Lecture 7 Two-Way Slabs

Two-way slabs have tension reinforcing spanning in BOTH directions, and may take the general form of one of the following:

Types of Two-Way Slab Systems

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The following Table may be used to determine minimum thickness of various twoway slabs based on deflection:

Minimum Suggested Thickness h for Two-Way Slabs

Two-Way Slab System: Minimum Thickness h: Flat plate Ln/30 Flat plate with spandrel beams Ln/33 Flat slab Ln/33 Flat slab with spandrel beams Ln/36 Two-way beam-supported slab Ln/33 Ln = clear distance in long direction Flat Plates Flat plates are the most common type of two-way slab system. It is commonly used in multi-story construction such as hotels, hospitals, offices and apartment buildings. It has several advantages: Easy formwork Simple bar placement Low floor-to-floor heights

Direct Design Method of Flat Plates per ACI 318-02 Two-way slabs are inherently difficult to analyze by conventional methods of statics because of the two-way bending occurring. Accurately determining the moments on a two-way slab is typically accomplished by finite element computer analysis.

Computer analysis of two-way slab

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The ACI 318 code allows a direct design method that can be used in most typical situations. However, the following limitations apply: 1. Must have 3 or more continuous spans in each direction. 2. Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of the longer span to shorter span(measured as centerline-to-centerline of support) not greater than 2.0. 3. Successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than 1/3 of the longer span. 4. Columns must not be offset by more than 10% of the span (in direction of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns. 5. Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored live load not more than 2 times the unfactored dead load (L/D < 2.0). Design Strips a) If L1 > L2: L2 L2

Column (typ.)

Interior Column Strip

Exterior Column Strip

Interior Column Strip

Middle Strip

Middle Strip

L1

L2/4 L2/4

L2/4

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b) If L2 > L1: L2 L2

Exterior Column Strip

Interior Column Strip

Interior Column Strip

Middle Strip

Middle Strip

L1

L1/4 L1/4

L1/4

Design Moment Coefficients for Flat Plate Supported Directly by Columns Slab End Span Interior Span Moments 1 2 3 4 5 Exterior Positive First Positive Interior Negative Interior Negative Negative Total 0.26Mo 0.52Mo 0.70Mo 0.35Mo 0.65Mo Moment Column 0.26Mo 0.31Mo 0.53Mo 0.21Mo 0.49Mo Strip Middle 0 0.21Mo 0.17Mo 0.14Mo 0.16Mo Strip Mo = Total factored moment per span

End Span 1
2

Interior Span 3 4 5

Mo =

wu L2 Ln 8

where Ln = clear span (face-to-face of cols.) in the direction of analysis

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Bar Placement per ACI 318-02 The actual quantity of bars required is determined by analysis (see Example below). However, usage of the Direct Design Method prescribes bar placement as shown below:

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Example 1
GIVEN: A two-way flat plate for an office building is shown below. Use the following: Column dimensions = 20 x 20 Superimposed service floor Dead load = 32 PSF (not including slab weight) Superimposed service floor Live load = 75 PSF Concrete fc = 4000 PSI #4 Grade 60 main tension bars Concrete cover =

REQUIRED: Use the Direct Design Method to design the two-way slab for the design strip in the direction shown.

L2 = 16-0

L2 = 16-0

L2 = 16-0

20-0

Ln

20-0

20-0

Middle strip = (16 Col. strip)

L2/4 L2/4 Col. strip Design Strip = 16 Middle strip = (16 Col. strip)

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Step 1 Determine slab thickness h: Since it is a flat plate, from Table above, use h =
Ln 30

where Ln = clear span in direction of analysis = (20-0 x 12/ft) 20 = 220 = 18.33 h= Column size

220" 30

= 7.333 Use 8 thick slab Step 2 Determine factored uniform load, wu on the slab: wu = 1.2D + 1.6L Slab weight

= 1.2[(32 PSF) + (8/12)(150 PCF)] + 1.6[(75 PSF)] = 278.4 PSF = 0.28 KSF Step 3 Check applicability of Direct Design Method: 1) Must have 3 or more continuous spans in each direction. YES 2) Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of the longer span to shorter span(measured as centerline-to-centerline of support) not greater than 2.0. YES 3) Successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than 1/3 of the longer span. YES 4) Columns must not be offset by more than 10% of the span (in direction of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns. YES 5) Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored live load not more than 2 times the unfactored dead load (L/D < 2.0). YES

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Step 4 Determine total factored moment per span, Mo: Mo =

wu L2 Ln 8

(0.28KSF )(16' )(18.33' ) 2 8

Mo = 188 KIP-FT
Step 5 Determine distribution of total factored moment into col. & middle strips:

Design Moment Coefficients for Flat Plate Supported Directly by Columns Slab End Span Interior Span Moments 1 2 3 4 5 Exterior Positive First Positive Interior Negative Interior Negative Negative 0.26Mo = 48.9 0.52Mo = 97.8 0.70Mo = 131.6 0.35Mo = 65.8 0.65Mo = 122.2 Total Moment 0.26Mo = 48.9 0.31Mo = 58.3 0.53Mo = 99.6 0.21Mo = 39.5 0.49Mo = 92.1 Column Strip 0 0.21Mo = 39.5 0.17Mo = 32.0 0.14Mo = 26.3 0.16Mo = 30.1 Middle Strip Mo = Total factored moment per span = 188 KIP-FT Step 6 Determine tension steel bars for col. & middle strips: a) Column strip for region 1 : Factored NEGATIVE moment = 48.9 KIP-FT (see Table above) = 586.8 KIP-IN = 586,800 LB-IN

b = 96 8

d = 8 conc. cover (bar dia.) = 8 (4/8) = 7

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Mu 586,800 LB IN = 2 bd (0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2

= 138.6 PSI From Lecture 4 Table 2:

Use min = 0.0033 =

As bd

Solve for As: As = bd = (0.0033)(96)(7) = 2.22 in2 Number of bars required =

As As _ per _ bar

2.22in 2 0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar

= 11.1 Use 12 - #4 TOP bars

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b) Column strip for region 2 : Factored POSITIVE moment = 58.3 KIP-FT (see Table above) = 699,600 LB-IN b = 96 8 d

d = 8 conc. cover (bar dia.) = 8 (4/8) = 7

Mu 699,600 LB IN = 2 bd (0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2

= 165.2 PSI From Lecture 4 Table 2: Use = 0.0033 As = 2.22 in2 (see calcs. above) Use 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars

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c) Middle strip for region

2 :

Factored POSITIVE moment = 39.5 KIP-FT (see Table above) = 474,000 LB-IN b = 96 8 d

d = 8 conc. cover (bar dia.) = 8 (4/8) = 7

Mu 474,000 LB IN = 2 bd (0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2

= 112.0 PSI From Lecture 4 Table 2: Use = 0.0033 As = 2.22 in2 (see calcs. above) Use 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars Use 6 - #4 Bottom bars at each Middle Strip

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Step 7 Draw Summary Sketch plan view of bars: 16-0 16-0 16-0

Col. strip for region 1 12 - #4 TOP bars

Middle strip for region 2 6 - #4 BOTTOM bars

20-0

Col. strip for region 2 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars

20-0

8 Thick concrete slab

20-0

4-0 Middle strip = 4-0

4-0 Middle strip = 4-0

Col. strip 16 0

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Example 2
GIVEN: The two-way slab system from Example 1. REQUIRED: Design the steel tension bars for design strip shown (perpendicular to those in Example 1).

16-0

16-0

16-0

Middle strip = 6-0

20-0

20-0

Col. strip = 8-0 Middle strip = 6-0

20-0

20-0

Solution Similar to the procedure shown in Example 1, except: Re-check slab thickness to verify that 8 is still acceptable Re-calculate M0 Using new value of M0, determine Design Moment Coefficients Design tension steel based on these moment coefficients

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