ong nang U
: la ong nang chuyen ong tnh tien va

chuyen ong quay cua cac phan t vanang lng dao dong
cua cac nguyen trong phan t. Theo thuyet ong hoc phan t,
noi ong nang ch phu thuoc vao nhiet o va tang len khi
nhiet o tang
Noi the nang U
t
: la the nang cua lc lien ket gia cac
phan t. Noi the nang phu thuoc vao khoang cach gia cac
phan t, ngha la phu thuoc vao the tch rieng cua khoi kh.
Khi the tch rieng cuakhoi kh thay oi, khoang cach gia cac
phan t thay oi, do o noi the nang U
t
thay oi
2. INH LUT NHIT NG HC II:
2.1.Mt vi cch pht biu ca nh lut nhit ng II
- Nhit lng khng th t truyn t vt c nhit thp n vt c
nhit cao hn. Mun thc hin qu trnh ny th phi tiu tn mt phn
nng lng bn ngoi (chu trnh ngc chiu).
- Khi nhit T1 = T2 = T th hiu sut ct = 0, ngha l khng th
nhn
cng t mt ngun nhit.
Mun bin nhit thnh cng th ng c nhit phi lm vic theo chu
trnh vi hai ngun nhit c nhit khc nhau. Trong mt ngun cp
nhit cho mI cht v mt ngun nhn nhit mi cht nh ra. iu c
ngha l khng th bin i ton b nhit nhn c t ngun nng thnh
cng hon ton, m lung phI mt mt lng nhit thi cho ngun lnh. C
th thy c iu v: T1 < v T2 > 0, do
ct
<
ctCarno
< 1, ngha l
khng th bin hon ton nhit thnh cng.
- Chu trnh Carno l chu trnh c hiu sut cao nht,

- Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh khng thun nghch nh hn hiu sut nhit
ca chu trnh thun nghch.
kTN
<
TN
.
2.2.Chu trnh carnot:
a.khi nim v nh ngha chu trnh nhit ng:
Khi nim chung
Trong cc chu trnh nhit, mun bin nhit thnh cng th cn c mi
cht lm cht ti nhit v cho mi cht dn n sinh cng. Mi cht dn
n mI c v kch thc thit b c hn. V vy, cho mi cht dn n n
mt trng thI no , ngi ta li nn mi cht n tr li trng thi ban
u ri tip tc cho dn n v nn lp li nh ln u, qu trnh c lp
i lp li nh vy . . . . Khi mi cht thay i trng thi mt cch lin tc ri li
tr v trng thi ban u, ta ni mi cht thc hin mt chu trnh hay mt qu
trnh kn.
Hnh 1-17 th p-v ca chu trnh Hnh 1-18 th p-v ca chu
trnh
carnot thun nghch thun chiu carnot thun nghch ngc
chiu
Trn th trng thi, nu chu trnh tin hnh theo chiu kim ng h
th
gi l chu trnh thun chiu (hnh 1-17).
chu trnh ny mi cht nhn nhit sinh cng, nn cng c du dng
(1 >0) . Cc thit b nhit lm vic theo chu trnh ny c gi l ng c
nhit.
Nu chu trnh tin hnh theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h th gi l
chu trnh ngc chiu (hnh 1-18). chu trnh ny mi cht tiu hao cng
hoc nhn nng lng khc, do cng c du m (1 < 0) . Cc thit b nhit
lm vic theo chu trnh ny c gi l my lnh hoc bm nhit.
b.Chu trnh thun nghch v khng thun nghch
Cng ca chu trnh l cng m mi cht sinh ra hoc nhn vo khi thc
hin mt chu trnh.
Cng ca chu trnh c k hiu l L khi tnh cho Gkg mi cht hoc l
khi tnh cho 1kg mi cht.
Nhit lng v cng ca chu trnh bng tng i s nhit lng v cng
ca cc qu trnh trong chu trnh .
(1-114)
(1-115)
Lng bin thin u, i, s ca chu trnh u bng khng v u, i, s l
cc
thng s trng thi, m chu trnh th c trng thi u v cui trng nhau.
Theo nh lut nhit ng I th q = u + l, m y u = 0, nn i
vi chu trnh ta lun c:
(1-116)

c. Chu trnh thun chiu
* nh ngha:
Chu trnh thun chiu l chu trnh m mi cht nhn nhit t ngun
nng
nh cho ngun lnh v bin mt phn nhit thnh cng, cn c gi l chu
trnh sinh cng. Qui c: cng ca chu trnh thun chiu l > 0. y l cc chu
trnh c p dng ch to cc ng c nhit.
* th:
Trn th hnh 1-17, chu trnh thun chiu c chiu cng chiu kim ng
h.
* Hiu qu chu trnh:
nh gi hiu qu bin i nhit thnh cng ca chu trnh thun
chiu, ngi ta dng h s
ct
, gi l hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh.
Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh bng t s gia cng chu trnh sinh ra vi
nhit lng m mi cht nhn c t ngun nng.
(1-117)
y: q1 l nhit lng m mi cht nhn c t ngun nng,
q2 l nhit lng m mi cht nh ra cho ngun lnh
l l cng chu trnh sinh ra, hiu nhit lng m mi cht trao i vi
ngun nng v ngun lnh. Theo (1-116) ta c:
d. Chu trnh ngc chiu
* nh ngha:
Chu trnh ngc chiu l chu trnh m mi cht nhn cng t bn ngoi
ly nhit t ngun lnh nh cho ngun nng, cng tiu tn c qui c l
cng m, l < 0.
* th:
Trn th hnh 1-18, chu trnh ngc chiu c chiu ngc chiu kim ng
h.
* H s lm lnh:
nh gi hiu qu bin i nng lng ca chu trnh ngc chiu,
ngi ta dng h s , gi l h s lm lnh ca chu trnh.
H s lm lnh ca chu trnh l t s gia nhit lng m mi cht nhn
c t ngun lnh vi cng tiu tn cho chu trnh.
(1-118)
trong : q1 l nhit lng m mi cht nh cho ngun nng,
q2 l nhit lng m mi cht nhn c t ngun lnh,
l l cng chu trnh tiu tn,
e. Chu trnh carno thun nghch
Chu trnh carno thun nghch l Chu trnh ly tng, c kh nng bin
i
nhit lng vi hiu qu cao nht. Tuy nhin, nu p dng vo thc t th n
c
nhng nhc im khc v gi thnh v hiu sut thit b, do xt v
tng th th hiu qu kinh t khng cao. Chnh v vy n khng c p
dng trong thc t m n ch lm mc tiu hon thin cc chu trnh khc
v mt hiu qu nhit, ngha l ngi ta phn u thc hin cc chu trnh
cng gn vi chu trnh Carno th hiu qu chuyn ho nhit nng cng cao.
Chu trnh carno thun nghch lm vic vi hai ngun nhit c nhit khc
nhau T1 v T2, nhit cc ngun nhit khng thay i trong sut qu trnh
trao i nhit. Mi cht thc hin 4 qu trnh thun nghch lin tip nhau:
hai qu trnh ng nhit v hai qu trnh on nhit tin hnh xen k nhau.
Sau y ta xt hai chu trnh Carno thun nghch gi tt l chu trnh Carno
thun chiu v chu trnh carno ngc chiu.
f. Chu trnh carno thun nghch thun chiu
th p-v v T-s ca chu trnh Carno thun chiu c biu din trn
hnh 1-19. ab l qu trnh nn on nhit, nhit mi cht tng t T2 n
T1; bc l qu trnh dn n ng nhit, mi cht tip xc vi ngun nng c
nhit T1 khng i v nhn t ngun nng mt nhit lng l q1 = T1(sc -
sb); cd l qu trnh dn n on nhit, sinh cng l, nhit mi cht gim t
T1 n T2; da l qu trnh nn ng nhit, mi cht tip xc vi ngun lnh
c nhit T1 khng i v nh cho ngun lnh mt nhit lng l q2 =
T2(sa - sd).

Hnh 1-19 thp-v v T-s ca chu trnh carnot thun chiu
Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh thun chiu c tnh theo cng thc (4-
4) .
Khi thay cc gi tr q1 v |q2| vo ta c hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Carno
thun nghch thun chiu l:
(1-119)
* Nhn xt:
T biu thc (1-119) ta thy:
- Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Carno thun chiu ch ph thuc vo nhit
ngun nng T1 v nhit ngun lnh T2 m khng ph thuc vo bn
cht ca mi cht.
- Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Carno cng ln khi nhit ngun nng
cng cao v nhit ngun lnh cng thp.
- Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Carno lun nh hn mt v nhit ngun
nng khng th t v cng v nhit ngun lnh khng th t n khng.
- Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Carno thun nghch ln hn hiu sut nhit
ca chu trnh khc khi c cng nhit ngun nng v nhit ngun lnh.
g.Chu trnh carno thun nghch ngc chiu
th p-v v T-s ca chu trnh Carno ngc chiu c biu din trn
hnh 1-20. ab l qu trnh dn n ng nhit, mi cht tip xc vi ngun
lnh c nhit T2 khng i v nhn t ngun lnh mt nhit lng l q2 =
T2(sb - sa); bc l qu trnh nn on nhit, tiu tn cng nn l l, nhit
mi cht tng t T2 n T1; cd l qu trnh nn ng nhit, mi cht tip
xc vi ngun nng c nhit T1 khng i v nh cho ngun nng mt
nhit lng l q1 = T1(sd - sc); da l qu trnh dn n on nhit, nhit
mi cht gim t T1 n T2.

Hnh 1-19 thp-v v T-s ca chu trnh carnot ngc chiu
H s lm lnh ca chu trnh ngc chiu c tnh theo cng thc (1-
118). Khi thay cc gi tr |q1| v q2 vo ta c h s lm lnh ca chu trnh
Carno thun ngch ngc chiu l:
(1-120)
* Nhn xt:
T biu thc (1-120) ta thy:
- H s lm lnh ca chu trnh Carno ngc chiu ch ph thuc vo nhit
ngun nng T1 v nhit ngun lnh T2 m khng ph thuc vo bn
cht ca mi cht.
- H s lm lnh ca chu trnh Carno cng ln khi nhit ngun nng
cng thp v nhit ngun lnh cng cao.
- H s lm lnh ca chu trnh Carno c th ln hn mt.
2.3. H s chu trnh nhit ng ca my lnh v bm nhit:
Chu trnh thit b lnh chy l chu trnh ngc chiu, nhn nhit t
ngun
c nhit thp, nh nhit chongun c nhit cao. Mi cht s dng trong
cc lm thit b lnh thc t thng l hi ca mt s cht lng c nhit
si thp p sut bnh thng, h s to nhit ln, r tin, khng c hi. Tu
theo phng php tng p sut ca mi cht ta chia ra hai loi: chu trnh thit
b lnh c my nn v chu trnh thit b lnh hp th (khng c my nn).
a.Chu trnh thit b lnh c my nn
Mi cht thng dng trong my lnh c my nn l Amoniac (NH3) hay
Fron F12, F22 (c cng thc: CmHxFyClz). Amnian thng dng trong my lnh
cng nghip sn xut nc hoc lm lnh thc phm, v nhit n ho
hI ln nn c th ch to vi cng sut ln. Fron thng dng trong my lnh
gia nh nh t kem, t lnh gia nh v khng i hi cng sut ln, khng
mi v khng c hi.
S nguyn l ca my lnh c my nn c th hin trn hnh 1-20.
Hi mi cht trng thi bo ho kh t bung lnh IV c p sut p1 c my
nn ht vo v nn on nhit n p sut p2, nhit t2. Sau i vo
bnh
ngng II ngng t ng p p sut p2, nh lng nhit q1 cho khng kh
hay
nc lm mt. Lng ngng t t dn ngng II i qua van tit lu III, gim p
sut t p2 xung p1 v chuyn t dng lng sang dng hi m. Hi m tip tc
i vo bung lnh IV nhn nhit lng q2 ca vt cn lm lnh p sut p1 =
const bin thnh hibo ho kh v chu trnh lp li nh c. Cc qu trnh
ca my lnh dng hi c my nn c biu th trn th hnh 1-21.
1-2 l qu trnh nn on nhit trong my nn, p sut tng t p1 n p2,
2-3 l qu trnh ngng t ng p p sut p2 = const, nh lng nhit q1
cho khng kh hay nc lm mt,
3-4 l qu trnh tit lu trong van tit lu, p sut gim t p2 xung p1,
4-1 l qu trnh bc hi dn bc hi trong bung lnh, mi cht nhn nhit
lng q2 p sut p1 = const.
Hnh 1-20 s my lnh nn hi Hnh 1-21 th T-s chu trnh
my lnh nn hi
H s lm lnh:

v trong qu trnhtit lu i4 = i3, do :
(1-121)
Nng sut lnh ca my nn:
Cng sut ca my nn:
N = G.l
y: G l lu lng mi cht trong chu trnh, kg/s.
b.Bm nhit:
Bm nhit cn c gi l my iu ho hai chiu. Bm nhit c th
lm
lnh, ht m v cng c th si m, hin c dng kh ph bin min
Bc
nc ta. Khi dng vi chc nng si m, bm nhit s tit kim c in
nng
rt nhiu so vi dng l si in tr.
Nguyn l lm vic ca bm nhit nh sau: Mi cht trng thi bo ho
kh t bung lnh IV c my nn ht vo v nn on nhit t p sut p1
n
p sut p2, nhit t2. Sau i vo dn ngng II ngng t ng p p
sut p2, nh lng nhit q1 bin thng lng. Lng t dn ngng II i qua van
tit lu III, gim p sut t p2 xung p1 v chuyn t dng lng sang dng hi
m, ri vo dn bay hi nhn nhit lng q2 . Nu s dng nng lng
hu ch t dn bay hI (dn lnh, c b tr trong phng) th my lm vic
theo ch lm lnh; Nu s dng nng lng hu ch t dn ngng (dn
nng, c b tr trong phng) th my lm vic theo ch si m (bm
nhit). Trong thc t cc dn c b tr c nh, ch cn i chiu
chuyn ng cu dng mi cht nh van i chiu.
S nguyn l ca bm nhit c th hin trn hnh 1-22. Ch cn
thay
i vai tr ng, m ca cc van, thit b c th lm lnh hoc si m.
Thit b chnh gm my nn C, hai dn trao i nhit A v B, hai dn ny
thay nhau lm
dn lnh (dn bc hi) hoc dn nng (dn ngng t); van tit lu D v cc
van
ng m t 1-8 thay i chc nng lm vic ca my. Mi cht c th l
Fron hoc Amniac. xt nguyn l vn hnh ca thit b, ta coi dn A t
trong phng.
2.4.Nhiet dung rieng:
a. nh ngha:
Nhiet dung reng cua mot chat nao o la nhiet lng can thiet
e nang nhiet o cua 1kg chat o len 1
0
C
b. Cac loai nhiet dung rieng:
Nhiet dung rieng khoi lng, ky hieu la C n v la J/kg 0C
Nhiet dung rieng the tch, ky hieu la C n v la J/m3kg0K
Nhiet dung rieng kilomol, ky hieu la J/kmol0K
Quan he gia cac nhiet dung rieng:

C
C C
0
'.
v
0
: the tch rieng ieu kien tieu chuan vat ly m
3
/kg
Nhiet dung rieng ang ap C
p
, C
P
, C
nhiet dung rieng xay ra ap

suat khong oi p= const
Nhiet dung rieng ang tch C
v
, C
v
, C
v
nhiet dung rieng khi qua trnh
xay rao the tch khong oi V= const
Quan he gia nhiet dung rieng ang ap va nhiet dung rieng ang
tch
Cp Cv = R
Cp = kCv= k.R/k-1, J/Kg.K
k: he so mu oan nhiet , R : hng s cht kh
c. Nhiet dung rieng la hang so va nhiet dung rieng trung
bnh
Vi kh ly tng, nhiet dung rieng khong phu thuoc vao nhiet o
va la hang so c xac nh theo bang sau:
Vi
kh thc,
nhiet dung rieng phu thuoc vao nhiet o nen ta co khai niem nhiet
dung rieng trung bnh. Nhiet dung rieng trung bnh t 0
0
C en t
0
C c k
hieu
t
C
0
va cho trong cac bang phu luc. Nhiet dung rieng trung bnh
t t
1
en t
2
c k hieu
2
1
t
t
C
hay Ctb, c xac bang cong thc tong quat

[ ]
1 2 2
1
0
1
0
. 2
1 2
1 t t t
t
C t C t
t t
C
2.5.Nhiet lng:
Nhiet lng la lng nang lng dang nhiet co the lam thay
oi nhiet o hoac trang thai(pha) cua mot vat.
Ngay nay ngi ta nh ngha nhiet la nang lng cua nhng
chuyen ong hon on cua cac phan t vo cung nho cua vat
chat. ot nong mot vat len ngha la ta cap nhiet lam cho cac
chuyen ong cua phan t vat o tang len va khi lam lanh mot
vat len, ngc lai ta lam cho chuyen ong cua cac phan t giam i.
Nhiet lng lam nong hoac lam lanh 1 vat c k hieu la Q n
v la Jun (J). nh ngha mot n v nhiet (J)
Joul (J) la n v nang lng (nhiet hoac cong). Mot nang lng 1J
c thc hien khi cho dong ien co cng o 1A chay qua day dan
vi ien the 1V trong thi gian 1 giay.
1J = 1W.S = 1N.m
Nhiet lng con co n v la cal. Mot cal la nhiet lng can thiet
e nang nhiet o cua 1 gam nc t 13,5
o
C len 14,5
o
C.
He o lng Anh My s dung n v nhiet lng la BTU (British
Thermal Unit). Mot BTU la nhiet lng can thiet e nang 1 bl nc
(454g) len 1
o
F (t 39
o
F len 40
o
F).
1 BTU = 252 cal

Cach tnh nhiet lng theo nhiet dung rieng khoi lng:
Vi qua trnh ang ap:
( )
1 2
. t t C G Q
p

Loai kh Tr
so k
Kcal/kmol.
0
K KJ/kmol.
0
K
C
v
C
p
C
v
C
p
Mot nguyen t
Hai nguyen t(N2,
O2.)
Ba hay nhieu
nguyen t (CO2,
H2O)
1,6
1.4
1,3
3
5
7
5
7
9
12,6
20,9
29,3
20,9
29,3
37,7
Vi qua trnh ang tch:
( )
1 2
. t t C G Q

Vi qua trnh a bien:
( )
1 2
. t t C G Q
n

Trong cong thuc tren:
Q: nhiet lng KJ
Cp : nhiet dung rieng khoi lng ang ap, kJ/kg.
0
K
Cv : nhiet dung rieng khoi lung ang tch, kJ/kg.
0
K
Cn : nhiet dung rieng khoi lng a bien kj/kg.
0
K
a.Nhiet an nong chay va nhiet an bay hi
L lng nhit cp cho vt cht, lm cho vt cht thay i trng thi(ha hi hoc ngng t)
Nhiet an hoa hi cua mot chat, la nhiet lng can thiet e
lam cho 1 kg chat o trang thai ran chuyen hoan toan sang trang
thai long ( ieu kien nhiet o va ap suat nhat nh), k hieu la q
hl, kJ/kg
Nhiet an hoa hi cua mot chat la nhiet lng can thiet e
lam 1kg cua chat o trang thai long bien hoan toan thanh hi
ieu kien nhiet o va ap suat khong oi, qua trnh ngng tu
nhiet lng thu c ung bang nhet lng hoa hi o, k hieu la r,
kJ/kg

t
0
C
Nhiet an hoa hi

100
0
C
Nhiet an ngng tu

Nhiet an hoa long
0
0
C
Nhiet an hoa ran
-20
0
C
10 90 190 559 Q,
kcal
b.Nhit hin :
L lng nhit lm cho nhit ca vt tng ln, nhit hin l lng nhit cung cp cho vt
cht nhng vt cht khng thay i trng thi (lng rn, hoc ngc li)
CU HI V BI TP :
A.CU HI :
1. Lm lnh hoc t nng khng kh trong bnh kn, l qu trnh g ?
2. Hy phn bit s khc nhau gia ng c nhit, bm nhit v my lnh ?
3. Pht biu nh lut nhit ng hc 1 ?
4. Pht biu nh lut nhit ng hc2 ?
5. Th no l th tch ring ?
6. nh ngha p sut, thit lp cng thc tnh p sut tuyt i ?
7. nh ngha kh l tng ? trnh by cc phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng ?
8. nh ngha chu trnh thun chiu ? trnh by hiu qu s dng nng lng ca chu trnh ?
9. nh ngha chu trnh ngc chiu ? trnh by h s lm lnh ca chu trnh ?
10. nh ngha v phn loi nhit dung ring ? trnh by cng thc tnh nhit dung ring trung
bnh ?
11. Hy gii thch v cho bit s khc nhua gia nhit n v nhit hin ?
B.BI TP :
Bai 1: Kh O2 ieu kien nhiet o t oC; ap suat d p
bar.Biet ap suat kh quyen la 1 bar. The tch rieng (lt/kg) ?
t=
50
pd=
100
B=
1

32
Bai 2: 1kg khong kh co p1 (bar), t1 (oC), sau khi nen oan
nhiet ap suat tang len 10 lan. Tnh The tch rieng v2
(m3/kg)?
Bai 3: 1kg khong kh co p1 (bar), T1(K), sau khi nen oan
nhiet ap suat tang len 5 lan. Tnh Cong ky thuat lkt
(kJ/kg)?
p1=
1
T1=2
88
p2=
5
2
9
k=1.
4
Bai 4: Cho qua trnh a bien co V1(m3), p1(bar), V2 (m3), p2
(bar). Tnh So mu a bien n?
V1=1
2
V2=2.
4
p1=
1
p2=6
Bi tp 5: Xc nh th tch ring, khi lng ring ca kh N2 iu
kin tiu chun vt l v iu kin p sut d 0,2 at, nhit 127 0C.
Bit p sut kh quyn 760 mmHg.
Bi tp 6: Xc nh th tch ca 2 kg kh O2 p sut 4,157 bar, nhit
470C.
Bi tp 7: Xc nh khi lng ca 2 kg kh O2 p sut 4,157 bar,
nhit 470C.
Bi tp 8: Tm nhit dung ring khi lng ng p trung bnh v
nhit dung ring th tch ng tch trung bnh t 200 0C n 800 0C
ca kh N2.
BI 2
CC PHNG PHP LM LNH NHN TO
I. Khi nim chung:
Con ngi bit s dng lnh cch y rt lu. V ma ng ngi ta tr bng tuyt
trong cc hang ng bo qun thc phm vo ma h. Ngi c Ai cp cng bit i ha
khng kh bng cch qut cc bnh gm xp cho nc bay hi. Cch y 2000 nm, ngi n
v trung quc bit trn mui vo bng tuyt to nhit thp.
Tuy nhin lm lnh nhn to vn l ch yu, c ng dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc kinh
t, k thut khc nhau.
Lm lnh nhn to bt u vo cui th k 18 v pht trin mnh m th k 19
Nm 1824, Micheal Faraday khm ph nguyn l lm lnh hp th
Nm 1834, Jacob perkin, k s ngi m, ng k pht minh u tin v lm lnh nn hi
Nm 1910, t lnh gia dng hot ng bng tay xut hin. Xut hin t lnh t ng u tin
vo nm 1918
Mt s kin quan trng cho s pht trin k thut lh l nm 1930, hng Dupont sn xut ra
cc mi cht h FREON, c cc tnh tnh cht nh khng chy, khng n, khng c hi v ph hp
vi chu trnh nhit ng ca my lnh.
Ngy nay bn cnh vic tm ra cc mi cht mi khng ph hoi tng zon, k thut lnh
pht trin theo hng hon thin h thng iu khin tin cy, nh iu khin bng lp trnh PLC,
ng vai tr rt ln trong k thut lnh hin nay.
II.Cc phng php lm lnh nhn to:
1. Phng phap hoa tron :
a. Cc dung dch lm lnh:
ay la phng phap lam lanh n gian, co the tao moi
trng nhiet o thap t nhng vat chat co nhiet o cao hn
Nc lnh + mui _ nhit gim
ng dng : dng trong dnh c bien .vvv
Th du : khi tron muoi an Nacl vao nc a xay nhuyen vi t
le thch hp, ta se co dung dch nc muoi 21
o
c
b. ng dng:
Do tnh cht n gin, phng php ny c s dng nhiu trong thc t nh: bo qun
kem, bo qun c..
Cc dung dch v nng khc nhau s cho nhit khc nhau. Dung dch thng gp l
NACL, Cacl
2
2. Phng php bay hi khuych tn:

a. My lnh hp th:
My lnh hp th s dng trc tip ngun nhit nng, nh: nhit tha, th cp, mt tri, nhit thi
cng nghipb phn chuyn ng duy nht l cc bm dung dch, gii nhit.
Khuyt im l h thng lnh hp th c h s lm lnh nh, nn tn hao nng lng ln, chim
din tch ln khi lp t v tiu th nc gii nhit ln.
Phn loi v nguyn l lm vic ca my lnh hp th:
Da theo nguyen ly lam viec cua MLHT H
2
O-LiBr ngi ta chia
chung ra lam 4 loai:
Single Effect:
Double Effect
Triple Effect
Half Effect
S o nguyen ly cua may lanh hap thu H
2
O-LiBr loai Single
Effect c trnh bay Hnh 1.6. Trong s o nay, ta goi A la bnh
phat sinh (Generator), B la bnh ngng tu (Condenser), C la bnh bay
hi (Evaporator), D la bnh hap thu (Absorber), HE la thiet b trao
oi nhiet va E la bm dung dch.
N c l am mat
N c can l am l anh
B m chan k ho ng
N c l am mat
O ng chong k et ti nh
H E
D
O ng gi am ap
H i gi a nhi e t
C
A
B
Hnh 2.1 May lanh hap thu H
2
O-LiBr loai Single
Effect.
Qua trnh thc hien cua may lanh hap thu H
2
O-LiBr da vao
ac tnh cua dung dch H
2
O-LiBr nhiet o thap no hap thu hi
nc rat manh, con nhiet o cao lai giai phong hi nc a
hap thu. Da vao ac tnh nay e hoan thanh chu trnh cong
tac.
Dung dch loang trong bnh hap thu D c bm qua HE vao bnh
phat sinh A, dung dch c hi nc gia nhiet, v nc co nhiet
o soi rat thap so vi LiBr do o dung dch loang c gia nhiet
en nhiet o nhat nh. Hi tac nhan lanh trang thai qua
nhiet bay ra t bnh phat sinh vao bnh ngng tu B c lam mat
bang nc giai nhiet va ngng tu thanh long tac nhan lanh.
Long tac nhan lanh i qua ong tiet lu ch U vao bnh bay hi
C va c bm len phun thanh giot nho tren be mat chum
ong bay hi.
Nc tac nhan lanh hap thu nhiet cua nc can lam lanh va
bay hi, hi tac nhan lanh i qua tam chan phan ly nc roi i
xuong bnh hap thu D. Dung dch trung gian trong bnh hap thu
c bm ay phun giot nho e hap thu hi tac nhan lanh va
tr thanh dung dch loang, trong qua trnh hap thu co san sinh
ra nhiet nen can phai lam mat cho bnh hap thu.
S o cap dch noi tiep
H E 2
N c l am mat
O n g gi am ap
A P
G P
E P
D
H E 1
N c c an l a m l anh
N c l am mat
A B
C
B
H i g i a nhi e t A
Hnh 2.2. May lanh hap thu H
2
O-LiBr Double Effect cap dch noi
tiep
S o nguyen ly cua may lanh hap thu H
2
O-LiBr loai Double
Effect c trnh bay Hnh 1.8. Trong s o nay, ta goi A la bnh
phat sinh (Generator), AB la bnh phat sinh ngng tu, B la bnh ngng
tu (Condenser), C la bnh bay hi (Evaporator), D la bnh hap thu
(Absorber), HE1 & HE2 la thiet b trao oi nhiet, GP la bm dung
dch cho bnh phat sinh, AP la bm tuan hoan cua bnh hap thu
va EP la bm tuan hoan cua bnh bay hi.
Thong thng bnh phat sinh bao gi cung che tao rieng mot
thung. Phan con lai co the che rieng hoac ghep vao nhau.
S o cap dch song song
H E 1
G P
P
D
E
N c l am l anh
T
H i gi a nh i et
A
A P
N c gi ai nhi et
E P
H E 2
H E 3
N c n g ng
N c gi ai n h i e t
A B
B
Hnh 2.3. May lanh hap thu H
2
O-LiBr Double Effect cap dch
song song
Dung dch tuan hoan
Trong s o nay ng dung dch loang t bm phat sinh chia ra
lam 2 ng:
- ng th nhat: Dung dch loang c ay qua TBTN
nhiet o cao HE1, dung dch c gia nhiet en nhiet o t
3
, oan
2-3 la qua trnh gia nhiet dung dch loang trong TBTN nhiet o
cao. Sau o dung dch loang c ay vao bnh phat sinh A e gia
nhiet en trang thai 3 va soi ap suat p
h
tao nen hi tac
nhan lanh, nong o dung dch thay oi dan en c
i
(iem 4) trang
thai 4 la trang thai cuoi cua qua trnh phat sinh dung dch trong
bnh phat sinh A. oan 3-3-4 la qua trnh thc hien trong bnh phat
sinh A. Dung dch trung gian t bnh phat sinh A (iem 4) chay qua
TBTN nhiet o cao HE1 b lam lanh en iem 5 co nhiet o t
5
va chay ve bnh hap thu, trong qua trnh chay vao bnh hap thu
ap suat giam xuong ap suat p
0
(trang thai 6), tren o th h-c
xem iem 6 va iem 5 trung nhau nhng iem 6 bieu th trang
thai hi am ap suat p
0
, con iem 5 la dung dch qua lanh
ap suat p
h
.
- ng th hai: Dung dch loang chay qua TBTN nhiet o
thap HE2 c gia nhiet va ra trang thai 7 (nhiet o t
7
, nong
o khong thay oi) roi chay qua TBTN phu c gia nhiet en
iem 8 (nhiet o t
8
), ap suat dung dch iem nay cao hn ap
suat p
0
. bnh phat sinh ngng tu AB dung dch c gia nhiet va
sinh hi, hi tac nhan lanh bay ra va dung dch tr thanh dung
dch am ac co nong o c
s
, oan 9-9-10 la qua trnh cua
dung dch xay ra trong bnh phat sinh ngng tu AB.
Dung dch am ac trang thai 10 chay qua TBTN nhiet o
thap HE1, nhiet o giam xuong en t
11
nong o khong thay
oi (trang thai iem 11), sau o chay vao bnh hap thu, trong
khi chay vao bnh hap thu ap suat tiet lu giam xuong p
0
(trang
thai iem 12). Tren o th iem 12 va iem 11 trung nhau,
nhng iem 12 la trang thai hi am co ap suat p
0
.
Dung dch c bm hap thu hut vao la dung dch bao hoa
iem 6 va iem 12 (iem 6 va iem 12) hoa tron vi dung
dch iem 1 (iem 13 nam tren ng noi lien iem 6, 12 va
1). Dung dch trang thai 13 qua bm c tang ap (13-14) nhng
nong o khong thay oi, nhiet o c ban cung khong thay oi,
iem 13 va 14 trung nhau, dung dch nay c phun giot len
chum ong truyen nhiet cua bnh hap thu, hap thu hi tac
nhan lanh va tr thanh dung dch loang iem 1.
ng dung dch mac noi tiep
Bm phat sinh ay dung dch loang t bnh hap thu qua thiet
b trao oi nhiet (TBTN) nhiet o thap HE2 roi qua TBTN nhiet
o cao HE1 sau o i vao bnh phat sinh A. Trong bnh phat sinh
dung dch c gia nhiet va sinh ra hi tac nhan lanh dung dch
loang bay hi va bien thanh dung dch co nong o trung gian,
dung dch nay chay qua TBTN nhiet o cao HE1 roi i vao bnh
phat sinh ngng tu AB. bnh phat sinh ngng tu AB dung dch
trung gian c gia nhiet sinh ra hi tac nhan lanh co nhiet o
thap va dung dch con lai la dung dch am ac sau o dung
dch am ac i qua TBTN nhiet o thap HE2 roi i vao bnh
hap thu.
ng hi tac nhan lanh
Hi tac nhan lanh i ra khoi bnh phat sinh A i qua chum ong
trao oi nhiet bnh phat sinh ngng tu AB, nha nhiet an hoa
hi va bien thanh nc tac nhan lanh va chay vao bnh ngng
tu.
Hi tac nhan lanh t bnh phat sinh ngng tu AB cung i vao
bnh ngng tu B, c lam mat bang nc giai nhiet va ngng
tu thanh nc tac nhan lanh.
Nc tac nhan lanh
Nc tac nhan lanh t bnh ngng tu B i qua c cau tiet lu
ch U chay vao bnh bay hi. ay nc tac nhan lanh soi
ap suat thap va lam lanh nc can lam lanh. Hi tac nhan
lanh sinh ra bnh bay hi co ap suat thap i vao bnh hap thu,
b dung dch am ac hap thu va bien thanh dung dch loang.
b. T lnh hp th khuych tn:
Trong nguyn l my lnh va kho st, i vi cng sut nh, vn t ra l lm sao
loi b bm dung dch thun tin hn trong s dng, dn bay hi p sut thp, dn ngng
t p sut cao, bm dung dch dng thng chnh lch p sut ny.
Hinh 2.4 My lnh hp th khuych tn
Hnh trn m t nguyn l lm vic ca my lnh hp th khuych tn. H thng ny
dng cp mi cht NH3/H2O v cht khuych tn l H2. khi cung cp nhit cho bnh sinh
hi 1, hi NH3 v H2O thot khi bnh sinh hi, theo ng 2 n b phn tch (separator)3,
nc ha lng v v b hp th(absorber) trong khi hi NH3 tip tc theo ng n b ngng
t (condenser) bin thnh NH3 lng. NH3 lng chy vo b bc hi(evaporator) bc
hi sinh lnh. Hi NH3 tr v b hp th v gp H2O, bin thnh dung dch no v tr v
bnh sinh hi tip tch chu trnh.
Qu trnh hp th s gii phng kh H2 v kh H2 khng ha ln vo H2O, v rt nh nn
theo ng ng pha trn b hp th tr li b bc hi..
Tm li, ta c th gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca t lnh hp th khuych tn nh sau:
ti mi im ca h thng, p sut tng bng p sut ngng t nhng p sut ring phn ca
NH3, H2O, v H2 thay i sao cho NH3 c th ngng t v bc hi cc nhit tng
ng
3. Phng php hiu ng nhit :
Phng php ny cn c gi l hiu ng peltier(M). nu cho dng in mt chiu i qua
vng dy dn gm 2 kim loi khc nhau th mt u s nng ln, mt u ngui i. l
hiu ng ngc vi pin nhit in. hiu ng nhit in c th t n 60K.

Hnh 2.5 Phng php hiu ng nhit in
Khi c I to nn th 1 - 2
u im chnh ca loi my lnh dng hiu ng nhit in l khng c phn chuyn ng
nn khng n, gn nh, khng cn mi cht lnh, nhng hiu sut thp, gi thnh cao.
4. Phng php bay hi chu trnh:
Qu trnh bay hi cht lng gn lin vi qu trnh thu nhit. cht lng bay hi ng vai tr
quan trng trong k thut lnh nh l mi cht lnh v cht ti lnh. Cc mi cht lng
my lnh nn hi, hp th, l NH3, nc, Freon u thu nhit ca mi trng khi ngng t
nhit cao v p sut cao
Do o neu s dung cac chat long co nhiet o soi cang
thap, cam giac lanh cang ro ret, cac chat co nhiet o bay
hi thap nh C4H10 ( gas bat la) ap suat kh quyen co nhiet
o soi 0,4oc, nit co nhiet o soi ap suat kh quyen en
-196oc. Khi can nhiet o soi cao hn ta phai lap them van e
khong che.
5. Phng php gin n kh c sinh ngoi cng:
y l phng php lm lnh nhn to quan trng. cc my lnh lm vic theo nguyn l
gin n kh co sinh ngoi cng gi l my lnh nn kh. Phm vi ng dng rt rng ln t
my iu ha khng kh cho n cc my s dng sn xut Nit , oxy, ha lng khng kh
v tch kh, ha lnh kh t..
Nguyn l lm vic ca my lnh nn kh:
Hnh 2.6 My lnh nn kh
My lnh nn kh gm 4 thit b chnh: my nn, bnh lm mt, my gin n kh v bung
lnh. Mi cht lnh l khng kh hoc mt cht kh bt k. khng bin i pha trong chu
trnh. Khng kh c nn on nhit S1 = Const t trng thi 1 n trng thi 2. chu trnh
lm mt my thi nhit cho mi trng p sut khng i n trng thi 3, sau c
gin n on nhit s3 = const xung trng thi 4 c nhit thp v p sut thp.
Trong bung lnh, khng kh thu nhit ca mi trng p sut khng i v nng dn ln
im 1, khp kn vng tun hon
Nh vy chu trnh my lnh nn kh gm hai qu trnh nn v gin n on nhit vi hai qu
trnh thu v thi nhit ng p nhng khng ng nhit.
BI 3
MY NN LNH
1.Cng dng ca my nn
Trong h thng lnh, my nn c cng dng:
- Ht hi t TBBH v, nhm duy tr 1 p sut bay hi khng i P
o
trong TBBH.
- Nn hi ln p sut cao, nhit cao P
K
T
K
y vo TBNT.
- Bo m 1 lu lng mi cht tun hon lin tc trong h thng lnh, ph hp vi ph
ti nhit ca dn bay hi v dn ngng t.
Yu cu: My nn phi lm vic n nh, c tui th v tin cy cao, khng n, khng rung
ng, r tin, c ph tng thay th..
2. Phn loi
C nhiu cch phn loi my nn nh sau:
a. Theo cu to
My nn piston, my nn Rotor, my nn xon c , my nn tuabin, my nn trc vt, MN ly
tm.
b. Theo tc nhn lnh
My nn Amoniac, my nn Freon
c. Theo nng sut lnh Q
o
v cng sut u trc N
My nn nh: Q
o
8000 Kcal/h ; N 5 KW ( 7,5 HP )
My nn trung bnh: 8000 Kcal/h < Q
o
< 50 000 Kcal/h; v 5KW < N < 20 KW.
My nn ln: Q
o
50 000 Kcal/h ; v N 20 KW.( thng t 30 HP tr ln)
Nng sut lnh
L nhit lng m my lnh ly c t mi trng cn lm lnh trong 1 n v thi gian.
K hiu: Q
o
. n v: Kcal/h ; BTU/h.; Kw ; Tn lnh.
d. Theo nhit bay hi
Khi T
o
= +10
o
C -25
o
C (my nn 1 cp)
Khi T
o
= -30
o
C -110
o
C (my nn 2 hay nhiu cp)
e. Theo cch b tr, sp xp xilanh
My nn c xilanh nm ngang.
My nn c xilanh thng ng.
My nn c xilanh ch V, W
f. Theo cch chuyn ng ca hi gas qua xilanh
My nn trc lu (Thun dng): L MN c dng hi chuyn ng khng i hng trong
xilanh.
My nn khng trclu ( Ngc dng): L MN c dng hi b i hng trong xilanh.
g. Theo s xilanh
My nn c 1 xilanh
My nn c nhiu xilanh
h. Theo kn v kh nng tho rp
My nn kn: Phn c v phn in nm chung trong 1 v kn, khi sa cha phi ca v
my..
My nn na kn: Phn c v phn in nm chung trong v my nhng vn tho rp c.
My nn h: Phn c v phn in c lp vi nhau. Tho rp d dng. My nn vn hnh
c phi nh 1ng c in ko qua trung gian ca dy cuaroa.hay khp ni.
i. Theo s vng quay
My nn quay chm: n < 550 vng/pht.
My nn quay nhanh: n 1500 vng/ pht.
3. Phn loi theo hnh dng:
3.1.My nn h :
My nn h l my nn c cm bt kn u trc , ng c in v my nn c t ring v
truyn ng = dy ai.
Hnh 3.1a My nn h
Hnh 3.1 b My nn h b ct
u im :
- C th thay i tc my nn bng cch thay i iu khin bnh ai do c th thay
i c nng sut lnh ca my nn
- ng c v my nn c t ring nn lp t, sa cha, bo tr
Nhc im :
- Din tch lp t ln
- D x h du v gaz qua cm pt kn qua u trc
3.2.My nn na kn :
ng c in v my nn c lp ng trc.
Hnh 3.2 My nn na kn
My nn ny gii quyt c vn c bn l chuyn v tr bt kn c trc quay sang m kn
mt bch tnh
Thng ngi ta b tr ng ht i ngang qua ng c s dng sc lnh ca hi ht v
lm mt ng c
Nhc im:
- Khng thay i c tc vng quay ca my nn.
- Khng s dng c tv nhn l Amoniac.
3.3.My nn kn :
My nn kn thng c s dng trong cc h thng lnh nh, cc thit b thuc in lnh
gia dng v thng nghip. Hin nay, cng sut ca lc kn c th t c 15 HP
Hnh 3.3. My nn kn
My nn c gi l kn v tan b ng c v my nn c t trong v hn kn
u im : nh gn, d s dng, khng x h, lm vic vi cao
Nhc im : kh sa cha.
So snh My nn h , kn v kn
Cng sut X h Sa cha bo tr
My nn h Ln D x h D
My nn kn Trung bnh t x h Trung bnh
My nn kn Nh Khng x h Kh
4. Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic:
4.1.My nn pittong thng:
4.1.1.My nn piston ng thun dng
a. Cu to
Hnh 3.4: Cu to My nn Piston
ng thun dng
Hi mi cht vo ra xilanh theo thng t di ln trn . My nn ng thun dng thng
l c trung bnh v c ln dng NH3 l tc nhn lnh.
b. Hot ng:
Hi gaz s i vo gia xilanh , clap ht c b tr trn nc Piston, khi Piston di chuyn t
trn xung di do qun tnh clap ht s c n ra, hi gaz NH3 s i t di Piston xuyn qua
Piston vo trong lng xilanh , khi Piston i t di ln trn clap ht s ng li , hi gaz trong
xilanh s nn ln p sut P m clap y that ra ca y
c im : V s dng tc nhn lnh NH3 nn p sut cui qu trnh nn rt cao nng xilanh
rt nng cho nn gii nhit cho xilanh ngi ta b tr o nc lm mt
trnh va p do ht bi tc nhn th lng ngi ta b tr mt tm chn v l xo an ton.
Nu tc nhn ht vo th lng p sut trong lng xilanh s rt ln tm chn s b i ln tc nhn
lnh s that ra ngoi ra ca y
Ch : L xo phi chu c p sut ln ngng t P
K
u im :
- Khng c tn tht trao i gia khoang ht v khoang y
- C kh nng thit din clap ht v y
- Clap ht hat ng t tn tht do ng m theo qun tnh
Nhc im :
- Hi gaz s i xung di cacte ha tan vi du lm gim kh nng bi trn
- Khi lng ca Piston ln do lc qun tnh v lc ma st s ln kh ch to my
nn ng thun dng vi tc vng quay ln
- Do clap ht b tr trn np Piston ch to kh khn hn v cng knh hn dn n u
nn thng cao so vi my nn ngc chiu
4.1.2.My nn piston ngc dng
a. Cu to
Hnh 3.5 Cu to My nn Piston
ngc dng
b. Hot ng
My nn piston ngc dng da vo nguyn l hot ng :Bin chuyn ng quay trn ca
ct my (trc khuu) thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston trong xilanh:.
Hi mi cht c ht vo xi lanh qua spp ht khi piston i t trn xung di, lc spp nn
ng li, khi piston vt qua im cht di i ln trn th spp ht ng li, hi mi cht c
nn ln p sut cao ri y ra ngoi qua spp y
4.2. My nn roto:
Hin nay ang c pht trin mnh , thng c cng sut b , s dng rng ri trong my iu
ha gia dng v mt s t lnh c ln. C 2 loi my nn Roto thng dng l my nn Roto ln v
my nn Roto tm trt
a. My nn Roto ln:
Hnh 3.6: Cu to My nn My
nn Roto ln:
Hot ng : khi piston lntrong xy lanh s tn ti hai khoang , khoang ht s tng dn khoang
y s nh dn ,khi piston trn nh th tch khoang y s bng 0 th tch khoang ht l ln
nht .khi Piston ln qua khi nh xy lanh th li bt u qu trnh nn , khoang y v khoang ht li
xut hin
u im :
- Lu lng ht y ln, kch thc v trng lng nh
- t chi tit chuyn ng
- C th gn trc tip MN v ng c nn s lm vic n gin.
Nhc im :
- Kh ch to do i hi chnh xc cao
- mi mn ca tm trt ln
- Kh bi trn
b. My nn Roto tm trt :
Hnh 3.7: Cu to My nn My nn Roto tm trt
Hat ng:
My nn rotor quay c trc ca rotor khng trng vi trc xilanh, trn rotor c x rnh cc
tm chn trt c. Khi rotor quay, di tc dng ca lc ly tm, cc tm chn s trt theo rnh
ra ngoi v ta vo mt trong ca xilanh chia ct khong trng gia xilanh v rotor thnh nhiu
khoang ring bit, phn trn c th tch ln nht, phn di c th tch nh nht. Hi t ng ht
c cc tm chn ht vo v nn trong cc khoang, ri tin n ca y vt qua spp nn thot
ra ngoi.
4.3. My nn trc vt:
L loi my nn c hai trc quay nm song song vi nhau c rng xon hnh xon c mt
trc mt rn li (lm) mt trc 56 rng lm. C hai trc c t trong mt thn my c ca
ht v ca y
Hnh 3.8 a my nn trc vt
Khi chuyn ng gii hn gia hai rng s gim dn thc hin qu trnh nn. Hin nay
my nn trc vt c s dng trong cc h thng my ln .
Hnh 3.8b My nn trc vt b ct
u im:
- Nh gn , cng sut ln
- T s nn cao do khng c khong cht.
- kn rt cao.
BNG SO SNH S KHC BIT GIA MN PISTON V MN ROTOR.
5.Tho lp my nn pittong:
1.3.1. Thn my:
Thn my cn c gi l cacte hay block cacte, n l v bc ngoi ca my nn, c nhim v
g cc b phn nh bm du, bc n, trc khyu, piston, xilanh. Do yu cu thn my phi
nng v n nh. Bn trong thn my phi c khng gian rng cha du bi trn,
quan st lng du ngi ta lm mt ca king. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn lm mt ca thao tc sa
cha
Thn my c bng gang xm v ch to bng = phng php c. Khi c yu cu gim nh
khi lng ta c th ch to thn my bng hp kim nhm
Cc v tr gia cng c kh trn my nn phi m bo chnh xc cao nh ng tm, vung
gc
1.3.2. Xilanh:
Xilanh l b phn c nhim v cha hi gaz ht vo i vi my nn nh xilanh c c cng
vi thn my. i vi my nn ln th xilanh c c ring bng vt liu cht lng cao. Sau
c lp vo thn my ta gi l smi xilanh.
MY NN PISTON MY NN ROTOR
* u im
- Chnh xc, rt bn.
- u y nn trc tip.
- Tc gas i nhanh.
- Thng dng cho h thng lnh c
lnh su
* Khuyt im
- Kt cu cng knh, phc tp, cng
ngh ch to i hi tnh chnh xc cao
ca chi tit my.
- Gi thnh cao
* u im
- Kt cu n gin, gn, nh.
- Khng c spp ht, nn gin tip.
- Thng dng cho my lnh
- Cn bng tt nn c th b tr trn cao.
- t chi tit chuyn ng nn c tin cy trong
vn hnh. Gi thnh r
* Khuyt im
- u ht ca xilanh v rotor phi kn.
- Cc tm chn d b mi mn, khng dng cho h
thng lnh c lnh su
- Khng bn
Hnh 3.9 XILANH
Xilanh c ch to vi chnh xc cao, khe h gia xilanh v Piston loi c xc mng =
1/1000 ng knh , xilanh c ng knh b hn 5mm th ngi ta khng dng xc mng , trong
trng hp ny khe h = 3/1000 ng knh .
B mt ca lng xilanh c gia cng rt bng, bng t c l cp 1013 v phi qua qu
trnh my nghin. i vi my nn NH
3
v i khi R22 , do nhit cui qu trnh nn rt cao nn
u xilanh c b tr o nc lm mt . Cc my nn khc c b tr cch tn nhit , mt s trng
hp khng cn cnh tn nht
1.3.3. Piston:
Piston c dng hnh tr, thng c ch to bng nhm hoc hp kim nhm gim qun
tnh . trnh mi mn xilanh v piston , vn tc ca Piston khng vt qu 4m/s . Vi my nn nh
tc c th tng ln. Loi Piston dng cho my nn ngc chiu khng c clap ht b tr trn u
Piston gi l Piston khng thng
Hnh 3.10 PITTONG
Loi Piston dng cho my nn thun chiu u Piston c gn clap ht gi l Piston khng
thng, hi gaz c th i xuyn qua Piston .
1.3.4. Xc mng:
Xc mng c nhim vu bt kn khang h gia piston v xilanh dn ddu bi trn ln u
xilanh, tng ng vi hai nhim v c 2 Xc mng l Xc mng du v Xc mng kin

Hnh 3.11. SECMANG
Hnh 3.11 b cch lp t semang
Xc mng kn c th lp t hai n bn chic . Xc mng du c th lp t 12 chic v
trong c khoan cc l phn b du bi trn
Xc mng c lm bng vt liu n hi v chu c s mi mn
1.3.5. Tay bin:
Tay bin : bin chuyn ng quay ca trc khyu thnh chuyn ng tnh tin. Tay bin
c lm bng thp c hai l, l nh trn c lp c Piston, l di c lp vi trc khyu.
chng mi mn ngi ta lp bc cc trc khyu .
Hnh 3.12 Tay dn
1.3.6. Trc khuu:
Trc khyu : l trc chnh ca my nn . Trong cc my nn c va v c ln, mt trc u
ca trc khy c lp bnh ai, u kia c lp bnh rng truyn ng cho bm du. Hai u trc
c lp trn hai . gia c lp vi tay bin ty theo s xilanh ca my s tay bin s tng
ng , trong trc c khoan l hay lm rnh dn du bi trn n cc b mt ma st
Hnh 3.13 Trc khy
Trc c ch to bng thp, cc l trc phi ng tm, cc phn lp rp phi c bng cao
v c ti chng mi mn
1.3.7. Cc van ht v y:
Lm vic t ng theo hiu p sut khi p sut ht trong xilanh gim xung nh hn p sut
ht trn 0,3Kg/cm
2
th van ht t ng m. Nu p sut trong xilanh tng cao hn p sut tng y
0,7Kg/cm
2
th van y t ng m. Cc l van c ch to bng thp n hi c dy 0,22mm.
trng thi cn bng cc van t ng kn nh lc n hi ca chinh n hay lc l xo . hn ch
ng m ca cc l van ngi ta ch to cc ca van gn .
Hnh 3.14 l van ht v y
1.3.8. Cm bt kn c trc:
Cm bt kn c trc c nhim v bt kn cc trc quay trong my nn h mi cht trong
khng l r ra ngoi v trnh khng kh t ngai vo trong my nn . B phn ny phi chu c
nhit cao v s n mn ca du gaz
1.3.9. Van an ton:
Van an ton c nhim v m bo p sut y khng vt qu mc cho php gy nguy him
h hng thit b
Hnh 3.15 Van an ton
1.3.10. Van khi ng:
Van khi ng i vi my nn ln gim ti khi khi ng. Khi khi ng lm cho my
nn khi ng d dng, ngi ta b tr mt van khi ng . Khi khi ng ngi ta ng van ht v
van y v m van khi ng lm cho u ht v u y ca my nn thng nhau lc cng
nn khng cn ng k , cng sut ng c ch khc phc ma st v qun tnh cc chi tit khc
sau khi khi ng xong ngi ta m cc van y v van ht ri kha van khi ng li .
1.3.11. C cu bi trn:
C tc dng lm gim ma st v mi mn cc chi tit . C 2 phng php bi trn l bi
trn =t du v bi trn =bm du
a. Phng php t du:
C nhng cch t du c b tr trc khy. Khi trc khy quay cc cnh ny s t du ln
cc b mt chi tit bi trn
b. Phng php bm du:
Bm du l ht du v bm ln p sut nht nh sau du s theo cc ng bi trn n
cc v tr cn tht, c hai loi bm du: bm du bnh rng v bm du Roto
Hnh 3.16. Bm du
Bai 4 :
THIET B TRAO OI NHIET
4.1THIT B NGNG T
4.1.Cng dng & phn loi
a. Cng dng: TBNT l TBTN dng :
Gii nhit cho hi mi cht p sut, nhit cao, ngng t thnh lng cao p.
Thi ra mi trng xung quanh 1 nhit lng Q
k
m h thng lnh ly c phng lnh.
i khi trong TBNT cng xy ra s qu lnh lng mi cht.
TBNT cng c nhim v nh 1 bnh cha cao p trong vi loi HTL t hp.
b. V tr
TBNT c Lp t lin k sau my nn.
c. Phn loi
i. Theo cht gii nhit
Thit b ngng t gii nhit bng khng kh (i lu cng bc hay t nhin)
Thit b ngng t gii nhit bng nc (i lu cng bc)
Thit b ngng t gii nhit bng khng kh v nc.
ii. Theo qu trnh lm mt
Thit b ngng t lm mt cng bc
Thit b ngng t lm mt t nhin
iii. Theo cch ngng t
TBNT c mi cht ngng t b mt trong ng trao i nhit
TBNT c mi cht ngng t b mt ngoi ng trao i nhit.
iv. Theo cu to
Thit b ngng t ng v trm nm ngang
Thit b ngng t ng v thng ng
Thit b ngng t ng lng ng.
TBNT kiu bay hi.
TBNT kiu phn t.
TBNT kiu xi ti.
4.1.1.Thit b ngng t gii nhit bng nc:
a. Thit b ngng t ng v chm nm ngang
i. Cu to
Hnh 4.1: Cu to thit b ngng t ng v chm nm ngang
ii. Hot ng
Bnh ngng t kiu ng v nm ngang thng c s dng cho cc h thng lnh va v
ln (20KW tr ln).
Hi mi cht c p sut, nhit cao t my nn ti c a vo pha trn ca bnh ngng
qua van s 3 v chim y khng gian gia cc ng trao i nhit , c lm mt nh nc chy
trong ng, mi cht b ngng t li thnh lng c ly ra t pha y bnh (ng ng s 10). Bnh
ngng c 2 np 2 u trn c 2 ng nc vo ra v nhng vch ngn to hnh trnh cho
nc gii nhit.
i vi bnh ngng NH
3
th ng trao i nhit lm bng st, thp v khng c cnh.( ng
trn )
i vi bnh ngng Freon th ng TN lm bng ng, c cnh.
b. Thit b ngng t kiu ng lng phn t
i. Cu to

Hnh 4.2: Cu to thit b ngng t ng kiu ng lng phn t
ii. Hot ng
L TBNT gm nhng phn t ring bit ghp vi nhau thnh t hp. Mt phn t ging nh
1 TBNT ng chm nm ngang. Cc phn t c ghp ni tip nhau theo ng hi mi cht v
ghp song song theo ng nc gii nhit.
Nc lm mt c a t pha di ng gp dn qua cc phn t v ra ng gp pha trn.
Hi mi cht c a vo phn t trn cng in y khng gian cc ng di chuyn t trn xung
di v ngng t chy xung bnh cha.cao p.
iii. u nhc im:
u im : Chc chn v nh nhng., d lp t.
Nhc im : Kh lm sch cu, cn trn b mt trao i nhit.
c. Thit b ngng t kiu ng lng ng
i. Cu to
Hnh 4.3: Cu to thit b ngng t kiu ng lng ng
ii. Hot ng
Thit b ngng t kiu ng lng ng thng gii nhit bng nc gm c 2 ng lng vo
nhau, ng ngoi c ng knh 57 mm, ng trong c ng knh 38 mm. Ty theo loi m mi cht
lnh s di chuyn ng trong hoc ng ngoi (Tng t vi nc gii nhit) nhng nguyn tc di
chuyn gia nc v mi cht lnh phi ngc chiu nhau nhm tng cng s trao i nhit.
iii. u nhc im:
u im : Hiu sut ngng t rt ln.
Nhc im : Kh lm v sinh ng ng nc gii nhit, d b x v pha nc gii nhit.
4.1.2.Thit b ngng t gii nhit bng nc v khng kh
a. Thit b ngng t kiu xi ti
i. Cu to
Hnh 4.4: Cu to thit b ngng t kiu xi ti
Hot ng :
Thit b ngng t kiu xi ti c gii nhit bng nc, ti t trn xung di ph y cc
ng trao i nhit thnh tng mng mng bao quanh ng.
Hi mi cht c p sut cao, nhit cao i trong ng ta nhit ra cho nc lm mt. Nc b
bay hi nh khng kh, 1 phn ri xung b nc. Nh vy phi b p bng 1 lng nc b sung,
lng mi cht ngng t xong c a vo bnh cha cao p t n van tit lu vo dn lnh
lm lnh.
ii. u im
Khng nguy him, ch to d dng, c th s dng nc khng qua x l, thng c t
ngoi tri, li dng gi tri lm mt nc, tit kim in nng .
iii. Khuyt im
Nc gii nhit ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh , thit b cng knh, nhiu cu bn v
c n mn ln.
b. Thit b ngng t kiu bay hi
i. Cu to v Hot ng
Nhm lm gim lng nc phi b
sung (Cng l lng nc tiu hao) v gim
in nng tiu th, ngi ta dng TBNT kiu
bay hi. Khng kh c cng bc chuyn
ng nh qut gi ht t di ln ngc
chiu vi nc lm mt ti t trn xung
di to thnh mng xung quanh ng trao i
nhit. Nc lm nhim v gii nhit hi mi
cht, cn khng kh va lm mt hi mi
cht, va lm mt nc, do nhit nc
lc vo v ra gn nh khng thay i .

Hnh 4.5: Cu to thit b ngng t kiu bay
hi
Hi mi cht vo ng trao i nhit ta nhit cho nc v khng kh, sau ngng t li thnh lng,
chy vo ng gp lng ri ti bnh cha. Lng nc b sung nh 1 van phao b p lng nc b cun
theo gi.
i. u im
Gn, nh, hiu sut ta nhit cao, thng c s dng cho h thng lnh va v nh.
ii. Khuyt im
Nhit khng kh ti ni t thit b ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh.
4.1.3.Thit b ngng t lm mt bng khng kh
a. Lm mt t nhin
Hnh 4.6: Cu to thit b
ngng t lm mt
t nhin bng khng kh
Ch s dng cho h thng lnh nh v rt nh nh T lnh gia nh. Thit b ngng t loi
ny phi t ni thong mt d i lu khng kh.
b. Lm mt cng bc

Hnh 4.7: Cu to thit b ngng t lm mt bng khng kh cng bc
Hot ng:
Trong cc loi Thit b ngng t ny, ngi ta dng cc ng trao i nhit thng bng ng (hay
thp) v co ch U lin kt chng thng nhau. Mi thit b c 2 hoc nhiu ng ni song song vi
nhau. Cnh tn nhit thng c lm bng nhm, c chiu dy 0,3 mm v bc cnh l 3,5 mm.
Khong cch gia 2 ng l 26 mm. Khng kh s c qut cng bc i xuyn qua TBNT. Hi tc
nhn c a vo pha trn Thit b ngng t , cn lng tc nhn c ly pha di.
4.2.THIT B BAY HI
a.nh ngha
L thit b trao i nhit dng lm lnh mi trng no , nh vo s bay hi nhit
thp ca tc nhn lnh trong ng trao i nhit.
b.Phn loi:
C nhiu cch phn loi nh sau:
1.Theo mi trng lm lnh
Thit b bay hi lm lnh cht lng .vd : (Nc, nc mui)
Thit b bay hi lm lnh khng kh .
2.Theo cch vn ng (S trao i nhit)
Thit b bay hi lm lnh trc tip (Tc nhn lnh si trong ng trao i nhit)
Thit b bay hi gin tip (Cht ti lnh chy trong ng trao i nhit)
3.Theo cch chon ch ca tc nhn
Thit b bay hi kiu ngp
Thit b bay hi kiu khng ngp
4.2.1.Thit b bay hi lm lnh cht lng
a. Thit b bay hi ng v kiu ngp
i. Cu to
Hnh 4.8: Cu to Thit b bay hi ng v kiu ngp
ii. Hot ng
Thit b bay hi ng v kiu ngp c dng trong h thng lnh c nng sut lnh c va v
ln tr ln. Mi cht lnh c s dng l NH
3
hoc Freon 22
Cht lng (Nc hay nc mui) cn lm lnh chuyn ng trong ng trao i nhit v mi
cht lnh si bn ngoi ng trao i nhit, ngp trong khng gian ca bnh. khng ch mc ngp,
ngi ta dng b iu chnh c van phao khng ch s ng m van in t. Sau khi thu nhit ca
cht lng, bay hi, lm lnh, hi mi cht c my nn ht v t bu hi pha trn.
i vi bnh dng NH
3
, mc ngp ca tc nhn cho php ln n 0,8 ng knh bnh. i
vi mi cht lnh l Freon 22, mc ngp ln n 0,5 0,7 ng knh bnh.
b. Thit b bay hi ng v chm ng thng, mi cht si trong ng
i. Cu to v Hot ng
Hnh 4.9: Cu to Thit b bay hi ng v kiu ngp
ii. Hot ng
Nguyn tc lm vic trong loi TBBH ny l mi cht lnh si,bay hi, bn trong ng trao
i nhit, thu nhit ca cht lng di chuyn bn ngoi lm lnh cht lng. Mi cht lnh tit lu
vo thit b theo ng s 1 phn b u trong cc ng trao i nhit, nc mui vo ng s 7 v ra
ng s 3, cc vch ngn s 4 to thnh dng chy zic zc cho nc mui nhm tng cng s trao
i nhit. Sau khi bay hi lm lnh, hi mi cht c ht v my nn theo ng ng s 9.
u im ca thit b loi ny l khng b ng bng trong ng ng.
Ton b thn, np v ng ng dn vo bnh u phi bc cch nhit.
4.2.2.Thit b bay hi lm lnh khng kh
a. Thit b bay hi lm lnh khng kh (dn lnh kh)
Cu to v hot ng.
loi ny, tc nhn lnh i trong ng trao
i nhit, thu nhit ca khng kh bn ngoi
bay hi lm lnh bng cch tip xc trc tip (DL
t lnh), hoc i lu cng bc (DL my iu
ha khng kh ).
Cc loi TBBH ny cn gi l dn lnh kh,
cc ng trao i nhit c th b tr thng ng
hoc nm ngang gm 1 hay nhiu dy ng. Khng
kh lu ng qua cc ng trao i nhit bng i
lu t nhin hoc cng bc nh qut gi, mi
cht lng c a vo pha di, sau phn
phi ng u cho cc ng trao i nhit. Sau khi
bay hi lm lnh, mi cht c my nn ht v
( ly ra pha trn ).
Hnh 4.10 : Thit b bay hi lm lnh khng kh
b. Thit b bay hi kiu hn hp
Cu to v Hot ng
TBBH kiu hn hp lm lnh khng kh, trao
i nhit bng cch tip xc qua b mt ng
ng nh 1 qut lng sc, khng kh ht vo s
c lm lnh nh mi cht si trong ng v
nc lnh ti t trn xung. Nhm gim bt s
tiu hao nc cun theo gi, khng kh lnh trc
khi ra khi TBBH phi qua 1 tm m chn
nc., mi cht thng dng: R12 ; R22
u im : n gin, d ch to. Khng kh
lnh c gia m.
Khuyt im : dn ng d b mc, c ting
n ln.
Hnh 4.11: Thit b bay hi kiu hn hp
c. Thit b bay hi lm lnh khng kh kiu t.
Hnh 4.12: Thit b bay hi lm lnh khng kh kiu t.
Hot ng
y l TBBH lm lnh kiu tip xc gia khng kh v nc lnh., nc sau khi c lm lnh t bnh
bay hi, c dn vo bung phun sng ( bung iu khng) theo ng ng (6), nc lnh c phun
sng nh cc dn phun hnh ch U c gn cc bc phun.,. khng kh, c qut gi (3) ht vo t bn
ngoi, i qua cc tm chn ( 1 ) vo bung phun sng trn vi hi nc lnh v c lm lnh. Khng
kh sau khi c lm lnh s c qut gi a ti cc phng cn lm lnh. Nc sau khi nhn nhit lm
lnh kkh, c dn v bnh bay hi theo ng s 9 lm lnh tr li.
Thit b ny thng c dng trong cc h thng iu ha khng kh trung tm, nh my dt, ngn
hng, siu thv.v..( cn gi l AHU )( Air Handing Unit ).
4.3. Kho st, vn hnh thit b ngng t:
4.3.1. Cc h hng thng gp thit b ngng t
Thit b ngng t b lng dn ng (x) , B mc nt.
Bm nhiu cu cn bn. - Nght dn ng.
H thng gii nhit tun hon b h hng (bm hay qut trc trc).
4.3.2.Cc nguyn nhn tng p PK thit b ngng t
Do b mt thit b trao i nhit b bm bn
H thng lnh b lt kh khng ngng vo.
Do nc lm mt khng hoc h thng nc phn phi khng u, bm yu, lc d.
Din tch trao i nhit khng cho ng ng.
Van tit lu m ln.; dn ng trao i nhit ngp du
H thng lnh b nght hoc np d gas..; nhit mi trng xung quanh tng.
4.4.Cc nguyn nhn lm thay i p sut bay hi p
o
a. Trng hp P
O
tng bt thng
- Ph ti nhit dn lnh thay i t ngt.( tng )
- VTL m ln .
b. Trng hp Po gim bt thng
- Ph ti nhit dn lnh gim. - VTL b nght, m nh.
- Tuyt bm qu dy dn lnh .- Dn lnh b ngp du.
Bai 5:
THIET B TIET LU
5.1. Cong dung, phan loai:
Van tiet lu t ong am bao nhiet o va ap suat bay
hi ieu kien toi u, tranh cho may nen khong b hut
hi am.Van tiet lu t ong c chia ra lam 3 loai:
Van tiet lu t ong can bang trong.
Van tiet lu t ong can bang ngoai.
Van phao tiet lu t ong.
5.2. van tiet lu t ong can bang trong :
a. S dung:
Cho cac thiet b BH co o chenh ap au vao va ra
khoi dan, thiet b BH nho: po < 0,3 KG/cm2.
b. Nguyen ly lam viec:
Van tiet lu lam viec da vao s thay oi nhiet o cua
moi chat sau BH, ngha la da vao s thay oi phu tai lanh
cua BH. Moi chat cha trong ong xi phong va ong mao
dan la ga lanh F12 va F22 .
Hnh 5.1 van tiet lu can bang trong
Hot ng:
Gi P1 l p sut ca kh trong ng cm nhit, P0 l p sut ca dn lnh. TEV
hot ng da vo tn hiu qu nhit hi ht v MN, to ra s so snh gia P1 v
P0.
Khi dn lnh thiu gas, hi ht v MN b tng qu nhit, kh trong ng cm
gin n, P1 > P0 y mng p sut vng xung, kim van m ln l tit lu, gas v dn
lnh nhiu.
Khi dn lnh gas P1 > P0, mng p sut phnh ln ng bt l tit lu lm
gim lng gas v dn lnh.
Van TEV khng bao gi ng kn. Nh c iu chnh c l xo, ngi th c th
chnh sao cho qu nhit hi ht nm trong khong t 5
0
n 8
0C

l

ti u ( dn lnh
c khai thc ht)
5.3.van tiet lu can bang ngoai
a. S dung:
oi vi cac dan BH co ton that ap suat au vao va
au ra ln (chang han: P 0,3 bar) th nhiet o sau BH
khong phan anh chnh xac ap suat moi chat sau tiet lu,
do o neu s dung TPB can bang trong tao nen sai so ln,
lu lng cap cho BH se nho hn can thiet. Trong trng
hp nay ta s dung van tiet lu can bang ngoai.
b. Cu to, nguyn l lm vic:
Hnh 5. 2: Cu to TEV cn bng ngoi
Cac lc tac ong len mang an hoi gom co 3 lc sau:
Ap lc cua ga ong xi phong (lay theo nhiet o cua moi
chat sau BH), ap lc cua moi chat sau BH, ap lc cua lo
xo.
TEV cn bng ngoi c dng cho nhng dn lnh ln, ng ng di v
nhiu co ct, lc ny p sut ng v b tn tht ch cn l Po < Po. Do , ngi
ta so snh P
0
vi P
1
mi chnh xc cho m kim van tit lu.
5.4.Van tit lu in t:
Nguyn tc c bn ca van tit lu in t l ly tn hiu qu nhit
v c th thm tn hiu p sut ht a qua b x l in t iu
khin van tit lu c ng c truyn ng ng m kim van ty theo
mc mi cht lng cn cp cho dn bay hi.
Hnh 3.11 gii thiu s iu chnh thit b bay hi s dng van
tit lu in t
Hnh 5.3 S iu chnh thit b bay hi s dng van tit lu in t.
MPS - B vi x l, T-PC - iu chnh nhit v p sut, RTC-
Van tit lu in t iu chnh bng ng c, AF1-u cm nhit hoc
p sut, BH Dn bay hi
tn hiu iu khin bng ng c bc , hai thermistor c lp u vo bc
hi v u ht ca my nn . b iu khin vi mch s so snh nhit ca hai
thermistor iu khin ng c bc quay tng ng . nu chnh nhit ny
ln hn chnh nh th ng c m ln van tit lu . chnh nhit nh ,ng c
ng bt van tit lu li . khi my nn dng , mch iu khin van ng li
trnh mi cht lng vo b bc hi v van ch m ra sau khi my nn chy mt
thi gian ( 50 s) . ngoi ra mch iu khin khng cho p sut bc hi qu cao
trnh qu ti my nn
BAI 6
THIET B PHU
6.1.Khai niem:
Nhng thiet b phu cua he thong bao gom : bnh tach dau, bnh
cha dau, cac loai bnh cha moi chat lanh nh bnh cha cao ap,
bnh cha ha ap, bnh cha thu hoi, bnh cha tuan hoan, bnh trung
gian, bnh hoi nhiet, bnh tach long, bnh qua lanh long, phin loc, phin
say, thiet b xa kh khong ngng, bm, quat, ng ong.Cung vi
cac thiet b chnh(may nen, dan ngng, dan boc hi, van tiet lu)
cac thiet b phu giup cho he thong lanh trong tng trng hp ng
dung cu the lam viec vi o tin cay cao hn, an toan hn, hp ly va
kinh te hn, tao ieu kien thuan li hn cho viec van hanh may
lanh.Mot he thong lanh khong nhat thiet phai co tat ca cac thiet
b phu ma tuy theo moi chat lanh, che o van hanh co the can
thiet b phu nay ma khong can thiet b phu kia.
6.2.Bnh Tach Dau:
Hnh 6.1. Mot so kieu bnh tach dau vi cac nguyen ly lam viec khac
nhau
a) kieu tam chan oi hng ; b) kieu zyclon ; c) kieu khoi em va lam
mat bang nc ;
d) kieu ra hi trong amoniac long ; e) kieu non chan.
1 ca hi vao; 2 ca hi ra; 3 tam chan; 4 tam dan hng;
5 tam chan luong hi; 6 khoi em; 7 ong xoan lam mat bang nc;
8 bnh gi nc long; 9 ong chay tran; 10 bnh cha; 11 bnh ngng;12
loi dau i; 13 non chan.
Hnh 6.2. Bnh tach dau co van phao hoi dau t ong.
May nen lanh can co dau boi trn e boi ntrn cac be mat ma
sat trong o co be mat xilanh va secmang. Khi may nen lam viec,
luon co mot lng dau b cuon theo hi nen vao ng ay roi
vao bnh ngng tao mot lp tr nhiet tren be mat trao oi nhiet
cua bnh ngng, bnh boc hi lam giam hieu suat may lanh ac
biet oi vi loai moi chat khong hoa tan dau nh amoniac.
e tranh hien tng tren ngi ta bo tr bnh tach dau lap at tren
ng hi nen t may nen en bnh ngng.
1. Nhiem Vu:
Bnh tach dau co nhiem vu tach dau cuon theo hi nen,
khong cho dau i vao dan ngng ma dan dau quay tr lai may
nen (hoac bnh gom dau)
2. Nguyen Ly Lam Viec : (Hnh 6.1)
Nguyen tac chu yeu la giam toc to dong hi t 18 25m/s
xuong 0,5 en 1m/s ngoai ra :
Thay oi hng chuyen ong bang cach bo tr cac tam
chan vuong goc vi dong chay hoac xoan kiey zyclon e cac
bui dau mat ong nang Tch tu lai va chay xuong ay bnh
Lam mat hi nen xuong nhiet o thap 50 60
0
C bang ong
xoan ruot ga cho nc lam mat chay ben trong.
Ra hi nen lan dau bang amoniac long oi vi he thong
lanh aoniac
Hnh 6.1 gii thieu mot so kieu bnh tach dau vi cac
nguyen tac lam viec khac. Hieu qua tach dau cua a va b
thap nhng cua c va d co the at ti 90%.
3.ng Dung:
Bnh tach dau chu yeu cho cac he thong lanh co moi chat
khong hoa tan dau nh amoniac, R13, va cac moi chat hoa
tan dau han che nh R22 oi khi ca R12.
Bnh tach dau ch s dung trong cac he thong lanh ln, rat
ln va co nhieu may nen mac song song. Rat t khi dung cho
cac he thong lanh trung bnh va nho.
Bnh tach dau thng s
dung cho cac he thong lanh
co ng ong dan t may
nen en dan ngng xa.
ay bnh tach dau va ong
vai tro giam xung, tieu am
cho ng ong va tranh
ngng tu long tren ung
ay trng hp may lanh
dng.
4.Phng Phap Hoi Dau Ve
May Nen
Co the xa nh ky dau
tr lai may nen khi mc
dau trong may nen tut
xuong di mc yeu cau.
Co the bo tr c cau t
ong hoi dau ve may nen
v du s dung van phao.
Trng hp moi may nen
co mot bnh tach dau co
the s dung van phao bo tr
ngay trong bnh tach dau.
Khi dau trong bnh tach dau dang len, van phao m e dau
phut tr lai may nen nh hieu ap suat gia bnh tach dau
va cacte may nen (ky hieu) . trng hp nhieu may nen co
chung mot bnh tach dau th phai bo tr van phao pha may nen.
Khi may nen thieu dau, mc dau tut xuong, van phao m e
dau hoi t ong t bnh cha dau ve may nen.
e tranh a dau co nhiet o qua cao (> 60
0
C) quay tr ve
may nen, can phai bo tr van ien t tren ng hoi va
thermostat kiem tra nhiet o dau. Thermostat ch m van ien
Hnh6.3. Bnh tach dau co van
phao hoi dau t ong
t cho hoi dau ve may nen khi nhiet o dau di mc cho
phep
Hnh 6.3 gii thieu s o nguyen tac hoi dau t ong ve
may nen kieu van phao at trong tach dau.
5.V Tr Lap at :
Bnh tach dau c lap gan may nen tren ng ay t
may nen en bnh ngng.
Bnh tach dau luon at ng va vuong goc vi ng ay.
Tuy theo thiet ke, ng hoi dau co the nam pha tren hoac
pha di bnh. Ong hoi dau co the co ng knh 6, 10 hoac
12mm ong ong noi theo kieu loe.
Loai co phao khi lap at can o u dau vao bnh e th kn
van phao (thng khoang 0,75ml). Neu van phao khong kn, kh nen
lien tuc x ve cacte lam giam nang suat lanh cua may nen.
Ngoai ra can o dau vao e hieu chnh mc lam viec cua
van phao.
Neu may nen khong co mat dau nen bo tr mat knh uan sat dau
tren ng hoi. Tng hp dau qua nhieu trong cacte, dau boc
manh va van phao lien tuc m e hoi dau. Neu co knh tren ng
hoi, co the phat hien va xa bt dau khoi he thong v khi van phao
m lien tuc, se co ton that nang suat lanh oi vi may nen.
Ch lap at mot bnh tach dau cho toi a 3 may nen.
6.3. Bnh Cha Cao Ap:
1. Nhiem Vu :
Bnh cha cao ap thng at di bnh ngng dung e cha
long a ngng tu va giai phong be mat trao oi nhiet cua
thiet b ngng tu, duy tr s cap long lien tuc cho van tiet lu.
2. Cau Tao : (Hnh 6.4)
Bnh cha cao ap la mot bnh hnh tru at ng (dung cho
cac may nho) hoac at nam ngang (dung cho cac he thong
lanh ln) co cac ng noi phu hp.
Bnh cha cao ap can bo tr cac ng ong noi long t bnh
boc hi en 8, va ng long dan en tram tiet lu 2, ng
can bang hi vi bnh ngng tu 5,ng noi vi bo tach kh
khong ngng 3, 4,ng noi ap suat 6 va ng noi van an
toan 7. e kiem tra mc long can co bo ch th mc long
(ong thuy 9), ngoai ra con ng xa dau 10 va xa can 11, ap
suat lam viec la 1,8Mpa.

Hnh 6.4. Bnh cha cao ap
1 than bnh , 2 ong long ra , 3 ong xa kh khong ngng
, 4 ong hoi long t bo xa kh , 5 can bang hi ,
6 ap ke , 7 noi van an toan , 8 long vao , 9 ong
thuy , 10 xa dau , 11 xa can , 12 chan.
3. V Tr Lap at :
Bnh cha cao ap c at sau thiet b ngng tu va trc van
tiet lu.
6.4.Phin say loc:
.1 Nhiem Vu :
Phin say va phin loc conhiem vu loai tr cac can ban c hoc
va cac tap chat hoa hoc ac biet la nc va axid ra khoi
vong tuan hoan moi chat lanh. Phin say va phin loc c lap
ca tren ng long va ng hi cua he thong lanh.
Can ban c hoc co the la at cat, r set, vay han, mat kim
loai. Cac can ban nay ac biet nguy hiem cho may nen khi
chung lot vao xilanh va cac chi tiet chuyen ong. Cac can
ban cung nguy hiem oi vi van ac biet van tiet lu, chung
gay tac ban.
Cac tap chat hoa hoc ac biet la am (nc) va cac axid
tai trong vong tuan hoan co the la han r, an mon cac chi
tiet may. Nc co the ong a bt kn van tiet lu gay tac
am.
2.Cau Tao :
Co nhieu dang cau tao tuy thuoc vao cong suat may, moi
chat lanh Hnh 6.5 gii thieu 1 phin loc dung cho moi chat
Freon c nho va c trung. Bo phan loc va say n gian la
mot khoi zeolit nh hnh bang keo dnh ac biet at trong mot
vo han kn.
Phin loc cua cac he thong ln thng co than hnh tru bang
thep han hoac uc, bo tr ng vao va ra cho hi hoac long.
Mot au hnh tru co bo tr nap e de dang thao phin ra ve
sinh. Neu co them chc nang say, ngi ta bo tr them cac
hat hut am tng ng (zeolit, silicagel ) vao ben trong li loc.
3.V Tr Lap at :
Phin say loc ng hi thng bo tr ngay au hut may nen
e loai tr can ban i vao may nen, tren ng long thng
lap trc van ien t (neu co) va ac biet la van tiet lu e
gi cho cac van nay hoat ong bnh thng khong b tac.
6.5.Knh long mat gas:
.1 Nhiem Vu :
Mat gaz la knh quan sat lap tren ng long (sau phin say
loc) e quan sat dong chay cua moi chat lanh. Ngoai viec ch
th dong chay, mat gaz con co nhiem vu :
- Bao hieu u gaz khi dong gaz khong b sui bot.
- Bao hieu thieu gaz khi dong gaz b
sui bot manh.
- Bao hieu gaz khi thay suat hien
cac vet dau tren knh.
Hnh 6.5. Phin say loc cho
may lanh Freon c nho va
- Bao o am moi chat qua s bien mau cua cham mau tren
tam mat gaz so sanh vi mau tren chu vi mat gaz xanh :kho
(dry) ; vang : than trong (caution) ; nau : am(wet). Neu b am
nhat htiet phai thay phin say mi.
- Bao hieu hat hut am
b ra khi thay gaz b
vay uc, khi o cung
phai thay phin say loc
e phonh van tiet lu
va cac ng ong b
tac.
.2 Cau Tao :
Hnh (6.6) gii thieu
cau tao cua mat gaz.
Mat gaz co than hnh
tru pha di kn con
pha tren c lap mat
knh e co the quan
sat dong gaz chay ben
trong.
.3 V Tr Lap at :
Lap gaz c lap tren
ng long sau phin say loc,
trc van tiet lu.
Trng hp mat gaz long tng oi phu hp ng knh lap
mat gaz, co hte lap ngay tren ng ong(hnh 6.7).
trng hp ng ong long ln, phai lap tren ng ong
nhanh song song vi ong chnh (Hnh 6.8).
Hnh 6.7. Nap mat gaz len ng long chnh Hnh 6.8 Nap
mat gaz len ng phu
Hnh 6.6. Cau tao
mat gaz
6.6. Van ien t:
Van ien t dung e ong m lo thoat ng ong dan moi chat,
moi chatTL va nc, thuoc loai ieu khien t xa. Van ien t co
the chia ra lam 2 loai:
LOAI TAC ONG TRC TIEP: Thanh sat t (ty van) c m
hoan toan nh t trng cua dong ien. ay la cac van ien t
co lo thoat be.
LOAI TAC ONG GIAN TIEP: Thanh sat t m van nh t
trng ket hp vi ap lc cua moi chat i qua van. ay la cac van
co lo thoat ln, lc t trng khong u ln e t m van c.
1.Van ien t tac ong trc tiep:
Cau tao- nguyen ly lam viec:
Khi co dong ien vao cuon day 1 th loi sat t 2 c hut len,
do lo thoat be nen lc t trng thang lc ep cua ap lc moi
chat trc van, ca van 4 c m thong hoan toan va moi chat i
qua van. Khi ngat ien di tac ong cua lc trong trng loi thep
ri xuong ong van lai, ap lc sau van giam nen van c ep chat
nh ap lc moi chat trc van.

Hnh 6.9 van ien t tac ong trc tiep
2. van ien t tac ong gian tiep:( hnh mo phong)
oi vi cac van ien t co lo thoat ln, khi van ong ap lc e
len van rat ln (co the at ti vai tram KG) do o khong kinh te
khi che tao cuon hut ln a trc tiep m van bang t trng.
cau tao- Nguyen ly lam viec:
1.Cuon
hut.
2.Loi sat
t.
3.Vo
cach ly.
4.Ca
van.
Hnh 6.10 .Van ien t tac ong gian tiep
1.Thanh nam cham.
2.Lo xo.
3.Cuon day..
4.Loi sat t.
5.Vo cach ly khong nhiem t.
6.Van phu.
7.Van chnh.
3.Mang an hoi
Man an hoi kim loai 8 chia khong gian trong van lam 2 phan.
Phan tren mang va phan di mang. Khi khong co ien vao cuon
hut 3 loi sat t di tac dung cua lc trong trng va lo xo 2
ong van phu 6 lai. Moi chat qua lo nho a van chnh 7 chay t
au vao len phan khong gian tren mang an hoi 3. Van chnh ong
chat nh ap lc moi chat. Khi co ien vao cuon hut, loi sat t
c hut len lam van phu m ra, ap suat tren mang giam xuong.
Loi sat keo van chnh, van chnh t t m nh t trng va ap
suat moi chat au vao phan di mang. Van ien t m thong
6.7. Bnh tach long:
1. Nhiem Vu :
Bnh tach long co nhiem vu tach cac giot long khoi luong
hi hut ve may nen, tranh cho may nen khong hut phai long
gay va ap thuy lc lam h hong may nen.
2. Cau Tao :
Bnh tach long n gian la mot bnh hnh tru at ng va
c cau tao nh hnh 6.11
cac may nen nho ngi ta s dung bnh tach long
(accumulartor) e tach long va dau ve ot ngot sau o tiet
lu dan ve may nen va tranh c va ap thuy lc, va ha
c nhiet o cuoi tam nen.
3. Tr Lap at :
Bnh tach long c lap at tren ng hut t thiet b boc
hi ve may nen.
6.8.Thiet b hoi nhiet:
Thiet b hoi nhiet dung e qua lanh long moi chat sau
ngng tu trc khi vao van tiet lu bang hi lanh ra t dan boc
hi trc khi ve may nen trong cac may lanh Freon nham tang
hieu suat lanh chu trnh.
Hnh 6.11. bnh tach long (accumulator
hoac liquid trap)
1 hi am t dau bay hi ve; 2 hi kho
Hnh 6.12. Hoi nhiet
)a nguyen ly cau tao ; b) hoi nhiet cua Danfoss (an Mach)
1 hi vao ra ; 2 long vao ra ; 3 khong gian ben trong ; 4 khong
gian 2 vo.
Hoi nhiet co nhieu dang khac nhau nhng eu chung nguyen
tac la mot thiet b trao oi nhiet ngc dong, trong o hi i
pha ngoai ong xoan, long i trong ong xoan. Hnh 6.12 mo ta
mot thiet b hoi nhiet n gian. e tang hieu qua trao oi
nhiet, co the tang dien tch trao oi nhiet bang cach bo tr
nhieu tang ong xoan pha trong.
6.9.Cac loai van, ong dan:
1. Ong Tieu Am :
May nen pittong lam viec theo chu ky hut ay nen co rung
ong ca hai ng hut ay gay tieng on. e tieu am cho
ng hut va ay ngi ta bo tr cac ong tieu am.
Hnh 6.13 gii thieu cau taon gian cua 1 ong tieu am cho
may nen lanh. Ong tieu am c lap ngay pha trc va pha
sau may nen tren ng hut va ay.
2. Van dch vu :

Hnh 5.17. Van tap vu
Hnh 6.13 Ong
tieu am
a) loai 4 bulong bat len may nen ; b) loai 2 bulong bat
len may
b) mat cat qua 1 van tap vu ; d) hnh cat phoi canh
1 than , 2 e van , 3 tam chan di , 4 em kn truc , 5
em nap , 6
6 nap ;
7 truc van , 8 au noi lay tn hieu ap suat hoac e hut
chan khong, nap gaz, nap dau
9 au noi vao dan ngng hoac dan boc hi , 10 tai co nh
vao au may nen ,
11 vong siet , 12 au vuong , 13 tam chan tren , 14 au
noi vao may nen.
Hnh 6.14 cac loai van dch vu
Van dch vu (service valve) la van lap ngay tren ng may
nen ng hut va ng ay, van tap vu la loai van 3 nga.
Khi van het xuong la ong ng hi t dan boc hi hoac
dan ngng en may nen nhng thong may nen vi au noi
au nap hoac ap ke. Neu van het len la ong au noi
ng nap hoac ap ke va thong vi dan. Neu e van lng
chng th ca 3 nga thong vi nhau. Van tap vu dung e bao
dng, sa cha, nap dau, nap gaz, hut chan khong cung nh
e phuc vu viec o ac kiem tra may nen (kiem tra ap suat
ay va hut )
Hnh 6.14 gii thieu mot so loai van tap vu.
Van tap vu co the b h hong. Neu em kn co van b x h,
co the thao ra e thay em kn mi hoac ch can siet chat
la van kn.Tam van hoac tam chan cua van neu b h th khong
sa c ma phai thay van mi.
3. Van Mot Chieu :
Trong mot so he thong lanh ngi ta thiet ke chu trnh ch
cho long va hi i theo mot hng nhat nh va khi a i vao
thiet b th khong c phep quay tr lai v du : khi hi nen a
i vao bnh ngng th khong c phep quay tr lai may nen,
long a qua bm cung khong c quay tr lai (e phong
trng hp may nen, bm hong ot ngot) Van mot chieu
co nhieu loai khac nhau nhng eu lam viec da tren nguyen
tac chenh lech ap suat. Khi ap suat au vao ln hn, van t
ong m cho dong hi hoac long i qua, nhng khi ap suat au
vao giam nho hn pha au ra, van van t ong ong lai. Hnh
6.15 gii thieu hnh dang mot so van mot chieu c nho.
Hnh 6.15. Mot so loai van mot chieu
1 loi vao , 2 loi ra , 3 e van , 4 lo xo nen , 5 coc van , 6 g dan
hng
khi ca vao co ap suat, lo xo b nen lai, coc van b ay len cho moi
chat i qua. Khi ca vao
mat ap suat p1 p2 lo xo t ong dan ra ay coc xuong di e ong
van lai.
Khi van hanh bao dng may lanh can thiet phai khoa
hoac m dong chay moi chat lanh tren dong tuan hoan moi
chat lanh. Cac van khoa, van chan am ng nhiem vu o.
Van khoa va van chan co rat nhieu dang khac nhau tuy theo
chc nang, cong dung, kch c, dong chay, moi chat lam kn,
vat lieu, phng phap gia cong Theo chc nang co the phan
ra van chan ng ay, van chan ng hut, van chan ng
hi van chan ng long. Theo dong chay co the phan ra van
thang dong, van goc, theo moi chat phan ra van NH
3
van Freon,
theo phng phap lam kn co the phan ra loai co lam kn, vong
em kn, kieu mang, kieu hop xep (khong co khoi em kn),
theo vat lieu co the phan ra gang, thep hoac ong, theo phng
phap gia cong co the phan ra van uc, van han. Hnh 5.1 gii
thieu van chan kieu gang uc, thang dong dung khoi em kn,
cho amoniac va Freon.
4.Van Khoa, Van Chan:
Hnh 6.16.. van chan
1 than , 2 e van (o
ta van) , 3 non van , 4
nap , 5 em
kn ty van , 6 ty van , 7
tay van 8 chen em ,
9 bulong , 10 ren cua ty
van , 11 vong em kn ,
12 em kn ngc , 13
vong em cua non van.
Hnh 6.17 gii thieu mot so van Freon loai nho khong dung
em kn, lam kn bang mang kim loai an hoi kieu thang hoac
goc au han hoac noi bang au loe.
5.Van Tiet Lu Tay :
Van tiet lu tay la van tiet lu c ieu chnh bang tay. Van
co ket cau nh van chan. Khac biet c ban cua van tiet lu la
non van co ket cau ac biet e co the ieu chnh c lu
lng mot cach rat chnh xac do tiet dien m cua van co the
ieu chnh rat chnh xac.
e tang o chnh xac ieu chnh, ren cua ty van la loai mn
hn so vi cac van chan.
6.Van ao Chieu :
Co 2 loai van ao chieu thng dung trong ky thuat lanh vi
chc nang khac han nhau van ao chieu dung cho van an toan
va van ao chieu dung e ao chieu vong tuan hoan moi
chat lanh lam cho may may lanh 1 chieu thanh 2 chieu : lam
lanh va bm nhiet.
7. Ap Ke :
Ap ke dung e o va ch th ap suat cua moi chat
au hut, au ay va ch th va hieu ap suat dau boi trn.
Ap ke con c s dung trong cac ong ho nap gaz, tren bnh
ngng, bnh cha, bnh trung gian
Cac ap ke chuyen dung trong he thong lanh ngoai thang chia
ap suat con co thang chia ghi nhiet o tng ng cua cac moi
chat lanh thng dung nh : NH
3
, R12, R22, R502.
Cac ap ke thng co cau tao kieu ong an hoi. Khi ap
suat trong ong an hoi thay oi se lam cho ong co o co dan
khac nhau va qua cac c cau c kh lam cho kim quay tng ng
vi tr so ap suat. Hnh 5.19 gii thieu cau tao thang chia tren
mat ap ke
a) Hnh 6.17.Van chan khong
em kn, lam kn bang mang,
noi ong bang han hoac c cau
b) Hnh6.18 van chan dung
hop xep e lam kn, noi
ong bang c Cau loe.
Hnh 6.19. Cau tao mat ap ke dung trong ky thuat lanh cho R12, R22, R502
a) pha ap cao H1 ; b) pha ap thap L0
Bi 7.
CHU TRNH MY LNH NN HI
7.1 Chu trnh may lanh nen hi mot cap:
Trong nhiet ong ky thuat nh ngha:
Chu trnh thuan chieu la chu trnh tien hanh thuan theo chieu
kim ong ho va la chu trnh cua cac may sinh cong, bien
oi nhiet nang thanh c nang nh cac ong c nhiet, ong
c no, au may hi nc.
Chu trnh ngc chieu tien hanh ngc theo chieu kim ong ho
la chu trnh cua may lanh va bm nhiet, tieu ton nang lng
hoac cong e bm mot dong nhiet t nhiet o thap thai
ra moi trng co cap nhiet o cao hn. Tat ca cac chu trnh
nghien cu di ay la chu trnh ngc chieu.
7.1.1.Chu Trnh Kho:
1. nh Ngha :
Chu trnh kho la chu trmh co hi hut ve may nen la hi bao
hoa kho.
Hnh 6.2 bieu dien chu trnh kho trong o hnh a la s o thiet
b va hnh b la chu trnh kho bieu dien tren o th logp -h.
2. Cac Qua Trnh Cua Chu Trnh Kho :
To
Tk
1
4
3 2
S3 S1
entropy
4
20

TBBH
1
3

TBNT
2
Hnh 7.1. Chu trnh kho
a) s o thiet b ; b) chu trnh
bieu dien tren o th logP h
TL Van tiet lu (cac chu
1-2 : Qua trnh nen hi oan nhiet (s
1
= s
2
hoac s = 0) t ap
suat boc hi va nhiet o boc hi len ap suat ngng tu va nhiet
o T
2
> T
k
. Qua trnh nay tien hanh trong vung hi qua nhiet.
2-3 : Qua trnh lam mat va ngng tu hi moi chat ang ap,
thai nhiet cho nc hoac cho khong kh lam mat.
3-4 : Qua trnh tiet lu ang entanpy t ap suat ngng tu va
nhiet ngng tu xuong ap suat boc hi va nhiet o boc hi.
4-1 : Qua trnh boc hi ang ap va ang nhiet e thu nhiet
cua moi trng can lam lanh. ay chnh la qua trnh lam lanh
ma ta muon thc hien.
Chu trnh kho chu yeu s dung cho moi chat amoniac vi cac
ly do sau :
Nhiet o cuoi tam nen cua amoniac rat cao. e han che
bt nhiet o nay, can cho may nen hut hi bao hoa. e
may nen khong hut phai long, phai bo tr bnh tach long tren
ng hi hut ve may nen. Long cuon theo se b tach ra va
a quay tr lai dan boc hi.
3. Phng Phap Tnh Toan :
Nang suat lanh rieng khoi lng :
q
0
=h
1
-h
4
,kJ/kg 6.1
Nang suat lanh rieng the tch :
Nang suat nhiet rieng thai ra dan ngng :
q
k
= h
2
h
3
, kJ/kg 6.3
Ty so nen :
Cong nen rieng :
l = h
2
h
1
,kJ/kg 6.5
He so lanh cua chu trnh :
Nang suat lanh thu c q
0
= =
6.6
Cong tieu ton l
o hoan thien chu trnh hay hieu suat exergy :
0
p
p
k

3
1
/ 2526 m kJ
v
q
q
o
v

6.2
6.4
V du1 : Mot may lanh nen hi amoniac co the tch hut ly
thuyet V
lt
= 20m
3
/h, nhiet o ngng tu la 40
0
C, nhiet o boc hi
10
0
C. Hay xac nh chu trnh kho, nang suat lanh Q
0
va cong
nen hieu dung Ne
Giai :
Da vao o th lgp h cua NH
3
co the xay dng c chu
trnh kho theo t
k
= 40
0
C va t
0
= -10
0
C trc heat ke hai ng P
0
=
0,29 Mpa tng ng t
0
= -10
0
C va P
k
= 1,56Mpa tng ng t
k
= 40
0
C
(neu tra o th bang hi bao hoa NH
3
co P
0
= 2,9136bar va P
k
=
15,559bar).
Cac iem nut chu trnh :
- iem 1 : la iem cat p
0
vi ng hi bao hoa kho x = 1.
- iiem 3 : la iem cat p
k
vi ng long bao hoa x = 0.
- iem 4 : la iem cat gia p
0
va h
3
= const (ng song song
vi truc tung va i qua iem 3).
- iem 2 la iem cat gia p
k
va s = const (ng cong song song
vi cac ng s = const va i qua iem 1) v s
2
= s
1
.
Cac thong so trang thai p, T, h cua cac iem nut chu trnh
1,2,3,4 co the oc c tren o th lgp h. rieng iem 1 va 3
co the tra trong bang hi bao hoa NH
3
cac thong so tra c
tap hp trong bang 6.1 :
Bang 6.1. Chu trnh kho NH
3
, t
k
= 40
0
C, t
o
= -10
0
C
1 2 3 4
P, Mpa 0,29 1,56 1,56 0,29
t,
0
C -10 116 40 -10
h, kJ/kg 1749 1998 688 588
v, m
3
/kg 0,42 - - -
Tnh toan chu trnh :
1. Nang suat lanh rieng khoi lng :
q
0
= h
1
h
4
= 1749 688 = 1061kJ/kg
2. Nang suat lanh rieng the tch :
q
v
= q
0
/v
1
= 2526kJ/m
3

3. Nang suat nhiet rieng ngng tu :
q
k
= h
2
h
3
= 1998 688 = 1310kJ/kg
4. Ty so nen :
= p
k
/p
0
= 5,38
5. Cong nen rieng :
l = h
2
h
1
= 1998 1749 = 249 kJ/kg
6. He so lanh cua chu trnh :
c
k
T
T T
0
0
6.7
26 , 4
249
1061

l
q
o

7 Hieu suat exergy :

81 , 0
263
50
26 , 4
o
o k
T
T T

Tnh toan may nen :
8 The tch hut ly thuyet cua may nen (a cho):
V
lt
= 20m
3
/h = 0,005556m
3
/s
9 He so cap :
vi = 5,38 tra o th(o th he so cap )may nen NH
3
c
trung co = 0,67
10 The tch hut thc te V
tt
:
V
tt
= .V
lt
= 0,67 . 20 = 13,4m
3
/h
11 Lu lng thc te nen qua may nen :

h kg
v
V
m
tt
/ 9 , 31
42 , 0
4 , 13
1

12 Nang suat lanh cua may nen :
h kcal kW
s
kJ
q m Q
o o
/ 8084 ( 4 , 9 4 , 9 1061
3600
9 , 31
.
13 Cong nen ly thuyet :
kW
s
kJ
l m N
s
21 , 2 21 , 2 249
3600
9 , 31
.
14 Hieu suat nen tra o th hnh 2.2 vi p
k
/p
0
= 5.38 co :

e
= 0,755
15 Cong nen hieu dung Ne :

kW
N
N
s
e
93 , 2
755 , 0
21 , 2

16 cong suat tieu thu o tai bang au ien ong c :

- oi may nen kn va na kn

kW
N
N
el
e
el
26 , 3
90 , 0
93 , 2

el
hieu suat ong c ien
oi vi may nen h truyen ai hoac khp co them ton that
truyen ong, v du
t
la hieu suat truyen ong ai
t
= 0,95 th :

kW
N
N
td el
e
el
43 , 3
95 , 0 . 90 , 0
93 , 2
.

cong suat ong c thc chon phai ln hn cong suat tnh toan
t 1,1 lan tr len.
7.1.2.chu trnh qua lanh, qua nhiet :
Chu trnh qua lanh, qua nhiet co s o thiet b giong nh chu
trnh kho nhng co them bo qua lanh long trc khi vao van
tiet lu nen nhiet o trc van tiet lu thap hn nhiet o ngng
tu va co o qua nhiet hi hut (hoac do s dung van tiet lu
nhiet) nen hi hut trc khi vao may nen co nhiet o cao hn
nhiet o boc hi.
1. nh Ngha :
Chu trnh qua lanh , qua nhiet la chu trnh co nhiet o long
vao van tiet lu nho hn nhiet o ngng tu (nam trong vung
qua lanh) va hi hut ve may nen ln hn nhiet o boc hi
(nam trong vung qua nhiet).
2. Nguyen Nhan Qua Lanh
Do :
- Co bo tr them thiet b qua long sau thiet b
ngng tu.
- c qua lanh long ngay trong thiet b ngng tu v
thiet b ngng tu thuoc kieu thiet b trao oi nhiet ngc
dong.
- Do toa nhiet ra moi trng tren ng t bnh
ngng en van tiet lu.
3. Nguyen Nhan Qua Nhiet Do :
S dung van tiet lu nhiet e ieu chnh s qua nhiet hi
hut.
Do tai nhiet ln va thieu long cap cho dan boc hi.
Do ton that lanh tren ng t bnh boc hi ve may nen.
Hnh 6.3 gii thieu chu trnh qua lanh va qua nhiet.

TBNT

TBBH
MN
2
3
4
6
5
7
1
2
To
Tk
4
1
3
h
log p
5
6
7
o qua nhiet hi hut :
Hnh 7.2 Chu trnh qua lanh va qua nhiet
QL thiet b qua lanh long ; TLN Van tiet lu
t ong nh o qua nhiet hi hut goi tat la
van tiet lu nhiet.
a) s o thiet b ; b) Chu trnh bieu dien tren
o th lgP - h
t
qn
= t
1
t
1
= t
1
t
0
o

qua lanh long :
t
ql
= t
3
t
3
= t
k
t
3

Do co qua nhiet nen cong nen rieng ln hn chut t, nang
suat hut giam chut t Do co the tch rieng v
1
tang len. Cong
nen rieng
l = h
2
h
1
.
Do co o qua lanh long nen nang suat lanh rieng tang 1
khoang
q
0
= h
3
h
4
= h
3
h
3
Nang suat lanh rieng :
q
0
= h
1
h
4
Neu nhiet o buong lanh cao hn t
1
trong trng hp dung van
tiet lu nhiet va trng hp thiet b boc hi la dan trao oi
nhiet ngc chieu co the tnh:
q
0
= h
1
h
4
Cac he thong lanh amoniac van hanh theo chu trnh kho
nhng trong thc te e am bao khong b cuon long vao may
nen va do ton that lanh tren ng hut nen nhiet o hut
thng cao hn nhiet o soi t 5 8
0
C. Nhiet o long vao van
tiet lu do toa nhiet ra moi trng nen cung thap hn nhiet o
ngng tu 2 5
0
C. Nh vay chu trnh kho a lech sang chu trnh
qua lanh va qua nhiet. Chu trnh nay cung chu yeu s dung
cho moi chat NH
3
.
7.1.3.Chu Trnh Hoi Nhiet :
1.nh Ngha.
Chu trnh hoi nhiet la chu trnh co thiet b trao oi nhiet trong gia
moi chat long nong 9 trc khi vao van tiet lu) va hi lanh trc khi
ve may nen.
Chu trnh hoi nhiet bieu dien tren o th lgp -h gan giong nh chu
trnh qua lanh , qua nhiet. 2 chu trnh co khac biet c ban nh sau :
chu trnh qua lanh, qua nhiet va qua nhiet khong phu thuoc
vao nhau va co cac gia tr bat ky.
a. Cng dng
TBHN l thit b trao i nhit c s dng trong h thng lnh dng mi cht Freon. c
mc ch: Qa lnh lng mi cht trc VTL; qu nhit hi ht v my nn, bo m hnh trnh kh
cho MN.
b. Cu to

Hnh 7.3: Cu to TBHN
c. S trao i nhit
Lng mi cht c p sut, nhit l P
K
T
K
ra khi TBNT i vo ng xon trong TBHN c hi
lnh t TBBH v ngc chiu trong khng gian v bnh lm mt.
Kt qu: lng ra khi ng xon b qu lnh, cn hi v MN b qu nhit.
chu trnh hoi nhiet, lng nhiet do hi lanh thu vao ung
lng nhiet do do long nong thai ra, do o h
33
= h
11
trong o h
33
=
h
3
h
3
va h
11
= h
1
h
1
2.Cac Qua Trnh C Ban Cua Chu Trnh Hoi Nhiet :
(1 2): Nn hi on nhit t P
o
T
o
ln P
K
T
K
y vo TBNT.
(2 3): Qu trnh ngng
t ng p, ng nhit
trong TBNT P
K
T
K
(3 3): Qu lnh lng
mi cht trong TBHN h
nhit t T
K
xung T
QL
nhng P
K
= const.
(3 4): Qu trnh tit lu
gim p sut, nhit t
T
QL
P
K
xung P
o
T
o
vo
TBBH
(4 1): Qu trnh thu
nhit bay hi lm lnh
trong TBBH. ri c
MN ht v.
(1 1): Qu nhit hi
ht v my nn trong
TBHN trnh va p thy
lc cho my nn .
Ch :
Trong HTL dng NH
3
, v c nhit cui tm nn cao ( 145
0
C ), n dng TBHN d gy chy
du nhn, tng cng MN v tiu tn nhiu in nng Ch dng TBHN trong h thng lnh
dng Freon.
Chu trnh hoi nhiet ch s dung cho cac moi chat Freon nh R12,
R22, R502, R134a. vi cac moi chat nay chu trnh hoi nhiet to ra
co hieu suat lanh cao hn, he so lanh cao hn cac chu trnh kho va
qua lanh qua nhiet.
Cac thiet b hoi nhiet thng c thiet ke vi t
min
= 5K
ngha la nhiet o cua hi ra t
1
thap hn nhiet o long vao t
3
la 5
0
C.
V du nhiet o long vao 30
0
C th nhiet o hi ra hoi nhiet vao may
nen la 25
0
C. Sau o o khoang h
11
, va lay h
33
= h
11
.Nh vay co
the xac nh c iem 3 va 4.
Cac may lanh tu lap at, khong co hoi nhiet chnh thc
ma ch co bo tr hoi nhiet bang cach quan ng long quanh
ng hut hoac bo tr mot so vong ong dan long trong bnh bay
long th hieu qua kem hn nhieu va nhiet o hi hut ra khoi hoi
nhiet thap hn nhiet o long vao co khi en 20 hoac 30
0
C. Khi o
phai o ac trc tiep cac gia tr nhiet o mi co the c xay
dng tren o th lgp-h.
V du 2:
Mot buong lanh s dung 1 may lanh lam viec vi nhiet o ngng
tu 40
0
C va nhiet o boc hi -20
0
C, moi chat R22. may nen h cua
hang KOCK (CHLB c ) co the tch hut ly thuyet 27,1m
3
/h. xac nh
cac thong so trang thai iem nut chu trnh.
Hay xac nh chu trnh hoi nhiet vi t
3
t
1
= 15K va xac nh
cac thong so cua he thong lanh.
Giai: xac nh cac iem nut chu trnh:
Nh bang bao hoa cua moi chat R22 ta co the xac nh
c:
P
k
= 15,33bar t
k
= 40
0
C
P
o
= 2,45 bar t
o
= -20
0
C
= p
k
/p
o
= 6,26
do t
3
= t
k
nen t
k
t
1
= 15K
va t
1
= t
k
15 = 40 15 = 25
0
C
Xay dng chu trnh tren o th lgP h
- ke 2 ng pk va po song song vi truc hoanh, xac nh c 3
iem:
1 la iem cat cua po va ng hi bao hoa kho
3 la iem cat cua pk va ng long bao hoa.
1 la iem cat cua po va ng t = 250C.
T 1 ke ng cong s
1
= const = s
2
. iem 2 la iem cat cua
pk va s
1
= s
2
= const
o khoang cach 11 va lay dau 33 ung bang 11 nh vay
xac nh c iem 3 tren o th. Ch co the s dung phng phap
o th e tm iem 3, ma khong the tnh toan c v rat phc tap.
Ke ng h
3
= const song song vi truc tung cat ng p
o
4.
Nh vay tat ca 6 iem nut cua chu trnh a c xac nh. Ch
co 2 iem 1 va 3 co the oc dc cac thong so t bang hi bao
hoa NH
3
, con tat cac iem khac phai oc tren o th .
Bang 6.2 tap hp cac thong so trang thai cua cac iem
nut chu trnh hoi nhiet.
1 1 2 3 3 4
p, bar 2,45 2,45 15,3
3
15,3
3
15,3
3
2,45
t,
o
C -20 25 116 40 (14) -20
h, kJ/kg 697 728 785 549 518 518
v, m
3
/kg - 0,12
5
- - - -
h
11
= h
1
h
1
= 728 697 = 31 kJ/kg
h
3
h
3
= h
11
=> h
3
= h
3
- h
11
= 549 31 = 518kJ/kg
Xac nh chu trnh hoi nhiet
1 nang suat lanh rieng khoi lng:
q
o
= h
1
h
4
= 697 518 = 179kJ/kg
2 - nang suat lanh rieng the tch:

3
1
/ 1432
125 , 0
179
m kJ
v
q
q
o
v

3 - nang suat nhiet rieng ngng tu:
q
k
= h
2
h
3
= 785 549 = 236kJ/kg
4 ty so nen:
= p
k
/p
o
= 6,26
5 - cong nen rieng:
l = h
2
h
1
= 785 728 = 57kJ/kg
6 he so lanh:
314
57
179
0

l
q
7 o hoan thien chu trnh:

60 , 0
263
50
. 14 , 3
o
o k
T
T T

Tnh toan may nen
8 the tch hut ly thuyet a cho V
lt
= 27,1m
3
/h
9 he so cap
vi = 6,26 tra o th (hnh 2.1) c = 0,62 cho may nen
R22.
10 the tch hut thc te:
V
tt
= . V
lt
= 0,62 . 27,1 = 16,8m
3
/h
11 lu lng nen qua may nen:

h kg
v
V
m
tt
/ 4 , 134
125 , 0
68 , 1
1

12 nang suat lanh Q
o
:
) / 5745 ( 68 , 6 179
3600
4 , 134
h kcal kW mq Q
o o

13 cong nen ly thuyet:
kW ml N
s
13 , 2 57
3600
4 , 134

14 hieu suat nen hu ch
e
= 0,745 (tra o th hnh 2.2) cho
moi chat R22, = 6,26.
15 cong nen hu ch:

kW
N
N
e
s
e
86 , 2
745 , 0
13 , 2

16 cong nen tieu thu:

ay la loai may nen h truyen ong khp nen lay:
- hieu suat ong c
el
= 0,90 va
- hieu suat truyen ong
t
= 0.95
- vay cong suat tieu thu:

kW N
el
35 , 3
95 , 0 . 90 , 0
86 , 2

Chon ong c cong suat khoang 3,7 7,0kW tuy theo tng
trng hp lap at va s dung. Neu chon 3,7kW ien nang tieu thu
t hn nhng de chay may neu ien khong on nh. Neu chon 7kW
ien nang tieu thu tang do ton that ma sat tang nhng an toan khi
ien khong on nh va che o lam viec thay oi, ac biet trong
thi gian bat au van hanh buong lanh, (thng goi xa lanh) a
buong lanh t nhiet o moi trng xuong nhiet o lanh yeu cau
hoac khi a nhieu san pham co nhiet o cao vao buong lanh lam
phu tai ot ngot tang len.
Ghi nh: du lap at ong c 3,7kW hay 7kW th nang suat
lanh cung ch at,68kW nhiet o tnh toan tk = 40
o
C va to = -20
o
C.
Neu nhiet o ngng tu va boc hi lech khoi cac gia tr tnh toan th
tuy theo hng len xuong ma nang suat lanh cung se thay oi
theo.
7.1.4. Chu trnh my lnh nn hi 2 cp:
1.Mt s khi nim c bn
ng vi p sut bay hi P
0
nh hay p sut ngng t P
k
ln th t s nn s ln. Nu ch dng
mt cp nn th s gp nhng bt li sau:
- Hiu sut MN nh
- Cc tn tht tit lu trong van tit lu tng lm nng sut lnh ca h thng gim.
- Nhit hi qu nhit ra khi MN cao lm xu kh nng bi trn ca du hay phn hy du,
thm ch bc chy du do cn gim t s nn bng cch lm nhiu cp nn.
Thng thng theo kinh nghim,nu t s nn P
k
/ P
0
> 8 th ngi ta s dng 2 cp nn v sau
ln nn th nht xilanh thp p phi c lm lnh hi ra khi MN ri mi cho ht vo xilanh cao p.
Chng hn MN 2 cp:
Hnh 7.4: S nn hai cp
+ ln nn th nht, MN ht hi p sut P
0
v nn ln p P
TG
.
+ ln nn th hai, MN ht hi p P
TG
va nn ln p sut P
K
.
Hai cp nn ny c th b tr chung 1 MN hoc b tr 2 MN ring bit
Cch chn p sut trung gian ti u nht:
0
0
. p p p
p
p
p
p
k TG
TG
TG
k

(3.15)
Vic lm lnh c hai cch: LLTGKHT v LLTGHT
- LLTGKHT l lm gim nhit hi qu nhit trc khi vo xilanh cao p nhng hi vn
l hi qu nhit.
- LLTGHT l lm gim nhit hi qu nhit trc khi vo xilanh cao hi trng thi
hi bo ha kh.
2.Chu Trnh Hai Cp , Hai Tit Lu Lm Mt Khng Hon Ton :
- Chu trnh lm mt khng hon ton l mi cht ht my nn cao p trng thi qu nhit
Hnh 7.5 Thit b - chu trnh hai cp hai tit lu lm mt khng hon ton
-
Hi mi cht bo ha kh (im 1 ) c my nn h p ht v nn ln p sut trung gian (im2)
ha trn vi hi bo ha kh t bnh trung gian (im8) thnh hi qu nhit (im4).ta thy ,nu
dng my nn mt cp th nhit cui tm nn rt cao (im 5) sau khi ngng t (im6 ), mi
cht qua van tit lu 1 phun vo bnh trung gian .mt phn mi cht bc hi , phn cn li th
lng ri xung y bnh trung gian v qua van tit lu 2 , phun vo b bc hi lm lnh . mc
lng trong bnh trung gian c n nh bng cng tc phao kt hp vi van in t v van tit lu
tay : p sut trung gian c tnh bng : P
tg
= p
k
. p
o

3.Chu Trnh Hai Cp Hai Tit Lu Lm Mt Hon Ton :
chu trnh lm mt hon ton l mi cht ht my nn cao p trng thi bo ho kh
Hnh 7.6 Chu trnh hai cp , hai tit lu lm mt hon ton
Chu trnh ny ging vi chu trnh lm mt khng hon ton ch khc l hi ht ca my nn
cao p c ly thng t bu trung gian
- u im ca chu trnh ny l do hi qua my nn cao p c lm mt hon ton (hi bo
ho kh ) im 4 im 8 nn nhit cui tm nn cao p v cng nn cao p cng nh hn
- tng hiu sut c th s dng thit b hi nhit
- Qo = G
1
. q
o
= G
1
( h
1
h
10
)
- Qk = G
4
( h
5
h
6
)
- Ns = N
ha
+ N
ca
= G
1
( h
2
h
1
) + G
4
( h
5
h
4
)
- H s lm lnh l thuyt : lt = Qo/Ns = Qo / Nha + Nca
- Lu lng mi cht qua my nn cao p G4 c xc nh t phng trnh cn bng nhit
bnh trung gian G
4
.h
7
+ G
1
.h
3
= G
1
h
9
+ G
4
h
4
G
4
= G
1
( h
9
h
3
)/ h
7
h
4
4.Chu Trnh Hai Cp , Hai Tit Lu Bnh Trung Gian Qu Lnh Mi Cht :
Hnh 7.7 chu trnh 2 cp 2 tit lu bnh trung gian qu lnh mi cht
Bnh trung gian va lm mt mi cht sau my nn h p va lm qu lnh mi cht lng sau
ngng t , v lng cao p khng ha tan vi hi nn h p nn hn ch c du bi trn bm trn b
mt b bc hi lm gim kh nng truyn nhit
- chu trnh ny c s dng kh nhiu trong thc t :
- bng trung gian c ng xon hoc dng c ng chm nm ngang , TL1 l thng kt hp gia
cng tc phao v van in t , van tit lu tay hoc van in t v van tit lu nhit . c th
b tr bnh lm mt trung gian (qu trnh 2-3) gim bt qu nhit ca hi nn h p
trc khi vo bnh trung gian
- cc qu trnh : 1-2 nn h p s1 = const t po n ptg
2-4 lm lm mt trung gian n bo ho kh
4-5 nn cao p t ptg n pk
5-6 ngng t pk=const
6-7 tit lu (TL1) n trng thi bo ha m 7, ri tch ra hi im 8 , v
lng im 9
6-10 qu lnh lnh mi cht cao p trong ng xon pk
10-11 tit lu 2 vo b bc hi
11-1 bc hi sinh lnh po =const
tnh ton :
ptg = po.pk
Qo = G1 (h1-h11)
Qk = G4 ( h5-h6)
Ns = Nha+Nca = G1(h2-h1) + G4(h5-h4)
Lu lng mi cht G1 qua my nn h p v G4 qua my nn cao p :
- G1 = Qo / h1 h11 ( G4 tnh ton ptcb nhit ti bnh trung gian )
- h vo = h ra
( G4 G1 ) h7 + G1h6 + G1h3 = G4h4 + G1h10
G4 / G1 = h10 = h7 h6 h3 / h7 h4 = h10 h3 / h7 h4
nhit qu lnh c th chn t10 = t9 +(3 5 )OC
nhit lng ta ra trong ng xon Qtg = G1 (h6 h10 )
BI 8. T NG HA H THNG LNH
8.1.Nhng khai niem c ban:
Cac thiet b ieu khien t ong hoa cac qua trnh nhiet lanh
la cac thiet b tham gia t ong ieu khien van hanh he thong
lanh lam viec vi o tin cay an toan cao. Ngoai viec t ong ieu
khien van hanh he thong lanh, no con co vai tro quan trong la
bao ve cac thiet b cua he thong lanh khi gap s co bat thng
trong suot qua trnh lam viec. Mot he thong lanh hoan chnh bao
gi cung co ay u cac thiet b chnh va cac thiet b phu, thiet b
phu nay co hay khong co trong he thong lanh, la tuy theo he thong
lanh mot cap nen hay hai cap nen va tnh chat nhiet ong cua
moi chat lanh.
- Thiet b chnh: bao gom may nen, thiet b ngng tu (dan ngng,
dan nong), thiet b bay hi ( dan lanh) va van tiet lu, ay
labon loai thiet b luon phai co mat ay u trong mot he
thong lanh, neu thieu mot trong bon thiet b nay th khong the
noi la he thong lanh.
- Thiet b phu: bao gom bnh tach dau, bnh cha cao, bnh trung
gian, bnh hoi nhiet ( thiet b hoi nhiet) bnh cha thap ap, bnh
tach long, bnh tap trung dau, bnh tuan hoan, bnh cha bao ve,
bnh hoi lu long, bnh xa kh khong ngng (thiet b xa kh khong
ngng) .
- a so cac thiet b nay lam viec che o ap lc cao, khi b s
co rat nguy hiem v moi chat lanh co the thoat ra ngoai, gay
chay no anh hng en tnh nhng ngi ang lam viec-van
hanh he thong lanh, ngoai ra gay o nhiem moi trng pha hoai
tang Ozon. Nh vay muon he thong lanh lam viec an toan vi
o tin cay cao, am bao ung tren tieu chuan kinh te- ky
thuat, th cac thiet b he thong lanh phai co cac thiet b t
ong ieu khien va bao ve khi gap s co, ben canh o cung
can phai co cac thiet b t ong ieu chnh e ieu chnh
cac thong so trang thai cho phu hp, khi cac thong so trang
thai nay luon thay oi theo thi gian. Cac thiet b t ong ieu
khien, eu chnh, bao ve s co, bao gom cac thiet b sau
ay:
+ Cac thiet b truyen ong ien cho may nen bao
gom: cau dao, CB, cau ch, ap to mat, khi ong t (cong tac t)
.
+ Cac thiet b tham gia trong ieu khien truyen ong
ien cua he thong t ong bao gom: R le trung gian, R le thi
gian, R le nhiet, R le ien t.
+ Cac thiet b tham gia trong viec t ong ieu khien - bao
ve s co cua cac thiet b trong he thong lanh bao gom: Rle ap
lc ( R le ap lc thap, R le ap lc cao, R le ap lc dau ), cac cam
bien nhiet o ( cac Sensor nhiet, thermastat ), van ien cong tac
phao, R le toc o, cac cam bien o am, R le ap lc nc
Ngoai cac thiet b tren ngi ta con dung cac thiet b ieu
khien thong minh e ieu khien- bao ve s co- o lng cac
thong so cua he thong lanh c che tao san nh:
+ Cac vi mach c che tao san.
+ Cac moun ieu khien bang phng phap lap trnh, o chnh
la cac PLC ( do cac hang Simen, Tran, Misubishi, Toshiba, LG, Sony
che tao san ).
+ Cac card giao tiep vi may tnh vi cac cong noi tiep, ssss,
chang han nh : cong COM1, COM2 cua may tnh ( RS-232 )
+ Cac Moun vi x ly co cac chng trnh nap san ( tuy theo
yeu cau cua ngi s dung va muc ch yeu cau cong nghe)
8.2.Mot so ky hieu c ban tren s o mach ien ieu
khien-ong lc cua he thong lanh
HP
HP
ON
Up
ON
Down
7
3
2
5
OP
R le ap lc dau OP
(Oil pressure)
Rle ap lc cao HP
(High pressure)
LP LP
ON
Up
ON
Down
Down
ON
Up
ON
WP WP
TH TH
ON
Up
ON
Down
Rle ap lc thap LP
(Low pressure)
Rle ap lc nc WP
(Water pressure)
Rle nhiet oTH
(Thermostat)
KH
Tiepiemhanhtrnh
Rlenhiet
VF
SV
Van ien t: SV
(Solinoid value)
Cong tac phao
Chuyen mach
Phan tbien
dong
Phan tnung nong bao
vequatai
OCF
CT
A
8.3.Cac thiet b ieu khien t ong trong cac qua trnh nhiet
lanh
8.3.1. RLE NHIT
a.Cu to ca rle nhit : ( Thermastat)
Rle nhit c rt nhiu chng loI khc nhau sau y l gii thiu mt s rle nhit
thng dng c s dng rng ri trong thc t.
b. Nguyn l lm vic ca r le nhit
Rle nhit l loi thit b kh c in dng khng ch iu chnh nhit theo mun
ca ngi s dng. c bit trong h thng lnh chy cho kho lnh th nhit lnh lun di tr
nhit nht nh, h thng lnh chy cho t cp ng lun duy tr nhit tu theo sn phm cn
cp ng khi t nhit theo yu cu th role nhit t ngt tip im ngng ngay cc qu trnh
nhit .
* Nguyn l lm vic ca role nhit nhsau:
Vt iu chnh nhit s 5 dng ci t nhit cho bung cn khng ch nhit trn
thang nhit s 4 , u cm bin nhit s 2 lun lun c t trong h thng khng ch nhit
, bn trong bu cm bin nhit ny cha mt loi lnh cht rt nhy cm vi nhit v s
thay i nhit trong bung cn khng ch s c u cm bin cm nhn v lm thay i p sut
trong hp xp s 1. Nu nhit cao s gin n do p sut trong hp xp ln cn khi nhit
thp th cht kh s co li lm cho p sut trong hp xp nh .Vt ci t nhit s 5 ci t nhit
s to ra mt lc khng l xo s 3 tng ng.
Khi cc qu trnh ang xy ra n s lm nhit ca bung cn khng ch thay i theo thi
gian, khi nhit trong bung lnh cn khng ch cha t ti nhit ci t th p sut trong hp
xp sinh ra s thng c lc khng ca l xo 3 lm cho thanh mang tip im s 8 gi nguyn
khng dch chuyn. Trng thi cc tip dim gi nguyn, tip im s 1 vn ng duy tr cc qu
trnh nhit. Khi nhit trong bung cn khng ch t ti nhit ci t trn thang s 5 lc p
sut trong hp xp sinh ra khng thng c lc khng ca l xo 3 kt qu l xo s 3 s y c cu
thanh mang tip dim s 8 dch chuyn xung di , theo nguyn tc cnh tay n c cu lt s 7 s
lm thay i trng thi tip dim 1 m ra ngng cc qu trnh nhit ng thi ng tip im 2 li
a ngun vo mch bo hiu thng bo nhit t .
8.3.2. CONG TAC PHAO
a. Cau tao cong tac phao
1. Chieu chuyen ong len xuong cua
ty
2. Ty phao sat
3. Phao
4. Khoang DIFF
5. Goi cua tiep iem
6. Khp noi cua paho
7. Dch long ra vao phao
8. C cau tiep iem
9. Nam cham vnh cu
10. Bnh cha phao

b. Nguyen ly hoat ong
Cong tac phao la mot loai kh cu ien thng c s dung pho
bien trong nganh cong nghe thc pham, nganh ky thuat lanh
muc ch s dung cua no la khong che va ieu chnh mc long
(dch long) cua mot thiet b nao o luon co dung dch i qua theo
day chuyen cong nghe.
Trong he thong lanh, cong tac phao c ng dung e ieu
chnh khong che dch moi chat lanh bnh cha trung gian, bnh
cha cao ap, bnh cha bao ve, bnh tuan hoanngoai ra no con
c s dung e t ong hoa hoan toan qua trnh hoi dau boi trn
t bnh tach dau, bnh tach long, bnh trung gian,bnh cha cao ap
..,ve bnh tap trung dau . Cong tac phao con c s dung trong
viec ieu chnh mc nc be cha cho thap giai nhiet (neu
gian ngng tu cua he thong lam lanh bang nc) con trong nhng
lnh vc khac nh cong nghe bay hi nha may nhiet ien .v.v..no
c s dung rat nhieu, cong tac phao con dung cho cac may giat
dan dung hay cong nghiep v vay no la loai thiet b ieu khien t
ong c s dung trong nhieu lnh vc khac nhau.
Nguyen ly lam viec cua cong tac phao tng oi n gian no
da tren nguyen ly cua lc ay Acsimet va lc hut cua nam cham
vnh cu khp noi so (6) c lap vao thiet b can khong che va
ieu chnh mc dch long. So (7) la ng e cho dch long ra vao
bnh cha phao so (10) . Khi cha co dch long qua ca so (7) th trong
bnh cha phao so (10) khong co dch long, phao so (3) c lam
bang nha ben trong rong au ran mot cai ty lam bang sat t
so (2) se tiep suc vi ay bnh so (2) cha phao so (10) do lc hut
trong trng cua trai at : F
tt
=mg ( g=9.81m/s
2
, m la khoi lng cua
phao va ty sat ). Khi dch long i vao ca so (7) pha di, th dch
long trong bnh cha phao so (10) t t dang len luc o gia dch
long va be mat tiep xuc cua phao so (3) sinh ra mot lc ay
Acsimet F
AC
=s.g.v ( s la khoi lng rieng cua dch long , g = 9.81m/s
2
,v the tch cua chung cho ca phao so (3) co trong dch long) va
c che tao sao cho
F
AC
> F
tt
. Nh vay phao so (3) c ay len t t khi mc long at
ti mc xac nh th ty so (2) se en iem chet tren (iem gii
han i len cua ty sat so (2) luc o di tac dung cua lc hut ca
nam cham vnh cu so (9) va ty sat so (2) lam cho hai nam cham so
(9) chuyen ong i ve pha ty so (2) lam cho tiep iem thng m
so (8) ong lai Rle trung gian ngng hoat ong m' bm cap dch long
va thiet b can khong che, ieu chnh mc dch. S dch chuyen
cua ty so (2) phu thuoc rat nhieu vao m va s do o ng vi moi
moi chat long th phai co cong tac phao khac nhau, e khac phuc
nhc iem tren can phai co loai cong tac phao a nang.
c. Cong tac phao a nang
Cong tac phao a nang la cong tac phao dung cho moi chat
long khi can ieu chnh khong chemc long mot thiet b nao
o:
1. C cau tiep iem
2. Ty chuyen ong len xuong
3. Phao nha
4. Than phao
5. Nc vao(
6. Tiep iem thng m
7. Lo xo
8. ng thong ap

Nguyen ly hoat ongcua cong tac phao a nang nh sau :
Khoi lng cua ty so (2) va phao so (3) co khoi lng rat nho
u e thang lc ay Acsimet do khong kh tac dung len c cau
phao, vay khi cha co dch long i qua ng so (5) vao phao th lc
hut cua trong trng trai at tac dung len phao so (3) dch chuyen
en diem chet di cua ay phao (la iem gii han cua phao so
(3) dch chuyen xuong pha di). Khi co dch long i vao phao qua
ng so (5) (ng so (5) gan vi thiet b can khong che- ieu
chnh mc dch long tai iem can khong che mc dch long trong
thiet b , ng so (9) gan pha tren muc ch la e thong ap vi'
thiet b) , th dch long trong phao tang dan len , di tac dung ca
lc ay Acsimet dch long va dien tch tiep xuc dch long cua phao
so (3) lam cho phao so (3) c ay len pha tren , khi dch long tang
dan th phao so (3) va ty so (2) chuyen ong dan i len. Khi dch
long trong thiet b at ti mc can khong che th phao so (3) a ty
so (2) len ti iem chet tren , lc ay Acsimet se thang lc ay
cua lo xo so (8) sinh ra
( F
AC
>F
loxo(8)
), ket qua la lo xo so (8) b ep lai lam cho c cau tiep
iem so (1) dch chuyen, tiep iem so (7) m ra lam ngat qua trnh
hoat hoat ong cua bm cap dch long ong thi tiep iem so (6)
ong lai cap nguon cho qua trnh s ly mc dch trong thiet b.
Khi mc dch long trong thiet b giam dan di tac dung cua
lc lo xo so (8) no ay ty so (2) va phao so (3) i xuong di ay
phao lam cho c cau tiep iem so (1) phuc hoi lai trang thai ban au
Chu y:Khi s ly mc dch trong thiet b can phai co mot
khoang thi gian nhat nh e tranh qua trnh s ly mc dch trong
thiet b hoat ong lien tuc vi chu ky cc ngan, gay ra h hong cho
may moc, thiet b ieu chnh khong che mc dch
Hien nay cong tac phao c nhieu hang tren the gii che tao
theo nhieu chung loai khac nhau nhng co nguyen ly hoat ong hoan
toan giong nh cong tac phao a nang .Ve cong dung cua cong tac
phao c che tao theo hai hng o la:
+ Cong tac phao chu c ap lc
+ Cong tac phao chu c ap lc
Do o khi s dung cong tac phao can phai chu y cho qua trnh
chu c hay khong chu c ap lc.
8.3.4.VAN IEN T: (Solenoid Valve)
a. Cau tao cua van ien t
Cau tao cua van ien t c trnh bay hnh 8-45 , ay ch
gii thieu cau tao chung cua van ien t , trong thc te co rat
nhieu chung loai khac nhau tuy thao muc ch s dung
1. Ca vao cua moi chat
2. Ca ra ca moi chat
3. Thanh van
4. Cuon day
5. Loi sat
6. au ca chan cua van
7. Nguon vao cua van
8. Canh cua loi sat t
9. Lo xo

b. Nguyen ly hoat ong
Van t la mot loai thiet b ieu khien qua trnh cap dch (nh
:Dau, moi chat lanh , kh nen..... ) cho mot day chuyen cong nghe
nao o. Van ien t s dung rat nhieu trong nhieu lnh vc khac
nhau nh : s dung trong cac he thong thuy lc cua cac may cong
cu c kh che tao- may mai, may tien may phay bao, ieu khien
trong he thong CNC.., s dung trong cac he thong ben thuy lc .,
trong lnh vc ky thuat lanh no cung c s dung rat nhieu, chang
han nh trong he thong lanh van ien t dung e cap dch t bnh
cha cao ap ve van tiet lu i vao dan bay hi (lam lanh) hoac
ngng qua trnh cap dch (moi chat lanh) vao dan bay hi khi nhiet
o dan lanh at nhiet o yeu cau. N goai ra van ien t con c
s dung trong cac trng hp sau :qua trnh s ly ngap dch cho
may nen, qua trnh xa kh khong ngng thiet b ngng tu, bnh
cha cao ap hoac qua trnh hoi luno ket hp vi cong tac phao
e t ong hoa hoan toan cac thiet b phu trong he thong lanh.
Ngoai ra van ien t con c s dung trong nganh c kh ong
lc , trong nganh khai thac dau kh, nganh nang lng nhiet ien.
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua van ien t nh sau :
Khi cha cap cap nguon ien ap vao tiep iem so (7) th cuon
day so (4) cha co dong ien chay qua do o cha co t thong bien
thien do cuon day so (4) sinh ra v vay cha co lc hut tac dung len
loi sat so (5) v vay di tac dung cua lc hut trong trng trai
at loi sat so (5) ri xuong, canh so (8) se tiep xuc vi thanh van
ien t so (3) rat kn, lam cho dong moi chat khong lot va i qua
ca chan cua van so (6) c . Ket
qua ca van so (1) va ca van so (2) , chu y ngoai lc hut trong
trng cua trai loi sat so (5) con chu tac dung cua lc khang cua
lo xo so (9) len nen kn tuyet oi.
Khi cap nguon ien ap vao cuon day so (7) th dong ien chay
qua cuon day so (4) se sinh ra t thong bien thien tao ra mot lc
hut ien t F
t
rat kn u e thong ca so (1)vaca so (2) do o
moi chat t ca van so (1) se troi qua ca van so (2) . Khi ngat
dong ien do lc khang ca lo xo so (9) va lc hut trong trng
trai at no se ay loi t so (5) i xuong lam cho ca so (1) va
ca so (2) khong thong nhau na. Neu goi lc khang ca trong
trng la P = mg (m: la khoi lng cua loi sat t so (5) va lc
khang cua lo xo so (9) la F
loxo(9)
, F
mc
la lc cua dong moi chat i
qua ca van so (1) sinh ra th phai che tao van ien t sao cho
F
t
> P + F
loxo(9)
+ F
mc
(1)
P +F
loxo
> F
mc
(2)
Neu bat ang thc (1) va(2) thoa man th van ien t mi lam
viec c .Hien nay van ien t co rat nhieu chung loai o kn cua
no c qui nh bi ap lc lam viec
V du: Van ien t co cac thong so sau :
+ V
AC
= 220V
+ P = 25kg/cm
2

Co ngha languon cap cho van ien t la nguon xoay chieu vi
ien ap la 220V , ap lc ma dong moi chat qua ca so (1) ma van
ien t can am bao o kn c gii han la 25kg/cm
2
. Neu s
dung van ien t nay cho dong kh hoac dong moi chat co ap lc
<25kg/cm
2
th o kn cua van ien t la kn tuyet oi khong b ro lot
qua ca so (2) con neu s dung van nay cho moi chat kh ..... coap
lc >25kg/cm
2
th van ien t khong con tacdung la chan kn na v
ng vi ap suat nay th ca van so (1) va van so (2) khong thong
nhau.
S phan loai cua van ien t theo hai hngsau:
1. Phan loai da vao nguon cap cua van ian t co the phan
ra lam hai loai:
+Van ien t mot chieu DC
+Van ien t xoay chieu AC
2. Phan loai da vao dong moi chat i qua ca van so (1) va
van so (2) ta co the phan ra lam cac loai:
+Van ien t dung cho chat kh
+Van ien t dung cho moi chat lanh :Freon hay NH
3
.
+Van ien t dung cho dau boi trn
+Van ien t dung cho cac dung moi hu c
+Van ien t dung cho cacdung dch muoi
Trong he thong lanh khi may nen hoat ong do nang lng ma
sat sinh ra no se lam cho may nen nong len, may nen lam viec
se kem hieu qua nang suat lanh se giam rat nhieu, do o Rle
nhiet o se cam bien nhiet o au may nen se ong tiep
iem thng m lai cap nguon ien cho van ien t, lam cho van
ien t m ra cap dch cho van tiet lu thc hien qua trnh tiet lu
moi chat lanhvao au may nen e lam mat cho au may nen,
ket qua nhiet o au may nen giam rat nhanh may nen c
lam mat hoan toan, may nen tr lai hoat ong bnh thng, ong
thi nhiet o au may nen giam Rle nhiet o se cam bien
c nhiet o no se m tiep iem ra ngat nguon cap cho van ien
t ngng qua trnh cap dch cho van ien t. Nh vay qua trnh lam
mat cho au may nen hoan toan t ong. Cung tng t nh vay
no se thc hien qua trnh giam tai chomay nen khi nhet o
buong lanh nh :Kho lanh, tu cap ong .. at nhiet o yeu cau.
Nh co van ien t ma cac thiet b phu trong he thong lanh se
c t ong hoa hoan toan
1. ng may nen hut ve
2. ng t dan ngng ve
3. Phim loc
4.Van ien t
5.Van tiet lu
6. au cam bien
7. Dan lanh
8. Thermostat ( role nhiet o)
9. Buong lanh
10. Lp boc cach nhiet
Trong suot qua trnh he htong lanh lam viec th van ien t
luon luon c cap nguon do o van tiet lu luon c cap dch vao
dan lanh, theo thi gian nhiet o buong lanh ha dan cho en khi
nhiet o buong lanh at nhiet o yeu cau a c cai at tren
Thermostar . Luc nay au cam bien se cam bien c nhiet o
Thermostar bat au hoat ong lam tiep iem thng ong se m ra
ngat nguon cap cho van ien t ngng qua trnh cap dch (moi chat
lanh ) vao dan lanh. Chu y rang au cam bien cua Thermostar
hien at v tr cao nhat (neu dan lanh trao oi nhiet oi lu t
nhien ) v v tr cao nhat th nhiet o trong dan lanh o ln nhat
.Trong trng hp may nen b ngap dch th can phai ngng cap
dch cho dan lanh bang cach ngat nguon van ien t.
8.3.5. R LE AP SUAT THAP, AP SUAT CAO.
a.Cong dung
- R le ap suat thap bao ve may nen tranh lam viec vi ap
suat hut thap hn mc quy nh.
- R le ap suat cao bao ve may nen tranh lam viec vi ap suat
ay cao qua mc quy nh.
Ve mat cau tao ly thuyet cac r le ap suat cao va thap ch
khac nhau che o lam viec cua lo xo vi phan (keo hoac nen)
va nhom cong tac ong ngat.
b. Cau tao nguyen ly
1,10,16.Lo xo. 2.Gia on ganh vi phan.
3.on ganh vi phan. 4,17.Truc quay.
5.Lo xo vi phan. 6.Thang vi phan.
7.Vt ieu chnh vi phan. 8.Thang ieu chnh ap lc lam viec.
11.Thanh ao mach.
* Nguyen ly lam viec:
- R le ha ap:
Hi moi chat theo ng ong i vao xi phong c lay t phan ha
ap, thong thng c lay au hut may nen. Khi ap suat
moi chat tang len, xi phong b ep lai, ay thanh truyen i len,
chong lai lc nen lo xo chnh. Khi tay on goc i en phan tren
cua on ganh th lc keo lo xo vi phan tac ong len tay on
goc. Tay on goc quay theo chieu kim ong ho, khi truc cua lo xo
10 cat qua truc thanh ao mach 11 th khung cong tac lam viec va
cat tiep iem dt khoat. Lo xo ao mach 10 noi vao tay on
goc bang khp cau, noi vao khung ao mach bang khe co san.
Khi ap suat moi chat giam xuong, xi phong dan ra, thanh truyen i
xuong. Tay on goc i ngc chieu kim ong ho. Khi truc lo xo 10
cat qua truc khung ao mach 11 cong tac ien cat dt khoat.
Lo xo chnh xac nh ap suat cat, lo xo vi phan quyet nh ap
suat ong (bang tong ap suat cua thang chnh va thang vi phan).
ieu chnh ap suat ong, cat nh cac vt ieu chnh 7 va 9.
Lo xo 1 co tac dung lam cho thanh chuyen luon luon t sat vao
tay on goc.
* Gii thiu thang o:
Thang o gm 2 thang l CUT IN v CUT OUT.
Khng c reset.
Gi tr thang o nh (khng ln hn 150 PSI).
* Cch ci t LP

Trong :
- P
cut in
: l p sut MN khi ng li.
- Pcut out : sai lch p sut.
-P
cut
: l p sut lm ngng MN.
Th d: Mt my lnh khi vn hnh bnh thng c thng s c trn ng h: P
0
= 0,8 n
1,8kg/cm
2
.
Nh vy, ta ci t cho LP nh sau:
P
cut
= P
cutin
P
cutout
P
cut
= 0,5 kg/cm
2
; P
cut in
= 3 kg/cm
2
; P
cut out
= 2,5 kg/cm
2
.
* S lp t LP
* Cu to thc t ca rle p sut
-R le cao ap:
Lo xo cao ap ve cau tao khac lo xo ha ap la khong can lo xo 1
v lam viec vi ap suat cao nen thanh chuyen luon luon t sat
vao tay on goc.
Khi ap suat tang th nhom cong tac cat mach, khi ap suat giam
th nhom cong tac ong mach. Do o lo xo chnh ieu chnh ap
suat ong mach, lo xo vi phan ieu chnh ap suat cat mach.
Role cao p hay cn gi l rle p sut cao dng bo v MN khi p sut ngng t P
K
tng
qu mc cho php. Hnh sau gii thiu hnh dng bn ngoi ca role.
C nt reset - Thang o ln - Tip im ly thng ng (Khi u mch)
* Cch ci t HP
(5.1)
* V d:
Mt MN lm vic bnh thng c P
K
l 14 kg/cm
2
(210 PSI) Van an ton (19 kg/cm
2
) th ta
phi ci t HP l 16 kg/cm
2
. Tc l P
K
n 16 kg/cm
2
th relay HP tc ng ngng MN. Sau khi x
l xong s c, tc ng nt reset trn HP th MN mi khi ng li c.
* S lp t HP
KHI NG MY NN C BM NC V QUT GI THUC THIT B NGNG T:
Cng dng: My nn khng lm vic khi khng c mi cht gii nhit thit b ngng t; my nn
ch c th khi ng sau bm nc v qut gi, khi bm nc hoc qut gi b dng th my nn
cng b dng theo.
P
lm vic
< P
ci t
< P
van an ton
S : Gii thiu cc thnh phn mch in. Hai mch iu khin bnh ngng & qut gi nh mc
4.2. Phn my nn c thm tip im thng h ca bnh ngng l P2 v ca qut gi l F2. S
bo ng s c dng chung cho ton h thng thng qua relay TG.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi ng my nn: do mch iu khin ca my nn c tip im thng h
TH ca bm P2 v qut F2 nn my nn ch c th khi ng c khi khi ng t ca bm v
qut lm vic trc. Khi bm v qut lm vic th tip im P2 & F2 ng li, nu ta bm
nt Start ca my nn th my nn s khi ng.
Dng: theo trnh t my nn, bm v qut.
S c: khi xy ra s c qu dng bt k thit b no th TG c in, ng in
cho h bo ng n v ci. ng thi mch iu khin my nn b mt in. Bm hay qut ci
no khng b s c th vn lm vic tip tc gii nhit cho thit b ngng t, nhm lm gim
p sut cao ca h thng. Khi v mt l do no m mch iu khin bm hoc qut t ngt
mt in (t cun ht, n nhm nt Stop ca bm hoc qut) th mch iu khin ca my nn
cng mt in, lm dng my nn.
Nhn xt: S trn bo v thm cho my nn khng lm vic khi bm nc v qut gi ca thit
b ngng t khng lm vic. Mch trn cha bo v c s c bm lm vic song khng c nc
gii nhit (chng hn ht nc b, bm b e).
MCH O CHIU:
Mch o chiu cn 2 khi ng t.
Cng dng: o chiu quay ca m t. Dng cho pa lng b .
S : gii thiu cc thnh phn mch in.
START
STOP
1
TG1
C
B
D
b
TG2 D
S
C
PUMP
4
3
TG
2
a
FUSE
DLV
2
5
6
RLN
PUMP
START
FAN
STOP
RLN
11
12 12
13
14
15
16
25
23
COMPRESSOR
24
22
21
26
START
STOP
RLN
DLV DLV
0 0 0 0
P1
FAN
F1
MN
MN1
P2
F2
Nguyn l lm vic: mun o chiu quay ca m t ta ch cn i 2 dy pha cho nhau. Khi M2
ng ng c quay theo chiu ngc vi chiu khi M2 ng. Trong mch iu khin ca M1 & M2
c u cc cp tip im thng ng T M12 & M22 nhm m bo cho 2 cun M1 & M2
khng ng thi lm vic. Gi s ta bm Forward (tin) th c in i qua M1, n bo L1 sng,
M12 nh ra nn nu ta bm thm Reverse th M1 vn khng c in. Mun o chiu ta bm Stop
ri bm Rev.
Mch o chiu khng c tip im t gi : Bm Forward (tin) v gi th c in i qua M1, n
bo L1 sng, M12 nh ra nn nu ta bm thm Reverse th M1 vn khng c in. Mun o chiu
ta nh phm Forw ri bm Rev.
KHI NG SAO - TAM GIC - :
Cng dng: gim bt dng in trong thi gian khi ng. Trong h thng lnh th my nn lnh l
m t in ln nht nn ta ch khi ng - cho my nn m thi.
RT
M1
RT
AUT
M2
M
RT
M13
STOP
M2
M12
REV FORW
b
FUSE
a
DLV
M22
M1
M11
DLV
M13
M21
RLN
0
b RLN
0
M1
M22
FUSE
a
FORW REV
M2
M12
S : gii thiu cc thnh phn mch in: trong mch iu khin c 1 r le thi gian Timer
iu khin thi gian chuyn mch - , c 3 contactor MC (chung: C - common), MD (sao: D -
diagonal), MS (sao: S - Star).
Nguyn l lm vic: Mun u c mch - th in p ca m t phi cao hn in p ca
li 1 mc, c th l:
Li (pha/dy): 110/220V 220/380V
M t (in p dy - ): 220/380V 380/660V
Sau khi khi ng bm v qut gi thit b ngng t xong th tip im B2, Q2 ng li. Khi
bm nt Start th relay TG c in v lm cc tip im TG2, 3 ng li. Khi th nt Start ra th
TG c cp in qua tip im t gi TG1.
DLV
2
1
a
FUSE
3
STOP
b
2
START
MS MD MC
55
4
0 6
RLN b
MC1
MD2 MS1
MD1
T2
T1
TG23 TG22
T
TG21
TG2
F2
P2
COMPRESSOR
RT
MC
RT
AUT
MD MS
Tip im TG2 ng li cp in cho Relay thi gian (Timer) v bt u m thi gian (chng
5-15).
TG3 ng li cp in cho cun ht mi cht thng qua tip im thng ng T T1 ca relay
thi gian. mi cht c in lin ng tip im mi cht1 cp in cho cun ht MS, m t c
ni vo li in theo hnh sao. Lc ny cun MD khng c in do h mch T2 v MS1.
Sau thi gian (nh trc, Timer tc ng lm chuyn nhm cng tc ca mnh, T1 m ra, T2
ng li. T1 m ra lm mi cht mt in (mi cht1 h mch (MS mt in (MS1 ng li. Lc
ny MD c in thng qua T2 & MS1, MD ng tip im MD1, cp in cho mi cht, m t
c u vo li theo hnh (. Qu trnh khi ng (- hon thnh.
T NG KHI NG - DNG MY NN N GIN:
H thng lnh c trang b bo v cao p, p sut du. My nn t ng khi ng-dng
trc tip theo tn hiu relay nhit t h tiu th lnh. c s dng cho cc my nn n l.
Cng dng: my nn c thm bo v cao p, p sut du, t ng khi ng-dng.
S : gii thiu cc thnh phn mch in.
TR - Temperature Relay - R le nhit .
HP - High Pressure Relay - R le p sut cao.
OP - Oil Pressure Relay- Rle p sut du.
Nguyn l lm vic: y l mch in hon ton t ng n gin. KD-D my nn nh tn hiu ca
r le nhit ly tn hiu nhit ca ph ti lnh.
Khi ng ln u: bm nt Start cp in cho TG2, TG lm vic lin ng
mch t gi TG21 v tip im TG22 cho mch TR. Nu nhit phng lnh cha t yu cu
th TR ng tip im ca mnh, cun TG3 c in. TG3 ng tip im TG31, 32 cp in cho
bm, qut. bm & qut n lt mnh ng tip im P2, F2 cp in cho cun ht my nn lm
khi ng my nn. Cc tip im P1, F1 ng mch bo n lm vic.
PUMP
a
FAN COMPRESSOR
TG13
TG1
RLN b
PUMP
0
FUSE
F1
DLV
FAN
RLN
DLV
0
P1
0
RLN
MN
DLV
0
P2
F2
MN1
TG12
C
B
D
D
S
C
TG2
START
STOP
TG21
DLV
TG3
TG22
TR
TG31
TG32
HP
OP
T ng khi ng-dng: sau khi bm Start ln u my nn t dng v khi
ng li hon ton nh TR. Khi nhit h tiu th lnh t yu cu TR nh tip im ca mnh
lm TG3 mt in. TG3 nh cc tip im TG31, TG32 lm mt in cun ht bm, qut, my
nn. Khi nhit h tiu th lnh ln cao hn cho php th TR ng tip im lm khi ng li
bm, qut, my nn. C th qu trnh tip din.
Dng hn: bm nt Stop, TG2 mt in lm nh tip im TG22, cun ht TG3
mt in lm dng bm, qut, my nn
S c: nh phn trc.
MCH BO V CAO P: (HIGH PRESSURE SWICH)
Cng dng: Bo v my nn, khng cho lm vic khi pk cao qu mc cho php.
S : Gii thiu cc thnh phn mch in.
Lp t trc tip
Lp t gin tip
Nguyn l lm vic:
K my nn
HPS Mch bo ng
1
2
3
CAT
L
N
AX7
AX6 Bz Y - D
AX3
AX
AX6 AX6
Bz-Stop
Reset
AX3
AX
AX
AX3
HPS
AX7
Up -
on
OFF
ON
AX3
Lamp
N
L
Mach
Khi
ong
Hi p sut cao c dn vo hp xp HP, tn hiu p sut c hp xp bin i thnh
co gin c kh v co gin c kh ny c mt c cu c kh chuyn thnh tc ng ngt tip
im. Khi p sut hi nn vt qu mc cho php, tip im ca relay ngt dng khi ng t, dng
ng c my nn, gi tr t ca relay HP thp hn p sut t ca van an ton cht t. Khi my nn
dng l relay HP tc ng. Lc ta cn phi tin hnh tmhiu nguyn nhn khc phc s
c. Khc phc xong, nhn nt reset khi ng li my nn.
Gi s gi tr p sut cao bo v l 17 kgf/ cm
2
khong vi sai l 0,7 kgf/ cm
2
, khi p sut tng
n 17 kgf/ cm
2
th dng my nn v bo hng. Mun Reset cho my nn chy li th gi tr p sut
phi nh hn 17 kgf/ cm
2
- 0,7 kgf/ cm
2
= 16,3 kgf/ cm
2
.

MCH BO V THP P: (LOW PRESSURE SWICH)
C th lp t trc tip v gin tip v phn s ging s bn Rle p sut
cao.
Ngoi ra ta thng gp loi Rle p sut thp khng c Reset.
* Thm Reset cho LPS khng c nt Reset
MN: contact my nn
Ax: rle trung gian
Khi khng c s c tc l p sut P
o
ln hn LP t. Do mch 1 Ax khng
c in mch 2 tip im Ax vn ng

my nn hot ng, 3 tip im Ax vn
m
khng bo hng.
Khi c s c P
o
< LP.
- 1 Ax c in ng tip im Ax duy tr.
- 2 Ax m my nn ngng hot ng.
- 3 Ax ng bo hng.
AX MN
Bo hng
1
2
3
AX
AX
AX
LPS
Reset
Sau khi my nn dng P
o
tng > LP LPS m ra. Tuy nhin Ax vn khng mt
in 1 do duy tr my nn vn dng bo hng. Mun cho my nn chy li
phi n reset ngt duy tr Ax 1 Ax mt in 2 my nn chy 3 ngng
bo hng.
MCH BO V P SUT DU: (OIL PRESSURE SWICH)
Cng dng: Bo v khng cho my nn lu di lm vic vi p sut du thp hn mc cho php.
S : Gii thiu cc thnh phn mch in.
Mch trc tip
Hot ng
Khi cp ngun cho mch iu khin u tin dng in qua ch an ton n
mch khi ng my nn khi my nn va c in th tip im kmn thng m s
ng in cho r le hiu p du. Do mi khi ng nn p lc du khng tip im
P ng. Cho dng in qua in tr ta nhit. Nu trc thi gian delay (gi s 45s)
p lc du P m ra in tr mt in ngng ta nhit. My nn hot ng bnh
thng nu c s c p lc du thiu th P ng li in tr c in ta nhit, nu
sau 45s m p lc du vn cn thiu th nhit lng do in tr ta ra thanh
lng kim cong chuyn qua tip im bo hng. My nn dng tip im kmn m ra.
Ch : Mun cho my nn khi ng li sau khi khc phc s c ta phi n nt
reset trn r le in p du.
D o w n
o n
S
L
M
B A O
H O N G
K m / n
C A T
K M N
O P S
P
L
N
Mch gin tip:
MCH T NG BO V NC GII NHIT THIT B NGNG T:
Cng dng: Bo v khng cho my nn lm vic lu di (chng 15) nu khng p sut nc
gii nhit.
S :
Gii thiu cc thnh phn mch in: dng 1 Timer chnh thi gian cho php lm vic ti
a khi cha p sut nc.
Nguyn l lm vic:
WPR (Water Pressure Relay) c 2 b tip im: 1 tip im thng ng T, 1 thng h TH;
ta s dng b thng ng (Normal Close). Khi p
w
t n tr quy nh th WPR chuyn nhm cng
tc ca mnh. Khi cho bm B lm vic th tip im B3 ng li, khi ny p
w
cha t tr s nn tip
im WP vn ng, Timer c in v bt u m thi gian. Lc ny Timer1 m v WPX khng c
in.
Nu cha n thi gian cho php m p
w
t tr s th WP m ra Timer mt in.
Nu n thi gian cho php m p
w
cha vt qua t tr s th WP vn ng, Timer
chuyn nhm cng tc ca mnh lm Timer1 ng li, cp in cho WPX, WPX ng mch
t gi WPX1 v cp in cho mch bo v s c, ct in mch iu khin my nn.
WP
TIMER
B3
WPX
SC3
WPX1 TIMER1
N
L
M
L
A X 1
P
A X 1
A X 1
O P S
B A O
H O N G K M N
C A T
K m/n
Nu khi my nn ang lm vic bnh thng m p
w
h xung thp hn quy nh th WP ng
li, cp in cho Timer. Qu trnh xy ra nh trn.
MCH IU KHIN H THNG LNH CHO KHO BO QUN NG, X TUYT
BNG GAS NNG
Nguyn l hot ng:
- ch chy lnh:
Khi ta nhn nt ON Ax
1
c in ng in duy tr ng thi cp ngun cho
mch iu khin t ng h x tr v sau.
ch chy lnh Ax
2
c in ng tip im Ax
2
m mch dn lnh. Nu
nhit phng yu cu ng li th Ax
4
c in ng tip im Ax
4
cho van in t
cp lng, Ax
2
cho 52F, 52P, tuy nhin 52P, 52F cha hot ng do Ax
5
cha c in.
Sau mt thi gian p sut thp ng li Ax
5
c in ng tip im Ax
5
cho 52F chy,
52P chy v 52C chy. 52C ng in cho van in t by-pass ng thi sau thi gian
10s KT ngt in ngng gim ti by-pass.
Gi s nhit phng Thermostat23R m ra, Ax
4
mt in dn n m tip
im Ax
4
qua van in t cp lng
ngng cp lng, m tip im Ax

4
ngt in
52F v 52P lc by gi Ax
5
vn cn c in do 52C duy tr Ax
4
, my nn vn cn
chy sau mt thi gian p sut thp tc ng, ngt in Ax
5
, Ax
5
mt in m tip
im dng my nn.
- X :
ch x Ax
2
mt in, Ax
3
c in do tip im chuyn t v tr chy
lnh qua x .
Ax
2
mt in
ngt in Ax
4
. Ax
4
mt in, ngt in qua van in t 52F,
52P.
Ax
3
c in ng in cho SV1 cp gas nng vo dn lnh x . Do c hi
nng vo dn lnh nn p sut thp khng m ra do my nn vn chy trong thi
gian x . Ht thi gian x Ax
2
c in, Ax
3
mt in tr v v tr chy lnh bnh
thng.
* Ch :
Thi gian chy lnh thng t 4
6 gi. Thi gian x tuyt thng t 20
40 pht. Nu mun bo v nhit x th mc ni tip vi SV1 mt cm

bin dng lng kim vi nhit r 3
5
o
C.
- Gp s c: Khi c s c tip im chuyn qua mch bo hng v bo hiu,
ng thi Ax
5
mt in dn n ngng bm, qut, my nn.
S
i
d u
i
u
k h i
n
X

C
H
2
6
F
5
2
C
5
2
C
T
A x
1
O
F
F
O
N
A x
1
A x
2
A x
3
S V
1
A x
3

A
x
1
D n
l n
h
C o o l i
n g
T o w e
r
B o
h i u
B o
h n g
M
a n
O
F F
A x
4
2
3
R
A
u
t
o
A
x
4
S V
5
2 F
A x
5
A x
4
A x
3
5
2 P
A x
5
A x
4
A x
3
5
2
C
O
P S
M
y
n n
5
2 F
5 1
K
5 1
P
H P
S
4 9
C
4 9
F
4 9
P
A x
5
W
P
S
A x
5
5
2
C
K
T
S
V
2
5
2
C
O
N
B
Z
O
F F
K
T
L
P
S
A x
4
5 2
C
L N
A x
2
MCH IU KHIN KHOA BO QUN NG X TUYT BNG IN TR:
C H
2
6 T
F
5
2
C
A x
1
O
F
F
O
N
A x
1
5 2
C
O P
S
A
x
1
5 1
C
5
1
F
1
5
1 F
2
4 9
C
4 9
F
1
4 9
F
2
2 6
F
H
P S
A
A x
2
R L
O
N
O F
F
B Z
2
3
D
5
2
F
2
A x
2
T
2
5
2
C
A x
2
T
1
F
F
A B
T
U
p
O
n
5
2
H
5
2
C
P
2
3
R
S
V
L n
h
C h
u n
g
X

A
x
2 5 2
F
1
T
1
T
2
L P
S
Nguyn l hot ng:
- Khi ng CB in tr si du c in v in tr si du mt in khi my
nn chy. Nhn nt ON, Ax
1
c in duy tr ng thi cp ngun cho mch iu khin
h thng.
- Khi khng c s c dng in n im A cp ngun cho ng h x khi
nhit phng ng li (23R) van in t cp lng c in sau mt thi gian rle p
sut thp ng li Ax
2
mch bo v c in, cp in cho qut dn nng chy (52F
1
)
ng thi thi gian T
1
, T
2
c in m thi gian sau 5s ng tip im thng m
ng chm cho my nn hot ng (52C). Sau 5
10 pht cho qut dn lnh hot

ng. Khi nhit phng 23R m ra van in t mt in ngng cp lng nhng
qut lnh, qut nng, my nn vn chy sau mt thi gian p sut thp m ra Ax
2
mt
in qut nng qut lnh, my nn dng.
- X : Khi thi gian chy lnh (4
6 gi) (ng h x chuyn qua ch x

nhng 52H vn cha c in do my nn vn cn chy ht kit sau mt thi gian
p sut thp m ra, Ax
2
mt in
my nn, qut nng, qut lnh dng
52C
thng ng mch x ng li 52H c in. Sau thi gian t 30
45 pht tip
im chuyn qua ch chy lnh. Nu cha ht thi gian x m dn lnh x
xong th nhit tng ln 23D ng li lm P c in a tip im v chy lnh).
Sau thi gian p sut thp ng li. Ax
2
c in,
- S c: Khi c s c th mch bo hng c in lm n sng, chung reo ng
thi im A mt in dn n mch iu khin t x n my nn u mt in dn
n ng h x mt in, van in t mt in, qut nng qut lnh my nn mt
in. Ring rle p lu du (OPS) khi no my nn chy (52C ng li) th mi bt
u m thi gian thiu du (tt c thit b bo v, OPS, 51C, 51, HPS) u c nt
RESET trn thit b.

BG Ky Thuat Lanh

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BG Ky Thuat Lanh

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Gio trnh k thut lnh dng cho sinh vin ngnh in Cng Nghip

BAI 1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE NHIET ONG

: The tch cua 1 kilomol V

+ Cong thay oi the tch

+ Cong thay oi the tch va cong ky thuat

ac trng cho s chuyen ong cua toan bo

: la ong nang chuyen ong tnh tien va

nhiet dung rieng xay ra ap

2. Phng php bay hi khuych tn:

16 cong suat tieu thu o tai bang au ien ong c :

7 o hoan thien chu trnh:

16 cong nen tieu thu:

ngng cp lng, m tip im Ax

6 gi. Thi gian x tuyt thng t 20

40 pht. Nu mun bo v nhit x th mc ni tip vi SV1 mt cm

10 pht cho qut dn lnh hot

6 gi) (ng h x chuyn qua ch x

my nn, qut nng, qut lnh dng

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