1

PHNG TRNH HM CAUCHY TNG QUT

Trong bi ging ny chng ti s cp n mt lp bi ton phng trnh hm dng
( ), ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( y x H g y x f y f x f = + + (1)
trong f v g l cc hm phi tm cn H l hm cho. Khi 0 g th (1) tr
thnh phng trnh hm Cauchy. Cc hm s y c xt l hm s thc, tc l tp
xc nh v tp gi tr ca n l R hoc tp con ca R.
1. Phng trnh hm Cauchy v Pexider
Xt phng trnh Cauchy
). ( ) ( ) ( y x f y f x f + = + (2)
Bi ton 1.1: Chng minh rng tt c cc hm f lin tc trn R tha mn phng
trnh Cauchy (2) u c dng , ) ( cx x f = y c l hng s bt k.
Bi ton 1.2: Chng minh rng tt c cc hm f lin tc ti mt im tha mn
phng trnh Cauchy (2) u c dng , ) ( cx x f = y c l hng s bt k.
Bi ton 1.3: Chng minh rng tt c cc hm f khng m (khng dng) vi x
dng nh tha mn (2) u c dng , ) ( cx x f = y c l hng s dng (m)
bt k.
Bi ton 1.4: Chng minh rng tt c cc hm f b chn trn mt khong nh
tha mn (2) u c dng , ) ( cx x f = y c l hng s.
Bi ton 1.5: Chng minh rng tt c cc hm f b chn mt pha (b chn trn
hoc b chn di) trn mt on [a,b] cho trc v tha mn (2) u c dng
, ) ( cx x f = y c l hng s.
Bi ton 1.6: Chng minh rng tt c cc hm f n iu tha mn (2) u c
dng , ) ( cx x f = y c l hng s.
Bi ton 1.7: Chng minh rng tt c cc hm f kh tch trn mi on hu hn
v tha mn (2) u c dng , ) ( cx x f = y c l hng s bt k.
nh l 1: Gi s R R : f l nghim ca (2) vi 0 ) 1 ( > = f c . Khi ta c cc
khng nh sau l tng ng.
(i) f lin tc ti mt im .
0
x
(ii) f lin tc.
2
(iii) f l hm n iu tng.
(iv) f khng m vi mi . 0 > x
(v) f b chn trn trn mt on hu hn.
(vi) f b chn di trn mt on hu hn.
(vii) f b chn trn (di) trn mt tp b chn c do Lebesgue dng.
(viii) f b chn trn mt on hu hn.
(ix) . ) ( cx x f =
(x) f kh tch Lebesgue a phng.
(xi) f kh vi
(xii) f o c Lebesgue.
Ch : Mt cu hi t ra l c ti ti hay khng nhng nghim khng tuyn tnh
( cx x f = ) ( ) ca phng trnh Cauchy (2)? L thuyt ca phng trnh hm c
cu tr li thng qua khi nim c s Hamel.
nh ngha: Cho S l mt tp con ca R. Khi mt con B ca S c gi l
mt c s Hamel ca S nu vi mi s thuc S u biu th tuyn tnh qua cc
phn t ca B mt cch duy nht vi cc h s l cc s hu t.
nh l 2: Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh Cauchy (2) c dng
), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 n n
b f r b g r b g r x f + + + =
trong B l c s Hamel ca R v
,
2 2 1 1 n n
b r b r b r x + + + = e
i
r Q v e
i
b B,
v g l mt hm ty xc nh trn c s Hamel B.
Phng trnh hm
) ( ) ( ) ( y g x h y x f + = + (3)
c gi l phng trnh Pexider.
Bi ton 1.8: Chng minh rng nghim tng qut ca (3) l
, ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( b t A t h a t A t g b a t A t f + = + = + + =
trong A l hm bt k tha mn phng trnh Cauchy (2) v b a, l cc hng s
bt k.
3
Bi ton 1.9: Cho R R : , , h g f tha mn (3), khi nu mt trong cc hm
h g f , , l o c hoc b chn di, hoc b chn trn, hoc lin tc ti mt im
th cc hm h g f , , l lin tc. Hn na chng c dng
, ) ( , ) ( , ) ( b ct t h a ct t g b a ct t f + = + = + + =
y c b a , , l cc hng s bt k.
2. Phng trnh hm Cauchy tng qut
Trc ht chng ta xt mt s trng hp c bit ca (1)
+ : ) , ( xy y x H = (1) tr thnh
). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( xy g y x f y f x f = + + (4)
+
y x
y x H
1 1
) , ( + = v : f g =
). ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
+ = + + y x f y x f y f x f (5)
+
xy y x
y x xy
y x H
+ +
+
=
2 2
) (
) , ( v : f g =
.
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 |
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
= + +
xy y x
y x xy
f y x f y f x f (6)
Ta nhn thy rng cc phng trnh (4)-(6) l nhng dng bi ton quen thuc
trong l thuyt phng trnh hm.
Nhn xt:
+ Nu g l hm hng, tc l c x g = ) ( th vi bt c hm H cho no (1) u
tng ng vi
. ) ( ) ( ) ( c y x f y f x f = + +
R rng nghim tng qut ca phng trnh trn l
, ) ( ) ( c x A x f + =
y ) (x A l mt hm cng tnh bt k, ngha l ) (x A l nghim ca phng trnh
Cauchy (2). Vy nghim ca (1) trong trng hp ny l
c x A x f + = ) ( ) ( v . ) ( c x g =
+ Tng t trong trng hp c y x H = ) , ( , cng thc nghim ca (1) l
) ( ) ( ) ( c g x A x f + = v g l hm bt k
4
vi ) (x A cng l mt hm cng tnh ty .
Chng ta gi nghim ) , ( g f ca phng trnh (1) l tm thng nu f l afin,
tc l , ) ( ) ( c x A x f + = trong ) (x A l cng tnh v c l hng s.
+ rng cc phng trnh (4)-(6) l dng phng trnh (1) vi ) , ( y x H c
dng sau
( ), ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( y x y x y x H + + = (7)
v d thy (4)-(6) tong ng vi vic chn
1 2
, ln , ) (

= x x x x v
. , , 2 / ) (
1
= u e u u
u

By gi chng ta xt mt trng hp c bit ca (1) c dng nh sau
( ). ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( y x y x g y x f y f x f + + = + + (8)
R rng nu l afin th vi mi g phng trnh (8) u c nghim f l afin, tc
l (8) c nghim tm thng, v vy chng ta xt khng l afin v k hiu I l
) , ( + (hoc | ), ,+ ), , ( + ), , ( ( | , ) trong . 0 >
Bi ton 2.1: Cho I : R l gii tch v khng afin, hy tm tt c cc nghim
ca phng trnh (8).
Gii: Gi s f v g l nghim ca (8). t ), ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( y x f y f x f y x F + + = th F
l nghim ca phng trnh
). , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( z y F z y x F z y x F y x F + + = + + (9)
Do f l nghim ca (8) nn ta c
( ), ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( y x y x g y x F + + =
v vy ng thc (9) tng ng vi

( ) ( )
( ) ( ). ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
z y z y g z y z y x x g
z y x z y x g y x y x g
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + +


(10)
t

+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + =
), ( ) ( ) (
), ( ) ( ) (
), ( ) ( ) (
z y z y w
z y x z y x v
y x y x u



(11)
chng ta c th vit li phng trnh (10) di dng sau
). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( w g w v u g v g u g + + = + (12)
5
Ta s ch ra rng (11) l mt php i bin, tc l nh thc Jacobi ca php i
bin (11) l khc . 0 Tht vy,
( )( )( )
( )( )( ). ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( '
) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( '
) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' 0
) ( ' ) ( ' 0 ) ( ' ) ( '
0 ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( '
det
( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' 0
) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( '
0 ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( '
det
) , , (
) , , (
z y z x y z y x y x
z y y z y x z y x x
z y z z y y
z y x z z y x y x
x y y x x
z y z z y y
z y x z z y x y x z y x y x
y x y y x x
z y x D
w v u D
+ + + +
+ + + + =
(
(
(

+ +
+ + + + +
+
=
(
(
(

+ +
+ + + + + + + +
+ +
=








Gi s tn ti mt tp con m khc rng ca
3
I m nh thc thc Jacobi ng
nht bng 0, khi do gii tch nn suy ra nh thc Jacobi ng nht bng 0
trn ,
3
I tc l , u , v w l cc hm ph thuc. Mt khc, ta c
( )( ). ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( '
) ( ' ) ( ' ( ' ) ( '
y) (x ' - (y) ' y) (x ' - (x) '
det
) , (
) , (
z y x y x y x
z y x y x z y x y x y x D
v u D
+ + + =
(

+ + + + + +
+ +
=




T l gii tch v khng l afin nn
y x D
v u D
, (
) , (
khng th ng nht bng 0 trn
con m khc rng ca .
2
I Vy ta nhn c , u , v w l cc hm ph thuc v , u
v l cc hm c lp, suy ra tn ti hm kh vi sao cho
( ) . , , , ) , , ( ), , , ( ) , , ( I z y x z y x v z y x u z y x w e =
Vy chng ta nhn c
( ) . z) y, (x, , ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
3
I z y x z y x y x y x
z y z y
e + + + + + + =
+ +



Thay i vai tr ca x v y cho nhau trong h thc trn suy ra
3
z) y, (x, ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( I z x z x z y z y e + + = + +
hay
. z) y, (x, ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3
I z x x z y y e + = +
rng v tri ca ng thc trn khng ph thuc vo x nn v bn phi l
mt hm s ch theo bin z , iu ny khng th xy ra v gi thit khng l afin.
Vy khng tn ti mt tp con m khc rng ca
3
I m nh thc Jacobi ng
nht 0 trn , ngha l , u , v w l cc hm c lp vi mi . ) , , (
3
I z y x e Bi v w
6
l c lp i vi u v v nn phng trnh (12) c th xem nh l phng trnh
Pexider
) ( ) ( ) ( v u h v g u g + = +
vi mi gi tr ca ) , , ( w v u nhn c t
3
) , , ( I z y x e qua php i bin (11). Tuy
nhin do , u , v w l cc hm c lp nn phng trnh Pexider c tp xc nh l
tp m khc rng trong R
2
. Theo kt qu ca phng trnh Pexider vi mi
) ( ) ( ) ( y x y x u + + = vi
2
, ) , ( I y x e hm g c dng
, ) ( ) (
1
c u A u g + =
y
1
A l hm cng tnh v c l hng s bt k.
C2: Ta c (12) tng ng vi
( ) ( ) ( ) ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( w g w w v w u g w g w w v g w g w w u g + + = + + +
hay
). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( w g w t g w g w s g w g w t s g + + + = + +
t ) ( ) ( ) ( w g w z g z + = ta nhn c
), ( ) ( ) ( y x y x + = +
hay
), ( ) (
1
x A x =
trong ) (
1
x A l mt hm cng tnh bt k.
Suy ra ), ( ) ( ) (
1
x A x g y x g = + t ) ( ) ( ) (
1
x g x A x g + = khi ta nhn c
) ( ) ( x g y x g = + , tc l c x g ) ( vi c l hng s. Vy
, ) ( ) (
1
c u A u g + =
trong
1
A l hm cng tnh v c l hng s bt k.
Thay biu thc ca hm g ny vo phng trnh (8), ta nhn c
( )
c y x A y A x A
c y x y x A y x f y f x f
+ + + =
+ + + = + +
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1
1




hay tng ng vi
( ) ( ) ( ). ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1
c y x A y x f c y A y f c x A x f + + = +
iu ny chng t c A f
1
l hm cng tnh, tc l
7
, , ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
I x c x A x A x f e + + =
trong
2
A cng l mt hm cng tnh bt k.
Ngc li, r rng cc hm f v g xc nh nh trn tha mn phng trnh
(8). Vy cng thc nghim ca phng trnh (8) l

{ }

e + + e + =
e + + =
, , | ) ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) (
, , ) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1
I y x y x y x s c s A s g
I x c x A x A x f



y ,
1
A
2
A l cc hm cng tnh bt k v c l hng s ty .
Bi ton 2.2: Xt = I R v , 2 / ) (
2
x x = khi phng trnh (8) tr v phng
trnh (4). Theo Bi ton 2.1 th nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (4) l

e + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e + =
, , ) (
2
) (
, ) ( ) (
2
2
1
1
R
R
x c x A
x
A x f
, s c s A s g

trong ,
1
A
2
A l cc hm cng tnh v c l hng s bt k. rng
1
A l hm
cng tnh nn
. ), (
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
R e =
|
|
.
|

\
|
x x A
x
A
T nu t
1 1
2
1
A B = th nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (4) c vit di
dng gn hn nh sau

e + + =
e + =
R
R
x c x A x B f(x)
s c s B s g
, ) ( ) (
, , ) ( 2 ) (
2
2
1
1

vi ,
1
B
2
A l cc hm cng tnh v c l hng s ty .
V d 2.1: Tm R R : f lin tc trn R tha mn

=
e + + = +
. 1 ) 1 (
, , , 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
f
y x xy y f x f y x f R

Bnh lun: T hm f tha mn iu kin
, 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( xy y f x f y x f + + = + e y x, R
ta suy ra f l nghim ca Bi ton 2.2 vi . 2 ) ( s s g = Theo kt qu ca bi ton
ny ta c e = s s s B , ) (
1
R v ), ( ) (
2
x A x x f + = trong ) (x A l mt hm cng tnh
8
bt k. V vy ta s dng php th
2
) ( ) ( x x g x f + = th s nhn c phng trnh
Cauchy i vi n mi . g
Gii: t , ) ( ) (
2
x x g x f + = khi do f lin tc trn R nn g cng lin tc trn R
v iu kin ca bi ton tng ng vi

=
+ = +
. 0 ) 1 (
), ( ) ( ) (
g
y g x g y x g

y l phng trnh Cauchy, nn nghim ca bi ton l . , 0 ) ( R e = x x g vy bi
ton cho c duy nht nghim l . ) (
2
x x f =
V d 2.2: Tm R R : f tha mn

= |
.
|

\
|
=
e + + = +
. 0 ,
1
) (
, , , 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
4
x
x
f x x f
y x xy y f x f y x f

R

Gii:

t
2
) ( ) ( x x g x f + = ta c bi ton tr thnh

(2.2.1)
T iu kin th nht ca (2.2.1) suy ra
e = t t g t g ), ( 2 ) 2 ( R (2.2.2)
v
. 0 ,
2
1
2
1
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
t
t
g
t
g (2.2.3)
Mt khc theo iu kin th hai ca (2.2.1) th
0 ,
) ( 1
4
= = |
.
|

\
|
t
t
t g
t
g v . 0 ,
16
) 2 (
2
1
4
= = |
.
|

\
|
t
t
t g
t
g
Th hai biu thc trn vo (2.2.3) ta nhn c
. 0 ), ( 16 ) 2 ( = = t t g t g
Hn na, ch rng t iu kin th nht ca (2.2.1) ta suy ra , 0 ) 0 ( = g do ta
c

= |
.
|

\
|
=
e + = +
. 0 ,
1
) (
, ), ( ) ( ) (
4
x
x
g x x g
, y x y g x g y x g

R
9
e = t t g t g ), ( 16 ) 2 ( R.
Kt hp ng thc ny vi (2.2.2) ta nhn c e = t t g , 0 ) ( R.
Th li ta c
2
) ( x x f = tha mn, vy bi ton c duy nht nghim . ) (
2
x x f =
Nhn xt: Rng buc th hai l mt trong 4 rng buc i s quen thuc ca
phng trnh hm Cauchy cng tnh. Chng ta c kt qu quen thuc sau.
"Cho R R : f tha mn (2), khi cc khng nh sau l tng ng
(i) . , ), ( ) ( ) ( R e + = y x x yf y xf xy f
(ii) . 0 ), (
1 1
2
= = |
.
|

\
|
x x f
x x
f
(iii) . ), ( 2 ) (
2
R e = x xf x f
(iv) ( ) ( ) . , ) ( 4 ) (
2 2
2
2
R e = x x f x x f "
V d 2.3: Xc nh tt c cc hm R R : f tha mn
. , , 2012 ) ( ) ( ) ( R e + + = + y x xy y f x f y x f
Gii: t , 1006 ) ( ) (
2
x x g x f + = khi iu kin cho tng ng vi
. , ), ( ) ( ) ( R e + = + y x y g x g y x g
Vy nghim ca bi ton l
2
1006 ) ( ) ( x x A x f + = vi A l hm cng tnh bt k.
Bi ton 2.3: By gi ta ly ), , 0 ( + = I , ln ) ( x x = ) ( ) (
x
e h x g = th phng
trnh (8) tr thnh
. 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
> + = + +

y x y x h y x f y f x f
Gii: p dng kt qu ca Bi ton 2.1, ta nhn c nghim ca bi ton cho
l

> + + =
+ =
0 , ) ( ) (ln ) (
, , ) ( ) (
2 1
1
x c x A x A x f
s c s A e h
s

hay

> + + =
> + =
, 0 , ) ( ) (ln ) (
, 0 , ) (ln ) (
2 1
1
x c x A x A x f
s c s A s h

y
2 1
, A A l cc hm cng tnh v c l hng s bt k.
Bnh lun: Khi ly f h = th ta nhn c cng thc nghim ca (5) l
10
), (ln ) ( x A x f =
trong A l hm cng tnh ty . Cn khi ly f h = th ta c kt lun phng
trnh
0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
= + = + +

y x y x f y x f y f x f
ch c nghim tm thng x c x f = , ) ( vi c l hng s bt k.
Ch : Ta bit rng nghim ca phng trnh Cauchy logarit
0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( = + = y x y f x f xy f (13)
c dng
, 0 |), | (ln ) ( = = x x A x f
trong A l hm cng tnh bt k.
Tht vy, t (13) cho 0 = = = t y x v 0 = = = t y x ta c
, 0 ), ( 2 ) ( v ) ( 2 ) (
2 2
= = = t t f t f t f t f
do
. 0 ), ( ) ( = = t t f t f (2.3.1)
Gi s (13) tha mn vi , 0 , > y x khi t
s t
e y e x = = , v ) ( ) (
s
e f s g = th (13)
tng ng vi phng trnh Cauchy
). ( ) ( ) ( t g s g t s g + = +
Suy ra . 0 ), (ln ) ( > = x x A x f Mt khc theo (2.3.1) ta nhn c nghim tng qut
ca (13) l
, 0 |), | (ln ) ( = = x x A x f
trong A l mt hm cng tnh bt k.
Vy chng ta nhn c khng nh Cc phng trnh (5) v (13) l tng
ng vi mi . 0 , > y x
Bi ton 2.4: Chng minh rng cc phng trnh (5) v (13) l tng ng vi
nhau trn ). , 0 ( +
Gii: Gi s f l nghim ca (5), khi t (5) vi
1
= x y suy ra
0 ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1
> + = + +

x x x f x x f x f x f
hay
11
0 ), ( ) (
1
> =

x x f x f (2.4.1)
v
. 0 ) 1 ( = f (2.4.2)
t ), ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( y f x f y x f y x F + = do f l nghim ca (5) nn
0 , ), ( ) , (
1 1
> + =

y x y x f y x F
v d dng kim tra c
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( z y F z y x F y x F z y x F + + = + +
hay
. 0 , , ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
z y x
z y
f
z y x
f
y x
f
z y x
f (2.4.3)
Xt 1
1 1
= +
z y
vi 0 , > z y , khi ta c 1 , > z y v , hn na
) (
1 1
2
y x y
x xy y
z y x +
+
= +
+
v .
1 1
2
2
xy
x xy y
x z y
+
= +
+

p dng (2.4.2) vo (2.4.3) ta nhn c
. 1 , 0 ,
) (
2
2 2
> >
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
y x
xy
x xy y
f
xy
y x
f
y x y
x xy y
f
t
xy
y x
u
+
= ,
) (
2
y x y
x xy y
v
+
+
= th h thc trn tr thnh
). ( ) ( ) ( v f u f uv f + =
T
xy
y x
u
+
= v
1
) ( 1

+ = y x
y
x
v suy ra

1
=
ux
x
y (2.4.4)
v
1
2

= +
ux
u x
y x hay ,
1
) (
2
1
u x
ux
y x

= +

do
u x
ux
v
2
2
) 1 (
1

= , vy
.
) 1 (
2
2
x
ux
uv u

=
Do 0 > u nn ta nhn c , 1 0 < < v hn na kt hp vi (2.4.4) ta c
12
v u
y

=
1
1
.
V
1 1
= y u x nn
( ) v u u
x

=
1
1
hay tng ng vi
,
) 1 (
1
+
+
=
v u u
v u
x
vy ta thu c . 0 1 > + v u iu ny c tha mn nu . 1 > u Vy vi 0 , > y x
th 1 > u v , 1 0 < < v tc l ta c
. 1 0 , 1 ), ( ) ( ) ( < < > + = v u v f u f uv f
T (2.4.2) ta d thy ng thc trn cng ng vi 1 = u hc , 1 = v ni cch khc ta
chng minh c
. 1 0 , 1 ), ( ) ( ) ( s < > + = v u v f u f uv f (2.4.5)
Xt P s 1 th 1 0
1
s <

P v
2
1 P P s s , p dng (2.4.5) cho
2
P v
1
P v (2.4.1)
ta nhn c
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2
P f P f P P f P f = =


hay
. 1 ), ( 2 ) (
2
> = P P f P f (2.4.6)
Xt Q P s s 1 , khi 1 0
1
s <

PQ v
2
1 Q Q s s , li p dng (2.4.5), (2.4.1) v
(2.4.6) ta c
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
Q f Q f P f Q f PQ f Q PQ f PQ f + = + = =


hay tng ong vi
. 1 , ), ( ) ( ) ( > + = Q P Q f P f PQ f
Mt khc vi mi 1 , > Q P th theo h thc trn v (2.4.1) ta c
). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
+ = = = Q f P f Q f P f PQ f Q P f
Vy ta thit lp c
, 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( > + = v u v f u f uv f
ni cc khc mi nghim ca (5) u l nghim ca (13).
13
C2: Vi 0 , > v u ta ly 0 > ln sao cho 1 > u v 1 <

v
, khi theo (2.4.5) ta
nhn c
|
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
=

1
) (
1
) ( f u f u f u f
v
). ( ) (

f
v
f
v
f v f + |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
Suy ra
). ( ) (
1
) ( ) ( ) ( uv f
v
u f f
v
f f u f v f u f = |
.
|

\
|
= + |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ = +

Ngc li, gi s f l nghim ca (13) khi
( ) ( ) 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
> + + + = + = +

y x y f y x f x f y y x x f y x f
hay f l nghim ca (5). Vy ta chng minh c (5) v (13) tng ng trn
). , 0 ( +
V d 2.4: Tm tt c cc hm R R :
+
f lin tc tha mn
. 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1
> + = + + +

y x y x f y x f y f x f
Gii: R rng phng trnh cho tng ng vi
. 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
> + = + +

y x y x f y x f y f x f
Theo kt qu ca Bi ton 2.4 th phng trnh trn tng ng vi


Vy bi ton tr thnh tm tt c cc hm R R
+
: f sao cho
. 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( > + = y x y f x f xy f
Do 0 , > y x v f ln tc trn
+
R nn t
s t
e y e x = = , v ) ( ) (
s
e f s g = th bi ton
tng ng vi tm tt c cc hm R R : g lin tc tha mn
, , ), ( ) ( ) ( t s t g s g t s g + = +
tc l cs s g = ) ( vi c l hng s bt k. Vy nghim ca bi ton cho l
, 0 , ln ) ( > = x x c x f
. 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( > + = y x y f x f xy f
14
y c l hng s ty .
V d 2.5: Tm tt c cc hm R R : f tha mn

= =
= = +
= + + =
= = + = +

. 0 ) 0 ( v 1 ) 1 (
0, x |, | ln 2 ) ( ) (
, 0 |, | ln ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
, 1 , 0 , |, | ln ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2
1 1 1
f f
x x f x f
x x x x f x x f
xy y x y x y f x f y x f

Bnh lun: Ch rng phng trnh u ca h tng ng vi
, , 0 |, | ln ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
y x x,y y x y x f y f x f = = + = + +


y l dng (5) vi | | ln ) ( x x f = , hn na d thy | | ln ) ( x x f = l mt nghim
ring ca phng trnh trn.
Gii: t , 0 ), ( | | ln ) ( = + = x x g x x f v ) 0 ( ) 0 ( g f = ta c bi ton cho tng
ng vi

=
=
= =
= = + = +

, 1 ) 1 (
, ), ( ) (
, 0 ), ( ) (
, 1 , 0 ), ( ) ( ) (
1 2
1 1
g
x x g x g
x x g x x g
xy y y g x g y x g

hay

=
= =
+ = +

. 1 ) 1 (
, 0 ), ( ) (
, , ), ( ) ( ) (
1 2
g
x x g x x g
y x y g x g y x g
(2.5.1)
T phng trnh u ca (2.5.1) ta c
. ), ( ) ( v 0 ) 0 ( x x g x g g = =
rng
, 1 , 0 ,
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
=

x
x x x x

do
. 1 , 0 ,
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
= |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

x
x
g
x
g
x x
g
p dng phng trnh th hai v th ba ca (2.5.1) cho h thc trn ta thu c
. 1 , 0 ), ( 2 ) (
2 2
= + = x x xg x x g
15
Hn na, r rng h thc trn cng ng cho , 1 , 0 = x vy
. ), ( 2 ) (
2 2
x x xg x x g + = (2.5.2)
T
2 2
) ( ) ( 4 y x y x xy + = ta suy ra
. , ), ) (( ) ) (( ) 4 (
2 2
y x y x g y x g xy g + =
Kt hp h thc trn vi (2.5.2) ta c
, , )), ( ) ( )( ( 2 ) ( )) ( ) ( )( ( 2 ) ( ) ( 4
2 2
y x y g x g y x y x y g x g y x y x xy g + + + + + =
hay tng ng vi
. , , ) ( ) ( ) ( y x xy x yg y xg xy g + =
By gi ta s dng h thc trn vi 0 = x v
1
= x y th nhn c
. 0 , 1 ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( 1
1 1
= + = =

x x g x x xg g
p dng phng trnh th hai ca (2.5.1) mt ln na, ta c ng thc trn tng
ng vi
, 0 , ) ( = = x x x g
vy

=
= +
=
. 0 , 0
0, , | | ln
) (
x
x x x
x f (2.5.3)
Th li, ta thy ) (x f cho bi (2.5.3) tha mn bi ton cho, vy bi ton cho
c duy nht nghim cho bi cng thc (2.5.3).
V d 2.6: Tm tt c cc hm R R
+
: f tha mn
( ) ( ) . 0 , , ) 1 )( ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 )( (
1 1 1 1
> + + = + + + +

y x xy y x f y x f y x f xy y x f
Gii: Vi 0 , > y x t
1
+ = y x u v ,
1
y x v + =


khi 0 , > v u v ) 1 )( (
1 1
+ + = +

xy y x v u , ). 1 )( (
1 1
+ + = +

xy y x v u Vy f tha
iu kin ca bi ton khi v ch khi
. 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
> + = + +

v u v u f v u f v f u f
Suy ra nghim ca bi ton l
, 0 ), (ln ) ( > = x x A x f
16
trong A l hm cng tnh bt k.
Bi ton 2.5: Tm tt c cc hm R R
+
: , h f bit
. 0 , ,
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
>
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
= + + y x
xy y x
y x xy
h y x f y f x f (14)
Gii: rng phng trnh (14) l trng hp ring ca (8) vi
0 , ) (
1
> =

x x x v . 0 ), ( ) (
1
> =

s s h s g
Do theo kt qu ca Bi ton 2.1 th nghim ca bi ton cho l

> + + =
> + =

, 0 , ) ( ) ( ) (
, 0 , ) ( ) (
2
1
1
1
1
x c x A x A x f
s c s A s h



y
2 1
, A A l cc hm cng tnh v c l hng s bt k.
Bnh lun: Nu ta ly f h = th phng trnh (14) tr v phng trnh (6). Ni
cch khc, tp hp tt c cc hm f tha mn (6) vi mi 0 , > y x l
, ) ( ) (
1
c x A x f + =


trong A l hm cng tnh v c l hng s bt k.
V d sau s a ra mt cch gii s cp phng trnh (6).
V d 2.7: Tm tt c cc hm R R : f lin tc tha mn
( ) . , 0 , ,
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
1 1 1
y x y x
y x xy
xy y x
f y x f y f x f = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
= + +

(15)
Gii: Gi s f l nghim ca (15), t
( ) . , 0 , , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
1 1 1
y x y x y x f y f x f y x F = = + + =


D dng kim tra c
. 0 , , , 0 , , ), , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( = + + = = = + + = + + z y x z y y x z y x z y F z y x F z y x F y x F
(2.7.1)
V f l nghim ca (15) nn
( ) ,
1 1 1
, ,
1 1 1
) , (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
z y x z y x
f z y x F
y x y x
f y x F
v
17
.
1 1 1
) , ( ,
1 1 1
) , (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

+
+ = +
z y z y
f z y F
z y x z y x
f z y x F
Th cc biu thc trn vo ng thc (2.7.1) ta nhn c
. 0 , , ,
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

+
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
z y x
z y z y
f
z y x z y x
f
z y x z y x
f
y x y x
f

(2.7.2)
t
,
1 1 1
,
1 1 1
,
1 1 1
z y x z y x
w
z y z y
v
y x y x
u
+ +
+
+
=
+
+ =
+
+ =
th (2.7.2) tng ng vi
, , , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( w v u v w u f v f w f u f + + = +
hay
( ) ( ) ( ) , , , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( w v u v f v v w v u f v f v v w f v f v v u f + + = + + + hay
. , , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( v t s v f v t f v f v s f v f v t s f + + + = + +
t , ), ( ) ( ) ( z v f v z f z g + = th ng thc trn tr thnh
. , ), ( ) ( ) ( t s t g s g t s g + = +
Mt khc, v f lin tc nn g lin tc, suy ra as s g = ) ( vi a l hng s bt k.
Vy ta c
. , , ) ( ) ( y x ax y f y x f = +
t x x h ax x f + = ), ( ) ( , v th vo ng thc trn ta nhn c
, , ), ( ) ( y x y h y x h = +
suy ra b x h = ) ( , trong b l hng s bt k.
Th li b ax x f + = ) ( ta thy tha mn (15), vy nghim ca bi ton l
, ) ( b ax x f + =
y a v b l cc hng s ty .
T kt qu ca Bi ton 2.1 ta dn n nh l sau.
18
nh l 3: Cho R I : l gii tch v khng afin, H c dng (7) vi mi
I y x e , trong R D : vi { } I y x y x y x D e + + = , : ) ( ) ( ) ( . Khi mi
nghim ca (1) tha mn

e + =
e + + =
, , ) ( ) (
, , ) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1
D s c s A s g
I x c x A x A x f

(16)
y
2 1
, A A l cc hm cng tnh v c l hng s bt k. Hn na nu kh
ngc th g c dng
). ( , ) ( ) (
1
1
D s c s A s g e + =


Ngc li trong trng hp khng kh ngc th phng trnh (1) vi v tri
ca n l o c ch c nghim tm thng.
Chng minh: Cng thc (16) c suy ra t kt qu ca Bi ton 2.1 v trng
hp kh ngc ta nhn c khng nh ngay t cng thc nghim (16). By
gi xt trng hp khng kh ngc, khi tn ti
2 1 2 1
: , s s D s s = e nhng
) ( ) (
2 1
s s = , kt hp vi (16) ta suy ra ) ( ) (
2 1 1 1
s A s A = . Mt khc theo gi thit
hm s
( ) c y x y x A y x f y f x f y x F + + + = + + = ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
1

o c v do lin tc v khng afin nn hm cng tnh
1
A o c, vy ta nhn
c
, ) (
1
bs s A =
trong b l hng s. Tuy nhin, t ng thc ) ( ) (
2 1 1 1
s A s A = vi
2 1
s s = suy ra
. 0 = b Vy (1) ch c nghim tm thng.
V d 2.8: Tm tt c cc hm R R : , g f lin tc sao cho
. , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
y x y x g y x f y f x f = + + (17)
Gii: Ta c (17) l trng hp ring ca (1) vi ) , ( y x H c dng (7) trong
. s
s
s x x x R R e = e = ,
4
) ( , , ) (
2
2

Ta c khng kh ngc trn R v g lin tc nn
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
2 2
y x g y x f y f x f y x F = + + =
lin tc hay F o c. p dng nh l 3 ta nhn c nghim ca (17) l
19

e =
e + =
. , ) (
, , ) ( ) (
R
R
s b s g
x b x A x f

Mt khc theo gi thit f lin tc nn x b ax x f + = , ) ( . Vy nghim ca bi ton
l

=
+ =
, , ) (
, , ) (
s b s g
x b ax x f

trong b a, l cc hng s ty .
V d 2.9: Tm tt c cc hm R R
+
: , g f lin tc tha mn
. 0 , ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
> = + + y x y x g y x f y f x f
Gii: Do 0 , > y x nn
+
R R : v . 0 , 2 ) (
1
> =

s s s Vy bi ton cho
c nghim

> + =
> + + =
0 , 2 ) (
, 0 , ) (
2
s c s a s g
x c bx ax x f

vi c b a , , l cc hng s bt k.
Nhn xt: Gi s chng ta tm c mt nghim ring khng tm thng ) , (
0 0
g f ca
phng trnh (1), tc l ta c ng thc
( ) ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 0 0
y x H g y x f y f x f = + + .
Do
0
g kh ngc nn ng thc trn tng ng vi
( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
0 0 0
1
0
y x f y f x f g y x H + + =


suy ra trong trng hp ny hm H c dng (7), vy ta c th coi H dng (7) l
iu kin cn (1) c nghim khng tm thng. Theo nh l 3 th mi nghim ca
(1) c dng

+ =
+ + =
, ) ( ) (
, ) ( ) ( ) (
0 1
2 0 1
c s g A s g
c x A x f A x f

trong
2 1
, A A l cc hm cng tnh v c l hng s bt k.
Mt cu hi t ra l nu H khng c biu din dang (7) th (1) c nghim
khng tm thng khng?
Bi ton 2.6: Cho hm R + + ) , 0 ( ) , 0 ( : H xc nh nh sau
20

>
> e
> e
> + e
s + >
+
=
. 1 , ), 1 )( 1 (
, 1 ), 1 , 0 ( , 1
, 1 ), 1 , 0 ( , 1
, 1 : ) 1 , 0 ( , , 2
, 1 : 0 , ,
1
) , (
y x y x
x y y
y x x
y x y x y x
y x y x
y x
y x H





(18)
Chng minh rng ) , ( g f l nghim ca (1) nu v ch nu tn ti cc hm cng tnh
R R : ,
2 1
A A v hng s b sao cho

> + +
e +
=
, 1 , ) ( ) 1 (
), 1 , 0 ( , ) (
) (
2 1
2
x b x A x A
x b x A
x f

>
e +
s
=
. 1 ,
), 1 , 0 ( , ) 1 (
, 0 ), 1 (
) (
1
1
s b
s b s A
s A b
s g




Hn na, H khng c biu din dng (7) vi kh ngc.
Gii:
(i) Xt trng hp 0 , > y x v . 1 s + y x Khi (1) tr thnh
,
1
) ( ) ( ) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + = +
y x
g y x f y f x f
ta c th coi v phi ca phng trnh trn nh l mt hm ca y x + tc l ta nhn
c phng trnh Pexider, v vy ta nhn c nghim ca (1) l
) 1 , 0 ( , ) ( ) (
2
e + = x b x A x f v , 1 , 2 ) (
1
) (
2
s + + + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + y x b y x A
y x
g y x f
hay ng ng vi
) 1 , 0 ( , ) ( ) (
2
e + = x b x A x f v , 1 , ) ( > = s b s g (2.6.1)
trong
2
A l hm cng tnh v b l hng s bt k.
(ii) ) 1 , 0 ( , e y x v 1 > + y x : Do b x A x f + = ) ( ) (
2
v b y A y f + = ) ( ) (
2
nn (1) tr thnh
, 2 ) ( ) 2 ( ) (
2
b y x A y x g y x f + + = + +
hay
. 1 , 2 ) ( ) 2 ( ) (
2
> + = + t b t A t g t f (2.6.2)
21
(iii) : 1 ), 1 , 0 ( > e y x p dng (2.6.1) suy ra (1) tr thnh
( ) ). ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
y x f y f x g b x A + = + +
Ta coi s hng u ca v phi ca phng trnh trn l mt hm ca x th phng
trnh trn cng c dng Pexider, do nghim ca n l
1 , ) ( ) (
3
> + = y c y A y f (2.6.3)
v
), 1 , 0 ( ), ( ) 1 ( ) (
3 2
e = + x x A x g b x A
hay tng ng vi
), 1 , 0 ( ), 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
3 2
e + = s s A b s A s g (2.6.4)
y
3
A l hm cng tnh v c l hng s.
Mt khc t (2.6.2) v (2.6.3) ta suy ra
). 1 , 0 ( , ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( ) (
3 2
e + = s c s A b s A s g
Kt hp vi (2.6.4) ta nhn c
, ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
3 2 3 2
c s A b s A s A b s A + = +
hay
( ). ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 3
A A b c = (2.6.5)
(iv) : 1 , > y x p dng (2.6.3) cho (1) ta nhn c
( ) , 1 , , ) 1 )( 1 ( > = y x c y x g
ni cch khc
. 0 , ) ( s = s c s g (2.6.6)
t
2 3 1
: A A A = v kt hp vi cc cng thc (2.6.1), (2.6.3)-(2.6.6) ta nhn c
khng nh ca bi ton.
Gi s H c dng (7) vi , no , trong kh ngc, khi vi
0 , > y x v 1 s + y x th ta c
.
1
) ( ) ( ) (
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= + +

y x
y x y x
t ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( y x y x y x F + + = , khi
22
. 1 : 0 , ,
1
) , (
1
s + >
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

y x y x
y x
y x F
Ch rng ta c
), , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( z y F z y x F z y x F y x F + + = + +
do
. 1 : 0 , , ,
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
s + + >
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

z y x z y x
z y z y x z y x y x

Vy
, 1 : 0 , , ,
1 1
1 1
s + + >
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

z y x z y x
z y y x

iu ny l v l vi z x = , suy ra H khng th c biu din dng (7) vi kh
ngc.
Nhn xt: Cho hm H c dng (18), khi tt c cc hm R +) , 0 ( : , g f lin tc
tha mn (1) l

> + +
e +
=
1 , ) 1 (
), 1 , 0 ( ,
) (
x b cx x a
x b cx
x f



v

>
e +
s
=
. 1 ,
), 1 , 0 ( , ) 1 (
, 0 ,
) (
s b
s b s a
s a b
s g




Kt lun: Bi ging ny cho chng ta cch tip cn i khi kh hin i v mt lp
phng trnh hm. Tuy nhin, qua chng ta hon ton c th xy dng c mt s
bi ton v phng trnh hm m c th cho hc sinh ph thng gii theo cch s cp
(cc v d trong bi ging). Trc khi kt thc, chng ta c th ch thm nhng v d
sau v hy vng bi ging phn no gip cc thy, c trong vic chun b cc bi ging
bi dng hc sinh gii Ton.
(1) Ly
3
) ( x x = v
u
u
3
) ( = th ta nhn c bi ton: Tm tt c cc hm
R g f
+
R : , tha mn
. 0 , ,
) (
1
) ( ) ( ) ( >
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= + + y x
y x xy
g y x f y f x f
23
(2) Chn 1 ) ( =
x
e x v u u = ) ( ta c bi ton: Tm tt c cc hm
R R : , g f tha mn
( ) . , , ) 1 )( 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( y x e e g y x f y f x f
y x
= + +
Ti liu tham kho
1. J. Aczel, Lectures on Functional Equations and Their Applications, Academic
Press New York and London, 1966.
2. B. Ebanks, Generalized Cauchy difference functional equations, Aequationes
Math, 70 (2005) 154-176.
3. C. G. Small, Functional Equations and How to Solve Them, Springer, 2007.