ELECTRIC EARTHING AND SHOCK

PRESENTED BY P.RADHIKA 06C21A0241

TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE KEESARA BOGARAM

CONTENTS:
1. Introduction 2. Difference between neutral and earth wire 3. Why grounding is required 4. Methods of earthing .Earthing through a water main .Pipe earthing .Plate earthing 5. Points to remember while providing earthing .Distance .Cross section of the earthing lead .Crosse section of the earth continuity conductor .Electrode .Earth resistance 6. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION:
The meaning of the earthing or grounding is to connect the electrical equipment to the general Mass of the earth by wire of negligible resistance. This brings the body equipment to Zero potential to and thus its will of electrical avoid the

shock to the operator. The neutral of the supply system is Also solidly earthed ensure potential equal to zero according to Indian Eale. [The earthed or connected with earth means connected with the general mass of the earth In such manner as to sure at all times in immediate discharge of energy without danger]

Difference between Neutral and Earth Wire:

1. The neutral wire is connected to the neutral point of the transformer; which is earthed only at substation.The earth wire originated from a solid earth at the substation and is earthed at not less than four equally spaced points during every 1.6km run of distribution line. 2. By reference to three phase four wire loads for which book dealing with poly phase

student may consult any

system it will be realized that the neutral wire carries the return current in the case of single phase load and out of balance current in the case of unbalanced three phase

loads.The earth wire under normal condition does not carry any current.However,if an earth fault occurs the earth wire will carry large current,which will cause,the fuse to blow out thereby protecting life and equipment. 3. Some times when the neutral work is not available or broken one is temted to connect a single phase load between aphase wire and earth wire. Thise practice can be dangerous because by dowing so the earth will assume voltage above earth.

WHY GROUNDING IS REQUIRED?

The metal cover of every electrical equipment is earthed to get the protection against metric shock through his this. However a metal frame is connected to earth through an earth wire having low resistance path when live wire touches the metal frame and a person also comes in contact with metal frame, there will be parallel paths through which the circuit will be completed one path is through human body and other earth wire. The earthed wire will offer an easier path as it is having low resistance. The resistance if the live wire accidentally makes contact with metal frame to earth body this is very dangerous to human life in

device against the electric shock to human being human will be saved against fatal accident.

METHODS OF EARTHING
There are mainly three methods of earthling 1.EARTHING THROUGH WATER MAIN: Before making an earthing connection to the water main,it must be ascertained that throughout GALVANIZED IRON pipe have

been used other wise ,if the cement convegeate pipe have been used the eathing damp should be used . the standard copper lead is fanned out is soldered to make it sold .then the lead strip is bent round the pipe so that may be seated properly over the pipe .the surface of the pipe is dened proply and all trace & grater are removed and then over it is

placed the clamp in between the clamp and pipe is inserted the lead and is tighted with the screws

2. pipe earthing:- If the water pipe cannot be used as an be used .the size of earth the pipe depends up on the GALVANIZED IRON pipe of approved length and diameter can

A) The current to be carried. B) The type of the soil.

According to ISI std.NO.732-1963.the GALVANIZED IRON pipe shall not be less than 38.1 mm. diameter & 2 m .long for ordinary soil but if soil is dry and rocky, the length of pipe should be increased to 2.75 m. The pipe is placed up right as shown in fig .and must be placed in a permanetly wet ground; the depth at which the pipe should be buried depends upon the condition of the ground moisture. According to I.S the pipe should be placed at a depth of 4.75 m. it can be less if the soil provide sufficient moister earlier. Pipe at the bottom should be surrounded by broken pieces of coke or charcoal for a distance of about 15 cm around the pipe. the coke increases the effective area of the earth practically to side of the coke bed .impregnating the coke with salt decreases the resistance generally alternate system of layer of salt and coke are used for best result as represented in fig. in India in summer season the moisture in the soil will decreases to large extent which will increase the earth resistance .so in order to have effective earth resistance .whenever needed ,3 to 4 bucket of water should be put into the funnel connected to the main GALVANIZED IRON pipe through 19 mm dia pipe. The earth lead used must be GALVANIZED IRON wire or GALVANIZED IRON stripe (not

of copper) of sufficient cross sectional area fault current safely . (it should not be less then electrical equivalent of copper conductor of 12.97 sq . mm (80 swg), crosssectional area .the wire from the GALVANIZED IRON pipe of 19 mm dia . should be carried in a GALVANIZED IRON pipe of dia 12.7 mm at a depth of about 60 cm . bellow the ground .further when the wire is carried over from mechanical injury by,caring the earth wire bin a recessed portion.

3. PLATE EARTH ING: - The earth connection can again cable provided with the help of a copper plate or IRON a GALVANIZED. plate ,is used it should not be less then 00cm x 60 cm x 6.36 m while for copper plate these dimension may be 60 cm x 60 cm x 3.18mm . how ever the used of the copper plate these days is limited. The plate is kept with its phase vertical at a depth of 3m.(10ft)and is so arranged that it is embedded in

a alternate layer of cock and salt for a minimum thickness of about 15cm.In case earthing is done by copper plate and in cock layer of 15cm. if it done GALVANIZED IRON plate. The earth wire is securely bolted of which are shown in fig. It should be remembered that the nuts and bolts must be of copper for copper plate and should be of GALVANIZED IRON.For galvanized plate the other details of plate earthing

are same as that of

GALVANIZED IRON.pipe earthing.

Points to remember while providing earthing:

1) Distance :The distance of the electrode from the installation at the premises should be more than 1.5 meter.

2) Cross - Section of the earthing lead :-

It should never be less than half the cross - section of the mains wire or conductor. The selection should be made in such a way that even in worst condition it shall not fuse out. The minimum size of the earthing lead should not be less than electrical equivalent of copper conductor of 8 SWG (12.97 sq.mm x -section). The size of earthing lead for various loads and installation are given below. 3) Cross section of earth continuity conductor :The size of the earth continuity conductor should not be less than 14 SWG (2.894 Sq.mm.) 4) Electrode :As already discussed, the earthing can be done either with plat or pipe electrode. It should be remember that the material for earth electrode & earth lead should be same and the electrode should always be placed in vertical portion 5) Earth resistance :The earth resistance of any earthing should not be more than 5 cms. As already soil that for better performance at power hour and Sub-Station or for high horse power motor beyond 100 H.P. The earth resistance should be up to 0.5 cm. & 1 cm. respectively. The resistance of earth dependent upon area of electrode in contact

with the general mass of earth. The quantity of earth, chock & salt. The resistance of an existing earth can be increased by purring water for G.I. plate earthing salted water for copper plate earthing. The low resistance can be obtained by increasing the X-section area of electrode.

Conclusion:
As per the above theory of earthing. It is clear that earthing

is most important in installation system & without earthing all the power system is incomplete & risky.