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CHNG IV CHT KT DNH V C 4.1. Khi nim v phn loi 4.1.1.

Khi nim Cht kt dnh v c l loi vt liu thng dng bt, khi nho trn vi nc hoc cc dung mi khc th to thnh loi h do, di tc dng ca qu trnh ha l t n c th rn chc v chuyn sang trng thi . Do kh nng ny ca cht kt dnh v c m ngi ta s dng chng gn cc loi vt liu ri rc (ct, , si) thnh mt khi ng nht trong cng ngh ch to b tng, va xy dng, gch silicat, cc vt liu nhn to khng nung v cc sn phm xi mng aming. C loi cht kt dnh v c khng tn ti dng bt nh vi cc, thy tinh lng. C loi khi nho trn vi nc th qu trnh rn chc xy ra rt chm nh cht kt dnh magie, nhng nu trn vi dung dch MgCl2 hoc MgSO4 th qu trnh rn chc xy ra nhanh, cng chu lc cao. 4.1.2. Phn loi Cn c vo mi trng rn chc, cht kt dnh v c c chia lm 3 loi: cht kt dnh rn trong khng kh, cht kt dnh rn trong nc v cht kt dnh rn trong tcla. Cht kt dnh v c rn trong khng kh Cht kt dnh v c rn trong khng kh l loi cht kt dnh ch c th rn chc v gi c cng lu di trong mi trng khng kh. V d: Vi khng kh, thch cao, thy tinh lng, cht kt dnh magie. Theo thnh phn ho hc chng c chia thnh 4 nhm: (1) Vi rn trong khng kh (thnh phn ch yu l CaO); (2) Cht kt dnh magie (thnh phn ch yu l MgO); (3) Cht kt dnh thch cao (thnh phn ch yu l CaSO4) (4) Thu tinh lng l cc silicat natri hoc kali (Na2O.nSiO2 hoc K2O.mSiO2) dng lng; Cht kt dnh v c rn trong nc Cht kt dnh v c rn trong nc l loi cht kt dnh khng nhng c kh nng rn chc v gi c cng lu di trong mi trng khng kh m cn c kh nng rn chc v gi c cng lu di trong mi trng nc. V d: Vi thy, cc loi xi mng. V thnh phn ho hc cht kt dnh rn trong nc l mt h thng phc tp bao gm ch yu l lin kt ca 4 oxyt CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3. Cc lin kt hnh thnh ra 3 nhm cht kt dnh ch yu sau : (1) Xi mng Silicat : cc khong ch yu l Silicat canxi (n 75%). Trong nhm ny gm c xi mng pooc lng v cc chng loi ca n (nhm cht kt dnh ch yu trong xy dng) (2) Xi mng alumin: Aluminat canxi l cc khong ch yu ca n. (3) Vi thu v xi mng La m.
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Cht kt dnh rn trong tcla Bao gm nhng cht c kh nng trong mi trng hi nc bo ho c nhit 175200oC v p sut 812 atm hnh thnh ra xi mng. Cht kt dnh ny c 2 thnh phn ch yu l CaO v SiO2. iu kin thng ch c CaO ng vai tr kt dnh nhng trong iu kin tcla th CaO tc dng vi SiO2 to thnh cc khong mi c bn nc v kh nng chu lc cao. Cc cht kt dnh thng gp trong nhm ny l: cht kt dnh vi silic; vi tro; vi x, ... 4.2. Vi rn trong khng kh 4.2.1. Khi nim Vi rn trong khng kh (gi tt l vi) l cht kt dnh v c rn trong khng kh, d s dng, gi thnh h, qu trnh sn xut n gin. Nguyn liu sn xut vi l cc loi giu khong canxit cacbonat CaCO3 nh san h, vi, lmit vi hm lng st khng ln hn 6%. Trong hay dng nht l vi c. nung vi trc ht phi p thnh cc 10-20 cm, sau nung nhit 900 - 11000C, thc cht ca qu trnh nung vi l thc hin phn ng: CaO + CO2 - Q . CaCO3 Phn ng trn l phn ng thun nghch v vy khi nung vi phi thng thong l kh cacbonic bay ra, phn ng theo chiu thun s mnh hn v cht lng vi s tt hn. Phn ng nung vi l phn ng xy ra t ngoi vo trong nn cc cc vi em nung phi u nhau m bo cht lng vi, hn ch hin tng vi non la (vi sng) v vi gi la (vi chy). Khi vi non la th bn trong cc cc vi s cn mt phn vi (CaCO3 ) cha chuyn ha thnh vi do sau ny s km do, nhiu hn sn . Nu kch thc cc qu nh hoc nhit nung qu cao th CaO sau khi sinh ra s tc dng vi tp cht st to thnh mng keo silicat canxi v aluminat canxi cng bao bc ly ht vi lm vi kh thy ha khi ti, khi dng trong kt cu ht vi s ht m tng th tch lm kt cu b r, nt, cc ht vi gi l ht gi la. 4.2.2. Cc hnh thc s dng vi trong xy dng Vi c s dng hai dng vi chn v bt vi sng. Vi chn L vi c ti trc khi dng, khi cho vi vo nc qu trnh ti s xy ra theo phn ng : CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 + Q . Ty thuc vo lng nc cho tc dng vi vi s c 3 dng vi chn thng gp: Bt vi chn: c to thnh khi lng nc va phn ng vi vi. Tnh theo phng trnh phn ng th lng nc l 32,14% so vi lng vi, nhng v phn ng ti vi l ta nhit nn nc b bc hi do thc t lng nc ny khong 70%. Vi bt c khi lng th tch 400 - 450 kg/m3.
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Vi nhuyn: c to thnh khi lng nc tc dng cho vo nhiu hn n mc sinh ra mt loi va st cha khong 50% l Ca(OH)2 v 50% l nc t do. Vi nhuyn c khi lng th tch 1200 - 1400 kg/m3. Vi sa : c to thnh khi lng nc nhiu hn so vi vi nhuyn, c khong t hn 50% Ca(OH)2 v hn 50% l nc. Trong xy dng thng dng ch yu l vi nhuyn v vi sa cn bt vi chn hay dng trong y hc hay nng nghip. S dng vi chn trong xy dng c u im l s dng v bo qun n gin nhng cng chu lc thp v kh hn ch c tc hi ca ht sn gi la, khi s dng phi lc k cc ht sn. Bt vi sng Bt vi sng c to thnh khi em vi cc nghin nh, mn ca bt vi sng kh cao biu th bng lng lt qua sng 4900 l/cm2 khng nh hn 90%. Sau khi nghin bt vi sng c ng thnh tng bao bo qun v s dng nh xi mng. S dng bt vi sng trong xy dng c u im l rn chc nhanh v cho cng cao hn vi chn do tn dng c lng nhit ta ra khi ti vi to ra phn ng silicat, khng b nh hng ca ht sn, khng tn thi gian ti nhng loi vi ny kh bo qun v d ht m gim cht lng, mt khc tn thit b nghin, khi sn xut v s dng bi vi u nh hng n sc khe cng nhn. 4.2.3. Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng vi Cht lng vi cng tt khi hm lng CaO cng cao v cu trc ca n cng tt (d tc dng vi nc). Do nh gi cht lng ca vi ngi ta dng cc ch tiu sau : hot tnh ca vi hot tnh ca vi c nh gi bng ch tiu tng hm lng CaO v MgO, khi hm lng CaO v MgO cng ln th sn lng vi va cng nhiu v ngc li. Nhit ti v tc ti Khi vi tc dng vi nc (ti vi) pht sinh phn ng ta nhit, nhit lng pht ra lm tng nhit ca vi, vi cng tinh khit (nhiu CaO) th pht nhit cng nhiu, nhit vi cng cao v tc ti cng nhanh, sn lng vi va cng cng ln nh vy phm cht ca vi cng cao. Nhit ti : L nhit cao nht trong qu trnh ti. Tc ti (thi gian ti) : L thi gian tnh t lc vi tc dng vi nc n khi t c nhit cao nht khi ti. Sn lng vi Sn lng vi va l lng vi nhuyn tnh bng lt do 1kg vi sng sinh ra. sn lng vi va cng nhiu vi cng tt. Sn lng vi va thng c lin quan n lng ngm CaO, nhit ti v tc ti ca vi. Vi c hm lng CaO cng cao, nhit ti v tc ti cng ln th sn lng vi va cng nhiu.
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Lng ht sn Ht sn l nhng ht vi cha ti c trong vi va. Ht sn c th l vi gi la, non la hoc b than v.v... Lng ht sn l t s gia khi lng ht sn so vi khi lng vi sng (cc ht cn li trn sng 124 l /cm2), tnh bng %. Lng ht sn lin quan n nhit ti v v sn lng vi va, khi lng ht sn cng ln th phn vi tc dng vi nc cng t i do nhit ti v sn lng vi va cng nh. mn ca bt vi sng Bt vi sng cng mn cng tt v n s thy ha vi nc cng nhanh v cng trit , nhit ti v tc ti cng lp sn lng va vi cng nhiu. Cc ch tiu c bn nh gi cht lng ca vi c quy nh theo TCVN 2231 - 1989 bng 4 - 1. Bng 4 - 1 Vi cc v vi bt nghin Tn ch tiu Loi I Loi II Loi III 1 . Tc ti vi, pht a . Ti nhanh, khng ln hn 10 10 10 b . Ti trung bnh, khng ln hn 20 20 20 c . Ti chm, ln hn 20 20 20 2 .Hm lng MgO,%,khng ln hn 5 5 5 3. Tng hm lng (CaO+MgO) hot tnh, % , 88 80 70 khng nh hn 4 . nhuyn ca vi ti, l/kg, khng nh hn 2,4 2,0 1,6 5 . Hm lng ht khng ti c ca vi cc, 5 7 10 %, khng ln hn 6 . mn ca vi bt,%, khng ln hn : - Trn sng 0,063 2 2 2 - Trn sng 0,008 10 10 10 4.2.4. Qu trnh rn chc ca vi Vi c s dng ch yu trong va. Trong khng kh va vi rn chc li do nh hng ng thi ca hai qu trnh chnh: 1, s mt nc ca va lm Ca(OH)2 chuyn dn t trng thi keo sang ngng keo v kt tinh; 2, cacbonat ha vi di s tc dng ca kh cacbonic trong khng kh. Qu trnh rn chc ca vi khng kh xy ra chm do khi xy b m t kh lu. Nu dng bin php sy s tng nhanh c qu trnh rn chc. 4.2.5. Cng dng v bo qun Cng dng Trong xy dng vi dng sn xut va xy, va trt cho cc b cng trnh trn kh, c yu cu chu lc khng cao lm. Ngoi ra vi cn c dng sn xut gch silicat hoc qut trn, qut tng, l lp trang tr v bo v vt liu pha trong.
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Bo qun Ty tng hnh thc s dng m c cch bo qun thch hp. Vi vi cc nn ti ngay hoc nghin mn a vo bao, khng nn d tr vi cc lu. Vi nhuyn phi c ngm trong h c lp ct hoc nc ph bn trn dy 10 - 20 cm ngn cn s tip xc ca vi vi kh CO2 trong khng kh theo phn ng: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O . Khi vi b ha (CaCO3), cht lng vi s gim, vi t do kh nng lin kt km. 4.3. Thch cao xy dng 4.3.1. Khi nim Thch cao xy dng l mt cht kt dnh cng rn c trong khng kh, ch to bng cch nung thch cao hai phn t nc (CaSO4.2H2O) nhit 140-1700C n khi bin thnh thch cao na phn t nc (CaSO4.0,5H2O) ri nghin thnh bt nh. Cng c th nghin thch cao hai nc trc ri mi nung thnh thch cao na nc. Trong mt s s cng ngh vic nghin v nung c tin hnh cng trong mt thit b: 0 CaSO4 .2H 2 O 140 CaSO4 .0,5H 2 O + 1,5H 2 O 170 C Khi nung thch cao xy dng c to thnh theo phn ng : Nu nhit nung cao 600 - 7000C th thch cao hai nc bin thnh thch cao cng CaSO4, loi ny c tc cng rn chm hn so vi thch cao xy dng. 4.3.2. Qu trnh rn chc Khi nho trn thch cao vi nc s sinh ra mt loi va do c tnh linh ng tt ri dn dn sau mt qu trnh bin i l, ha, tnh do mt dn, qu trnh gi l qu trnh ng kt, sau thch cao tr thnh cng rn, chu lc tng dn, y l qu trnh rn chc. C hai qu trnh ny c gi chung l qu trnh rn chc ca thch cao. Thch cao tc dng vi nc theo phng trnh phn ng sau : CaSO4.0,5H2O + 1,5 H2O = CaSO4. 2H2O . Qu trnh rn chc ca thch cao chia lm 3 thi k : Thi k ha tan. Thi k ha keo. Thi k kt tinh. Hai thi k u gi l thi k ng kt, thi k th 3 gi l thi k rn chc v thch cao c kh nng chu lc. Ba thi k ca qu trnh rn chc khng phn chia tch bit v xy ra xen k vi nhau.

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4.3.3. Cc tnh cht c bn mn Thch cao nung xong c nghin thnh bt mn, thch cao cng mn th qu trnh thy ha cng nhanh, cng rn cng sm v cng cng cao. mn ca thch cao phi t ch tiu lng st trn sng 918 l/cm2 i vi thch cao loi I khng ln hn 25% i vi loi II khng ln hn 35% Khi lng ring v khi lng th tch Khi lng ring : = 2600 - 2700 kg/m3. Khi lng th tch : v = 800 - 1000 kg/m3. Lng nc tiu chun Khi nho trn thch cao vi nc to ra va, nu trn t nc qu th va s kh kh thi cng, nu lng nc trn nhiu qu th va s nho d thi cng nhng nc tha nhiu khi bay hi i li nhiu l rng lm cho cng chu lc ca va gim. V vy phi nho trn vi mt lng nc thch hp nhm m bo hai yu cu va d thi cng va t c cng chu lc cao. Lng nc m bo cho va thch cao t c hai yu cu trn gi l lng nc tiu chun. Lng nc m bo cho h thch cao c c tiu chun v c biu th bng t l % nc so vi khi lng ca thch cao: N = 0,5 0,7 X Lng nc tiu chun ca thch cao c xc nh nh sau : Dng dng c Xuttard gm mt ng lm bng ng, ng knh trong bng 5,0 cm; cao 10 cm v mt tm knh vung c cnh bng 20 cm. Trn tm knh hoc trn ming giy dn di tm knh v mt lot cc vng trn ng tm c ng knh di 14cm, cc vng trn cch nhau 1cm, cc vng trn to hn v cch nhau 2cm. Cn 300g thch cao trn vi 50 - 70% nc, cho thch cao vo nc v trn nhanh (trong 30 giy) t di ln trn cho n khi hn hp ng u ri yn trong mt pht. Sau trn mnh 2 ci ri nhanh h thch cao vo ng tr t trn tm knh nm ngang, dng dao gt bng mt thch cao ngang mp hnh tr. Tt c cc ng tc ny lm khng qu 30 giy, rt ng tr ln theo phng thng ng, khi h thch cao chy xung tm knh thnh hnh nn ct. Nu ng knh y nn ct bng 12 cm th h t c tiu chun, lng nc nho trn gi l lng nc tiu chun. Nu ng knh y nn ct ln hn hoc nh hn 12 cm, phi trn h thch cao khc vi lng nc t hn hoc nhiu hn v tip tc th nghim nh trn tm c lng nc tnh bng % so vi khi lng ca thch cao ng vi h c c tiu chun. Thi gian ng kt Sau khi trn thch cao vi nc h thch cao dn dn ng c li . Thi gian t khi bt u nho trn thch cao vi nc cho ti khi h thch cao mt do v bt u c kh nng chu lc gi l thi gian ng kt. Thi gian ng kt ca thch cao bao gm hai giai on:

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Thi gian bt u ng kt: L khong thi gian t khi bt u nho trn thch cao vi nc n khi h mt tnh do. ng vi lc kim vika c ng knh 1,1mm ln u tin cm su cch tm knh 0,5 mm. Thi gian kt thc ng kt : L khong thi gian t khi bt u nho trn thch cao vi nc n khi h c cng nht nh, ng vi lc kim vika c ng knh 1,1 mm ln u tin cm su vo h 0,5 mm. ngha ca thi gian ng kt ca h thch cao Sau khi bt u ng kt h, va v b tng thch cao khng c vo khun hoc dng trt b mt, c bit sau khi thch cao kt thc ng kt, v khi cc thao tc ca qu trnh thi cng s ph v cu trc mi c hnh thnh ca h thch cao lm cho cng chu lc gim i nhiu. Chnh v vy phi thi cng va v b tng thch cao trong khong thi gian t lc trn n lc bt u ng kt. Cc loi thch cao c thi gian ng kt khc nhau. Nu ng kt sm qu th vic thi cng phi ht sc khn trng, c khi thi cng khng kp nhng cng lc u cao v ngc li. Vi ngha nh trn nn thi gian ng kt ca h thch cao c quy nh Thi gian bt u ng kt / 6 pht. Thi gian kt thc ng kt 30 pht. c ch thi cng hp l v m bo cht lng cng trnh thi gian ng kt ca thch cao cn phi c xc nh c th bng cch sau : Dng c th: L my cm kim vika (hnh 4-1) gm b phn chnh l thanh chy c gn kim ch th di chuyn theo phng thng ng bn cnh thc khc t 0 n 40 mm gn trn gi. u di thanh chy gn mt ci kim thp ng knh 1,1mm, chiu di 50 mm, khi lng ca thanh v kim bng 120 g. Ngoi ra cn c mt khu hnh cn lm bng nha ebonit hoc bng ng thau cao 40mm, ng knh trn 65mm, ng knh di 75 mm v mt tm knh vung c kch thc 10 x 10 mm. Hnh 4 - 1 : Dng c vi ka Cch xc nh: Thi gian bt u 1. Thanh chy; 2. L trt; 3. Vt iu chnh; ng kt v thi gian kt thc ng 4. Kim ch vch; 5. Thc chia ; 6. Kim vika; 7. Khu vika; 8. Bn dng c vika kt c xc nh nh sau : mt lng nc tng ng vi c tiu chun ca h thch cao vo mt chu bng kim loi hoc bng s; Sau vo chu 200g thch cao, bt u tnh thi gian ri trn u bng tay. Phi t t trong 30 giy cho h thch cao vo khu ca my t trn tm knh, ct h tha bng dao v mit bng mt. Sau t khu di kim ca my cho u kim xung st mt h, m c hm thanh chy v kim t do ri xung cm vo h thch cao. C 30 giy cho
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kim ri mt ln, cm cc v tr khc nhau, trc khi cho kim ri phi lau sch kim. Dng ng h theo di thi gian trong sut qu trnh trn v th kim ri. Thi gian bt u ng kt l khong thi gian t lc bt u trn thch cao vi nc cho n khi ln u tin kim cm cch tm knh y 0,5 mm. Thi gian kt thc ng kt l khong thi gian t lc bt u trn thch cao vi nc cho n khi ln u tin kim cm su vo h thch cao 0,5 mm. C th dng cht lm tng nhanh hoc lm chm ng kt, pha vo h thch cao vi liu lng bng 0,5 - 2% khi lng thch cao thay i thi gian ng kt ca thch cao. Cht lm chm ng kt l vi v cht lm nhanh ng kt l natri sunfat (Na2SO4). Cng chu lc Khi s dng trong cng trnh, thch cao c th chu nn hoc chu ko, v.v... Tuy nhin cng chu nn vn l ch yu v n c trng cho cng ca thch cao, cng nn l mt ch tiu nh gi phm cht ca thch cao. Do quy nh cng nn sau 1,5 gi i vi thch cao loi 1 khng nh hn 45 kG/cm2 v i vi thch cao loi 2 khng nh hn 35 kG/cm2. nh gi cng nn ca thch cao ngi ta c 3 mu hnh lp phng cnh 7,07 cm v em nn sau 1,5 gi bo dng. Cch tin hnh nh sau : Trn thch cao vi mt lng nc tng ng vi c tiu chun ca h thch cao cho ti khi ng nht sau ngay vo cc khun. Sau khi y khun mit phng mt, sau 1 gi tnh t lc bt u trn thch cao vi nc th tho mu ra khi khun, sau 1,5 gi em th nghim nn cc mu. Gii hn cng chu nn ca thch cao bng tr s trung bnh cng ca cc kt qu th nghim trn 3 mu. 4.3.4. Cng dng v bo qun Cng dng Thch cao l cht kt dnh ch rn v gi c bn trong khng kh, nhng c bng, mn, p do c dng ch to va trt ni kh ro, lm m hnh hay va trang tr. Bo qun Thch cao dng bt mn do nu d tr lu v bo qun khng tt thch cao s ht m lm gim cng chu lc. chng m cho thch cao ta phi bo qun bng cch cha bt thch cao trong cc bao kn c lp cch nc v trong kho ni kh ro. 4.4. Mt s loi cht kt dnh v c khc rn trong khng kh 4.4.1. Cht kt dnh magie Khi nim Cht kt dnh magie thng dng bt mn c thnh phn ch yu l oxyt magie (MgO), c sn xut bng cch nung magiezit MgCO3 hoc lmit (CaCO3.MgCO3) nhit 750 - 850 0C.
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MgCO 3 750 MgO + CO 2 850 C

Tnh cht Khi nho trn cht kt dnh magie vi nc th qu trnh rn chc xy ra rt chm, nhng nu nho trn vi dung dch clorua magie hoc cc loi mui magie khc th qu trnh cng rn xy ra nhanh hn v lm tng ng k cng ca cht kt dnh, v sn phm thy ha ngoi Mg(OH)2 cn c c loi mui kp ngm nc 3MgO.MgCl2.6H2O. Cng chu lc ca cht kt dnh magie tng i cao, ty thuc vo thnh phn khong ca n m cng chu nn tui 28 ngy t 100 - 600 kG/cm2. Cht kt dnh magie ch rn chc trong mi trng khng kh vi m khng ln hn 60%. Cng dng Cht kt dnh magie c dng sn xut cc tm cch nhit, tm lt, tm p bn trong nh. 4.4.2. Thy tinh lng Khi nim Thy tinh lng l cht kt dnh v c rn trong khng kh c thnh phn l Na2O.nSiO2 hoc K2O.mSiO2 . Trong : n; m l mun silicat; n = 2,5 - 3 , m = 3 - 4 . Thy tinh lng natri r hn nn trong thc t n c dng rng ri hn. Thy tinh lng natri c sn xut bng cch nung ct thch anh SiO2 vi Na2CO3 (hoc Na2SO4 + C ) nhit 1300 - 14000C. nSiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2O.SiO2 + CO2 . Na2O.nSiO2 + CO + SO2 hoc nSiO2 + Na2SO4 + C Sau hn hp c cho vo thit b cha hi nc p sut 3 - 8 atm to thnh thy tinh lng. Tnh cht Thy tinh lng c khi lng ring 1,3 - 1,5 g/cm3, tn ti dng keo trong sut khng mu. Thy tinh lng khng chy, khng mc nt , bn vi tc dng ca axt. Cng dng Thy tinh lng dng sn xut va hay b tng chu axt, xy dng cc b phn ca cng trnh trc tip tip xc vi axt. thc y qu trnh rn chc ca thy tinh lng c th cho thm Na2SiF6. Ph gia Na2SiF6 cn lm tng bn nc v bn axt ca thy tinh lng. 4.4.3. Cht kt dnh hn hp Khi nim Cht kt dnh hn hp rt a dng. Trong xy dng cht kt dnh hn hp c s dng dng hn hp ca vi v ph gia v c hot tnh nghin mn,

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chng c sn xut bng cch nghin chung vi sng vi ph gia hot tnh hoc trn ln vi nhuyn vi ph gia nghin mn. Ph gia v c hot tnh c hai nhm chnh. Ph gia v c hot tnh thin nhin: iatmit, Trepen, tp ni la, tro ni la. Ph gia hot tnh nhn to: Tro x trong cng nghip nhit in hoc luyn kim. Ni chung ph gia v c hot tnh l nhng loi vt liu cha nhiu SiO2 v nh hnh. hot tnh ca chng c nh gi thng qua ht vi. T l phi hp ca cht kt dnh hn hp l vi sng 15 - 30 %, ph gia v c hot tnh 70 - 80% (c th thm c thch cao). Tnh cht Cht kt dnh hn hp c cng tng i cao nh c phn ng to ra silicat canxi ngm nc ngay nhit thng Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 + H2O nCaO.mSiO2.pH2O Khong nCaO.mSiO2.pH2O (vit tt CSH) l khong bn nc hn cc sn phm to thnh khi vi rn chc trong khng kh. Cng dng Cht kt dnh hn hp c kh nng bn nc tt hn vi khng kh, do phm vi s dng ca n rng ri hn. C th dng chng ch to b tng mc thp, va xy dng trong mi trng khng kh v c mi trng m t. 4.5. Vi thy 4.5.1. Khi nim Vi thy l cht kt dnh v c khng nhng c kh nng rn chc trong khng kh m cn c kh nng rn chc trong nc, nhng mc rn chc trong nc yu hn nhiu so vi xi mng pooc lng. Vi thy c sn xut bng cch nung mcn (cha nhiu st 6-20%) nhit 900 - 11000C. nhit 9000C u tin vi b phn hy to ra CaO, sau CaO tc dng vi SiO2, Al2O3 , Fe2O3 c trong st to ra khong mi theo phn ng : 2CaO + SiO2 = 2CaO.SiO2 . 2CaO + Fe2O3 = 2CaO.Fe2O3 . CaO + Al2O3 = CaO. Al2O3 . CaO + Fe2O3 = CaO. Fe2O3 . Nu trong vi c ln tp cht MgCO3 th trong thnh phn ca vi thy cn c MgO. Nh vy sau khi nung trong thnh phn ca vi thy gm c: - 2CaO.SiO2 (C2S); - 2CaO. Fe2O3 (C2F); - CaO.Al2O3 (CA); - CaO.Fe2O3 (CF); - CaO v MgO .
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Nh c khong C2S, C2F, CA v CF m vi thy rn chc c trong mi trng m t v trong nc. Thnh phn CaO v MgO khng rn chc c trong mi trng nc nhng n lm cho vi thy d ti hn. 4.5.2. Tnh cht Khi lng ring , khi lng th tch Khi lng ring : = 2200 - 3000 kg/m3 . Khi lng th tch : v = 500 - 800 kg/m3 . mn Khi mn cng cao th qu trnh cng rn xy ra cng nhanh, trit , cng chu lc tt. Do mn ca vi thy phi m bo ch tiu lng lt qua sng 4900 l /cm2 85% (tng ng nh xi mng pooc lng). Bt vi thy c mu hng nht. Kh nng rn chc trong nc Kh nng rn chc trong nc ca vi thy yu hn xi mng v ph thuc vo hm lng cc khong C2S; C2F ; CA ; CF, cc khong ny cng nhiu th kh nng rn chc trong nc cng mnh. Cng chu lc Kh nng chu lc ca vi thy cao hn vi khng kh nhng thp hn xi mng pooc lng v c nh gi thng qua cng chu nn. Cng chu nn ca vi thy thng t 20 - 50 kG/cm2. Gii hn cng nn ca vi thy l cng nn trung bnh ca cc mu th nghim hnh lp phng c cnh 7,07 cm c ch to bng va vi thy: ct, t l 1:3 (theo khi lng) tui 28 ngy. Cch xc nh cng nn ca vi thy nh sau: Trn 900g bt vi thy vi 2700g ct thng thng v 360 g nc. Cho hn hp va vo 3 khun mu hnh lp phng cnh 7,07cm thnh 2 lp, m cht, gt bng v mit phng b mt cc mu. cc khun mu trong thng dng h m 24 2 gi, sau tho khun v dng h m 6 ngy, ngm tip trong nc thm 21 ngy na. Sau 28 ngy k t ngy c mu c vt ln lau kh bng vi ri em th nghim xc nh cng chu nn. 4.5.3. Cng dng v bo qun Cng dng Vi thy c dng sn xut va xy, va trt, sn xut b tng mc thp. Trc khi cho va vi thy tip xc vi mi trng nc phi trong mi trng khng kh 2- 5 ngy (nu l vi thy mnh), 2 - 3 tun (nu l vi thy yu) sau mi cho tip xc vi nc thnh phn CaO rn chc theo cch cacbonat ha.

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Bo qun Do c mn cao nn nu bo qun khng tt vi thy s ht m ng cc, gim cng chu lc. bo qun vi thy phi c ng thnh bao kn, ni kh ro, khng d tr lu phng php bo qun ging nh xi mng. 4.6. Xi mng pooc lng 4.6.1. Khi nim Xi mng pooc lng l cht kt dnh rn trong nc, cha khong 70 - 80% silicat canxi nn cn c tn gi l xi mng silicat. N l sn phm nghin mn ca clinke vi ph gia thch cao (3 - 5%). thch cao c tc dng iu chnh tc ng kt ca xi mng ph hp vi thi gian thi cng. Clinke Clinke thng dng ht c ng knh 10 - 40 mm c sn xut bng cch nung hn hp vi, t st v qung st nghin mn n nhit kt khi (khong 1450oC). Cht lng clinke ph thuc vo thnh phn khong vt, ha hc v cng ngh sn xut. Tnh cht ca xi mng do cht lng clinke quyt nh. Thnh phn ha hc Thnh phn ha hc ca clinke biu th bng hm lng (%) cc oxyt c trong clinke, giao ng trong gii hn sau: CaO: 63 - 66%; Al2O3: 4 - 8%; SiO2: 21 - 24%; Fe2O3: 2 - 4%. Ngoi ra cn c mt s oxyt khc nh MgO; SO3; K2O; Na2O; TiO2; Cr2O3; P2O5,... Chng chim mt t l khng ln nhng t nhiu u c hi cho xi mng. Thnh phn ha hc ca clinke thay i th tnh cht ca xi mng cng thay i. V d: Tng CaO th xi mng thng rn nhanh nhng km bn nc, tng SiO2 th ngc li. Thnh phn khong vt Trong qu trnh nung n nhit kt khi cc oxyt ch yu kt hp li to thnh cc khong vt silicat canxi, aluminat canxi, alumferit canxi dng cu trc tinh th hoc v nh hnh. Clinke c 4 khong vt chnh nh sau : Alit : silicat canxi : 3CaO.SiO2 ( vit tt l C3S). Chim hm lng 45 - 60% trong clinke. Alit l khong quan trng nht ca clinke, n quyt nh cng v cc tnh cht khc ca xi mng. c im: Tc rn chc nhanh, cng cao, ta nhiu nhit, d b n mn. Blit : silicat canxi 2CaO.SiO2 (vit tt l C2S). Chim hm lng 20 - 30% trong clinke. Blit l khong quan trng th hai ca clinke. c im: Rn chc chm nhng t cng cao tui mun, ta nhit t, t b n mn.
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Aluminat canxi : 3CaO.Al2O3 (vit tt l C3A ). Chim hm lng 4 - 12 % trong clinke. c im: Rn chc rt nhanh nhng cng rt thp, ta nhit rt nhiu v rt d b n mn. Feroaluminat canxi : 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 ( vit tt l C4AF ). Chim hm lng 10 - 12% trong clinke. c im: Tc rn chc, cng chu lc, nhit lng ta ra v kh nng chng n mn u trung bnh. Ngoi cc khong vt chnh trn trong clinke cn c mt s thnh phn khc nh CaO; Al2O3; Fe2O3; MgO; K2O v Na2O, tng hm lng cc thnh phn ny khong 5-15% v c nh hng xu n tnh cht ca xi mng lm cho xi mng km bn nc. Khi hm lng cc khong thay i th tnh cht ca xi mng cng thay i theo. V d: Khi hm lng C3S nhiu ln th xi mng rn cng nhanh, cng cng cao. Nhng nu hm lng C3A tng th xi mng rn rt nhanh v d gy nt cho cng trnh. 4.6.2. S lc qu trnh sn xut Nguyn liu sn xut Nguyn liu sn xut clinke l vi c hm lng canxi ln nh vi c, phn, macn v t st. Trung bnh sn xut 1 tn xi mng cn khong 1,5 tn nguyn liu. T l gia thnh phn vi v t st vo khong 3:1. Ngoi hai thnh phn chnh l vi v t st ngi ta c th cho thm vo thnh phn phi liu cc nguyn liu ph iu chnh thnh phn ha hc, nhit kt khi v kt tinh ca cc khong. V d: Cho trepen tng hm lng SiO2 , cho qung st tng Fe2O3,... Nhin liu ch yu v hiu qu nht trong sn xut xi mng nhiu nc l kh thin nhin c nhit tr cao. nc ta nhin liu c dng ph bin nht l than v du. Cc giai on ca qu trnh sn xut Qu trnh sn xut xi mng gm cc cng on chun b phi liu, nung v nghin. S d cng ngh sn xut xi mng pooc lng c tm tt trn hnh 4-2 Chun b phi liu Gm c khu nghin mn, nho trn hn hp vi t l yu cu m bo cho cc phn ng ha hc c xy ra v clinke c cht lng ng nht. Thng thng c hai phng php chun b phi liu: Kh v t. Phng php kh: Khu nghin v trn u thc hin trng thi kh hoc sy trc. vi v t st c nghin v sy ng thi cho n m 12% trong my nghin bi. Sau khi nghin, bt phi liu c a vo xi l kim tra hiu chnh li thnh phn v d tr m bo cho l nung lm vic lin tc.
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Khi chun b phi liu bng phng php kh th qu trnh nung tn t nhit, mt bng sn xut gn nhng thnh phn hn hp kh ng u nh hng ti cht lng xi mng. Phng php ny thch hp khi vi v t st c m thp (10 - 15%).

Phng vi c p nh ri cho vo nghin chung vi t st trng thi lng (lng nc chim 35-45%) trong my nghin bi cho n khi mn t yu cu. T my nghin hn hp c bm vo b bn kim tra v iu chnh thnh phn trc khi cho vo l nung. Khi chun b phi liu bng phng php t th thnh phn ca hn hp ng u, cht lng xi mng tt nhng qu trnh nung tn nhiu nhit. Phng php ny thch hp khi vi v t st c m ln. Nung Qu trnh nung phi liu c thc hin ch yu trong l quay. Nu nguyn liu chun b theo phng php kh c th nung trong l ng. L quay l ng tr bng thp t nghing 3-4o, trong lt bng vt liu chu la (hnh 4 - 3). Chiu di l 95-185m, ng knh 5-7m. L quay lm vic theo nguyn tc ngc chiu. Hn hp nguyn liu c a vo u cao, kh nng c phun ln t u thp. Khi l quay, phi liu c chuyn dn xung v tip xc vi cc vng c nhit khc nhau, to ra nhng qu trnh ha l ph hp cui cng hnh thnh clinke. Tc quay ca l 1 - 2 vng/pht.
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Hnh 4-2: S sn xut ximng pooclngt bng phng php t 1. t st, vi t m v; 2. Chun b phi liu; 3. nh lng; 4. L quay; 5. Truyn nhin liu; 6. Chuyn Clinke; 7. Kho Clinke; php t: t st c my khuy to huyn ph st,

Clinke khi ra khi l dng mu sm hoc vng xm c lm ngui t 10000C xung n 100 - 2000C trong cc thit b lm ngui bng khng kh ri gi trong kho 1- 2 tun.

Hnh 4 - 3 : S l quay sn xut xi mng theo phng php t 1 -Hn hp phi liu; 2 - Kh nng; 3- L quay; 4-Xch treo;5 - Truyn ng; 6-Nc lm ngui vng kt khi ca l ; 7-Ngn l ; 8 - Truyn nhin liu ; 9 Clinke; 10 - Lm ngui; 11- Gi .

Nghin Vic nghin clinke thnh bt mn c thc hin trong my nghin bi lm vic theo chu trnh h hoc chu trnh kn. My nghin bi l ng hnh tr bng thp bn trong c nhng vch ngn thp chia my ra nhiu bung. My nghin loi ln c kch thc 3,95 x 11 m (nng sut 100T/gi) v 4,6 x 16,4 m (nng sut 135t/gi). S nghin clinke c th hin trn hnh 4-4.

Hnh 4-4: S nghin clinke theo chu trnh kn a) Vi hai my nghin: 1. My nghin th; 2. Gu nng; 3. Thit b phn loi li tm; 4. My nghin mn; b) Vi mt my nghin: 1. Gu nng; 2. Thit b phn loi; 3. My nghin; 4. Ht th; 5. Ximng

Clinke c nghin di tc dng ca bi thp hnh cu (nghin th) v bi thp hnh tr (nghin mn). Khi my quay bi thp c nng ln n mt cao nht nh ri ri xung va p v tr st lm vn ht vt liu (clinke, thch cao v ph gia). Xi mng sau khi nghin c nhit 80 - 1200C c h thng vn chuyn bng kh nn a ln xil. Xil l b cha bng b tng ct thp ng knh 8 15 m, cao 25 - 30m, nhng xi l ln c th cha c 4000 - 10000 tn xi mng.
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4.6.3. L thuyt v s rn chc ca xi mng. Phn ng thu ho Khi nho trn xi mng vi nc, giai on u xy ra qu trnh tc dng nhanh ca khong alit vi nc to ra hyrosilicat canxi v hyroxit canxi. 2(3CaO.SiO2) + 6H2O = 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + 3Ca(OH)2. V c hyroxit canxi tch ra t khong alit nn khong belit thu ho chm hn alit v tch ra t Ca(OH)2 hn. : 2(2CaO.SiO2) + 4H2O = 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + Ca(OH)2. Hyrosilicat canxi hnh thnh khi thu ho hon ton n khong silicat tricanxi trng thi cn bng vi dung dch bo ho hyroxit canxi. T l CaO/SiO2 trong cc hyrosilicat trong h xi mng c th thay i ph thuc vo thnh phn vt liu, iu kin rn chc v cc yu t khc. Pha cha alum ch yu trong xi mng l aluminat tricanxi 3CaO.Al2O3, y l pha hot ng nht. Ngay sau khi trn vi nc, trn b mt cc ht xi mng c lp sn phm xp, khng bn c tinh th dng tm mng lc gic ca 4CaO.Al2O3.9H2O v 2.CaO.Al2O3.8H2O. Cu trc dng ti xp ny lm gim bn nc ca xi mng. Dng n nh ca n l hyroaluminat 6 nc c tinh th hnh lp phng c to thnh t phn ng: 3CaO.Al2O3 + 6H2O = 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O lm chm qu trnh ng kt khi nghin clinke cn cho thm mt lng thch cao (3% 5% so vi khi lng xi mng). Sunfat canxi s ng vai tr l cht hot ng ho hc ca xi mng, tc dng vi aluminat tricanxi ngay t u to thnh sunfoaluminat canxi ngm nc (khong etringit) : 3CaO.Al2O3 + 3 (CaSO4.2H2O) + 26H2O = 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.32H2O Trong dung dch bo ho Ca(OH)2, ngay t u etringit s tch ra dng keo phn tn mn ng li trn b mt 3CaO.Al2O3 lm chm s thu ho ca n v ko di thi gian ng kt ca xi mng. S kt tinh ca Ca(OH)2 t dung dch qu bo ho s lm gim nng hyroxit canxi trong dung dch v etringit chuyn sang tinh th dng si, to ra cng ban u cho xi mng. Etringit c th tch ln gp 2 ln so vi th tch cc cht tham gia phn ng, c tc dng chn lp l rng ca xi mng, lm cng v n nh ca xi mng tng ln. Cu trc ca xi mng cng s tt hn do hn ch c nhng ch yu ca hyroaluminat canxi. Sau etringit cn tc dng vi 3CaO.Al2O3 cn li sau khi tc dng vi thch cao to ra mui kp ca sunfat : Feroaluminat tetracanxi tc dng vi nc to ra hyroaluminat v hyroferit canxi : 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 + mH2O = 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O + CaO.Fe2O3.nH2O. Hyroferit s nm li trong thnh phn ca gen xi mng, cn hyroaluminat s tc dng vi thch cao nh phn ng trn. Tnh cht v s hnh thnh cu trc ca h xi mng H xi mng to thnh sau khi nho trn xi mng vi nc l loi huyn ph c ca nc. Trc khi to hnh hn hp b tng v bt u ng kt, h xi
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2(3CaO.Al2O3)+3CaO.Al2O3.3Ca.SO4.32H2O+22H2O = (3CaO.Al2O3.CaSO4.18H2O).

mng c cu trc ngng t. Trong nhng ht rn ht nhau bng lc Vanecvan v lin kt vi nhau bng lp v hyrat. Cu trc ny s b ph hu khi c lc c hc tc dng (nho, trn, rung) n tr thnh cht lng nht, d to hnh. Vic chuyn h sang trng thi chy mang c trng xc bin, c ngha l khi loi b tc dng ca lc c hc th lin kt cu trc trong h li c phc hi. Tnh cht c hc - cu trc ca h xi mng tng theo mc thu ho xi mng. Th d ng sut trt ca h o c sau khi nho trn l 0,1kG/cm2, khi bt u ng kt tng ln 15 ln (1,5 kG/cm2), cn khi kt thc ng kt ln 50 ln (5kG/cm2). Nh vy, h xi mng c kh nng thay i nhanh tnh lu bin trong khong 1 2 gi. S hnh thnh cu trc ca h xi mng v cng ca n xy ra nh sau : Nhng phn t cu trc u tin c hnh thnh sau khi nho trn xi mng vi nc l etringit, hyroxit canxi v cc si gen CSH. Etringit dng lng tr lc gic c to thnh sau 2 pht, cn mm tinh th Ca(OH)2 xut hin sau vi gi. Phn gen ca hyrosilicat canxi u tin dng b. Nhng lp gen mng to thnh xen gia cc tinh th Ca(OH)2 ln c chc thm h xi mng. n cui giai on ng kt cu trc c bn ca h xi mng c hnh thnh lm cho n bin i thnh xi mng. Gii thch qu trnh rn chc ca xi mng Khi xi mng rn chc, cc qu trnh vt l v ho l phc tp i km theo cc phn ng ho hc c mt ngha rt ln v to ra s bin i tng hp, khin cho xi mng khi nho trn vi nc, lc u ch l h do v sau bin thnh cng c cng . Tt c cc qu trnh tc dng tng h ca tng khong vi nc to ra nhng sn phm mi xy ra ng thi, xen k v nh hng ln nhau. Cc sn phm mi cng c th tc dng tng h vi nhau v vi cc khong khc ca clinke hnh thnh nhng lin kt mi. Do h xi mng l mt h rt phc tp c v cu trc thnh phn cng nh s bin i. gii thch qu trnh rn chc ngi ta thng dng thuyt ca Baikov Rebinder. Theo thuyt ny, qu trnh rn chc ca xi mng c chia lm 3 giai on: Giai on ho tan : Khi nho trn xi mng vi nc cc thnh phn khong ca clinke s tc dng vi nc ngay trn b mt ht xi mng. Nhng sn phm mi tan c [Ca(OH)2; 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O] s tan ra. Nhng v tan ca n khng ln v lng nc c hn nn dung dch nhanh chng tr nn qu bo ho. Giai on ho keo : Trong dung dch qu bo ho, cc sn phm Ca(OH)2; 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O mi to thnh s khng tan na m tn ti trng thi keo. Cn cc sn phm etringit, CSH vn khng tan nn vn tn ti th keo phn tn. Nc vn tip tc mt i (bay hi, phn ng vi xi mng), cc sn phm mi tip tc to thnh, t l rn/lng ngy mt tng, hn hp mt dn tnh do, cc sn phm th keo lin kt vi nhau thnh th ngng keo.

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Giai on kt tinh : Nc th ngng keo vn tip tc mt i , cc sn phm mi ngy cng nhiu. Chng kt tinh li thnh tinh th ri chuyn sang th lin tinh lm cho c h thng ho cng v cng tng. 4.6.4. Tnh cht ca xi mng pooc lng Khi lng ring khi lng th tch Khi lng ring ca xi mng pooc lng (khng c ph gia khong) a = 3,05- 3.15 g/cm3. Khi lng th tch c gi tr dao ng kh ln ty thuc vo ln cht, i vi bt xi mng trng thi xp t nhin v = 1100kg/m3, ln cht trung bnh v= 1300 kg/m3, ln cht mnh v= 1600kg/m3. mn Xi mng c mn cao s d tc dng vi nc, cc phn ng thy ha s xy ra trit , tc rn chc nhanh, cng chu lc cao. Nh vy mn l mt ch tiu nh gi phm cht ca xi mng. mn c th xc nh bng cch sng trn sng 4900 l/cm2 v o t din b mt ca xi mng. Theo TCVN 2682 - 1999, khi sng bng sng 4900 l/cm2 th mn ca xi mng thng thng PC30 v PC40 phi t ch tiu lng lt qua sng ln hn hoc bng 85% (lng st trn sng 15%). T din b mt ca xi mng l tng din tch ca cc ht trong 1g xi mng. Xi mng cng mn t din cng ln do ngi ta dng t din biu th mn ca xi mng. Cng theo TCVN 2682-1999 t din b mt ca xi mng PC30 v PC40 phi t 2700cm2/g Lng nc tiu chun Lng nc tiu chun ca xi mng l lng nc tnh bng % so vi khi lng xi mng m bo cho h xi mng t do tiu chun. do tiu chun c xc nh bng dng c vi ka (hnh 4 - 5), phng php xc nh theo TCVN 6017:1995 H xi mng m bo cm su ca kim vi ka (ng knh kim 10 0,05 mm) t 3335mm trong khun c ng knh trn 70 5mm, ng knh di 80 5mm v chiu Hnh 4-5: Dng c Vika xc nh do tiu chun v thi gian ng kt ca ximng cao 40 0,2mm th h c a) Xc nh do tiu chun v thi gian bt u ng kt. do tiu chun v lng b) Xc nh thi gian kt thc ng kt.
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nho trn l lng nc tiu chun. Lng nc tiu chun ca xi mng cng ln th lng nc nho trn trong b tng v va cng nhiu. Mi loi xi mng c lng nc tiu chun nht nh ty thuc vo thnh phn khong vt, mn, hm lng ph gia, thi gian lu kho v iu kin bo qun xi mng. Xi mng lu b vn cc th lng nc tiu chun s gim. N = 0.22 0,32 . Lng nc tiu chun ca xi mng biu th bng t l: X Cch thc hin: Trn 500g xi mng vi mt lng nc c tnh s b (trong khong X = 0,22 0,32 ). Thi gian trn ko di 5 pht k t lc nc vo xi mng. N Ngay sau khi trn xong t khun ln tm knh, dng bay xc h xi mng y khun mt ln ri p tm knh ln mt bn 5 - 6 ci, dng dao lau m gt cho h bng ming khun. t khun vo dng c vika, h u kim (c ng knh 10 0,05 mm v di 50 1 mm) xung st mt h xi mng v vn vt gi kim, sau m vt cho kim t do cm vo h xi mng. Qua 30 giy vn cht vt v c tr s kim ch trn thc chia bit cm su ca kim trong h xi mng. Nu kim cm cch tm 61mm th h xi mng t do tiu chun. Nu kim cm nng hoc su hn th phi trn m khc vi lng nc nhiu hn hoc t hn. C th nghim nhiu ln nh vy cho n khi tm c lng nc ng vi do tiu chun ca h xi mng. Thi gian ng kt ca xi mng Sau khi trn xi mng vi nc, h xi mng c tnh do cao nhng sau tnh do mt dn. Thi gian tnh t lc trn xi mng vi nc cho n khi h xi mng mt do v bt u c kh nng chu lc gi l thi gian ng kt. Thi gian ng kt ca xi mng bao gm 2 giai on l thi gian bt u ng kt v thi gian kt thc ng kt. Thi gian bt u ng kt: L khong thi gian tnh t lc bt u trn xi mng vi nc cho n khi h xi mng mt tnh do, ng vi lc kim vika nh c ng knh 1,13 0,05 mm ln u tin cm cch tm knh 4 1 mm. Thi gian kt thc ng kt: L khong thi gian tnh t lc bt u trn xi mng vi nc cho n khi trong h xi mng hnh thnh cc tinh th, h cng li v bt u c kh nng chu lc, ng vi lc kim vika c ng knh 1,13 0,05 mm ln u tin cm su vo h 0,5 mm. Thi gian ng kt ca xi mng ph thuc vo thnh phn khong, mn, hm lng ph gia, thi gian lu gi trong kho v iu kin bo qun xi mng. Cc loi xi mng c thi gian ng kt khc nhau. Khi thi cng b tng v va cn phi bit thi gian bt u ng kt v thi gian kt thc ng kt ca xi mng nh ra k hoch thi cng hp l.

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Khi xi mng bt u ng kt n mt tnh do nn tt c cc khu vn chuyn, khun v m cht b tng phi tin hnh xong trc khi xi mng bt u ng kt, do thi gian bt u ng kt phi di kp thi cng. Khi xi mng kt thc ng kt l lc xi mng t c cng nht nh, do thi gian kt thc ng kt khng nn qu di v xi mng cng chm, nh hng n tin thi cng. T nhng ngha trn m TCVN 2682 - 1999 quy nh : Thi gian bt u ng kt khng c sm hn 45 pht. Thi gian kt thc ng kt khng qu 375 pht. Cch xc nh: Thi gian ng kt ca h xi mng c thc hin theo TCVN 6017: 1995 nh sau: Dng c th nghim l dng c vika (hnh 4 - 5) ng knh ca kim bng 1,13 0,05 mm. Trn h xi mng vi lng nc tiu chun v vo khun, ging nh khi xc nh do ca tiu chun ca xi mng. Cn ghi li thi im trn xi mng vi nc. Sau khi cho h vo khun v t trn tm knh ca dng c th h kim xung st mt h v vn cht vt hm, sau m vt cho kim t do cm vo h xi mng. C 10 pht cho kim cm mt ln, Hnh 4-6: Thng gi mu khi kim cm cch y 4 1mm th ghi li thi im v tnh c thi gian bt u ng kt ca h xi mng. Sau thay kim nh khc c lp sn vng nh, ng thi lt p khun tin hnh xc nh thi gian kt thc ng kt. C 30 pht cho cm kim mt ln cho n khi kim ch cm vo h xi mng 0,5mm chnh l thi im m vng gn trn kim, ln u tin khng cn li du trn mu. Ghi li thi im lc v tnh thi gian kt thc ng kt ca h xi mng. Hnh 4-7: Thng chng v luc mu Tnh n nh th tch Xi mng phi m bo tnh n nh th tch khng b bin dng v nt n, nguyn nhn gy nn hin tng khng n nh th tch l hm lng CaO; MgO t do v khong aluminat canxi ln, cc cht ny khi khi cng rn thng n th tch. Mt khc nu lng nc s dng nhiu qu cng gy hin tng co cho xi mng cng nh b tng v va. xc nh tnh n nh th tch bng phng php mu bnh a theo TCVN 4031:1985 ngi ta trn 300g xi mng vi nc thnh h do tiu chun, chia h xi mng thnh 4 phn bng nhau, nn mi phn thnh mt vin bi, t mi vin bi ln mt tm knh lau bng du nhn ri rung tm knh cho n khi cc vin to thnh hnh trn dt nh cc bnh a (bnh trng) c ng knh 7-8cm, b dy ch gia chng 1 cm.
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Dng dao m mit t cnh vo gia mp mu mng v nhn mt. t cc mu vo thng gi mu (hnh 4-6) ri y np kn v gi trong 24 2 gi k t lc to mu. Sau ly ra khi thng v tch mu ra khi tm knh. t 2 mu trn li thp trn, 2 mu trn li thp di ca thng chng v luc mu (hnh 4-7). Sau khi xp mu, un si nc trong thng 4 gi lin, thi gian t lc un n lc si khng qu 30 - 40 pht. mu ngui trong thng n nhit trong phng ri ly ra quan st. Khi quan st nu thy mu th b cong vnh v c nhng vt nt chy xuyn tm ra n mp th xi mng c coi khng n nh th tch (hnh 4 8). Nu cc mu khng b cong vnh khng c vt nt hoc ch c cc chm nh v mt vi vt nt gia mu khng chy ra n mp, th xi mng c coi l c tnh n nh th tch (hnh 4 - 9).

Hnh 4-8: Mu ximng n nh th tch

Hnh 4-9: Mu ximng khng n nh th tch

Ngoi phng php xc nh tnh n nh th tch bng mu bnh a cn c th o n nh th tch bng phng php Lsatlie theo TCVN 6016:1995. Dng c Lsatlie (hnh 4 -10) c khun bng ng n hi c cng o. xc nh n nh bng phng php ny cn ch to h xi mng c do tiu chun ri cho vo khun c lau du, gt bng mt h ri y Hnh 4-10: Dng c Lsatlie khun bng a thu tinh (cng c qut 1. Khun ng; 2. Tm knh; 3.Cng khun du). Cho ngay khun vo bung m, gi trong 24 0,5 gi m khng nh hn 98% v nhit 27 1oC ri o khong cch A gia cc u chp ca cng khun. Gi khun ngp trong nc, un dn n si trong sut 30 5 pht v duy tr nhit si trong 3 gi 5 pht. khun ngui n 27 2oC ri o khong cch B gia cc u chp ca cng khun. Hiu s B - A (mm) chnh l n nh th tch. S ta nhit Khi nho trn vi nc h xi mng ta ra mt lng nhit nht nh, lng nhit ph thuc vo thnh phn khong vt, mn ca xi mng v hm lng thch cao. Lng nhit ta ra khi thy ho ca xi mng c li trong trng hp thi cng cc kt cu b tng mng, nh vo ma lnh v lng nhit s lm cho b tng rn nhanh, nhng khng c li khi thi cng cc kt cu b tng khi ln
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trong iu kin nhit mi trng thp, v chng d gy rn nt cho cng trnh do chnh lch nhit gia b mt v trong lng khi b tng. V vy i vi nhng cng trnh btng khi ln phi ch n k thut thi cng phn on, mt khc nu cn thit phi dng loi xi mng c hm lng thnh phn khong C3S v C3A thp v y l 2 loi khong c lng nhit ta ra nhiu nht. Cng chu lc v mc ca xi mng Khi nim: Xi mng thng dng ch to b tng, va v nhiu loi vt liu nhn to khc. Trong kt cu b tng, va v vt liu nhn to s dng xi mng, chng c th chu nn, chu un. Cng chu nn v chu un ca va xi mng cng cao th cng nn v un ca b tng cng cng ln. Gii hn cng un v nn ca va xi mng c dng lm c s xc nh mc xi mng v mc xi mng l ch tiu cn thit khi tnh thnh phn cp phi b tng v va. Theo TCVN 6016-1995, mc ca xi mng c xc nh theo cng chu un ca cc mu hnh dm kch thc 40 x 40 x 160 mm v cng chu nn ca cc na mu hnh dm sau khi un, cc mu th nghim ny c bo dng trong iu kin tiu chun (1 ngy trong khun mi trng nhit 271C, m khng nh hn 90%, 27 ngy sau trong nc nhit 271C). Theo cng chu lc, xi mng pooc lng gm cc mc sau: PC30; PC40; PC50. Trong : PC : K hiu cho xi mng pooc lng. Cc tr s 30; 40; 50 l gii hn bn nn sau 28 ngy tnh bng N/mm2, xc nh theo TCVN 6016-1995. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn v ct gi, xi mng ht m dn dn vn cc, cng gim i, do trc khi s dng xi mng nht thit phi th li cng v s dng xi mng theo kt qu kim tra ch khng da vo mc ghi trn bao. Phng php xc nh : Mc xi mng c xc nh theo tiu chun TCVN 6016-1995 l phng php do (phng php mm). Mun xc nh cng nn v un ca xi mng phi c cc mu th hnh lng tr tiu chun (dm) 40 x 40 x 160 mm bng va xi mng ct vi t l 1:3 theo khi lng. T l nc/xi mng bng 0,5. Dng cc khun tiu chun bng thp c 3 mu, gt bng v mit phng b mt cc mu, t cc khun mu vo thng gi m sau 24 2 gi th tho khun ly mu ra ngm vo nc, th tch nc cha trong thng phi bng 4 ln th tch cc mu th v mc nc phi cao hn mt mu ti thiu 5cm, thnh thong thm nc mc nc khng i, 27 ngy th ly mu ra khi thng nc, lau kh mt mu ri th cng ngay khng chm qu 30 pht. Hnh 4-11: S t mu un Xc nh cng chu un ca mu th nh sau:
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t mu trn 2 gi ta ca my th nghim un theo s (hnh 4-11). Sau khi un gy cc mu, ly cc na mu em th cng nn nh s (hnh 4-12). Cng chu nn ca mu tnh bng cng Hnh 4-12: S t mu nn thc: P P N Rn = = , F 1600 mm2 Din tch mt chu nn F l 16 cm2. Gii hn cng chu nn ca va xi mng l tr s trung bnh ca 6 kt qu th nghim . T gii hn cng chu nn v un ca va xi mng tm c, xc nh mc xi mng bng cch so snh cng vi cc loi mc xi mng quy nh. V d cng nn trung bnh ca nhm mu xi mng sau khi th nghim l 34N/mm2 vy xi mng ny thuc loi PC 30. Ngoi phng php do xc nh mc ca xi mng nh trn cn c th dng phng php kh (cng) vi cc mu hnh lp phng cnh 7,07 cm v phng php th nhanh vi cc mu 2 x 2 x 2 cm. Nhng hin nay cc loi xi mng ca nc ta u dng phng php do xc nh mc theo ng tiu chun ca nh nc quy nh. Cc yu t nh hng n cng chu lc ca xi mng : Cng chu lc ca xi mng pht trin khng u, trong 3 ngy u c th t 40-50%; 7 ngy t 60-70%, nhng ngy sau tc tng cng chm i, n 28 ngy t cng chun. Tuy nhin trong nhng iu kin thun li s rn chc ca n c th ko di vi thng v thm ch hng nm, cng cui cng c th vt gp 2 - 3 ln cng 28 ngy. Cng ca xi mng v tc cng rn ca n ph thuc vo thnh phn khong ca clinke, mn ca xi mng, m v nhit ca mi trng, thi gian bo qun xi mng. Thnh phn khong: Tc pht trin cng ca cc khong rt khc nhau (hnh 4 13) . C3S c tc nhanh nht, sau 7 ngy n t n 70% cng 28 ngy, sau th chm li. Trong thi k u (n tui 28 ngy) C2S c tc pht trin cng chm nhng thi k sau tc ny tng ln v c th vt xa cng ca C3S. Khong C3A l loi khong c cng thp nhng li pht trin rt nhanh thi k u. mn tng th cng ca xi mng Hnh 4-13 : S tng cng cng tng v mc thy ha ca cc ht xi ca cc khong ca Clinke mng c tng ln. 1-C3S; 2-C4FA; 3-C2S; 4 - C3A m v nhit mi trng rn chc c
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nh hng n qu trnh rn chc ca xi mng v giai on u ca qu trnh rn chc l thy ha, mt khc qu trnh thu ho cng l qu trnh xy ra lu di. to mi trng m, trong thc t dng nhng phng php khc nhau nh ti nc, ph kt cu btng bng mn ca, phoi bo hay ct m, v.v... Thi gian bo qun xi mng trong kho cng di th cng ca xi mng cng gim i d c bo qun trong iu kin tt nht. Thng thng trong iu kin kh hu ca nc ta sau 3 thng cng gim i 15 - 20%, sau mt nm gim i 30 - 40%. Khi mn ca xi mng cng ln th cng ca xi mng cng gim nu d tr lu. V mn cao lm cho xi mng d ht m hn. Cc ch tiu c l ch yu ca xi mng pooc lng c quy nh trong TCVN 2682-1999 (bng 4 -2). Bng 4 - 2 Mc Tn ch tiu PC 30 PC 40 PC 50 2 1 - Gii hn bn nn, N/mm , khng nh hn - Sau 3 ngy 16 21 31 - Sau 28 ngy 30 40 50 2 - nghin mn - Phn cn li trn sng 0,08 mm, %, khng ln hn 15 15 12 - B mt ring xc nh theo phng php Blaine, 2700 2700 2800 cm2/g, khng nh hn. 3 - Thi gian ng kt - Bt u, pht, khng nh hn 45 45 45 - Kt thc, pht, khng ln hn 375 375 375 4 - n nh th tch, xc nh theo phng php 10 10 10 lsatlie, mm, khng ln hn Kh nng chng n mn ca xi mng Nguyn nhn xi mng l loi vt liu c cng chu lc cao, kh bn vng trong mi trng, tuy nhin sau mt thi gian s dng xi mng thng b n mn lm gim cht lng ca cng trnh. xi mng b n mn ch yu l do s tc dng ca cc cht kh v cht lng ln cc b phn cu thnh xi mng rn chc (ch yu l Ca(OH)2 v 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O). Trong thc t c ti hng chc cht gy ra n mn xi mng. Mc d cc cht gy n mn rt a dng, nhng c th phn ra 3 nguyn nhn c bn sau y: S phn r cc thnh phn ca xi mng, s ha tan v ra tri hyroxit canxi.

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To thnh cc mui d tan do hyroxit canxi v cc thnh phn khc ca xi mng tc dng vi cc cht xm thc v s ra tri cc mui (n mn axit, n mn magiezit). S hnh thnh nhng lin kt mi trong cc l rng c th tch ln hn th tch ca cc cht tham gia phn ng to ra ng sut gy nt b tng (n mn sunpho-aluminat). Cc dng n mn c th : n mn ha tan : Do s tan ca Ca(OH)2 xy ra nhanh mnh di s tc dng ca nc mm (cha t cc cht tan) nh nc ngng t, nc ma, nc sng, nc m ly. Sau 3 thng rn chc hm lng Ca(OH)2 vo khong 10 15 % (tnh theo CaO). Nu sau khi ha tan v ra tri m nng Ca(OH)2 gim xung thp hn 0,11% th CSH v C3AH6 cng b phn hy. Khi hm lng Ca(OH)2 c trong xi mng ti15 - 30% th cng ca xi mng gim n 40 - 50%. n mn Cacbonic : Xy ra khi nc c cha CO2 ( dng axit yu). Lng CO2 tng hn mc bnh thng s lm v mng cacbonat to thnh bicacbonat axit canxi d tan theo phn ng: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2 . n mn axit: Xy ra trong dung dch axit, c pH < 7. Axit t do thng c trong nc thi cng nghip v cng c th c to thnh t kh cha lu hunh trong cc bung t, trong khng gian ca cc x nghip cng nghip, ngoi SO2 cn c th c cc anhyrit ca cc axit khc, cn c clo v cc hp cht cha clo. Khi chng ha tan vo nc bm trn b mt kt cu b tng ct thp s to nn cc axit, v d nh HCl; H2SO4 axit tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 trong xi mng to ra nhng mui tan (CaCl2) , mun tng th tch (CaSO4.2H2O ). HCl + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + 2H2O . H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO4.2H2O . Ngoi ra axit c th ph hy c silicat canxi. n mn magie: Gy ra do cc loi mui cha magie trong nc bin, nc ngm, nc cha mui khong tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 to ra cc sn phm d tan (CaCl2; CaSO4.2H2O) hoc khng c kh nng dnh kt [Mg(OH)2] : MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Mg(OH)2 . MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO4.2H2O + Mg(OH)2 . n mn phn khong: L do nitrat amn phn ng vi Ca(OH)2 c trong xi mng: 2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 + 2H2O = Ca( NO3)2.4H2O + 2NH3 . Nitrat canxi tan rt nhiu trong nc nn d b ra tri. Phn kali gy ra n mn xi mng l do lm tng ha tan ca Ca(OH)2. Supephotphat l cht xm thc mnh do trong thnh phn ca n c cha Ca(H2PO4)2, thch cao v c axit photphoric. n mn sunfat: Xy ra khi hm lng sunfat ln hn 250mg/l (tnh theo 2 SO 4 ): 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O + 3CaSO4 + 25H2O = 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.31H2O . S hnh thnh trong cc l rng xi mng loi sn phm t tan etringit vi th tch ln hn hai ln s gy p lc tch lp b tng bo v lm ct thp b n mn. n mn sunfat lun lun xy ra i vi cng trnh ven bin, cng trnh tip xc vi nc thi cng nghip v nc ngm.
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Nu trong nc c cha Na2SO4 th u tin n tc dng vi vi sau mi tc dng etringit: Na2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2NaOH n mn ca cc cht hu c: Cc loi axit hu c cng gy ph hy cc cng trnh b tng xi mng. Cc axit bo (olein, stearin, pannmitin) khi tc dng vi vi gy ra ra tri. Du m v cc sn phm ca n (xng, du ha, du mazut) s khng c hi cho b tng xi mng nu chng khng cha cc loi axit hu c v cc cht lu hunh. n mn do kim c trong xi mng xy ra ngay trong lng khi b tng gia cc cu t vi nhau. Bn thn clinke lun cha mt lng cc cht kim. Trong khi trong ct liu b tng, c bit l trong ct, li hay gp hn cht silic v nh hnh (opan, chanxeon, thy tinh ni la). Chng c th tc dng vi kim ca xi mng ngay nhit thng lm cho b mt ht ct liu n ra mt h thng vt nt, bc mu. S ph hoi ny thng xy ra khi thi cng xong t 10 - 15 nm. Bin php hn ch s n mn bo v xi mng khi b n mn mt cch c hiu qu, phi ty tng trng hp c th m p dng nhng bin php thch hp sau y : Gim cc thnh phn khong gy n mn (CaO t do, C3A; C3S) bng cch la chn thnh phn nguyn liu v p dng cc bin php gia cng nhit ph hp. Gim thnh phn gy n mn ln nht [Ca(OH)2] bng cch tin hnh cacbonat ha trn b mt sn phm (cho tc dng vi CO2 to thnh CaCO3) hay silicat ha (cho tc dng vi SiO2 v nh hnh) c trong cc loi ph gia. S dng cc bin php cu trc tng cng c chc cho vt liu nhn to bng cng ngh thi cng kt hp vi la chn thnh phn vt liu ph hp. Lm cho b mt vt liu nhn phng. Ngn cch vt liu vi mi trng n mn bng cch p lp vt liu chng n mn tt bn ngoi. Thot nc cho cng trnh. Ty thuc vo tnh cht ca mi trng n mn m la chn s dng loi xi mng cho ph hp. 4.6.5. S dng v bo qun Xi mng pooclng l cht kt dnh v c quan trng nht trong xy dng, n c s dng rng ri cho hu ht cc cng trnh v c tc rn chc nhanh, cng chu lc cao, rn chc c c trn kh v trong nc, c kh nng bm dnh tt vi ct thp, bo v cho ct thp khng b n mn. Bn cnh nhng u im trn, xi mng pooclng c mt s nhc im: D b n mn do nc mn, nc thi cng nghip. Ta nhiu nhit. Cng xi mng gim i khi thi gian d tr xi mng ko di. Vi nhng c tnh u nhc im nh trn xi mng c s dng xy dng rt nhiu loi cng trnh. Tuy nhin khng nn dng xi mng pooclng
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mc cao xy dng cc cng trnh c th tch b tng ln, cc cng trnh xy dng trong mi trng nc n mn mnh (nc bin, nc thi cng nghip), cng trnh chu axit, cng trnh chu nhit. Vi nhng loi cng trnh ny cn phi s dng nhng loi xi mng c bit. Xi mng pooclng c mn cao nn d ht hi nc trong khng kh lm cho xi mng b m ng vn thnh cc, cng ca xi mng b gim, do xi mng phi c bo qun tt bng cch: Khi vn chuyn xi mng ri phi dng xe chuyn dng. Kho cha xi mng phi m bo khng dt, khng ht, xung quanh c rnh thot nc, sn kho cch t 0,5 m, cch tng t nht 20 cm. Trong kho cc bao xi mng khng c xp cao qu 10 bao v ring theo tng l. Khi cha ximng ri bng xi l phi m bo cha ring tng loi xi mng. 4.7. Xi mng pooclng hn hp 4.7.1. Khi nim Xi mng pooclng hn hp l loi cht kt dnh thy, c ch to bng cch nghin mn hn hp clinke xi mng pooclng vi cc ph gia khong v mt lng thch cao cn thit hoc bng cch trn u cc ph gia khong nghin mn vi xi mng pooclng khng cha ph gia. Clinke xi mng pooclng dng sn xut xi mng pooclng hn hp c hm lng magie oxit (MgO) khng ln hn 5%. Ph gia khong bao gm ph gia khong hot tnh v ph gia y. Ph gia khong hot tnh in hnh nh puzolan, ph gia y ch yu ng vai tr ct liu mn, lm tt thnh phn ht v cu trc ca xi mng pooclng hn hp. Tng hm lng cc ph gia khong (khng k thch cao) khng ln hn 40% tnh theo khi lng xi mng. 4.7.2. Tnh cht c bn Theo cng chu nn mc ca xi mng pooclng hn hp gm PCB 30; PCB 40. Trong : PCB l quy c cho xi mng pooclng hn hp. Cc tr s 30 v 40 l gii hn cng nn ca cc mu va ximng sau 28 ngy dng h tnh bng N/mm2, xc nh theo TCVN 6016 -1995. Cc ch tiu c l ch yu ca xi mng pooclng hn hp c quy nh trong TCVN 6260 - 1997 nh bng 4 - 3. 4.7.3. Cng dng v bo qun Cng dng : Xi mng pooclng hn hp c kh nng chu phn, mn do s dng rt thch hp xy dng cc cng trnh thot l ra bin, cc cng trnh ngn mn, v.v... Ngoi ra xi mng pooclng hn hp cng c s dng xy dng cc cng trnh bnh thng khc ging nh xi mng pooclng thng.
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Bo qun : Xi mng pooclng hn hp cng cn c bo qun tt trnh m. Kho cha xi mng phi m bo kh, sch, cao c tng bao v mi che chn, trong kho cc bao xi mng khng c xp cao qu 10 bao, cch tng t nht 20 cm v ring theo tng l. Bng 4 -3 Mc Cc ch tiu 1 - Cng nn, N/mm , khng nh hn 14 - 72 gi 45 pht 30 - 28 ngy 2 gi 2 Thi gian ng kt - Bt u, pht, khng nh hn 45 - Kt thc, gi, khng ln hn 10 3 - mn - Phn cn li trn sng 0,08mm; %, khng ln hn 12 2 - B mt ring, xc nh theo phng php Blaine, cm /g, 2700 khng nh hn 4 - n nh th tch - Xc nh theo phng php lsatlie, mm;%, khng ln hn 10 5 Hm lng anhyric sunfuric (SO3); %, khng ln hn 3,5
2

PCB 30 PCB 40

18 40 45 10 12 2700 10 3,5

4.8. Cc loi xi mng khc 4.8.1. Xi mng pooclng trng Clinke ca xi mng pooclng trng c sn xut t vi v t st trng (hu nh khng c cc oxit to mu nh oxit st v oxit mangan), nung bng nhin liu c hm lng tro bi t (du v kh t), khi nghin trnh khng ln bi st, thng dng bi s nghin. Xi mng pooclng trng c ch to bng cch nghin mn clinke ca xi mng pooclng trng vi lng thch cao cn thit, c th pha hoc khng pha ph gia khc. Theo bn nn, xi mng pooclng trng c chia lm 3 mc: PCW25, PCW30; PCW40. Trong PCW k hiu xi mng pooclng trng, cc tr s 25; 30; 40 l gii hn bn nn ca cc mu chun sau 28 ngy m bo dng tnh bng N/mm2, xc nh theo TCVN 4032 - 1985. Cc ch tiu c bn ca xi mng pooclng trng theo TCVN 5691 - 2000 quy nh nh bng 4 - 4. Xi mng pooclng trng c dng ch to va trang tr, va granit, sn xut gch hoa v.v... Xi mng mu c ch to bng cch nghin chung cc cht to mu v c vi clinke xi mng trng. Cc tnh cht c bn ca xi mng mu cng ging nh tnh cht ca xi mng trng. Xi mng mu c dng ch to va v b tng trang tr.
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Tn ch tiu
2

Bng 4 - 4 Mc
PCW 25 PVW 30 PCW 40

1. Gii hn bn nn, N/mm , khng nh hn 25 2. nghin mn - Phn cn li trn sng 0,08mm; %, khng ln hn 12 -B mt ring xc nh theo phng php Blaine, 2500 cm2/g, khng nh hn 3. Thi gian ng kt - Bt u, pht, khng sm hn 45 - Kt thc, gi, khng mun hn 10 4. n nh th tch, xc nh theo phng php 10 Lsatlie, mm, khng ln hn

30 12 2500 45 10 10

40 12 2500 45 10 10

4.8.2. Xi mng pooclng puzolan Khi nim Xi mng pooclng puzolan c ch to bng cch cng nghin mn hn hp clinke xi mng pooclng vi ph gia hot tnh puzolan v mt lng thch cao cn thit hoc bng cch trn u puzolan nghin mn vi xi mng pooclng. Ty theo bn cht ca ph gia hot tnh puzolan m t l pha vo clinke xi mng hoc xi mng pooclng c quy nh t 15 - 40% tnh theo khi lng xi mng pooclng puzolan. Tnh cht c bn Theo bn nn xi mng pooclng puzolan c phn lm 3 mc PCPUZ20, PCPUZ30; PCPUZ40. Trong : PCPUZ: L k hiu cho xi mng pooclng puzolan. Cc tr s 20 , 30 , 40 l gii hn bn nn ca mu chun sau 28 ngy m dng h v c tnh bng N/mm2, xc nh theo TCVN 4032 - 1985. Xi mng pooclng puzolan phi m bo cc yu cu theo TCVN 4033 - 1995 quy nh nh bng 4 - 5.Tnh cht c bn Theo bn nn xi mng pooclng puzolan c phn lm 3 mc PCPUZ20, PCPUZ30; PCPUZ40. Trong : PCPUZ: L k hiu cho xi mng pooclng puzolan. Cc tr s 20 , 30 , 40 l gii hn bn nn ca mu chun sau 28 ngy m dng h v c tnh bng N/mm2, xc nh theo TCVN 4032 - 1985. Xi mng pooclng puzolan phi m bo cc yu cu theo TCVN 4033 1995 quy nh nh bng 4 - 5. Xi mng pooclng puzolan khi thy ha ta ra mt lng nhit t hn so vi ximng pooclng v kh nng chng n mn cng tt hn. S dng v bo qun S dng: Do nhng tnh cht trn nn xi mng pooclng puzolan c s dng cho cc cng trnh trong nc nh hi cng, knh mng, p nc, ngoi ra cn dng xi mng pooclng puzolan cho nhng cng trnh c kt cu khi lng ln v n ta nhit t.
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Bo qun: Ging nh xi mng pooclng thng, xi mng pooclng puzolan cng c cn bo qun tt chng m, hn ch mc gim cng . Bng 4 - 5 Mc Tn ch tiu PCPUZ 20 PCPUZ 30 PCPUZ 40 2 1 - Gii hn bn nn, N/mm khng nh hn - Sau 7 ngy m 13 18 25 - Sau 28 ngy 20 30 40 2 - nghin mn - Phn cn li trn sng c kch thc l 15 15 15 0,08mm;%, khng ln hn - B mt ring xc nh theo phng php 2600 2600 2600 Blaine, cm2/g, khng nh hn 3 - Thi gian ng kt - Bt u, pht, khng sm hm 45 45 45 - Kt thc, gi, khng mun hn 10 10 10 4 - n nh th tch, xc nh theo 10 10 10 phng php LSatlie, mm, khng ln hn 4.8.3. Xi mng pooclng bn sunfat Sn xut Xi mng pooclng bn sunfat l sn phm c nghin mn t clinke xi mng pooclng bn sunfat vi thch cao. Clinke xi mng pooclng bn sunfat c sn xut nh clinke xi mng pooclng nhng thnh phn khong vt c quy nh cht ch hn, c bit l phi hn ch thnh phn C3A (bng 4 - 6). Bng 4 - 6
Tn ch tiu Mc , % Bn sunfat thng Bn sunfat cao PCS 30 PCS 40 PCHS 30 PCHS 40

- Hm lng magie oxit (MgO), khng ln hn - Hm lng st oxit (Fe2O3), khng ln hn - Hm lng silic xit (SiO2), khng nh hn - Hm lng anhyrit sunfuric (SO3), khng ln hn - Hm lng tri canxi aluminat (C3A), khng ln hn - Tng hm lng khong (C4AF +2C3A), khng ln hn - Tng hm lng khong (C3S + C3A), khng ln hn

5 6 20 3 8 58
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5 6 20 3 8 58

5 2,3 5 25 -

5 2,3 5 25 -

Tnh cht c bn Xi mng pooclng bn sunfat gm hai nhm : Xi mng pooclng bn sunfat thng : PCS 30; PCS 40. Xi mng pooclng bn sunfat cao : PCHS 30; PCHS 40. Trong : PCS: L k hiu xi mng pooclng bn sunfat. Cc tr s 30, 40, l gii hn bn nn ca mu chun sau 28 ngy dng h, tnh bng N/mm2 v xc nh theo TCVN 4032-1985. Cht lng ca ximng pooclng bn sunfat phi m bo cc yu cu theo TCVN 6067 - 1995 quy nh nh bng 4 - 7. Bng 4- 7 Mc , % Tn ch tiu Bn sunfat thng Bn sunfat cao PCS 30 PCS 40 PCHS 30 PCHS 40 1- n sunfat sau 14 ngy; %, 0,040 0,040 khng ln hn 2-Gii hn bn nn, N/mm2, khng nh hn - Sau 3 ngy 11 14 11 14 - Sau 28 ngy 30 40 30 40 3 - nghin mn - Phn cn li trn sng kch thc 15 12 15 12 l 0,08 mm; % khng ln hn - B mt ring xc nh theo 2800 2500 2800 phng php Blaine, cm2, khng 2500 nh hn 4 - Thi gian ng kt - Bt u, pht, khng sm hn 45 45 45 45 - Kt thc, pht, khng mun hn 375 375 375 375 Ximng pooclng bn sunfat ta nhit t hn v kh nng chng n mn sunfat tt hn xi mng pooclng thng. S dng v bo qun S dng: Xi mng pooclng bn sunfat c s dng tt nht cho cc cng trnh xy dng trong mi trng xm thc sunfat, ngoi ra cng c th dng xy dng cc cng trnh trong mi trng kh, mi trng nc ngt, v.v... Bo qun: Xi mng pooclng bn sunfat phi c bo qun ging nh cc loi xi mng pooclng thng chng m. 4.8.4. Xi mng pooclng t ta nhit Khi nim Xi mng pooclng t ta nhit l sn phm nghin mn t clinke ca xi mng pooclng t ta nhit vi thch cao.
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Clinke xi mng pooclng t ta nhit c sn xut nh clinke thng nhng thnh phn ha, khong c quy nh TCVN 6069-1995 (bng 4 - 8). Bng 4 - 8 Loi xi mng Tn ch tiu PCLH30A PCLH30 PCLH40 1-Hm lng anhyric sunfuric (SO3); %, 2,3 khng ln hn 2-Hm lng khong C3S; %, khng ln hn 35 3-Hm lng khong C2S ; %, khng nh hn 40 4-Hm lng khong C3A ; %, khng ln hn 7 Tnh cht c bn Xi mng t ta nhit l tn gi chung cho loi xi mng ta nhit t v ta nhit va. Ty theo nhit thy ha v cng chu nn, xi mng pooclng t ta nhit c phn ra lm ba loi: PCLH30A, PCLH30, PCLH40. Trong : - PCLH30A l k hiu ca xi mng pooclng ta nhit t vi gii hn bn nn sau 28 ngy dng h, khng nh hn 30 N/mm2. - PCLH30; PCLH40 l k hiu ca xi mng pooclng ta nhit va vi gii hn bn nn sau 28 ngy dng h, khng nh hn 30 N/mm2 v 40 N/mm2. Cc ch tiu c l ch yu ca xi mng pooclng t ta nhit c quy nh TCVN 6069 - 1995 nh bng 4 - 9. Bng 4 - 9 Loi xi mng Tn ch tiu PCLH30A PCLH30 PCLH40 1. Nhit thy ha, Cal/g, khng ln hn - Sau 7 ngy 60 70 70 - Sau 28 ngy 70 80 80 2 2. Gii hn bn nn, N/mm khng nh hn - Sau 7 ngy 18 21 28 - Sau 28 ngy 30 30 40 3. mn - Phn cn li trn sng 0,08mm; %, 15 15 15 khng ln hn - B mt ring, xc nh theo phng 2500 2500 2500 php Blaine, cm2/g, khng nh hn 4. Thi gian ng kt - Bt u, pht, khng sm hn 45 45 45 - Kt thc, gi, khng mun hn 10 10 10 5. n nh th tch, xc nh theo 10 10 10 phng php Lsatlie, mm, khng ln hn

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S dng v bo qun S dng: Xi mng pooclng t ta nhit c s dng thi cng cc cng trnh xy dng thy in, thy li, giao thng, v.v... cng trnh c th tch b tng khi ln. Bo qun: Xi mng pooclng t ta nhit phi bo qun ging nh cc loi xi mng pooclng thng chng m. 4.8.5. Xi mng pooclng x ht l cao Khi nim Xi mng pooclng x ht l cao c sn xut bng cch cng nghin mn hn hp clinke xi mng pooclng vi x ht l cao v mt lng thch cao cn thit hoc bng cch trn tht u x ht l cao nghin mn vi xi mng pooclng. Hm lng s dng pha trn bng 20 - 60% khi lng xi mng. X ht l cao l loi x thu c khi luyn gang v c lm lnh nhanh to thnh dng ht nh, x ny cha nhiu cc xit nh: Al2O3; SiO2; CaO; MgO; TiO2; v.v... Tnh cht c bn Xi mng pooclng x ht l cao c hm lng CaO t do thp nn bn hn xi mng pooclng thng, lng nhit ta ra khi rn chc cng nh hn 2 - 2,5 ln. Theo cng chu nn xi mng pooclng x ht l cao c chia lm 5 mc : PC20; PC25; PC30; PC35; PC40. Cc ch tiu c l ch yu ca xi mng pooclng x ht l cao c quy nh trong TCVN 4316 - 1986 (bng 4-10). Bng 4 -10 Mc xi mng Tn ch tiu PC 20 PC 25 PC 30 PC 35 PC 40 1.Gii hn bn nn sau 28 ngy m, 20 25 30 35 40 N/mm2, khng nh hn. 2.Gii hn bn un sau 28 ngy m, 3,5 4,5 5,5 6,0 6,5 N/mm2, khng nh hn 3.Thi gian ng kt - Bt u, pht, khng sm hn 45 45 45 45 45 - Kt thc, gi, khng mun hn 10 10 10 10 10 4.Tnh n nh th tch. -Th theo phng php mu bnh a. Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt -Th theo phng php Lsatle, 10 10 10 10 10 mm, khng ln hn. 5. mn -Phn cn li trn sng 0,08mm,%, 15 15 15 15 15 khng ln hn.
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Cng dng v bo qun Do lng nhit ta ra t nn xi mng pooclng x ht l cao c s dng xy dng cc cng trnh c th tch b tng khi ln. Ngoi ra xi mng ny cn c s dng xy dng cc loi cng trnh khc nh xi mng pooclng thng. Xi mng pooclng x ht l cao cn c bo qun tt trnh m nh cc loi xi mng khc. Kho cha xi mng phi m bo kh, sch, cao, c tng bao, c mi che chn, trong kho xi mng cc bao khng c xp cao qu 10 bao, cch tng t nht 20cm v ring tng l. 4.8.6. Xi mng aluminat Khi nim Xi mng aluminat c c tnh l cng cao v rn chc rt nhanh. N c sn xut bng cch nghin clinke cha aluminat canxi thp kim CaO.Al2O3 l cht quyt nh tnh rn nhanh v cc tnh cht khc ca xi mng aluminat. Trong xi mng cn cha t l nh cc aluminat canxi khc nh CaO.2Al2O3, 2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2 v mt t khong belit (C2S). sn xut xi mng aluminat thng dng vi v vi giu nhm (Al2O3.nH2O) nh qung bauxit. Hn hp nguyn liu c nung n nhit kt khi (1300oC) hoc nhit chy (1400oC). Clinke xi mng aluminat rt kh nghin nn tn nng lng, bauxit li him, t nn gi thnh xi mng kh cao. sn xut c th dng ph liu ca cng nghip sn xut nhm. Tnh cht c bn Xi mng aluminat c cng cao ch khi n rn chc trong iu kin nhit n ho (khng ln hn 25oC). V vy xi mng khng nn dng cho b tng khi ln v khng nn gia cng nhit m. nhit thng (< 25oC), trong khi rn chc xi mng to ra cht c cng cao : 2(CaO.Al2O3) + 11H2O = 2CaO.Al2O3.8H2O + 2Al(OH)3. Cn nu nhit cao hn (25 - 30oC) n li to thnh 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O, pht sinh ni ng sut lm cng ca xi mng gim n 2 ln. Mc ca xi mng aluminat c xc nh tui 3 ngy nh sau: 400; 500 v 600 (xi mng poolng thng phi sau 28 ngy mi t c mc nh vy). Yu cu v thi gian bt u ng kt : khng nh hn 30 pht; ng kt xong : khng mun hn 12 gi. Lng nhit pht ra khi rn chc ln hn xi mng pooclng thng 1,5 ln. Trong xi mng (nu rn chc nhit thch hp) thng khng c Ca(OH)2 v C3A.6H2O nn n bn hn trong mt s mi trng, nhng khng bn trong mi trng kim v mi trng axit. V vy khng nn dng ln xi mng aluminat vi xi mng pooc lng thng v vi. Cng dng Xi mng aluminat c s dng ch to b tng, va rn nhanh v chu nhit, ch to xi mng n.
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4.8.7. Xi mng n Xi mng n l loi cht kt dnh t hp ca mt s cht kt dnh hoc ca nhiu loi ximng. C nhiu thnh phn gy n, nhng hiu qu nht l 3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.31H2 O. Xi mng n chng thm nc l cht kt dnh rn nhanh. N c sn xut bng cch trn ln xi mng aluminat (70%), thch cao (20%) v hyroaluminat canxi cao kim (10%). Xi mng pooclng n chng thm nc cng l cht kt dnh trong nc, c ch to bng cch nghin chung clinke ca xi mng poolng (58 63%), x hoc clinke aluminat (5-7%), x l cao hot ha hoc cc ph gia hot tnh khc (23 28%). N rn nhanh trong iu kin dng h hi ngn, c c v tnh chng thm nc cao, c kh nng n trong nc v trong khng kh.

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