blogspot.com http://scienceuniverse101.blogspot.com/2012/01/newtons-laws-worked-examples.html 1. A car of mass 1000 kg travelling at 36 km/h is brought to rest over a distance of 20 m.

Find: (a) the average retardation; (b) the average braking force in newtons. The retardation is found from the formula, v = u + 2ax ( where v is the final velocity; u is the initial velocity; a is the acceletation and x is the distance)so, v = 0 m/s , u = 36 km/h = 36 1000 / 60 60 = 10 m/s x = 20 m By substitution, 0 = 10 + 2 a 20 therefore a = - 10 / 2 20 = -2.5 m/s ( minus sign means retardation) . Knowingmand having founda,we now substitute in F = ma,to findF.Thus, F= 1000 2.5 = 2500 N (that is the average braking force) P.s. If you want to know how I typed the multiplication sign ( ) and the superscript ( ), that is easy : just hold Alt 0215 to type and hold Alt 0178 to type .

2. A bullet of mass 20 g, travelling with a velocity of 16 m/s, penetrates a sandbag and is brought to rest in 0.05 s. Find : (a) the depth of penetration in metres;(b) the average retarding force of the sand in newtons. We must first find the average retardation from the formula, v = u + at (wherev=0, u = 16m /s andt =0.05s) Substituting, 0 = 16 + a 0.05from which a = - 16 / 0.05 = - 320 m/s ( minus sign means retardation) . The depth of penetration may be found using either x = ut + 1/2 at or v = u + 2ax Suppose we choose the latter, then 0 = 16 + 2(-320) xwhence x = -16 16 / 2(-320) = 0.4 m The average retardation force may now be calculated from F = main which m = 20g = 0.02 kg ( we must convert to kg)and a = -320 m/s Thus, F = 0.02 -320 = - 6.4 N ( minus sign means retardating force).

3. The valve of a cylinder containing 12 kg of compressed gas is opened and the cylinder empties in 1 min 30 s. If the gas issues from the exit nozzle with an average velocity of 25 m /s, find the force exerted on the cylinder. The force required to accelerate the gas out of the cylinder is given by, F = ma = mass change in velocity/ time taken = change in momentum/ time taken The velocity of the gas changes from rest to 25 m / s change in momentum = 12 25 kg m/s time taken = 90 s average force on gas = 12 25/90 = 3.3 N By Newton's third law, an equal reaction force is exerted on the cylinder;

average force on gas = average force on the cylinder= 3.3 N. 4. A 50g load is placed on a straight air-track sloaping at an angle of 45 to the horizontal. Calculate, in cm/s, the acceleration of the load as it is slides down and also the distance it would move from rest in 0.2 s. (Assume negligible friction and takeg = 980 cm/s.)This example illustrates the use of CGS units. The force on the load causing it to accelerate is the resolved part of its weight along the air-track and is equal to 50 cos 45 gf.Now, cos 45 = 0.707andhence, the accelerating force = 50 0.707 980 dyn The acceleration is found from the equationF = mathus, a = F / m = 693 cm/s The distance, x,moved from rest is found from the equation x = ut + 1/2 at where u = 0 cm/s a= 693 cm/s t = 0.2 sSubstituting, x = 0 0.2 + 693 0.2 /2 = 13.9 cm. Now, my dear friend, try to solve this problem: A man whose mass is 70 kg stands on a spring weighing machine inside an elevator. When the elevator starts to ascend its acceleration is 2.45 m / s. What is reading on the scales? What will the weighing machine read : (a) when the velocity of the elevator is uniform;(b) as it comes to rest with a retardation of 4.9 m/s? ( Hint: revise post

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