LAB ACTIVITIES 5 through 10

BIO 210 Haugsness-White

Lab Activity #5

GROSS ANATOMY of a LONG BONE

Directions: Examine sectioned human bone material (dry) including a frontal section of an epiphysis and a transverse section of a diaphysis. If available view a frontal section of a fresh, cow femur or tibia. Also view and compare juvenile versus adult long bones on x-rays. Diaphysis Compact bone Marrow/medullary cavity Epiphysis, proximal versus distal Epiphyseal line (present only in adult bones) Epiphyseal plate (present only in juvenile bones) Cancellous / spongy bone Chapter 5

LABU1ex5-10Sum11.doc

Lab Activities #6-9

GROSS ANATOMY of the SKELETAL SYSTEM

Objective: One of the student learning objectives (SLO#3) for this course is to evaluate how differences among people (i.e. gender, age, health, heredity) affect the structure and function of the human body. Therefore work on recognizing bone variation and associating it with gender, age, health and heredity.

Axial Skeleton

Chapter 6

Background and Notes: The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. In the next three lab activities you will learn to recognize and name the bone features listed herein. You will also have a chance to reinforce your memory of all 206 bone names. For the purposes of this study guide, bone names are listed in BOLD CAPITAL LETTERS whereas bone features are listed in regular, lower caps. Note that the features to be identified on each bone are indented below the bone name. On practical exams neither bone names nor their features need to be capitalized (not even the first letter).

LAB ACTIVITIES 5 through 10

BIO 210 Haugsness-White

Take special note of bone features followed by an asterisk*: each of these features is located on a border between two or more bones even though it is listed arbitrarily under only one bone. It is important to learn all of the bones that share (or border) each asterisked feature. I suggest that you take time to jot them down on your study guide.

Lab Activity #6

GROSS ANATOMY of the SKULL

Directions: There are various skulls available for study. The multicolored, take-apart skulls are most useful for learning the names of the twenty-two individual skull bones. Since you already studied bone names in lab activity #4 you should be ready to leave these models behind and focus your study on the real human skulls and their bonecolored, plastic facsimiles. It will be essential that you study multiple skulls due to the amount of individual variation that exists (both amongst their real features and due to artifacts created by damage). Be aware that the plastic skulls are less realistic than the real bone skulls so you must methodically study both resources.

Cranial bones of the skull

FRONTAL BONE

Table 6.1 & 6.2

Frontal sinus (most skulls will not display the sinuses; refer to head x-rays in both lateral & frontal views) Supraorbital foramen or notch

PARIETAL BONES Coronal suture * Q: What other bone(s) contributes to this feature? Sagittal suture

OCCIPITAL BONE External occipital protuberance

2nd ed. (2011)

Foramen magnum Q: What structure passes through this hole? OCCIPITAL BONE (continued) Jugular foramen * Q: What other bone(s) contributes to this feature? Lambdoidal suture * Occipital condyle

TEMPORAL BONES Carotid foramen (canal) External auditory (acoustic) meatus Internal auditory meatus Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Petrous portion Squamous portion (temporal squama) Squamosal suture * Q: What other bone(s) contributes to this feature? Styloid process Zygomatic process (half of zygomatic arch)

ETHMOID Cribriform plate (note the r after the b) Olfactory foramina (every foramen begs the question: what structure passes through it?) Crista galli Perpendicular plate (comprises 1/3 of nasal septum) Middle nasal concha (Note: a superior nasal concha also exists but it is difficult to see) Ethmoidal sinuses (Note: to visualize these air cells see head x-rays, frontal & lateral views) Fig. 6.16

SPHENOID Greater wings Lesser wings Optic foramen (canal) Pterygoid processes (consisting of lateral and medial pterygoid plates) Sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus (see head x-ray, visible in lateral view only) Superior orbital fissure

LAB ACTIVITIES 5 through 10 Facial bones of the skull

ZYGOMATIC BONES Temporal process (the other half of zygomatic arch)

BIO 210 Haugsness-White

LACRIMALS (Note: Unfortunately, this paired bone is already destroyed on most of our skulls)

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA(E) (Note: This is a separate bone, it is not a feature of the ethmoid bone like the other two nasal conchae are.) VOMER

NASAL BONES

MAXILLAE / MAXILLARY BONES Alveolar process Inferior orbital fissure * Q: What other bone(s) contributes to this feature? Infraorbital foramen Maxillary sinus (see head x-rays, lateral & frontal views) Palatine (palatal) process (comprises anterior ~3/4 of hard palate)

PALATINES Horizontal plate (comprises posterior ~ of hard palate)

MANDIBLE Body Alveolar process (margin) (Note: supports alveolar sockets for teeth) Mandibular foramen Mental foramen Angle Ramus Condylar process with mandibular condyle Coronoid process Mandibular notch

HYOID BONE
2nd ed. (2011)

Fetal skull

Fig. 6.19

Directions: Locate and identify the listed features on both the plastic and the real bone fetal skull. Although the real fetal skull must remain protected in its glass jar; your instructor may remove it for demonstration purposes). You will note that there are two names for each of the fontanels; you may use either the directional names or the bone names as they are both accurate. You will also want to remember to use the plastic fetal skull later on, when you are trying to determine the gender of the pelvic girdles belonging to each of our skeletons.

Anterior (frontal) fontanel Anterolateral (sphenoid) fontanel Frontal (metopic) suture Mandibular (mental) symphysis Posterior (occipital) fontanel Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel

Lab Activity #7

GROSS ANATOMY of the VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Directions: As you examine human vertebrae, be sure to handle individual (disarticulated) vertebrae. You will be expected to correctly identify each type of vertebrae and their listed features on individual bones. However, the articulated vertebral columns in lab will help you to study their inter-relationships as you are learning. You can also visualize the 4 curves of the human spine (which you must know for lecture): cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral, on the articulated spinal columns.

LAB ACTIVITIES 5 through 10

VERTEBRA, typical features

BIO 210 Haugsness-White

Fig. 6.21

Directions: Locate and identify the following conservative features on all vertebrae. Take note of which individual vertebrae are missing some of the features listed below. Body (centrum) Vertebral (neural) arch Lamina Pedicle Inferior articular facet (Note: A facet is the smooth surface that forms a facet joint between two successive vertebrae. It is located on one of the two sides of the inferior articular process) Superior articular facet (Note: This facet is located on one side of the superior articular process) Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Q: What structure passes through this hole? Intervertebral foramen * Q: What other bone contributes to this feature? What passes thru here? Directions: In addition to locating and identifying the features listed above, you must learn to identify the following unique vertebrae and their characteristic features listed below. ATLAS (C1) Transverse foramen (Note: The vertebral artery threads through here on its way to supply the brain.)

AXIS (C2) Dens (odontoid process) (Note: During embryological development, this was the body of the atlas.) Transverse foramen

Typical CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (C3-C7) Transverse foramen Bifid spinous processes (on C2-C6 only)

THORACIC VERTEBRAE Q: What bone and bone feature articulates with each of the facets listed below? Costal facets (located on vertebral body) Transverse costal facet (fovea; located on transverse processes)

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
2nd ed. (2011)

Q: What features distinguish the five, lumbar vertebrae from cervical and thoracic vertebrae?

SACRUM Apex vs. base Auricular surface (Note: This is the articular surface that joins with the os coxa to form the sacroiliac joint.) Median sacral crest Sacral canal Sacral foramina

COCCYX

Lab Activity #8

GROSS ANATOMY of the THORAX

Thorax Fig. 6.27
Directions: In this short lab activity, you will examine the bag of ribs located in your bone box. Together with your lab partners, arrange them as you would expect to find them in the human ribcage. Examine their typical features and notice their differences. Differentiate between the true ribs, the false ribs, and the floating ribs. Compare rib #1 to rib #12; how do they differ? RIBS, typical features Body (shaft) Costal cartilage Costal groove Q: What anatomical structures run along this groove in every rib? Head Tubercle

LAB ACTIVITIES 5 through 10

True ribs (pairs 1 thru 7) False ribs (pairs 8-12)

BIO 210 Haugsness-White

Floating ribs (pairs 11 & 12 only) Q: Can you recognize the floating ribs and differentiate them from rib #1? STERNUM Note: The sternum consists of 3 separate components that eventually fuse into one bone by age 25. Manubrium Body Xiphoid process

Lab Activity #9

GROSS ANATOMY of the APPENDICULAR SKELETON Appendicular Skeleton

Chapter 7

Directions: Locate and identify the following bones and bone features. Learn to identify each individual bone, disarticulated from its skeleton, unless otherwise indicated below. The figures in your text illustrate bones from the right side of your body. You may be examining bones from either side of the body. Therefore if your specimen does not match the figure in the book, consider the possibility that it may be a mirror image of the illustrated bone. Note: The order by which the bone features for each bone are listed below is alphabetical; this is to promote ease of locating each feature on a labeled figure in your textbook.

Pectoral girdle and upper extremity

SCAPULA Acromion (process) Coracoid process Glenoid fossa (cavity) Inferior angle
2nd ed. (2011)

SCAPULA (continued) Infraspinous fossa Lateral (axillary) border Medial (vertebral) border Scapular spine Subscapular fossa Superior angle Superior border Supraspinous fossa CLAVICLE Acromial (lateral) end Sternal (medial) end HUMERUS Anatomical neck Greater tubercle Head Intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Radial fossa Trochlea ULNA Coronoid process Olecranon process Radial notch Trochlear notch Styloid process

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LAB ACTIVITIES 5 through 10

RADIUS Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Ulnar notch

BIO 210 Haugsness-White

Carpals (the wrist bones)

Directions: There are eight, uniquely-named carpal bones. You must locate and identify each individual carpal bone on an articulated hand. Note that a historical mnemonic (memory device) has been provided for memorization purposes only. You will see that the first letter of each word in the mnemonic matches the first letter of the carpal bones when presented in a meaningful order. The order corresponds to the proximal row of bones from medial to lateral, followed by the distal row of bones from medial to lateral. Carpal bones SCAPHOID LUNATE TRIANGULAR (triquetrum) PISIFORM TRAPEZIUM (greater multangular) TRAPEZOID (lesser multangular) CAPITATE HAMATE Mnemonic Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cant Handle

METACARPALS I, II, III, IV, V (the hand bones) Directions: The five hand bones are numbered with Roman numerals I-V from lateral to medial. When asked to name a metacarpal you will be expected to write its complete, identifying name, for example: metacarpal II.

PHALANGES (the finger bones) Directions: The fourteen finger bones (i.e. digits) are numbered with Roman numerals I-V starting laterally (in anatomical position) with the pollex (i.e. thumb). To name one specific digit you must state first whether it is proximal, middle or distal; second that it is a phalanx, and third indicate its Roman numeral, for example: distal phalanx V of the hand. DISTAL PHALANX I-V MIDDLE PHALANX II-V Note: This bone is never present on the thumb/pollex, hence the middle phalanx I does not exist.
2nd ed. (2011)

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PROXIMAL PHALANX I-V

Pelvic girdle and lower extremity

Directions: Learn to differentiate the male versus female skeleton from cues in the pelvic girdle. COXAL BONES (OS COXAE) Ilium, ischium & pubis Note: Recall from lab activity #4 that these three names represent regions of the adult bone that were separate bones during development. False pelvis (view this feature on an articulated pelvis) True pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic outlet Pubic angle Pubic symphysis Iliac region of OS COXA Anterior inferior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Auricular surface Greater sciatic notch Iliac crest Iliac fossa Posterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Ischial region of OS COXA Acetabulum * Q: What other bone(s) contributes to this feature? Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen * Q: What other bone(s) contributes to this feature? Ramus of ischium Pubic region of OS COXA Inferior pubic ramus Pubic symphysis (Note: This feature is only present on an articulated pelvis.) Superior pubic ramus

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LAB ACTIVITIES 5 through 10

BIO 210 Haugsness-White

FEMUR Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Medial condyle Medial epicondyle Neck Patellar surface TIBIA Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest/margin Medial malleolus FIBULA Q: Look carefully at the two ends of the fibula, are they shaped the same? How will you differentiate them? Head Lateral malleolus PATELLA

2nd ed. (2011)

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Tarsals (the ankle bones)

Directions: There are seven, uniquely-named tarsal bones. You must locate and identify each individual tarsal bone on an articulated foot. Note that a historical mnemonic (memory device) has been provided. The order of naming the tarsals proceeds from superior to inferior-proximal to distal, with the last four, distal tarsals named from lateral to medial. Note that the cuneiform bones can be named using ordinal numbers (e.g. 1st cuneiform) or using directional terms (medial cuneiform). Tarsal names TALUS CALCANEUS NAVICULAR CUBOID LATERAL CUNEIFORM (3rd) Mnemonic Tarsal Common Names Can Cause

INTERMEDIATE CUNEIFORM (2nd) Constant MEDIAL CUNEIFORM (1st) Confusion

METATARSALS I-V (Note: roman numerals are also used on foot & toe bones) Directions: The five foot bones are numbered with Roman numerals I-V from medial to lateral. Note that this is the opposite order by which the hand bones are numbered due to the reverse position of the pollex versus the hallux in anatomical position. When asked to name a metatarsal you will be expected to write its complete, identifying name for example: metatarsal III.

PHALANGES (the toe bones, which are named similarly to the finger bones) Directions: The fourteen toe bones (i.e. digits) are numbered with Roman numerals I-V starting medially with the hallux (i.e. great toe). Otherwise the toe bones are similarly named to the finger bones. An example would be the distal phalanx IV of the foot. DISTAL PHALANX I-V MIDDLE PHALANX II-V Note: This bone is absent from the hallux (i.e. great toe), hence there is no middle phalanx I. PROXIMAL PHALANX I-V

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LAB ACTIVITIES 5 through 10

BIO 210 Haugsness-White

Lab Activity #10

GROSS ANATOMY of ARTICULATIONS

Directions: You are responsible for identifying the following structures on the joint models, articulated appendages and/or articulated skeletons. These structures are named quite easily once you have learned to recognize and name the bony landmarks they originate from and attach to. Therefore this should be the last activity that you do, and only after you have memorized the bone features for the relevant bones. Chapter 8

Shoulder joint
glenohumeral ligaments (refers to anterior portion of articular capsule) coracoacromial ligament coracoclavicular ligaments (n=2) coracohumeral ligament acromioclavicular ligament

Hip joint
pubofemoral ligament (Note: two slips of origin) ischiofemoral ligament iliofemoral ligament

2nd ed. (2011)

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Knee joint
Note: The abbreviations in parentheses are included only for reference purposes; you must learn the complete name of each ligament. Do note that the word ligament is part of the name and must therefore be included. As you locate and examine each of the knee ligaments, think about how it stabilizes the knee joint. medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL) lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) quadriceps tendon patellar ligament Note: This ligament is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the patellar tendon. Q: What makes it a ligament as opposed to a tendon? medial meniscus lateral meniscus

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