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MC CH YU CU

L gio trnh c s chuyn ngnh:

H IU HNH
Gio vin: Tun Anh B mn Khoa hc My tnh Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin HBK H Ni anhdt@it-hut.edu.vn 0989095167
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Xt cc vn HH bt k phi gii quyt, Phng thc gii quyt cc vn . H tr cho cc mn khc trong vic xy dng c s cho Tin hc. Nhng v/ xem xt s khng lc hu trong tng lai.

MC CH YU CU
Minh ho cho cc v/ l thuyt, Khong cch gia v thc t cng ngh Tin hc ni chung v HH ni ring gn nh bng 0.

TI LIU

Mang yu t chuyn :

Nh vy: y l mt gio trnh kh, kh nng n.

A.Tanenbaum Design and Implementation operating system. A. Tanenbaum Advanced Concepts to Operating Systems. Microsoft Press Inside to WINDOWS 2000. Nguyn l h iu hnh: H H iu hnh: Tc gi: Nguyn Thanh Tng 4

Chng I. CC KHI NIM C BN

Chng I. CC KHI NIM C BN (tt.)


Th h th 2 (1955-1965)
S ra i ca thit b bn dn lp trnh FORTRAN v hp ng H thng x l theo l

1- Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton My tnh in t u tin ra i nm 1944-1945, MTT c xy dng v hot ng theo nguyn l Von Neuman: My tnh c iu khin bng chng trnh v trong cu lnh ca chng trnh ngi ta ch nu a ch ni cha gi tr ch khng nu trc tip gi tr.

Th h th 3 (1965-1980)
mch tch hp (IC) h iu hnh chia s thi gian

Th h th 4 (1980-nay)
my tnh c nhn (PC-Personal Computer) h iu hnh mng v h iu hnh phn tn
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Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton


MTT

H lnh = {M lnh} Command System = {Command Code}


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Ngn ng ring (Ngn ng my)

Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton

Ngi lp trnh thng nhm ln nng sut lp trnh thp, p dng nhiu bin php kch thch:
K lut hnh chnh, Thng pht kinh t.

Nng sut ch tng cht t v n nh mc 8 cu lnh/ngy cng! Kt qu nghin cu tm l hc: Bn cht con ngi khng quen lm cc cng vic n iu, khng c tnh quy lut, sm hay mun cng s c sai st!
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Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton

Nh vy, nng cao nng sut - cn tc ng vo MTT. cc cng vic mi ngi v CT u cn (V/d Trao i vo ra) to sn CT mu (Standard Programs SP) cung cp cng vi my. Hnh thnh LSP = {SP}

User
10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

US

ER

P LS
MTDT

MTDT
10%

10%

10%

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Tc ng phn mm ln phn cng


C s ho h lnh:
Cc lnh phc tp nh x1/2, ex,|x| . . . dn dn c thay th bng CT con, Tng cng cc lnh x l bit.

16.6667% 16.6667% 10% 10% 10% 16.6667% 10% 10% 16.6667% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 16.6667%

US ER

16.6667%


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Tng tc ca MT, Tng tnh vn nng, Tng tin cy, Gim gi thnh, Cho php phn cc thit b thnh tng nhm c lp, tng mm do ca cu hnh.

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Tc ng phn mm ln phn cng

Tc ng phn mm ln USER
y ngi dng ra xa my, nhng to iu kin khai thc trit v ti u thit b

Cc yu t trn c s tc ng ca tin b cng ngh, nhng phn mm ng vai tr quan trng, nhiu khi c tnh quyt nh:
Bn phm, My in.

1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 %

1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 % 1 0 % 1 6 .6 6 6 7 %

1 0 %

1 0 %

1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 % 1 0 % 1 6 .6 6 6 7 %

M T D T
1 0 % 1 0 % 1 0 %

1 6 .6 6 6 7 %

U S E R

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Thay i nguyn l lm vic:

Tc ng phn mm ln USER
Hiu ng t o to, Nguyn l WYSIWYG, Gii phng ngi dng khi s rng buc vo thit b vt l c th.

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2 Cc ti nguyn c bn

b) PROCESSOR

a) B nh:
Vai tr, Gt chn Asin ca h thng, Quan trng: s dng nh th no? Bo v thng tin?
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iu khin my tnh, Thc hin cc php tnh s hc, l gic v iu khin, C tc rt ln (vi chc triu php tnh / giy), Thng thng c thi gian rnh (thi gian cht) ln hiu sut s dng thp, V/: tng hiu sut s dng (gim thi gian cht).

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C) THIT B NGOI VI
S lng: Nhiu, Cht lng: a dng, Tc : Cc chm (so vi Processor), V/: Phi m bo: H thng thch nghi vi s lng v tnh a
dng, Tc thit b ngoi vi khng nh hng ng k n nng sut h thng.
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D) Ti nguyn chng trnh


Cn phi c cc chng trnh cn thit, Mt chng trnh c kch hot: phc v cho nhiu ngi dng ( cu trc Reenter), Khai thc On-Line, RPC, Cch t chc chng trnh: cu trc v m bo cho cu trc hot ng,

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Nhim v ca h thng i vi ti nguyn

3 - NH NGHA H IU HNH
C nhiu gc quan st v nh gi, Cc i tng khc nhau c yu cu, i hi khc nhau i vi OS, Xt 4 gc :
Ca ngi s dng, Ca nh qun l, Ca nh k thut, Ca ngi lp trnh h thng.
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2 nhim v chung(khng ph thuc vo loi ti nguyn):


Phn phi ti nguyn: Cho ai? Khi no? Bao nhiu (vi loi chia s c)? Qun l trng thi ti nguyn: Cn t do hay khng hoc s lng cn t do?

Tn ti nhiu gii thut


X l theo l, Phn chia thi gian, Thi gian thc.

Loi h thng:

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NH NGHA H IU HNH

a l gic C:

Ngi dng: Thun tin, Nh qun l: Qun l cht ch, khai thc ti u, tr m m Nh k thut: ng y l
uy n gc kh n ba n g t m i i o

a l gic D:

a l gic E:

Thc hin

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Ngi Lp trnh h thng

i thoi: h thng gn nh + linh hot, i thoi ngn ng i thoi (bng li hoc c ch). m phng 2 i tng con ngi l h thng tr tu nhn to, l h chuyn gia,

Ra i sm nht:

04/1951 x hi mi bit v tin vo kh nng gii quyt cc bi ton phi s ca MT, 1952 - Von Neuman xut t tng xy dng CT t hon thin , 1961 Bell Lab Cc CT tr chi Animal v Core Ware, Khai thc thc t cc h CG: 1971-1972. OS xy dng t 1950, 1965 - H H ni ting OS IBM 360

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Hon thin nht: Thng k UNESCO: 73% s cng trnh khng hon thnh do khu t v/, Cc HCG khc: Cn b chuyn ngnh + Cn b lp trnh, OS:
Ngi lp trnh gii quyt bi ton ca chnh mnh Hiu r: V/+kh nng cng c+ kh nng bn thn 1974: 3 cng trnh xy dng k thut tiu biu nh cao tr tu loi ngi: H thng T t ng lin lc a, H thng Appolo a ngi ln mt trng, OS IBM 360.

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4 TNH CHT CHUNG CA OS


A) Tin cy v chun xc, B) Bo v, C) K tha v thch nghi, D) Hiu qu, E) Thun tin.

Tin cy v chun xc
Mi cng vic trong h thng u phi c kim tra:
Kim tra mi trng iu kin thc hin, Kim tra kt qu thc hin,

Nhiu chc nng KT: chuyn giao cho phn cng. V d: Lnh COPY A:F1.TXT B: Sau khi KT c php, bt u thc hin lnh. Ln lt h thng s KT g v c th c thng bo no?
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Kt CARD I/O, Tn ti a? Thit b in t a? ng c a? Kh nng truy nhp ca a? Kh nng truy nhp a? Tn ti file F1.TXT? Kh nng truy nhp file? ........

BO V
Hn ch truy nhp khng hp thc, Hn ch nh hng sai st v tnh hay c , Bo v:
Nhiu mc, Nhiu cng c, Nhiu thi im v giai on khc nhau.

So snh: SCANDISK DEFRAG

Ch : bo v v chng bo v: cng mc khng th m bo an ton tuyt i! SPEEDISK

NDD
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K tha v thch nghi


5 - NGUYN L T CHC V HOT NG


Nguyn l m un, Nguyn l ph chc nng, Nguyn l Macroprocessor, Nguyn l bng tham s iu khin, Nguyn l gi tr chun, Nguyn l 2 loi tham s.

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NGUYN L M UN

NGUYN L PH CHC NNG


Mi cng vic trong h thng thng thng c th thc hin bng nhiu cch vi nhiu cng c khc nhau, L do: Mi m un c hiu ng ph chc nng, Ngi dng c quyn khai thc mi hiu ng ph khng ph thuc vo vic cng b, Lp trnh:Phi m bo cc tnh cht ca OS vi mi hiu ng ph, Vai tr: m bo thun tin cho ngi dng, m bo an ton chc nng ca h thng, V d: In mt file.

Mi cng vic m un CT c lp, Cc m un lin kt vi nhau thng qua Input/Output:

Cc m un c nhm theo chc nng thnh phn h thng.


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NGUYN L MACROPROCESSOR

NGUYN L BNG THAM S IU KHIN

Trong OS khng c sn CT gii quyt v/, Khi cn thit: H thng to ra CT v thc hin CT to ra:

Nguyn l ny p dng vi c bn thn ton b OS: Trn a ch c cc thnh phn. Khi cn cc thnh phn c lp rp thnh H IU HNH (Np h thng). Lu : Cc nguyn l Ph chc nng v Macroprocessor tri vi l thuyt lp trnh c cu trc.
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Mi i tng trong OS Bng tham s (Con Table, Control Block), H thng khng bao gi tham chiu ti i t vt l m ch tham chiu ti bng tham s iu khin tng ng. Vi cc a t, CD bng tham s ghi phn u Vng h thng (System Area), Vi cc files Header.

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Cu trc file nh kiu


Mt s loi bng tham s :


Cho WINDOWS: Win.ini, Cho MS DOS: Config.sys, Cho WINWORD: Winword.ini, Bng tham s cu hnh h thng: phc v cho mi h iu hnh: lu tr trong CMOS,

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NGUYN L GI TR CHUN

Nguyn l gi tr chun
Tc ng ln gi tr tham s hoc bng gi tr chun:
Startup, Autoexec.bat, Control Panel

Cch gi khc: Nguyn tc ngm nh (Default), H thng chun b bng gi tr cho cc tham s bng gi tr chun, Khi hot ng: nu tham s thiu gi tr OS ly t bng gi tr chun. Vai tr ca nguyn l:
Thun tin: khng phi nhc li nhng gi tr thng dng, Ngi dng khng cn bit y d hoc su v h thng.
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V d: c:\csdl>dir Tham s thiu gi tr:


a? Th mc? Xem g? Quy cch a ra? Ni ra?

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NGUYN L 2 LOI THAM S

6 THNH PHN
Nhiu cc phn chia theo chc nng, mc chi tit,
H thng Supervisor, H thng qun l thit b ngoi vi, H thng qun l files, H thng cc chng trnh iu khin: iu phi nhim v, Monitor, Bin bn h thng,

2 loi tham s: Tham s v tr (Position Parameters), Tham s kho (Keyword Param.).

Tham s kho theo trnh t tu .


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Cc chng trnh phc v h thng.

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Thnh phn
Lu : ngn ng khng phi l thnh phn h thng, nhng trong thnh phn h thng c mt s CT dch. Phn bit: Chng trnh phc v h thng v chng trnh ng dng

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Chng trnh dch trong Windows: WIN.COM COMMAND.COM Nguyn tc dch: Interpreter

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II QUN L FILES V THIT B NGOI VI


S lng nhiu, Cht lng a dng, Thun tin cho ngi dng. To files cc loi b nh ngoi, Tm kim, truy nhp files, m bo c lp gia CT v thit b
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1 Nguyn tc phn cp trong qun l thit b ngoi vi


My tnh th h I v II: Processor lm vic trc tip vi thit b ngoi vi, Hn ch: Tc - S lng - Chng loi, T th h III tr ln: Processor TB iu khin TB ngoi vi (Control Devices) (Controllers)

Qun l thit b ngoi vi: Cn m bo h thng thch nghi vi:

Qun l files: Cho php ngi dng:

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TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

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Nguyn tc phn cp trong qun l thit b ngoi vi

Knh Multiplex

Php trao i vo ra: thc hin theo nguyn l Macroprocessor, Vi my vi tnh: Thit b iu khin vo ra I/O Card, My Card on Board, Lp trnh trn Card vo/ra: Vit TOOLS khi to chng trnh knh, Khi nim knh b (Multiplex), Card Multimedia.
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2 - K THUT PHNG M
BUFFER

K THUT PHNG M
C ch phc v phng m, Vn ng file output, FLUSH(F), Vai tr phng m:
Song song gia trao i vo ra v x l, m bo c lp:
Thng tin v phng tin mang, Bn ghi l gc v vt l, Lu tr v x l,

Khi nim phng m (Buffer) ca OS.


SYSTEM

AM

DISK a

Gim s ln truy nhp vt l:Gi thit mi ln truy nhp vt l: 0.01, truy nhp kiu BYTE.

AM

RAM

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K THUT PHNG M
Khng c Buffer 1B 512B 5KB 50KB 0.01 ~5 ~50 ~8 Buffer 512B 0.01 0.01 0.1 1

Cc loi phng m

Phng m chung hoc gn vi file, Cc H QTCSDL cn h thng phng m ring nng linh hot v tc x l, Cc loi b nh Cache v phng m. Ba kiu t chc chnh:
Phng m truy nhp theo gi tr, Phng m truy nhp theo a ch, Phng m vng trn.

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Cc loi phng m

Cc loi phng m
B) Phng m truy nhp theo a ch:

A) Phng m truy nhp theo gi tr:

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Cc loi phng m
C) Phng m vng trn: thng p dng cho cc h QT CSDL.

3 - SPOOL
SPOOL Simultaneuos Peripheral Opearations On-Line, Khng can thip vo CT ngi dng, Hai giai on:
Thc hin: thay th thit v ngoi vi bng thit b trung gian (a cng), X l kt thc:
Sau khi kt thc vic thc hin CT, a thng tin ra thit b yu cu.

Ch : c trng ca thit b trung gian.


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SPOOL

SPOOL
Gii phng h thng khi s rng buc v s lng thit b, Khai thc thit b ngoi vi ti u, K thut lp trnh hiu qu. H thng cung cp cc phng tin ngi dng to SPOOL, Ai to SPOOL ngi x l kt thc.

m bo song song gia x l mt CT vi trao i vo ra ca CT khc.

Thc hin chng trnh

X l kt thc
(min ph)
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Giai on thc hin: vi mi php trao i vo ra h thng to 2 CT knh:


CT knh I theo thit b yu cu, CT knh II phc v ghi CT knh I ra thit b trung gian,

4 H THNG QUN L FILES


CSDL qun l files, H thng qun l files - H QT CSDL.

X l kt thc: c CT knh lu v chuyn giao cho knh. Nh vy, mi thit b s dng file CT knh.

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QUN L FILE TRONG WINDOWS


Minh ho nguyn l bng tham s iu khin, Tnh k tha v thch nghi, C ch bo v, Cch th hin mt s ch qun l b nh (chng tip theo).

T CHC THNG TIN TRN A T


ck Tra
1 1 1

Mc ch:

Sector

2 2 2

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CC KHI NIM C BN
nh s t 1, S Sector/track Constant, H s an xen (Interleave) nguyn t cng nhau vi s sector/track, Kch thc 1 sector:
128B 256B

CC KHI NIM C BN
Cylinder: 0,1,2, . . . u t (Header): 0, 1, 2, . . . Cluster:
Nhm sectors lin tip lgic, n v phn phi cho ngi dng, nh s: 2, 3, 4, . . . Kch thc: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (S),

Sector:

512B
1KB
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a ch vt l:(H, S, Cyl), a ch tuyt i: 0, 1, 2, . . .

3 3 3

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CU TRC THNG TIN TRN A T

BOOT SECTOR

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BOOT SECTOR
Offs 0 3 B D E 10H 11 13
L (Byte)

BOOT SECTOR
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
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Ngha Lnh JMP (EB xx 90) Tn h thng Format a Kch thc Sector Sec/Cluster
a ch tuyt i FAT1 trong a l gc

15 16 18 1A 1C 20 24 28 2A 2C

1 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4

Kiu a t (F8 HD, F0 1.44MB) FAT16: Sec/FAT FAT32: 00 00 Sec/ Track S u t a ch tuyt BS trong a vt l Sec / Disk (32MB) hoc 0 Sec / FAT

3 8 2 1 2 1 2 2

S lng bng FAT FAT16: S phn t ROOT FAT32: 00 00 sect/Disk (<32MB) hoc 00 00

Flags
Version

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a ch ROOT (Cluster)

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30 32 34 40 41 42 43 47 52

2 2 1210 1 1 1 4 1110 8

Inf a ch lu BS D tr (00...00) a ch a ( 80 C:) 00 29 BIOS m rng Serial Number


Volume Name

Boot Sector FAT 16


15 16 17 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 2B 36 1 1 1 4 1110 8

a ch a ( 80 C:) 00 29 BIOS m rng Serial Number


Volume Name

FAT32

FAT16

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V d
58 00 0C 00 00 20 90 00 34 06 29 46 4D 00 00 00 D1 41 53 00 03 00 09 54 57 F8 0D 00 47 33 49 00 00 00 32 32 4E 00 00 00 20 20 34 3F 00 00 20 20 2E 00 00 00 20 20 31 40 00 00 20 FA 00 00 00 00 20 33 02 3F 02 00 20 C9 08 00 00 00 20 8E 2D 00 00 00 20 41 00 00 00 00 20 BC

TH MC
(Catalog, Directory, Folder,. . .), Bao gm: Th mc gc (ROOT) + Th mc con,

ng vai tr mc lc tra cu, tm kim, Mi h thng u phi c vi nhng tn khc nhau

Cc h thng ca Microsoft v OS IBM cu trc cy, UNIX - cu trc phn cp, Th mc = {Phn t}, mi phn t: 3210 B Phn t file, Th mc con v ROOT: File c cu trc.

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Cu trc phn t th mc tn ngn (Phn t 8.3)


Offs 0 8 B C E 10H 12 13 L 8 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 ngha Tn (Name) Phn m rng (Extention) Thuc tnh (Attribute) Thi im to file Ngy to file Ngy truy nhp gn nht 00 (Cho NT) S 0.1 ca thi im to file
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Phn t 8.3
9 10 11 12 13 14 16 18 1A 1C 2 2 2 2 4

Stt

2 bytes cao ca cluster xut ph Thi im cp nht cui cng Ngy cp nht cui cng 2 bytes thp ca cluster xut pht Kch thc file (Byte)

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Phn t 8.3

Byte s 0: Vai tr c bit. 00 Cha s dng, phn t cha dng u tin - du hiu kt hc th mc,

E5 () b xo,

05 Tn bt u bng k t , 2E 20 (. ) Phn t th I ca th mc con, 2E 2E (..) Phn t th II ca th mc con


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Tn di
Khng qu 255 k t, Unicode, H thng phn bit theo 66 k t u tin, Lu tr theo cch a vo, Nhn dng: a v ch hoa.

Phn t tn di n
Phn t tn di n-1

Phn t tn di 1 Phn t 8.3

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Cu trc phn t tn di
Offs 0 1 B C D E 1A 1C 1 1010 1 1 1 1210 2 4 L ngha S th t i (64+i) 5 k t C1 C5 Thuc tnh (00001111B) 00 du hiu phn t tn di K phn t 8.3 C6 C11 00 00 C12 C13
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File Allocation Table (FAT)


Chc nng:
Qun l b nh phn phi cho tng file, Qun l b nh t do trn a, Qun l b nh km cht lng.

Stt

FAT = {phn t} Phn t:


nh s:0, 1, 2, . . . T phn t s 2: phn t Cluster

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FAT
Bit Shutdown = 1 Ra khi h thng ng cch Bit Diskerror = 1 khng c li truy nhp a ln truy nhp cui cng.

T phn t 2 tr i:

Gi tr 0 Cluster t do, FF7 (FFF7, 0FFFFFF7) Bad cluster, Cc gi tr khc phn phi, Cc phn t tng ng nhng Clusters ca mt file to thnh mt danh sch mc ni, EOC (End of Cluster Chain) FFF (FFFF, FFFFFFFF).
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MASTER BOOT

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MASTER BOOT

Cu trc bng phn vng

Nguyn tc khai thc HD: Chia HD thnh cc phn, mi phn c kch thc c nh, Mi phn s dng nh mt a t c lp: a l gic ( Logical Volume). OS cho php to cc a kch thc ng trong mi a l gic.
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Bng phn vng bt u t a ch 1BEH, Bng phn vng = {4 phn t}, Mi phn t s dng a l gic, Tn ti c ch cho php to nhiu hn 4 a l gc trn mt a vt l.

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Cu trc phn t bng phn vng

Bng phn vng


80 01 01 00 0B 3F FF 4D 3F 00 00 00 41 0C 34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55AA

80010100 000001C0 00004120 000041E0 55AA


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010511BF 5105511F 510551DF 5105D132

11000000 804C0000 C0720000 40BF0000

6F4C0000 40260000 804C0000 12870000

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Dng cc hm API, Chng trnh c v a ra mn hnh ni dung BS ca a mm A: (Hexa v ASCII): ogram R_BS_A; es Crt, Dos; nst s16: string[16]=0123456789ABCDEF; r B: array[0..511] of char; reg: registers; i,j,k: integer; c: char; GIN clrscr; fillchar(b,sizeof(b),0); writeln(Cho dia vao o A: va bam phim bat ky.); c:=readkey;
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Truy nhp Boot Sector

I := 0; Repeat with reg do begin dl := 0; { 0 -> A:, 128 -> C:} dh := 0; {u t} cl := 1; {Sector} ch := 0; {Cylinder} al := 1; {So Sectors can doc} ah := 2; {2 -> Read; 3 -> Write;. . .} es := seg(b); bx := ofs(b) end;

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intr($13,reg); inc(i) Until i = 2; for i := 0 to 511 do begin j := b[i] shr 4 + 1; k := b[i] and $0F + 1; write(s16[j]:2, s16[k]); if (i+1) mod 16 = 0 then begin write( :5); for j := i-15 to i do if (b[j] <32) or (b[j] = 255) then write(.) else write(chr(b[j])); 99

writeln; if i = 255 then c:= readkey end end; Repeat Until keypressed END.

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III QUN L B NH

QUN L B NH
Vi h thng:

B nh tc ng nhiu ln phc tp ca gii thut, Phi gii quyt 2 v/ tri ngc nhau: Tit kim b nh, Tn dng ti a b nh cho php. Phn ln cc chng trnh: vit trn ngn ng lp rnh: Assembler, VB, JAVA, VC++, . . . Vi ngi lp trnh: CT v thc hin CT l nh x t n sang gi tr.
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1 CC BC X L CT

CC BC X L CT
Qun l b nh QL Tin trnh QL Processor

Bin tp (Link)

Np v nh v (Fetch)

I+J A+B A+I

Vai tr ca Bin tp (Input/Output), Khi nim b nh l gc.


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CC BC X L CT
L gc
ch

2 CU TRC CHNG TRNH


B nh l gc:
Khng gn vi my tnh c th, Khng gii hn v kch thc, Ch cha 1 m un hoc 1 CT, Ch phc v lu tr, khng thc hin.

t n

us Tn er s

H m

t n

od u hi l th n c

ng Kh

gian

od

ul

Tn trong

H TC FE

T chc b nh vt l?

Qun l b nh l gc ~ t chc chng trnh, Mi cch t chc CT cu trc CT, Mi cu trc: u c s dng trong thc t.

Chng trnh thc hin


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B nh vt l

CU TRC CHNG TRNH


c trng m un ch (Object Modul): cha thng tin v cc moduls khc lin quan (cc mc ni) kch thc ln. Nhim v bin tp (Linked): Gii quyt cc mc ni. Cc loi cu trc chnh:
Cu trc tuyn tnh, Cu trc ng (Dynamic Structure), Cu trc Overlay, Cu trc m un, Cu trc phn trang.

CU TRC CHNG TRNH

A) Cu trc tuyn tnh: CT bin tp tm v lp rp cc m un thnh mt m un duy nht, cha y thng tin thc hin CT

Mt chng trnh thc hin c th cha nhiu cu trc khc nhau.


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108

Cu trc tuyn tnh


n gin, Thi gian thc hin: min, Lu ng (mobilable) cao, Tn b nh: vi mi b d liu ch c 13% 17% cu lnh ng vai tr tch cc. Khng dng chung m un CT.

B) CU TRC NG
Trong CT ngun: phi dng cc lnh macro h thng np, mc ni, xo (Load, Attach, Delete) . . . cc m un khi cn thit,
m0 m0 m0 m0
109

c im:

m2 m2 m2 m1

m0

110

CU TRC NG
i hi user phi bit c ch v cng c qun l b nh, Thi gian thc hin ln: song song thc hin vi tm kim, np v nh v, Tit kim b nh, Km lu ng kh np, cp nht, xo.

CU TRC NG
Cc m un np trong qu trnh thc hin vo cc files .DLL ( dynamic Link Library)

c im:

WIDOWS 98, WINDOWS XP th mc SYSTEM, SYSTEM32,

c s dng rng ri nhng nm 60-70 v t 90 n nay. Thch hp cho cc CT h thng.

Bin bn ci t, uninstall. Winword, Excel, Vietkey . . . Cc ngn ng lp trnh: cng c t chc DLL.

111

112

C) CU TRC OVERLAY
MC 0 MC 1 MC 2

RAM

Moduls cc lp, lp = {cc moduls khng tn ti ng thi} Moduls lp i c gi bi moduls lp i-1, Thng tin v cc lp: S t chc overlay, do user ung cp cho Link, Link to s qun l overlay, Supervisor Overlay t chc thc hin. c im:

Modu mc Moduls mc 2

Phn phi b nh theo s tnh, Files .OVL


113

MC 3

Mod mc

V d: FOXPRO, PCSHELL. . . .
Tng cng:

114

D) CU TRC MODULS

Bin tp ring tng m un, To bng qun l m un iu khin thc hin,

E) CU TRC PHN TRANG


CT bin tp nh cu trc tuyn tnh, Chia thnh cc phn bng nhau trang, To bng qun l trang.

c im:
T ng hon ton, Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, Hiu qu ph thuc vo cu trc ban u ca CT ngun, D dng s dng chung m un.
115

c im: Tit kim b nh, Hiu qu khng ph thuc v cu trc ban u ca 116 CT ngun.

3 - QUN L B NH VT L
C kch thc c th, C cu hnh s dng c th. Bo v thng tin, B nh cho d liu. Cch t chc? Xc lp quan h vi b nh l gc: nh th no v khi no? Tnh hung thiu b nh?
117

QUN L B NH VT L
Cc ch qun l b nh vt l:
Ch phn vng c nh, Ch phn vng ng, Ch m un, Ch phn trang,

c im:

Phc v giai on thc hin CT:

Vn :

Ch kt hp m un v phn trang. Mi ch : u ang c s dng.

118

a) Ch phn vng c nh
5 KB A C,B

Ch phn vng c nh
c im:

B nh n phn, i phn c kch c c nh hng nht thit ng nhau), dng nh mt nh c lp, c v thc hin CT.

Mi vng c mt danh sch qun l b nh t d Mi vng: thc hin mt CT ng dng, S bo v thng tin: theo ton vng. Mt s CT iu khin phi dc copy vo tng vng.

Phn lp CT phc v hn ch lng ph b nh, M hnh: T chc a cng.


119

120

Ch phn vng c nh

b) CH PHN VNG NG
CT Phn phi vng b nh lin tc thc hin v qun l nh b nh c lp. mt danh sch QL b nh t do duy nht.

Cng c phn b li b nh (SWAPPING):

Lnh OP, Do OP thc hin, Nhng vng no bin thay i: mt thng tin. L do: lm li DSQL b nh t do.

V d: vi a cng: FDISK. CT iu khin h thng: n gin. H s song song c nh.


121

122

CH PHN VNG NG
H s song song bin thin, hin tng phn on ngoi (External Fragmentation) SWAPPING, Lnh OP, Do OP thc hin, Khng mt thng tin.

CH PHN VNG NG

c im:

Cng c SWAPPING:

Ni dung SWAPPING. Phc tp ca Swapping. M hnh qun l a t SUBST, DRVSPACE


123

124

C) CH QUN L THEO M UN
0

CH QUN L THEO M UN
Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt cp

CT cu trc m un,
SCB (Segment Control Block)

M un

offset

SCB RAM, a ch u ca SCB Rs- Segment Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 2 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (Rs) + s truy nhp ti phn t th s SCB, ** Khi D = 1: A+d truy nhp ti d liu.
125

126

CH QUN L THEO M UN
s

c im:
Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, Khng i hi cng c c bit c th p dng cho mi MTT, D dng s dng chung m un gia cc CT, Hiu qu ph thuc vo cu trc CT ngun, Tn ti hin tng phn on ngoi (External Fragmentation).

Thiu b nh, phn on ngoi

Swapping

RAM

RAM

127

128

CH QUN L THEO M UN
Do h thng m nhim, Khng mt thng tin, Ni dung swapping: a mt hoc mt s m un ra b nh ngoi, gii phng ch np m un mi.

SWAPPING:

D) CH PHN TRANG
B nh c chia thnh cc phn bng nhau cc trang (Pages), Cc trang nh s 0, 1, 2, . . . - a ch trang.

Cch chn m un a ra: Option


M un tn ti lu nht trong b nh, M un c ln s dng cui cng cch y lu nht, M un c tn xut s dng thp nht.

IBM PC 286 tr ln:


Mt trong 2 ch ca 286 v mt trong 3 ch ca 386 tr ln, Swapping - ngm nh tiu chun 2.
129

130

CH PHN TRANG

CH PHN TRANG
Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt cp

CT - cu trc phn trang, Bng qun l trang PCB (Page Control Block),

DP

AP

PCB RAM, a ch u ca PCB RP- Page Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 2 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (RP) + p truy nhp ti phn t th p PCB, ** Khi Dp = 1: A d truy nhp ti d liu.
131

132

CH PHN TRANG
c im:
Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, Phi c cng c k thut h tr nh v trang, Khng s dng chung m un gia cc CT, Hiu qu khng ph thuc vo cu trc CT ngun, Bng PCB c th rt ln, Khng b phn on ngoi.

Thiu b nh (mi trang u c s dng) Swapping


133

134

CH PHN TRANG
Do h thng m nhim, Khng mt thng tin, Ni dung swapping: a mt trang ra b nh ngoi, gii phng ch np trang mi.

E) CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG
B nh vt l phn trang, CT cu trc m un, Mi m un phn trang:

SWAPPING:

Cch chn trang a ra: Option


Trang tn ti lu nht trong b nh, Trang c ln s dng cui cngcch y lu nht, Trang c tn xut s dng thp nht.

IBM PC 386 tr ln: ngm nh tiu chun 2.


135

136

CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG

CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG
Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt nhm 3:

SCB RAM, a ch u ca SCB Rs- Segment Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 3 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (Rs) + s truy nhp ti phn t th s SCB, ** Khi D = 1: A+d truy nhp ti PCBs SCB, *** Khi Dp = 1: A d truy nhp ti d liu.

137

138

s
Rs = 300 15

p
81

d
532

4 - QUN L B NH TRONG IBM PC


Bn mc u tin (Privilege Levels) thc hin CT: 0 3, cao nht 0, thp nht 3. Nguyn tc tuy nhp: mt CT ch c quyn truy nhp ti CT v d liu ca CT bng hoc km u tin hn.

12314

150

405000

12314

150

12395

Nhn

405

405532

RAM RAM RAM


139

140

IBM PC

IBM PC
2 ch : Ch thc (XT) v ch bo v (AT). Ch Real Mode:

B nh phn phi cho CT - 2 loi: b nh chung (G) v b nh ring (L).

ROM

AM

B NH C S

141

142

Ch Protected Mode
3FFF

Ch Protected Mode
Mi khi MCB (Memory Control Block) B nh chung {MCB}

k MCB

B nh vt l
2 1 0
143

Index

GDT (Global Descriptor Table). B nh ring {MCB} LDT (Local Descriptor Table). MCB: 8 Bytes/phn t. Thc hin CT: GDT RAM, GDTR LDT RAM, LDTR
Lnh: LGDTR, SGDTR, LLDTR, SLDTR

144

MCB
Thuc tnh

80286
D A l

MCB

a ch tuyn tnh: 32 bits.

A
d=1 P Present Descriptor Privilege Level DPL S System E ED W A Accessed

Kh nng:
Vt l: AR 24 bits Vph= 224 = 16MB L gic: Vlg=21321216 =230 =1 GB

Writable Expansion direction

Executable

d=1

ED
145

146

MCB

80386 - PENTUM
G = 0 - Ch m un, n v tnh kch thc khi Byte L = 220 = 1 MB. G = 1 - Ch phn trang, n v tnh kch thc khi trang (4 KB) L = 220 P = 220212 = 232 = 4 GB. D = 0 - Ch d liu 16 bit, D = 1 - Ch d liu 32 bit.

147

148

80386 - PENTUM

80386 - PENTUM
Ch kt hp m un phn trang:

a ch tuyn tnh: 48 bits.

Kh nng:
Vt l: AR 32 bits Vph= 232 = 4GB L gic: Vlg=21321232 =246 = 26240 = 64 TB
149

Phn phi b nh:

150

IV QUN L TIN TRNH (PROCESS)

Phn loi

1 - nh ngha tin trnh:

2 Phn loi: k tip v song song, Tin trnh song song:


151

152

Phn loi
a) c lp: Bo v thng tin, b)Quan h thng tin: Tin trnh nhn: Tn ti? u? Giai on no? C ch truyn tin:
Hm th, I/O Ports, Monitor/
153

Phn loi
c) Phn cp: Ti nguyn cho tin trnh con:
H thng QL ti nguyn tp trung: t h thng, H thng QL ti nguyn phn tn: t vn ti nguyn tin trnh chnh,

QL phn tn: Tin trnh chnh phi kt thc sau tin trnh con POST, WAIT. d) ng mc: S dng chung theo nguyn tc ln lt, Cc h thng m phng, tr chi, . . .

154

3 - BIU DIN TIN TRNH SONG SONG

BIU DIN
2 cch m t ph bin:
PARBEGIN S1 ; S2; ....... Sn PAREND; COBEGIN S1 ; S2; ....... Sn COEND;

Gi thit: S1, S2, . . ., Sn cc cng vic thc hin song song (Trn 1 hoc nhiu my).

Cc cng vic Si c m t chnh xc bng mt ngn ng lp trnh c th.


155

156

TI NGUYN GNG v ON GNG


Ti nguyn gng: Kh nng phc v ng thi b hn ch, thng thng - bng 1. V d: My in, qu trnh bn v my bay . . . on gng (ch hp) ca tin trnh, iu tin trnh qua on gng: T chc cho mi tin trnh qua c ch hp ca mnh. Gii thut iu phi m bo 4 yu cu.
157

Yu cu
i) m bo ti nguyn gng khng phi phc v qu kh nng ca mnh, ii) Khng tin trnh nm v hn trong on gng, iii) Nu c xp hng ch th sm hay mun tin trnh cng qua c on gng, iv) Nu c tin trnh ch i v nu ti nguyn gng c gii phng, th ti nguyn gng phi phc v ngay cho tin trnh ang ch i.

158

Cng c iu
Cng c iu : 2 loi:
Cp cao: do h thng m nhim, nm ngoi tin trnh c iu , Cp thp: ci t ngay vo trong tin trnh c iu . Cc gii thut iu cp thp: 3 lp gii thut: Phng php kho trong, Phng php kim tra v xc lp, K thut n bo.
159

5 CC GII THUT IU CP THP


Phng php kho trong: Nguyn l:
Mi tin trnh (TT) t tng ng ti nguyn gng vi 1 bin G, TT dng bin ny nh du vic mnh ang s dng ti nguyn gng, Trc khi vo on gng TT phi kim tra bin tng ng ca cc TT khc v ch vo on gng khi khng c TT no ang s dng ti nguyn gng.

160

Phng php kho trong


Mi trng v d: Xt trng hp:
2 tin trnh, Mi TT c mt on gng u, 1 ti nguyn gng vi kh nng phc v:1, Cc tin trnh lp v hn.

S NGUYN L
BEGIN Ban u k = 0; kho m PARBEGIN tt1: while k = 1 do; <-ch i tch cc k := 1; <on gng tt1> k := 0; <phn cn li ca tt1> tt2 : while k = 1 do; <-ch i tch cc k := 1; <on gng tt2> k := 0; <phn cn li ca tt2> PAREND END

Trnh nhm ln gia 2 khi nim:


S nguyn l: nu tng chung, Gii thut iu : s hnh ng m bo iu .
161

162

KIM TRA V XC LP (TEST and SET)

TEST and SET

C s: dng lnh my TS c t cc my tnh th h III tr i.

IBM 360/370: 1 lnh TS ( m 92H), IBM PC: Nhm lnh BTS (Binary Test and Set)

L:= G:=

G 1

G 0

G 1

G 0

163

164

TEST and SET


S iu :

TEST and SET

c im: n gin, phc tp khng tng khi s tin trnh tng. Nguyn nhn: Cc b ho bin v tnh lin tc ca KT & XL, Tn ti hin tng ch i tch cc. Nguyn nhn: Mi TT phi t a mnh vo on gng.
165

166

K THUT N BO(Semaphore)

K THUT N BO
Ni dung lnh P(S): * Dec(s); ** If S < 0 then a TT i xp hng. Ni dung lnh V(S): * Inc(s); ** If S 0 then Kch hot TT ang xp hng.

Dijsktra xut 1972. xut: Mi ti nguyn gng c t tng ng vi mt bin nguyn c bit S (Semaphore), Ban u: S Kh nng phc v t.ng. gng, 2 lnh my P(S) v V(S) thay i gi tri ca S, mi lnh lm 2 cng vic v lm mt cch lin tc.
167

168

K THUT N BO

K THUT N BO
S iu :

Thc hin:

V nhiu l do, khng th ch to MT vi 2 lnh trn, Lnh P(S), V(S) th tc tng ng.

m bo tnh lin tc:

169

170

K THUT N BO

6 CNG C IU CP CAO

Semaphore nh phn: Phn ln cc ti nguyn gng c kh nng phc v = 1 S nh phn. P(S): If s = 0 then Xp_hng Else s := 0; V(S): If dng_xp_hng NULL then Kch_hot Else s := 1; Vn t tn cc th tc P v V. 171

on gng quy c, Bin iu kin quy c, Monitor h tr iu : cung cp gi tr cho bin iu kin quy c. Monitor ng vai tr v bc bo v ngn cch gia ti nguyn gng v cng c truy nhp ti n.

172

7 - B TC v CHNG B TC
Khi nim b tc (Deadlock): Cng ch i, V hn nu khng c tc ng t bn ngoi.

B TC v CHNG B TC

iu kin xut hin b tc: hi ng thi 4 iu kin:


ti nguyn gng, C t chc xp hng ch i, Khng phn phi li ti nguyn, hin tng ch i vng trn.

Chng b tc: 3 lp gii thut: S khng c b tc nu TT T bt u sm hay mun.


173

Phng nga, D bo v trnh, Nhn bit v khc phc.

174

Phng nga
iu kin p dng:
Xc xut xut hin b tc ln, Cc bin phpTn tht ln.

Phng nga
Chng ti nguyn gng:
T chc h thng ti nguyn l gc, 2 mc truy nhp, SPOOL.

Bin php: tc ng ln mt hoc mt s iu kin gy b tc 4 iu kin khng xut hin ng thi. Cc gii php: c p dng nng cao hiu qu ca h thng.

Chng xp hng ch i:
Ch phn phi s b, Trc khi ngt TT: lu trng thi (Dump), Cng c:
im gc (Control Points), im ngt (Break Points)

175

176

Phng nga
t im gc:
C nh trong CT, Theo tc nhn ngoi (vd: thi gian)

Phng nga
Phn phi li ti nguyn:

ng dng:
Hiu chnh CT, Thc hin cc CT di, Vi ton b h thng: Hibernating.

Cc ti nguyn quan trng (B nh, Processor . . .) lun lun c phn phi li, Ch yu: ch cn lu cc ti nguyn ring, H thng ti nguyn l gc: gim nhu cu phn phi li. phn phi li: Lu v khi phc trng thi t nguyn.

177

178

Phng nga
Chng ch i vng trn:
Phn lp ti nguyn, to thnh h thng phn cp, Nguyn tc phn phi: Khi chuyn lp - phi gii phng ti nguyn lp c.

D BO V TRNH

Mi ln phn phi mt ti nguyn: kim tra xem vic phn phi ny c th dn n nguy c b tc cho mt s tin trnh no hay khng v l nhng tin trnh no? iu kin mi trng:
Xc xut xy ra b tc nh, Tn tht (nu c b tc) ln.

179

180

D BO V TRNH

D BO V TRNH

Gii thut tiu biu: Ngi ch ngn hng. Gi thit:


Xt 1 loi ti nguyn, s lng n tin trnh, Maxi, Ffoii, Kti boolean, tstb,

True chc chn kt thc c, False trong trng hp ngc li.


181

182

D BO V TRNH

NHN BIT V KHC PHC


nh k kim tra cc TT ch i pht hin b tc, iu kin p dng:
Xc xut xy ra b tc b, Tn tht (nu c b tc) b.

Tiu chun d bo: ngt, Da vo Kti bit cc TT c nguy c b tc, X l trc khi TT b b tc. c im gii thut:
n gin, Input: Maxi tin cy, Mi loi ti nguyn th tc, Mi ln phn phi kim tra.
183

p dng vi phn ln OS trong thc t, Do OP m nhim.

184

NHN BIT V KHC PHC

8 - GI TIN TRNH
TT c th cnh tranh hoc tng tc vi nhau, Mi quan h tng tc: tun t hoc song song, Xc lp quan h:
Li gi, C ch x l s kin (S xt chng sau),

Lnh OP cc nhm lnh phc v nhn bit v khc phc, Nhm lnh xem trng thi (Display Status), Nhm lnh tc ng ln dng xp hng TT, Nhm lnh tc ng ln TT, Quan trng: cc lnh hu tin trnh, Cc bin php h tr v ngn chn t 185 ng

Cc cch gi:
Trong phm vi mt h thng, Gia cc h thng:
RI (Remote Invocation), RPC (Remote Procedure Call),

L thuyt chung: RMI (Remote Methods Invocation)

186

GI TIN TRNH
S gi:
Khng i xng, i xng.

GI TIN TRNH
Thng tin ti thiu lu v khi phc TT:
Ni dung cc thanh ghi, a ch lnh, Vng b nh RAM lin quan, Vng b nh phc v ca h thng, Cc s kin cha x l.

K thut truyn tham s:


Theo gi tr, Theo a ch, CR (Call by Copy/Restore).

Phn bit s gi i xng v quy.

187

188

V QUN L PROCESSOR

1 PROCESSOR L GC

Mc ch: Gim thi gian cht ca Processor nng cao hiu qu h thng, Vai tr thit b trung tm: lin kt cc b phn c lp (cng v mm) thnh h thng hot ng ng b. Trong phn ny: xt hot ng ca 1 CPU.

189

190

2 CC TRNG THI C BN CA TIN TRNH


TT Sn sng TT Thc hin

VN

CT

TT Ch i

CT

TT Sn sng

TT Thc hin

c trng cc loi trng thi, Vn cn gii quyt: 3 loi.


191

TT Ch i

192

VN

VN
Trnh t phc v tc ng ln thi gian ch i trung bnh tw : gi thit 3 TT :
1 2 3

a) Lin quan ti dng TT sn sng: Cch t chc phc v dng xp hng?

193

194

VN

VN
c) Thi im a TT ch i tr li sn sng? C ch s kin v ngt.

Thi gian thc hin in trnh:


2 ch phc v

Khng y ra (Nonpreemptive), (X l theo l) C y ra TT CT (Preemptive) Sn sng (Phn chia thi gian) Lng t thi gian: 0.03 0.2.

Thi im?

TT Thc hin

KT

CT

TT Sn sng

TT Thc hin

TT Ch i

TT Ch i

195

196

3 - IU THC HIN TT

Ch mt dng xp hng
a) FCFS (First come First served):
n gin, TT kt thc c, Khng cn input b sung, Tw ln, Non-Preemtipve.

TT th t u tin phc v,
tw min. TT kt thc. Mt dng xp hng, Nhiu dng xp hng.

Yu cu:

Ch :

197

198

Ch mt dng xp hng
Thi gian thc hin t u tin cao, Tw gim, TT di c nguy c khng kt thc c, Kh d bo thi im phc v TT, Non-Preemtipve, Input: Thi gian thc hin TT.

Ch mt dng xp hng
c) SRT (Shortest Remaining Time):

b) SJN (Shortest Job Next):

Th t u tin phc v: xc nh theo lng thi gian cn li cn thit kt thc TT, tw gim mnh, Cc c trng khc: tng t nh SJN, TT di cng c nguy c khng kt thc c!

cc ch Non-Preemtipve: cn c tlim TT hoc a v th t u tin thp nht.


199

hu

200

Ch mt dng xp hng
d) RR (Round Robin):
Preemtipve, TT - kt thc c, Kh nng i thoi vi TT, u tin thch ng vi TT di: phn lp phc v vi t ln hn.
t( l th n i g g t ian )

Ch nhiu dng xp hng

10% 10% 10% 10% 10% B sung TT mi

10% 10% 10% 10%

10%

201

202

4 - NGT v X L NGT

PHN LOI NGT


Ngt trong v ngt ngoi,

nh ngha ngt (Interrupt):


C ch S kin v Ngt: t MT th h III, IBM 360/370 7 loi s kin, IBM PC 256 loi s kin.
203

Ngt trong: /0, trn , . . . Ngt ngoi: I/O Int, Timer, . . .

Ngt chn c v khng chn c:


Chn c: i/o Int, Khng chc c: Timer Int.

Ngt cng v ngt mm.

204

X L NGT

CT con v CT x l ngt
Mc x l I

Mc x l II

205

206

5 - X l ngt trong IBM PC

VI - CU HNH v QUN L H THNG


1 - H thng nhiu Processors. Cc loi cu hnh:
Cu hnh phn cp, Lin kt linh hot, ng cu,

Ngt Pointer (4 bytes), Vc t ngt = {Pointers} (1 KB), Khi b nh x l ngt, Nt c bit:


cc ngt | Pointer Bng tham s (Int 11, 1E, 41, . . .), Ngt KT CT Int 20, Ngt thng tr CT Int 27, Ngt R/W a theo a ch tuyt i Int 25, 26, ngt tng ng vi vic bm phm (Int 05, 1B), Ngt OS m phng x l cc s kin (Int 21), Mt s s kin: dnh cho user to ngt mm Lp trnh hng s kin (EOP).
207

Qun l tin trnh:


S ti nguyn gng, TS S iu ,

m bo ton vn chc nng v ton vn cu hnh

208

CU HNH v QUN L H THNG


2 - Bo v h thng: Nguy c:
Mt hoc hng d liu, S dng ti nguyn vi mc ch xu, Truy nhp khng ng k, D r thng tin.

CU HNH v QUN L H THNG


3 Thit k v xy dng h thng: Nguyn l tp trung: WINDOWS, UNIX, OS IBM, . . . Nguyn l Th v sai: LINUX:
Khng c xut hng chung, M ngun m cho php mi ngi nghin cu, b sung sa i, Pht trin theo nguyn l t iu chnh, Giao din: User t trang b.

C ch bo v:
Nguyn l ngn chn, Nguyn l cho php.

Gii thut v bin php bo v: linh hot, thng xuyn thay i.

209

210

4 - H thng ca Microsoft

211

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