tm hiu v anten

Antenna la mt b chuyn i dong in di chuyn tn s cao thanh song in t, hoc ngc lai chuyn song in t thanh dong in xoay chiu. Antenna co th c dung bc xa nng lng ra khng gian, hoc nhn nng lng t khng gian. Antenna va ng dy dn (feeder) ong vai tro thit bi ghep gia cac mach in t va khng khi. Cac antenna tip xuc trc tip vi khng gian bn ngoai con feeder la b phn giao tip gia antenna vi mach in t. Ngo vao cua feeder phai phi hp tr khang vi may phat, con antenna phat nhn nng lng t may phat qua feeder va bc xa ra khng gian. Nng lng truyn trong khng gian vi vn tc anh sang (3 x108m/s). S bc xa nng lng c c trng bi tn s hoat ng hoc bc song cua no. Cng thc sau biu din s lin h gia tn s va bc song:

trong o: lamda: bc song co n vi la m f : tn s co n vi la Hz c: tc anh sang (300 x 106 m/s). 2. Truyn song v tuyn Cac nguyn tc cua bc xa in t trong khng gian c bt ngun t ly thut v tinh cam ng cua trng in t. Trc tin, trng t bin thin tao ra trng in bin thin; va sau o, trng t bin thin nay lai tao ra dong in bin thin. Qua trinh c th lp lai tao thanh song in t bao gm hai phn: trng in (E) va trng t (H), chung phu thuc ln nhau. Cac trng E va H lun vung goc vi nhau va vung goc vi hng truyn cua song in t ra khng gian. Hinh 8-1 miu ta mi lin h gia cac trng E va H vi chiu cua song in t, ng thi minh hoa qui tc ban tay trai xac inh chiu cua cac song trong khng gian.
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Hinh 8.1. Trng in t, qui tc ban tay trai

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Hinh 8.2. S truyn cac song trc giao E va H Cac thanh phn E va H cua song RF cung pha thi gian, nhng lch 900 v khng gian. Chiu cua E xac inh tinh phn cc cua song. Hinh 8-2 minh hoa song phn cc doc. Nu cac thanh phn E va H c xoay i 900, ta noi song c phn cc ngang. Cng song c xac inh bng cach o cng trng in E. 3. Song mt t va song khng gian Dipole co th c inh hng sau cho hai thanh song song vi b mt cua trai t, trng hp nay goi la dipole ngang, hoc con goi la antenna Hertz. Hinh 8-3 A la thi bc xa cua dipole vi cng sut tp trung mt phng ngang va khng co bc xa theo hng song song vi dipole. Hinh 8-3 B la thi bc xa 3 chiu cua dipole noi trn. Chiu dai tht s cua antenna nho hn khng ang k so vi dai tin toan. dai vt ly cua antenna xp xi bng 95% cua dai ly thuyt.

Hinh 8.3. Hinh anh hai chiu va ba chiu cua dipole S phn phi in ap va dong in qua antenna c minh hoa trong hinh 8-4. Chu y rng tai tm cua dipole, dong in cc ai (co nghia in tr la nho nht) va tai u cui dipole in ap la ln nht (khi o in tr la ln nht).
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/2 Hinh 8.4. S phn b dong va ap, 4. in tr antenna . in tr bc xa cua antenna la mt ai lng ly thuyt. in tr bc xa cua antenna c tinh bng cng thc sau: in tr tai im cp in (c goi la in tr bc xa) cua dipole vao khoang 73

Trong o: P: la cng sut cua trng in t (cng sut bc xa). I : Dong antenna (gia tri hiu dung). Rr : in tr antenna. , phu thuc vao tn s hoat ng. in tr vao cua antenna con c goi la tr khang (Zi) antenna. Tr khang ngo vao cua antenna phu thuc vao nhiu yu t, nh la cao antenna, vi tri im cp in, va loai antenna. Antenna hoat ng ging nh mach cng hng ma tr khang ngo vao tai tn s cng hng la in tr thun. Trn tn s cng hng, antenna co tinh cam. Di tn s cng hng, antenna co tinh dung. Tr khang ngo vao cua antenna (Zi) phu thuc vao tn s hoat ng va dai antenna. Do o, tr khang ngo vao khng th bit chinh xac, tr khang trung binh cua dipole vao khoang 73-80 IEEE nh ngha anten l phn ca h thng truyn hay nhn c thit k bc x hay nhn sng in t. Ni cch khc, anten ly tn hiu RF (c sinh ra bi radio) v bc x n vo trong khng kh hay anten c th nhn sng in t cho radio. Mt khi nim quan trng cn phi bit l anten ng hng (hay bc x ng hng - isotropic). Theo phng din ton hc, y l trng hp l tng khi mt anten khng b suy hao (lossless anten) pht ra tn hiu theo mi hng mt cch bng nhau. Xt mt hnh cu v b bc x ng hng nm trung tm ca hnh cu, lc trng in t s bng nhau tt c cc im trn b mt hnh cu. Anten ng hng l mt im tham chiu hu ch khi chng ta xem xt cc loi anten khc nhau. 1. Nhng thuc tnh ca anten c th chn la c anten ng n th iu quan trng l bn phi hiu c mt s thuc tnh m t v anten. Chng bao gm dng bc x ca anten, hng tnh ca anten, li, tr khng u vo, s phn cc, v bandwidth. Hng tnh ca anten (directivity of anten) Hng tnh ca anten m t cng ca mt bc x theo mt hng xc nh tng ng vi cng bc x trung bnh hay ni cch khc, n cho bit mt cng sut bc x tng ng vi cng sut bc x c phn tn mt cch ng dng. li (gain) Gain cng din t cng mt khi nim nh directivity nhng n cn bao gm c s mt mt (v cng sut) ca chnh bn thn anten. Bn c th nh ngha bc x hiu dng c s dng m rng directivity gip xc nh c li; mt b bc x hon ho s c bc x hiu dng bng 1. n v dng biu din li c th l dBi ( li tnh theo dB ca anten ng hng) hay dBd ( li dB ca anten half-wave dipole). chuyn i gia dBd v dBi th ta ch cn cng thm 2.2 vo li dBd c c li dBi. Vic ghi nh quy c ny l quan trng bi v mc d hu ht cc nh sn xut u biu din li theo dBi nhng mt s khc li biu din theo dBd. Hnh di minh ha mt dng bc x ca anten nh hng. Lu l s bc x ny tn ti trong khng gian 3 chiu

Dng bc x (radiation pattern) Dng bc x ca anten m t s khc nhau v gc bc x mt khong cch c nh t anten. N thng c din t bng thut ng hng (directivity) hay li (gain) ca anten. Anten thng c main lobe hay beam (vng bc x), chnh l hng c li ln nht, v minor lobe m c th hn l side lobe hay back lobe ty thuc vo hng ca minor lobe so vi main lobe. Cc nh sn xut thng m t anten bng li hay main lobe, h cng thng xc nh thm beamwidth ( rng ca vng bc x) ca anten. Nguyn l half-power beamwidth c nh ngha bi IEEE nh sau: trong mt radiation pattern ta ct phn c cha main lobe, gc gia 2 hng ct trong cng bc x ch bng mt na ca gi tr ti a. V d, ta ly dng bc x ca anten trong hnh trn v i n im c 2 pha ca main lobe ni m li thp hn 3 dB (gim mt na) so vi im ln nht ca lobe, im ny chnh l half-power point. Khi , gc gia chng chnh l half-power beamwidth. Hnh di minh ha iu ny.

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Trong khi nim radiation pattern ca anten th t s front-to-back ca anten s so snh li ln nht ca anten trn main lobe vi li ln nht trn back lobe. Trong v d trn th t s front-toback l 20 dB v main lobe l 15 dBi, back lobe l -5 dBi; S khc nhau gia 15 dBi (-5 dBi) = 20 dBi chnh l t s front-to-back

Cng sut bc x (radiated power) By gi chng ta s kim tra cng sut tht s c pht ra bi radio ni vi anten. Cng sut bc x hiu dng (ERP = Effective Radiated Power) c tnh bng cch ly li ca anten tnh theo dBd (tng ng vi half-wave dipole) v nhn n vi cng sut m transmitter cung cp cho anten. Tuy nhin, hu nh bn phi thng xuyn thc hin nhng tnh ton ny bng cc hm log, dB, iu ny c ngha l bn cng thm li ca anten vo cng sut t transmitter. Thng th li ca anten c biu din theo n v dBi, mt thut ng khc thng c s dng cho cng sut bc x l Cng sut bc x ng hng hiu dng (EIRP = Effective Iotropic Radiated Power; c sch gi l Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power), n hon ton tng t vi ERP nhng li ca anten c biu din tng ng vi b bc x ng hng. S phn cc (polarization) Sng in t c pht ra bi anten c th to ra nhng dng khc nhau nh hng n s qung b. Cc hnh dng ny s ty thuc vo s phn cc ca anten, c th l phn cc tuyn tnh (linearly) hay phn cc vng (circularly).

Hu ht cc anten trn th trng WLAN u s dng phn cc tuyn tnh, c th theo chiu ngang (phn cc ngang) hoc theo chiu dc (phn cc dc). Nu theo chiu ngang th vector trng in s nm trn mt mt phng thng ng, nu theo chiu dc th vector trng in nm trn mt phng nm ngang. Phn cc dc l ph bin hn mc d i khi phn cc ngang li hot ng tt hn. Mc d s l khng ph hp nu bn s dng anten phn cc vng cho kt ni trong nh, nhng nu bn s dng wireless bridge th bn c th dng anten phn cc vng. Cng ging nh anten phn cc tuyn tnh, anten phn cc vng cng c 2 trng hp: Phn cc tay tri v phn cc tay phi. Nu nh vector trng in quay theo chiu kim ng h khi n tin gn n bn th c gi l phn cc tay tri. Tng t, nu vector quay ngc kim ng h th gi l phn cc tay phi. Anten phn cc vng l bt bin (hoc l phn cc tri, hoc l phn cc phi) khi n quay trong khi anten phn cc tuyn tnh c th chuyn t phn cc ngang thnh phn cc dc khi n quay. Ni chung, i vi kt ni LOS (Line Of Sight) th bn nn s dng cng cc c 2 u kt ni. Tr khng (impedance) S bc x hiu dng ca mt anten l t s ca tng cng sut pht ra bi anten so vi cng sut t transmitter (ni vi anten) c chp nhn bi anten. Anten bc x mt s cng sut dng nng lng in t. Tt c cc thit b RF radio, ng truyn (cable), anten u c tr khng, chnh l t s gia in p v dng in. Khi anten c kt ni vi mt on cable, nu tr khng u vo ca anten trng khp vi tr khng ca radio v ng truyn th tng cng sut c truyn t radio n anten l ti a. Tuy nhin, nu tr khng khng ging nhau th mt s nng lng s b phn x ngc tr li ngun v s cn li s c truyn i n anten. T s sng ng in p (VSWR = Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) m t s phn x ny. Nu nh khng c phn x th VSWR s bng 1. Khi VSWR tng ln th s phn x s cng nhiu. Nu VSWR cao v cng sut cao th c th gy ra tnh hung nguy him nh khi ta s dng in p cao trong ng truyn, trong trng hp ti t nht, n c th bn ra tia la in. Tuy nhin, tnh hung ny s khng xy ra nu bn s dng cng sut thp khi trin khai mng WLAN. Bandwidth Bandwidth ca anten nh ngha vng tn s m anten cung cp hiu nng c th chp nhn c, thng thng c nh ngha bi tn s gii hn trn hay tn s ti a v tn s gii hn di hay tn s ti thiu. Trong trng hp ny, hiu nng c th chp nhn c c ngha l cc c im ca anten nh dng bc x v tr khng u vo khng b thay i khi hot ng trong dy tn s . Mt s anten c xem nh l broadband (bng rng) trong t s gia tn s ln nht v tn s nh nht l ln hn 2. Tuy nhin, bi v anten bng rng thng c hiu nng km v bi v s phn b tn s 802.11 hin ti khng yu cu anten bng rng nn trng hp duy nht m bn c th s dng anten bng rng chnh l khi bn mun s dng c 2 bng tn 2.4 Ghz ISM v 5 Ghz UNII trong 1 anten duy nht. Khi chn la anten bn s thy c nhiu thuc tnh ca anten c lin quan n vi nhau, v th mc d dng nh l ti u khi chng ta chn anten c tt c thuc tnh u ti a hoc ti thiu, iu ny thng l khng th. V d, Nu bn chn beamwidth rt rng th bn phi hy sinh li. Nu bn chn anten bng rng th bn c th thy rng dng bc x ca chng l rt khc nhau. V th, iu cn thit l bn phi xc nh c thuc tnh no l quan trng cho vic trin khai ca bn. 2. Kiu Anten Hnh di minh ha nhiu loi anten khc nhau

Vi anten half-wave dipole th chiu di t u cui n u cui s bng na bc sng tn s . Anten omni-directional cung cp li bng nhau theo mi hng trn mt mt phng, thng l mt phng ngang. Anten dipole thng l omni-directional. Anten Omni-directional thng c s dng khi trin khai mng WLAN bi v chng cung cp vng bao ph theo mi hng. Anten Yagi-Uda c xy dng bng cch hnh thnh mt chui (array) tuyn tnh cc anten dipole song song nhau. Anten Yagi l loi anten nh hng rt ph bin bi v chng kh d ch to. Cc anten nh hng nh yagi thng cung cp vng bao ph nhng vng kh vi ti hay nhng ni cn vng bao ph ln hn vng bao ph ca anten omni-directional. Mt loi anten nh hng khc l anten Patch c hnh thnh bng cch t 2 vt dn (conductor) song song nhau v mt ming m (substrate) gia chng. Vt dn pha trn l mt ming ni (patch) v c th c in trn bng mch in. Anten Patch thng rt hu ch bi v chng c hnh dng mng. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi anten khc nh broadside anten (c main beam song song vi mt phng ca anten); fire anten (main beam nm trong mt phng ca anten); v pencil beam anten (cung cp 1 tn hiu duy nht, rt hp (narrow) v li cao cho anten.

*ti sao angten lai co th bt nhiu song cung luc?

1 Anten c th cng 1 lc bt c nhiu sng v : Cc tn hiu sng m anten nhn c s truyn n b phn tch sng .Ni y ch yu l gm cc mch cng hng L-C .Mi cp L-C ch cho 1 tn s sng xc nh qua n mnh nht ,cc tn sng khc th khng cho qua ( thcc t th cng qua c nhng rt yu ) V d d thy nht l ci Radio .Khi bn ang d i thc cht l bn ang iu chnh t in C .Vic thay in dung C dn n vic thay i tn s cng hng ca my .Khi bn c i mong mun

th tn s i l tn sng cng hng ca Radio m n cho php qua vo b phn bin i cao tn thnh m tn to m thanh n tai bn .

C bn v Anten IEEE nh ngha anten l phn ca h thng truyn hay nhn c thit k bc x hay nhn sng in t. Ni cch khc, anten ly tn hiu RF (c sinh ra bi radio) v bc x n vo trong khng kh hay anten c th nhn sng in t cho radio. Mt khi nim quan trng cn phi bit l anten ng hng (hay bc x ng hng - isotropic). Theo phng din ton hc, y l trng hp l tng khi mt anten khng b suy hao (lossless anten) pht ra tn hiu theo mi hng mt cch bng nhau. Xt mt hnh cu v b bc x ng hng nm trung tm ca hnh cu, lc trng in t s bng nhau tt c cc im trn b mt hnh cu. Anten ng hng l mt im tham chiu hu ch khi chng ta xem xt cc loi anten khc nhau. 1. Nhng thuc tnh ca anten c th chn la c anten ng n th iu quan trng l bn phi hiu c mt s thuc tnh m t v anten. Chng bao gm dng bc x ca anten, hng tnh ca anten, li, tr khng u vo, s phn cc, v bandwidth. Hng tnh ca anten (directivity of anten) Hng tnh ca anten m t cng ca mt bc x theo mt hng xc nh tng ng vi cng bc x trung bnh hay ni cch khc, n cho bit mt cng sut bc x tng ng vi cng sut bc x c phn tn mt cch ng dng. li (gain) Gain cng din t cng mt khi nim nh directivity nhng n cn bao gm c s mt mt (v cng sut) ca chnh bn thn anten. Bn c th nh ngha bc x hiu dng c s dng m rng directivity gip xc nh c li; mt b bc x hon ho s c bc x hiu dng bng 1. n v dng biu din li c th l dBi ( li tnh theo dB ca anten ng hng) hay dBd ( li dB ca anten half-wave dipole). chuyn i gia dBd v dBi th ta ch cn cng thm 2.2 vo li dBd c c li dBi. Vic ghi nh quy c ny l quan trng bi v mc d hu ht cc nh sn xut u biu din li theo dBi nhng mt s khc li biu din theo dBd. Hnh di minh ha mt dng bc x ca anten nh hng. Lu l s bc x ny tn ti trong khng gian 3 chiu.

Dng bc x (radiation pattern) Dng bc x ca anten m t s khc nhau v gc bc x mt khong cch c nh t anten. N thng c din t bng thut ng hng (directivity) hay li (gain) ca anten. Anten thng c main lobe hay beam (vng bc x), chnh l hng c li ln nht, v minor lobe m c th hn l side lobe hay back lobe ty thuc vo hng ca minor lobe so vi main lobe. Cc nh sn xut thng m t anten bng li hay main lobe, h cng thng xc nh thm beamwidth ( rng ca vng bc x) ca anten. Nguyn l half-power beamwidth c nh ngha bi IEEE nh sau: trong mt radiation pattern ta ct phn c cha main lobe, gc gia 2 hng ct trong cng bc x ch bng mt na ca gi tr ti a. V d, ta ly dng bc x ca anten trong hnh trn v i n im c 2 pha ca main lobe ni m li thp hn 3 dB (gim mt na) so vi im ln nht ca lobe, im ny chnh l half-power point. Khi , gc gia chng chnh l half-power beamwidth. Hnh di minh ha iu ny.

Trong khi nim radiation pattern ca anten th t s front-to-back ca anten s so snh li ln nht ca anten trn main lobe vi li ln nht trn back lobe. Trong v d trn th t s front-to-back l 20 dB v main lobe l 15 dBi, back lobe l -5 dBi; S khc nhau gia 15 dBi (-5 dBi) = 20 dBi chnh l t s front-to-back.

Cng sut bc x (radiated power) By gi chng ta s kim tra cng sut tht s c pht ra bi radio ni vi anten. Cng sut bc x hiu dng (ERP = Effective Radiated Power) c tnh bng cch ly li ca anten tnh theo dBd (tng ng vi half-wave dipole) v nhn n vi cng sut m transmitter cung cp cho anten. Tuy nhin, hu nh bn phi thng xuyn thc hin nhng tnh ton ny bng cc hm log, dB, iu ny c ngha l bn cng thm li ca anten vo cng sut t transmitter. Thng th li ca anten c biu din theo n v dBi, mt thut ng khc thng c s dng cho cng sut bc x l Cng sut bc x ng hng hiu dng (EIRP = Effective Iotropic Radiated Power; c sch gi l Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power), n hon ton tng t vi ERP nhng li ca anten c biu din tng ng vi b bc x ng hng. S phn cc (polarization) Sng in t c pht ra bi anten c th to ra nhng dng khc nhau nh hng n s qung b. Cc hnh dng ny s ty thuc vo s phn cc ca anten, c th l phn cc tuyn tnh (linearly) hay phn cc vng (circularly).

Hu ht cc anten trn th trng WLAN u s dng phn cc tuyn tnh, c th theo chiu ngang (phn cc ngang) hoc theo chiu dc (phn cc dc). Nu theo chiu ngang th vector trng in s nm trn mt mt phng thng ng, nu theo chiu dc th vector trng in nm trn mt phng nm ngang. Phn cc dc l ph bin hn mc d i khi phn cc ngang li hot ng tt hn. Mc d s l khng ph hp nu bn s dng anten phn cc vng cho kt ni trong nh, nhng nu bn s dng wireless bridge th bn c th dng anten phn cc vng. Cng ging nh anten phn cc tuyn tnh, anten phn cc vng cng c 2 trng hp: Phn cc tay tri v phn cc tay phi. Nu nh vector trng in quay theo chiu kim ng h khi n tin gn n bn th c gi l phn cc tay tri. Tng t, nu vector quay ngc kim ng h th gi l phn cc tay phi. Anten phn cc vng l bt bin (hoc l phn cc tri, hoc l phn cc phi) khi n quay trong khi anten phn cc tuyn tnh c th chuyn t phn cc ngang thnh phn cc dc khi n quay. Ni chung, i vi kt ni LOS (Line Of Sight) th bn nn s dng cng cc c 2 u kt ni. Tr khng (impedance) S bc x hiu dng ca mt anten l t s ca tng cng sut pht ra bi anten so vi cng sut t transmitter (ni vi anten) c chp nhn bi anten. Anten bc x mt s cng sut dng nng lng in t. Tt c cc thit b RF radio, ng truyn (cable), anten u c tr khng, chnh l t s gia in p v dng in. Khi anten c kt ni vi mt on cable, nu tr khng u vo ca anten trng khp vi tr khng ca radio v ng truyn th tng cng sut c truyn t radio n anten l ti a. Tuy nhin, nu tr khng khng ging nhau th mt s nng lng s b phn x ngc tr li ngun v s cn li s c truyn i n anten. T s sng ng in p (VSWR = Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) m t s phn x ny. Nu nh khng c phn x th VSWR s bng 1. Khi VSWR tng ln th s phn x s cng nhiu. Nu VSWR cao v cng sut cao th c th gy ra tnh hung nguy him nh khi ta s dng in p cao trong ng truyn, trong trng hp ti t nht, n c th bn ra tia la in. Tuy nhin, tnh hung ny s khng xy ra nu bn s dng cng sut thp khi trin khai mng WLAN. Bandwidth Bandwidth ca anten nh ngha vng tn s m anten cung cp hiu nng c th chp nhn c, thng thng c nh ngha bi tn s gii hn trn hay tn s ti a v tn s gii hn di hay tn s ti thiu. Trong trng hp ny, hiu nng c th chp nhn c c ngha l cc c im ca anten nh dng bc x v tr khng u vo khng b thay i khi hot ng trong dy tn s . Mt s anten c xem nh l broadband (bng rng) trong t s gia tn s ln nht v tn s nh nht l ln hn 2. Tuy nhin, bi v anten bng rng thng c hiu nng km v bi v s phn b tn s 802.11 hin ti khng yu cu anten bng rng nn trng hp duy nht m bn c th s dng anten bng rng chnh l khi bn mun s dng c 2 bng tn 2.4 Ghz ISM v 5 Ghz UNII trong 1 anten duy nht. Khi chn la anten bn s thy c nhiu thuc tnh ca anten c lin quan n vi nhau, v th mc d dng nh l ti u khi chng ta chn anten c tt c thuc tnh u ti a hoc ti thiu, iu ny thng l khng th. V d, Nu bn chn beamwidth rt rng th bn phi hy sinh li. Nu bn chn anten bng rng th bn c th thy rng dng bc x ca chng l rt khc nhau. V th, iu cn thit l bn phi xc nh c thuc tnh no l quan trng cho vic trin khai ca bn. 2. Cc kiu Anten Hnh di minh ha nhiu loi anten khc nhau

Vi anten half-wave dipole th chiu di t u cui n u cui s bng na bc sng tn s . Anten omni-directional cung cp li bng nhau theo mi hng trn mt mt phng, thng l mt phng ngang. Anten dipole thng l omni-directional. Anten Omni-directional thng c s dng khi trin khai mng WLAN bi v chng cung cp vng bao ph theo mi hng. Anten Yagi-Uda c xy dng bng cch hnh thnh mt chui (array) tuyn tnh cc anten dipole song song nhau. Anten Yagi l loi anten nh hng rt ph bin bi v chng kh d ch to. Cc anten nh hng nh yagi thng cung cp vng bao ph nhng vng kh vi ti hay nhng ni cn vng bao ph ln hn vng bao ph ca anten omni-directional. Mt loi anten nh hng khc l anten Patch c hnh thnh bng cch t 2 vt dn (conductor) song song nhau v mt ming m (substrate) gia chng. Vt dn pha trn l mt ming ni (patch) v c th c in trn bng mch in. Anten Patch thng rt hu ch bi v chng c hnh dng mng. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi anten khc nh broadside anten (c main beam song song vi mt phng ca anten); fire anten (main beam nm trong mt phng ca anten); v pencil beam anten (cung cp 1 tn hiu duy nht, rt hp (narrow) v li cao cho anten.

CC LOI ANTEN V TH BC X Anten s dng trong cc thit b Wi-Fi c thit k theo 2 dng: Loi lp c nh hoc ri. Loi anten c nh thng thy nht l card mng tch hp trn cc MTXT hay AP s dng anten c nh. Vi nhng thit b c anten c nh ny, bn khng c la chn no tt hn l dng anten ca hng cung cp. i vi cc thit b s dng anten ri th vic thay th bng mt anten khc t c vng ph sng nh mong mun kh d dng. Vic thay anten ph hp gip tng vng ph sng v tc , gim s lng AP v chi ph lp t... Anten c 2 loi chnh c s dng trong WLAN: ng hng hay v hng (Omni-directional) v nh hng hay c hng (Directional).

Anten ng hng truyn tn hiu RF theo tt c cc hng theo trc ngang (song song mt t) nhng b gii hn
trc dc (vung gc vi mt t). Anten ny thng c dng trong cc thit b tch hp Wi-Fi thng dng hin nay: ADSL, Broadband router, access point. Anten ng hng c li trong khong 6dB, thng c dng trong cc ta nh cao tng. Anten ng hng cung cp vng ph sng rng nht, to nn vng ph sng hnh trn chng chp ca nhiu AP bao trm c mt ta nh. Hu ht cc AP u s dng anten ng hng c li thp. Vic s dng anten c li cao hn s tng vng ph sng, do c th gim s lng AP tit kim chi ph.

Loi anten ny thng s dng trong m hnh im-im hay im-a im hay c th dng lp trn xe. Anten nh hng s l anten chnh pht tn hiu n my tnh hay cc thit b Wi-Fi khc, chng hn my in khng dy, PDA... Khi s dng ngoi tri, nn t antenna omni-directional gia nh ca ta nh. V d, trong khun vin ca mt trng i hc th anten c th c t trung tm ca trng c vng bao ph ln nht. Khi s dng trong nh, antenna nn c t gia nh ( trn nh) hay gia vng bao ph mong mun c vng bao ph ti u. Loi anten ny c vng bao ph theo dng hnh trn nn kh thch hp cho mi trng nh nh kho, trung tm trin lm... Cc loi anten Dome...

ng hng: Rubber Duck, Omni-directional, Celing Dome, Small Desktop, Mobile Vertical, Ceiling

Anten Rubber Ducky (hay Rubber Duck hay Rubber Duckie) c sinh vin Richard B. Johnson ch to vo nm
1958. Hin nay, anten ny thng c s dng ph bin trn cc im truy cp (access point) hay cc b nh tuyn (router) do c cu to n gin, h tr phn cc ng hng (phn cc ngang gc 360 ).

Phn cc dc 25

Phn cc ngang 360

Anten th bc x ca anten Rubber Duck ( li 9dBi, phn cc Rubber dc, tr khng 50Ohm, VSWR <1,5:1, cng sut ti a 100W) Duck
Anten Omni-directional

Phn cc dc 8
Anten Omni-

Phn cc ngang 360

th bc x ca anten Vertical Omni-directional ( li

directional

12dBi, phn cc dc, tr khng 50Ohm, VSWR <1,5:1, cng sut ti a 100W)

Antenna omni-directional c li cao th vng ph sng theo chiu ngang ln v vng ph sng theo chiu dc nh. c im ny c th c xem nh l mt yu t quan trng khi lp t mt anten c li cao trong nh (trn trn nh). Nu nh trn nh qu cao th vng bao ph c th khng th ph n nn nh, ni m ngi dng thng hay lm vic.

Anten nh hng
Anten nh hng (directional) c hng pht sng rt hp, thit b thu sng cn nm chnh xc trong phm vi pht sng hp ny ca anten nh hng mi c th thu c sng pht t anten. th bc x tng t nh nh sng ca n pin, tc khi chng ta chiu sng gn th chm sng s rng cn khi chiu sng vt xa th chm sng rt nh, nh l mt tia sng. li anten cng cao th bp sng cng hp, gii hn khu vc ph sng ca anten. Anten nh hng c li ln hn anten ng hng, t 12dBi hoc cao hn. Vic thay i li chnh l to ra cc anten khc nhau, mc ch l to ra cc bp sng vi gc pht khc nhau, gc pht theo chiu dc (vertical beamwidth) hay chiu ngang (horizontal beamwidth) cng nh th bp sng cng hi t v c ly pht s xa. ... Cc loi anten nh hng ny thng c gc pht theo chiu ngang khong 10 - 120 nn c li ln hn nh 18dBi, 21dBi... Anten nh hng c nhiu kiu dng v kch thc khc nhau, in hnh c cc loi anten: Yagi, Patch, Backfire, Dish... Cc loi anten nh hng ny rt l tng cho khong cch xa, kt ni khng dy im-im.

Anten Yagi
Anten Yagi l loi anten nh hng rt ph bin bi v chng d ch to. Cc anten nh hng nh Yagi thng s dng trong nhng khu vc kh ph sng hay nhng ni cn vng bao ph ln hn vng bao ph ca anten omni-directional.

Phn cc dc 45

Phn cc ngang 45

Anten Yagi

th bc x ca anten Yagi ( li 12dBi, phn cc dc, tr khng 50Ohm, VSWR <1,5:1, cng sut ti a 50W)

Anten Yagi hay cn gi l anten Yagi-Uda (do 2 ngi Nht l Hidetsugu Yagi v Shintaro Uda ch to vo nm 1926) c bit n nh l mt anten nh hng cao c s dng trong truyn thng khng dy. Loi anten ny thng c s dng cho m hnh im- im v i khi cng dng trong m hnh im-a im. Anten Yagi-Uda c xy dng bng cch hnh thnh mt chui tuyn tnh cc anten dipole song song nhau (xem hnh).

Anten Patch c hnh thnh bng cch t 2 vt dn song song nhau v mt ming m gia chng. Vt dn pha trn
l mt ming ni v c th c in trn bng mch in. Anten Patch thng rt hu ch bi v chng c hnh dng mng.

Phn cc dc 65

Phn cc ngang 75

Anten dc/ngang, tr khng 50Ohm, VSWR <1,5:1, cng sut ti a Patch

th bc x ca anten Patch ( li 8dBi, phn cc 25W)