HEALTH AND DESIGN by STEVEN REED ANDERSON, B.S.

A THESIS IN ARCHITECTURE Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfilhnent of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE

Approved

Accepted

December, 2003

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank James White, chairperson, and committee members, Cherif Amor, Stephen Faulk, and Mark Anderson for providing their expertise and support throughout the thesis phase of my degree. In addition, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION Theory n. HEALTH AND DESIGN FACTORS Air Water Light Color Ergonomics & other Health and Design Considerations Conclusion m. FACILnY Facility Description Case Study 1: Sea Ranch Case Study 2: Seaside Material Studies: Roofing and Siding Zoning and Deed Restrictions Sign Regulations and Landscape Ordinance

ii v vi

1 1 6 6 24 31 42 49 55 57 57 57 63 68 68 71

111

Feasibility Study and Cost Analysis IV. CONTEXT Region and Demographics Geographic and CHmate Setting Climate Site Topography and Soil Conditions Nueces County Beach Management Plan: 1996 Revision Wetland Considerations Activity and Spatial Analysis V. SUMMARY Graphic Proposal and Documentation BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

72 76 76 78 78 85 89 91 92 98 100 116 119

IV

ABSTRACT

Today, humans spend the majority of their lives indoors, and this has been shown to cause ill health effects in many, due to the poor design of our residential and business stmctures. By incorporating natural and healthy products and design ideas into our buildings we can begin to preserve and improve the health of the occupants, as well as the environment. My health care background, coupled with my lifelong interest and love for building and design, will hopefully ad a unique perspective to a growing interest and importance of the need to consider health in the design of our stmctures. In this study. Gulf Dunes is a proposed luxury residential community designed for the active adult. The development includes ten homes with common areas including a community clubhouse, fitness center and pool area. A research survey was conducted to determine which amenities would be most desirable to include in the development, which also helped to influence the design. The development is situated on the Gulf of Mexico south of Port Aransas, Texas, just across the bay from Corpus Christi. The beautiful North Padre Island location allows easy access to an abundant of year round activities in a natural environment (Figure 1).

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Southeast Gulf View, Anderson, Steven R 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chemical Chart, The New Natural House Book Radon Chart, http:www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html Breathing Wall Diagram, The New Natural House Book Swiss Chalet, Anderson, Steven R Glacier, Anderson, Steven R

5 8 12 20 21 23 25 26 27 38 40 42 49 51 53 63 64 76 81 82

7. Big Sand Lake, Anderson, Steven R 8. Hot Tub, The New Natural House Book

9. Bond Falls, Anderson, Steven R 10. Sun Zone Chart. The New Natural House Book 11. Light Chart, The New Natural House Book 12. Fall Foliage, Anderson, Steven R 13. Native Villagers, Anderson, Steven R 14. Sitting Diagram, The New Natural House Book 15. Lying Diagram. The New Natural House Book 16. Seaside Homes, Seaside 17- Seaside Community, Seaside 18. Map of Area, Pamphlet 19. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Dec-Feb, 1961-1980 20. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, June-Aug, 1961-1980

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21. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, March-May 1961-1980 22. Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Sept-Nov, 1961-1980 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Cross-section of Barrier Island, Real estate brochure Map of Tracts, Real estate brochure Topographic Map of Tract, Real estate brochure Beach/dune System, Real estate brochure, Feb. 9, 1995 Site Plan First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan Third Floor Plan Fourth Floor Plan Fifth Floor Plan West Elevation North Elevation East Elevation South Elevation Transverse Section AA Longitudinal Section BB Wall Section and Details Perspective View from Gulf Perspective View of Entry Living Room Perspective

83 84 85 86 88 90 101 102 102 103 104 105 106 106 106 107 107 107 108 109 109 110

Vll

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

Living Room Perspective Presentation Layout View from Gulf View of Southem Elevation Aerial View of Site Panoramic of Site

Ill 112 113 113 114 115

viu

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

The consideration of health aspects in the design of our homes and workplaces is of paramount importance. Research indicates that people spend approximately ninety percent of their time indoors.^ Indoor environments can pose more of a health risk than our outdoor environments, leading to asthma, allergies, headaches, cancer, dizziness, insomnia, immune system disorders, and multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome, to name a few. Indoor toxins include dust and dust mites, mold, mildew, radon, carbon dioxide, toxic chemicals, and volatile organic compounds, as well as others. The sources of these toxins include but are not limited to carpets, adhesives, basements, vinyl surfacing, vapor barriers, forced air heat and cooling, baseboard heat, foam insulation, paints and sealers, moisture problems, fiberglass insulation, and particle board cabinets and fumiture.

Theory To help combat many of these problems, there are several factors to consider when designing a healthy indoor environment, including air and water quality, light and color, ergonomics, and several others. Many of these factors not only affect the physical well being of the occupants, but the emotional and social well-being as well. While there are several fringe ideas, groups, and organizations, including the Gaia hypothesis, Feng Shui, Bau-Biologie, and the Green Movement, I am more of a conformist in my ideas. I

' http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/ed.fact/019Lhtml

choose not to emphasize radical ideas, but instead to discuss more common sense, mainstream solutions to the problems we face in the design of healthy stmctures. I believe in practical solutions to design problems, preferring a stmcture that looks natural and normal on Earth, instead of one that would look more at home on the moon. I am not an alarmist, believing that global warming will soon tum our shoreline cities into Atlantises. However, I do believe that a balance can be achieved, especially in the developed nations, to help preserve the natural environment, by using healthy sustainable materials whenever and wherever possible. Stmctures, by proper design, can be made more energy efficient without risking the health of the inhabitants, thus saving more money, while decreasing dependence on unsustainable, polluting energy sources. This approach to creating healthier environments will be less likely shunned by the public, and gradually over time become the standard. The push toward educating designers, architects, builders, trades people, politicians, and the public at large on the benefits of health in design will help to propel the overall acceptance. Not only will the quality of people's health improve, but millions, possibly billions in health care costs will be saved in the home and workplace. Time lost from work may decline resulting in even more savings, as well as increasing productivity at work, school, and home. The growing number of lawsuits related to sick building syndrome, including black mold allergies caused by leaks in buildings, may also decrease; thereby more monetary savings will be realized while protecting occupants' health.

In this study, the health and design factors researched included air and water, light and color, ergonomics and other health and design considerations. Problematic aspects of the factors are detailed, but solutions to the problems are also included. The air pollutants researched included formaldehyde, organochlorines, and other airbome pollutants, including those from commonly-used household products. Radon, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are all gases which contribute to air quality problems. Other dangerous particles discussed include asbestos, metals, and microorganisms. Water and its relation to health and healing, as well as its potential harmful pollutants, were also researched. The common pollutants in water and their adverse effects include chlorine, nitrates, metals, fluoride, and radon. Solutions to improving water quality, conservation and recycling were also covered. Light, including natural and artificial sources were also researched, as weU as ultraviolet radiation and its effects on the body. Outdoor living spaces and views, windows and skylights, window coverings, sun tubes verses skylights, room location, reflective interior surfaces, exterior design, HVAC systems and light, and artificial interior lighting were all researched factors. Color and its impact on health and emotional well being were also researched. Natural colors and textures were addressed. Ergonomics and other health and design considerations concluded the research. Fumishings, and home features including counter tops, shower areas, toilets, bathroom floor surfaces, and stairs were researched. Human sitting and lying positions and related

health consequences are also mentioned. The project site proposed in this study provided a natural setting for addressing health issues in relation to home and workplace stmctural designs (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Southeast Gulf View, Anderson, Steven R.

CHAPTER n HEALTH AND DESIGN FACTORS

This chapter presents information on health and design factors related to stmctural environments. These factors include: air, water, light, color, ergonomics and other considerations.

Air The Environmental Protection Agency says that indoor air is one of the top five environmental health risks of our time.'^ Since the energy crisis of the early nineteen seventies, buildings have been constmcted with energy efficiency as the main consideration. This airtight constmction has helped to conserve energy at the expense of the occupant's health and well-being. In the past, a typical building allowed an airflow exchange rate between the interior and exterior of about one exchange per hour, but modem constmction with energy conservation as the top priority has allowed the exchange rate to drop to about once every five or six hours. Ironically, while the quality of outdoor air has improved overall during the last century, the quality of indoor air has diminished. Pollutant levels indoors are two-to-five times, and on occasion one hundred times, more concentrated than outdoor levels, according to the Environmental Protection Agency."^ In the United States, the EPA has identified one thousand pollutants that occur

^ Michelle Conlin, "Is your office kilhng you?" Business Week. 5 June 2000, 118. ^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside PubUshing, 1998), 113. ^ Michelle Conlin, "Is your office killing you?" Business Week. 5 June 2000, 118.

indoors, sixty of which can cause cancer. In Massachusetts, a special commission has stated that it is probable that half of the illnesses in that state could be ascribed to exposure to indoor pollution.^ The World Health Organization estimates that thirty percent of all new and remodeled buildings suffer from poor indoor environments caused by noxious emissions, off gassing, and pathogens spawned from inadequate moisture protection and ventilation, resulting in sixty billion dollars annually in lost white collar productivity from sick building syndrome in the U.S. alone.^ It is estimated that up to twenty percent of the population may be adversely affected by indoor air quality resulting in sick building syndrome and asthma. Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), out gassing from building materials, fumiture, carpet, paint, and pesticides are all contributing factors to indoor air pollution. Carbon monoxide infiltration from outdoor air intake vents, radon, molds and bacteria are other major culprits. Volatile organic compounds release vapors at room temperature or below, by evaporation from volatile liquids and by off gassing from many synthetic solids and chemicals (Figure 2). If these vapors are allowed to accumulate in an unventilated room, toxic levels can be reached. Formaldehyde, organochlorines, and phenols are the most dangerous compounds and are in many indoor fumishings, household products, and building materials. The solutions to improving indoor air quality include eliminating toxic materials and air conditioning systems that contribute to poor air quality, and ventilating the spaces
^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996), 21. ^ http://www.arch.gatech.edu/crc/CIBW82Report.htm ^ Phillip G. Mead, AIA, "Habitat Asthma House" (Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University, College of Architecture, 2001), 2, photocopied.

to flush out foul air while bringing in fresh air. Filtering the contaminated air and
8

separating the rooms and devices that generate foul air are also encouraged.

(KKt

llic producticu rate of synthetic chemicals is of truly nu'esomc mcii^nitudc. t-roni the largely synthetic-free world of 1925 up to the 1960s, (growth has been phenomenal US production alone mcreasin^^ tenfold in each decade (see ri^ht). ITie oil end)ar^o of 1974 slowed the trend and world production fi<^ures have risen only slowly in the 1980s. Even so, by 1980, 4 million new chcmicxtls had been recorded, of which 60,000 u'ere in common use with around 1000 heiti<^ added to this every year

' 1 * 5 ^ fXX>

^ i ~ jOfifXK)

1925

1935

1945

1955

965

1975

1985

2(NH)

Figure 2: Chemical Chart, The New Natural House Book

Formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is used as a binder and preservative which releases toxic bad smelling vapors at room temperature, thereby polluting the air. Formaldehyde is used as a bonding agent and adhesive in timber and plastic products; a preservative in paper products; carpeting, fumishings; and a finish for clothing and bed linen. Urea-

Ibid.

formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) used prior to the mid nineteen seventies is especially hazardous, and has now been banned in some countries.^ Formaldehyde also is a potent mucous membrane irritant affecting the nose, throat, and skin. It may also cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, and breathing problems and is also a suspected carcinogen. It has been found to desensitize people to other chemicals, so they begin to react to smaller and smaller exposures, triggering chemical sensitivity.^ Long-term exposure to UFFI vapors can also cause depression. Plaster, cement, and plasterboard made from phosphogypsum all contain formaldehyde. Healthy alternatives would be to use natural gypsum plasterboard or lime plaster. Chipboard, fireboard, hardboard, particleboard, and plywood used in fumiture, shelving, floor decking and wall finishes all contain formaldehyde. These materials emit formaldehyde vapors, especially when the product is new, and in hot humid climates. The use of solid wood, like poplar, or low formaldehyde boards would be a healthier altemative, as would purchasing rattan, bamboo, or wicker. Another healthy alternative would be to purchase and use antique fumishings in the home, as all out-gassing occurred long ago. Fabrics and fibers made of synthetics like polypropylene and polyester used in carpeting, underlays, upholstery, bedding and clothes also contain formaldehyde. Insecticides, soft plastics, fiame-retardants, crease and stain repellants release formaldehyde vapors. Avoiding synthetic products, especially wall-to-wall carpeting and using natural untreated materials such as cotton, Hnen, and wool are healthier
^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 64. '" http://www.hhinst.com/Artfloor.html

altematives. Adhesives including glues and mastics used for wall and floor tiles, fumiture assembly, weather sealing, and wallpaper pastes are other materials containing formaldehyde. Toxic vapors are mainly a concem during the application and drying phases. An altemative solution would be to use traditional non-chemical glues, or waterbased acrylics with low solvent content. Organochlorines. Organochlorines are compounds of hydrocarbons and chlorine, which form the basis of many synthetic chemicals. Organochlorines are found in pesticides, cleaners, air fresheners, preservatives, and polishes, and are the most toxic and persistent of the VOCs, remaining active for twenty to thirty years. ^ ^ Other Airbome Pollutants. Polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) are known carcinogens; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a plastic that can off-gas into stored food; and chloroform and chloramines are toxic gases. Chloramines are released when household bleach and ammonia-based cleaners are mixed together. Other hazardous VOCs include ammonia, turpentine, and acetone in solvents, naphthalene in mothballs, and chlorine in bleach. ^^ Strong smelling vapors from VOCs are irritants to skin, eyes, and lungs, causing headaches, nausea, and damage to the central nervous system. Organochlorine vapors irritate the skin, can cause depression and headaches, and may cause liver and kidney damage. Chloramine is potentially deadly.
1^

Phenols or carbolic acids are found in disinfectants, resins, plastics, and tobacco smoke and are caustic contaminants. Phenolic synthetic resins are found in hard plastic.

" Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, AustraUa: Harper Collins Pubhshers, 1996), 50. '^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 67. '^ Ibid.

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paints, coatings, and varnish containing formaldehyde. Phenols are corrosive to the skin and damage the respiratory system.''^ Vinyl plastics used in floor and wall tiles, electrical equipment, imitation wood paneling, and wallpapers emit formaldehyde and vinyl chloride. Using natural altematives including cork, linoleum, mbber, and paper are healthier options. Commonly-Used Toxic Household Products. Oven and carpet cleaners, polishes, bleaches, disinfectants, detergents, air fresheners, dry cleaning, cosmetics, and personal hygiene products contain formaldehyde, phenols, vinyl chloride and other irritants and toxic substances. Use of natural waxes, polishes, herbal shampoos, and scenting a room with flowers or bowls of potpourri, pomanders, and fragrant essential oils are healthy altematives. Indoor plants, such as English Ivy, Boston fem, the date palm, and the peace lily help to filter formaldehyde and other VOCs from the air.^^ Before moving into new constmction, including remodeled spaces, it is recommended to "bake out" the building by tuming the heat on high and airing out the house for one month before habitation. If this is not possible, good ventilation and operable windows are a must.^^ It has also been shown that the use of hepafilters and ion generators help to filter VOCs. Radon. Gases, both naturally occurring and combustion, play a role in affecting the indoor air that we breathe. One of the major naturally occurring gases leading to ill health affects is radon. Radon is a colorless, odorless, and practically inert gas that is present in the ground of many areas of the country and can account for up to fifty percent

' Ibid. '^ Mead, Phillip, Lecture note, 30 January 2001. '^ Ibid.

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of the radiation received from natural sources (Figure 3). Previous studies have shown that Iowa has the highest average radon concentrations in the United States. Radon is a

serious contaminant, which infiltrates the home via dust, water, natural gas, and some building materials. There is no accurate way to predict if a house will have a radon problem, until it is actually tested. Testing is only done after the building is completed.

Figure 3: Radon Chart, http:www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html.

'^ http:/www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html '^ www.hhinst.com/Artgeneric.html

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Radon inhalation damages lung tissues and long-term exposure is linked with cancer, now thought to be the second biggest cause of lung cancer after smoking. Children's respiratory systems are still developing, and they have higher respiration rates than adults, causing them to inhale more contaminants than adults and this makes children more vulnerable to radon. ^^ It has been estimated that radon kills five thousand people every year in the United States alone.^^ Radon sources include many building materials such as certain bricks, cement and aggregate made from uranium or phosphate mine trailings or stone, particularly granite. Fortunately, most of the aggregate used in the United States contains little or no radon. For the most part, concrete in our country is
91

radon free, or nearly so.

Water and natural gas are also sources of radon, and the steam

from a shower in an enclosed bathroom can concentrate radon levels up to forty times that in other rooms. Keeping a home well ventilated, especially in basements and slab-on-grade homes, and sealing up cracks around pipe entrances are helpful. Using course gravel with a pipe ventilation system under the slab with a vapor barrier or sealing the concrete with Radonseal^^ are also options. The best way, next to not Hving in a radon prone area, would be to elevate the house on stilts. Local health and safety authorities should be contacted for information on radon concentrations in the area of the proposed site.

'^ http://helpfrom.nea.org/esp/resource/iaq.htm ^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996), 181. ^^ www.hhinst.com/Artconcrete.html ^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 117.

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Ozone. Ozone is another naturally-occurring poisonous gas. It is unstable and has a penetrating odor, however, it protects the earth from dangerous ultraviolet radiation. Ozone is generated by photocopiers, printers, fax machines, exposure of polluted air to UV radiation, and apphances with bmsh-type motors. ^^ Ozone is also created electronically in nature during active thunderstorms as the electrical discharge creates that positive sweet smell that we understand as clean, fresh air.^"^ Ozone decays rapidly into oxygen, but small amounts of exposure can be a serious irritant to the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract.^^ To lessen the threat of exposure, use less electrical equipment in the home, and keep it away from sleeping spaces. Carbon Monoxide. Of gases produced by hydrocarbon combustion, carbon monoxide is the most deadly. It is odorless, colorless, and poisonous, and is given off from the incomplete combustion of gas flames, wood, coal and tobacco smoke, as well as vehicle exhausts. Carbon monoxide reduces the absorption levels of oxygen to the brain causing headaches, dizziness, nausea, and loss of appetite. Carbon monoxide accounts for about fifty percent of all accidental poisoning deaths in the United States, disabling
96

another ten thousand. N0/N02_ Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are strong smelling toxic gases from incomplete combustion of gas flames via cooking and heating appliances. Nitrogen

^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Pubhshing, 1998), 67. ^^ http://www.pacm.com/pureair/ozone.htm ^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 67. ^^ Gary Gene Olp, AIA, NCARB, "A Natural Approach to lAQ," Environmental Architecture. 6.

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dioxide is the most toxic of the nitrogen oxides, having serious effects on the respiratory system.^^ Sulphur Dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is a pungent gas present in coal and wood smoke and emitted by paraffin (kerosene) heaters. Sulphur dioxide is largely responsible for urban smog and is the main factor in the development of acid rain. Sulphur dioxide
28

rarely occurs at dangerous levels, but it can exacerbate breathing difficulties.

It is

important to have all gas, oil, and coal heating and cooking systems well ventilated to the outside. Replacing existing systems with electrical or pilotless gas appliances is also an altemative. When building a home, one should locate the garage separate from the house to avoid combustible and other toxic materials. Other dangerous particles affecting the quality of our indoor environments are asbestos, metals, and microorganisms. Asbestos. Asbestos is a naturally occurring hazardous fiber mined from calcium magnesium silicate. In the past, asbestos was used as an insulation material, in asbestos-cement roofing, wallboards, water pipe insulation, boiler pipe packing, paint, and fireproof gloves.^^ Asbestos is now banned in many countries, but is still found in older buildings. Asbestos fibers are very small and cannot be seen with the naked eye and can be present in dust. Air bom asbestos fibers are a serious health risk and if inhaled over a long period of time asbestosis and cancer can result years later.

^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 67. " '' Ibid. ^^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996), 144.

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Metals. Metals including trace elements of lead are all threats to our health. Toxic levels of metals in the body have also been attributed to headaches and breathing troubles. They can enter the body through inhaled dust, water and food and accumulate to toxic levels. Lead is present in exhaust fumes, and is particularly harmful to children. According to the Center for Disease Control, between three to four million children under the age of six have lead levels in their bloodstream high enough to cause leaming disabilities, lowered intelligence, and behavioral problems. Lead and cadmium
31

can cause damage to brain and nerve tissues, and cadmium can also affect vision. Microorganisms. Microorganisms present in dust include disease-carrying bacteria and vimses, molds, fungi, spores, pollens, and dust mites. These microorganisms not only can spread infections and diseases, but also are the major cause of allergies and asthma. Poorly maintained air conditioning systems can house the organisms and can spread infections, thereby causing building related illnesses. In April of 2000, a Legionnaire's outbreak from bacteria blown out of the Melboume aquariums air conditioning system killed four people and infected ninety others.^^ Condensation in bathrooms and kitchens provide breeding grounds for molds and fungi with their spores drifting with the dust to cause musty smells, and can trigger allergic reactions, along with pollen, dust mites, and animal dander. Sensitivity to dust is often found to be the cause for respiratory problems such as asthma.

^ Gary Gene Olp, AIA, NCARB, " A Natural Approach to lAQ," Environmental Architecture:86. ^' Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 67. ^^ Michelle Conlin, "Is your office killing you?" Business Week. 5 June 2000, 118.

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Adverse Effects. Sources, and Solutions. As previously mentioned, asthma is a major health concem. Around 1900, asthma was considered rare, but it is now estimated that one in twenty now have the disease.^^ From 1980 to 1995, asthma cases doubled and seem to be a growing concem in industrialized nations. Forced air heating and cooling systems are a contributing factor to asthma and allergies. An altemative would be to install a floor radiant heating system, which doesn't move dust or harbor air contaminants, and it doesn't reduce the amount of negative ions in the air. For cooling, a wall unit air conditioner would be favored, as fresh air is used with an easy to replace filter and no ducting system is involved. The use of hepafilter purifiers and ion generators seem to be of benefit. Wall-to-wall carpeting in homes and offices is another major contributing factor to asthma and allergies. Not only do they release VOCs, but carpets also harbor dust, dust mites, molds, fungi, spores, smoke, and a variety of other irritants. Scientific studies have measured ten miUion microorganisms per square foot in carpeting, leading to its description as a "sea of microorganisms." When moving across carpeting, you can imagine a cloud of hving creatures being dismpted with each step. For an adult, this cloud will be several feet below nose level, but for children playing on carpeting the effect will be much more severe. A child allergic to mold or dust mites should never play on carpeting. Other children should avoid playing on carpeting in order not to be sensitized to these allergens.^"^

'' Ibid. ^ www.hhinst.com/Artfloor.html

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Cleaning carpets can actually aggravate and worsen the situation. Vacuuming stirs up the dust and redistributes it, while shampooing and steam cleaning introduce moisture which breeds more of what the cleaner is trying to eliminate. The use of hard smooth surface flooring, like hardwood, ceramic tile, and stained concrete that can be easily cleaned would help to improve the health of allergy and asthma sufferers. The addition of strategically placed area mgs that could be shaken out, beaten, and exposed to UV light to kill off dust mites could be used if areas of carpet are needed. Stachybotrvs. Humid and damp indoor conditions are breeding grounds for mold and fungal spores and dust mites. The areas most involved include poorly ventilated areas such as closets and shower areas. If one lives in a humid or tropical region, this is especially a problem, unless proper venting and window ventilation is incorporated. A major health concem of late is the presence of black mold in many stmctures throughout the country. Black mold, or stachybotrys, is potentially fatal and grows wherever water meets an organic building material like wood or paper, especially in poorly ventilated areas between walls. Again, this phenomenon has been propelled by the use of non-breathable materials and airtight constmction since the 1970s. The molds potential health effects range from cold and allergy-like symptoms to skin rashes, inflammation of the respiratory tract, bloody noses, fever, headaches, malaise, neurological problems, and suppression of the immune system. Recently in Lubbock, Texas, at least nineteen families had to move into a motel while their homes were being stripped of stachybotrys. One family discovered that their

18

recently purchased twenty-eight hundred square foot home was caked with black mold. The estimated cost to rid the home of stachybotrys was fifty-eight thousand dollars.^^ To rid a stmcture of black mold, the source of the moisture must first be eliminated, whether from a leaky pipe or roof. Then the mold must be removed by using a bleach solution, and all the damaged materials, sometimes including walls, ceilings, and carpets must be tom out and replaced.^^ Roofs constmcted with at least a three inch in twelve inch slope with an eighteen inch overhang are recommended over a flat roof, which will eventually leak. Gutters and downspouts are recommended with the downspouts emptying at least ten feet away from the stmcture. All buildings should be built on the highest point available on site.

^^ Blaney, Betsy, "Mold drives local families from homes," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. 16 May 2001, llA 36 Ibid.

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Roof Battens and counter battens Roofing felt Bitumen impregnated fibreboard 12.7nim (9/16 in) plasterboard Intetiocking clay pantiles 200mm (8 in) cellulose insulation Vapour control sheeting

25min (1 in) vertical timber board and batt cladding on battens and counterbattens Breather paper

12mm (1/2 in) bitumen impregnated 6breboard _ 200mm (8 in) cellulose insulation

3mm (] / 8 in) medium board sheathing 12.7mm (9/16 in) plasterboard

Figure 4: Breathing Wall Diagram, The New Natural House Book

A building's air quality and healthfulness is also dependent upon the building's ability to breathe (Figure 4), which helps the air exchange rate and decreases condensation. The use of natural materials such as wood, timber, stucco, plaster, and
20

adobe allow air and moisture to permeate or be transfusive. The use of natural and organic latex paints and finishes as opposed to non-breathable synthetic oil-based paints are preferred. Paper wallpaper and grasscloths are recommended over vinyl wallpapers to allow the air moisture exchange so that moisture does not build up between the inside and outside of the stmcture. By properly choosing materials that breathe, instead of lining a house with plastic nonbreathable materials, a stmcture can allow air and moisture to pass gradually through, so that a healthy air exchange can be maintained without losing energy efficiency. This is tme of the homes of the past, including this thousand year old Swiss chalet (Figure 5), when all-natural materials were used for construction.

Figure 5: Swiss Chalet, Anderson, Steven R.

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Outside air temperature and humidity, the prevailing winds, and the pollens and pollutants that they contain have an effect on our comfort and health. Ragweed pollen is most prevalent in August and September throughout the country. In the Southwest part of the United States, pollens from trees, including oak, mesquite, and cottonwood are worse from March through June. Bermuda grass pollens seem to be the most irritant from April through November. Pollen counts seem to be worse in the moming and on clear windy days. Humidity and moisture tend to lower pollen counts.^^ Throughout history, philosophers and enlightened individuals have had much to say about wind and air quality. Hippocrates felt that wind affected health and that different directions of wind had different qualities. He felt that cold north winds were hard on the throat and caused hardening of the bowels. He also felt that towns that faced the west were not healthy. But he concluded that the northeast wind was the best and cleanest wind. Four hundred years later, Vitmvious, a Roman architect, determined that wind passing over swampland was undesirable, and that alleyways and streets should not be parallel to the wind. Florence Nightingale felt that air quality within a hospital should be as good as the air outside of the hospital, thus using extensive window ventilation was encouraged. Even Frank Lloyd Wright liked to raise the living spaces in his designs to

get to the "good air." European architects and developers stress the need for fresh air in the design of their stmctures, and are ahead of America in this realm. Although initial building costs are higher, sometimes up to fifty percent higher than in the US, the payback comes in the
^^ Mead, Phillip, Lecture note, 24 April 2001. ^^ Mead, PhiUip, Lecture note, 16 January 2001.

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form of healthier more productive people. A recent Danish study showed that typists increased their output by six percent in offices with cleaner air."'^ It is not only what is in homes that can affect the air we breathe, but it is also the quality of the outside air that affects the occupants as well. By eliminating, ventilating, filtrating, and separating, and in choosing the building location, a major impact can be achieved in goveming the quality of the air that is breathed.

Figure 6: Glacier, Anderson, Steven R.

^^ William Echikson, "Why the air and light are so much better in Paris."Business Week. 5 June (2000), 124.

23

Water Like air, water also sustains us, and is fundamental for the existence of life on Earth. Water is seen as a purifier and as the ultimate solvent, with human bodies consisting of over two-thirds water. The Earth is mostiy covered with water, but of that, less than three percent is fresh and most of this is locked up in ice caps"^ (Figure 6). Fortunately, like air, much of the water is cleaner now than it was several decades ago. Humans can last only a few days without water, which is why many people over the centuries chose to settle near water. Many towns, cities, and great metropohtan areas are located near lakes, rivers, and oceans. Water is not only used for our own nourishment, but also for the nourishment of plants and animals. Water is also used for bathing and as an antiseptic. The sight and sound of water is relaxing and soothing and helps to lower stress and decrease blood pressure. I personally believe that to search out and be near bodies of water is not only desirable, but is also innate. This may help to explain why my parents, like many, have their homes on a river, lake (Figure 7), and the Gulf of Mexico. Although views of plants and nature have health benefits, some studies, including an Ulrich study on water and views in nature, show that residents of nursing homes are happier and heal better if they have views of water or pictures of water scenes hanging in their rooms. Lava lamps and aquariums incorporated into our intemal environments also have calming, therapeutic effects.

40

Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside PubUshing, 1998),

100.

24

Figure 7: Big Sand Lake, Anderson, Steven R.

Health and Healing. The health and healing benefits of water have always been highly valued, and hot and cold springs, with their unique mineral contents, have become a focus of spas and resorts around the world.'*' Many homes today are including pools, steam rooms, hot tubs, saunas, and Jacuzzis for their health and social benefits (Figure 8). Swimming, as well as walking, is one of the best exercises to help to maintain lifelong fitness, without overstressing the joints. Hot tubs and Jacuzzis help increase circulation and relax tight and stressed muscles. Steam rooms and saunas combine physical revival with mental relaxation by helping to open up the pores in our skin and by triggering our sweat glands to rid our bodies of excess toxins.

41

Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishino, 1998)

100.

25

Figure 8: Hot Tub, The New Natural House Book

Moving versus Still Water. Water has been used for centuries as a design element to create feelings of well being and harmony. The sight of a swimming pool or garden pond adds an aesthetic quality to an environment. While the water is calm, it can mirror the sky and nature surrounding it. While moving, such as in streams, waterfalls, and fountains, soothing stress reducing sounds result (Figure 9).

26

Figure 9: Bond Falls, Anderson, Steven R.

Effects of Water on Air in the Home. Water incorporated into the home environment helps to regulate humidity, increases the percentage of beneficial ions, and purifies and cools the air. This is especially important in dry arid regions, but less desirable in humid coastal areas. Water is also the most efficient heat transporter and store and is used in solar design and many forms of heating and cooling, including floor radiant heating. " Pollutants in Water. The water allowed into homes to be consumed is of primary health concern. Most substances like minerals, salts, trace metals, nutrients, bacteria and organic matter found at low concentrations in our drinking water are of little concern, and

^" Pearson. David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing. 1998), 100.

27

may be of health benefit. However, at higher concentrations some of these substances may be toxic. The Environmental Protection Agency has identified more than seven hundred regular pollutants in drinking water. Of these, twenty are known carcinogens."^^ Water supplies can be contaminated by industrial waste dumping and land fiUing, effluents and radioactive wastes, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, municipal toxic wastes and sewage, leaks from underground tanks and pipes, and household toxic wastes and leaking septic tanks all percolate into rivers, lakes, and groundwater supplies and degrade them. Common Pollutants in Water and Their Adverse Effects. Synthetic organic chemicals, nitrates, metals, fluoride, and radon are all common pollutants. Chlorine. Chlorine is a common synthetic, which is added to water as a disinfectant. Adverse health effects of chlorine include heart disease, arterial plaque, bladder, bowel, and stomach cancer, reduced absorption of vitamins C and E, and birth defects."*"^ Benzene and trichloroethylene are other suspected carcinogens found in water. Chlordane, a pesticide, a mutagen, and carcinogen can also be found in water supplies. Nitrates. Nitrates leach into rivers from chemical fertilizers. Nitrates are particularly dangerous to babies and infants, reducing the oxygen and the blood, and nitrates may also cause stomach cancer in adults 45

^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 104. ^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthv House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996), 209. ^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 104.

28

Metals. Metals including lead and aluminum are both found in water. Lead is usually found in old pipes and in the solder used in copper pipes. As mentioned previously, lead is particularly harmful to children, causing brain and nervous tissue damage. Aluminum is added to the water supply during the treatment process. It has been linked to cancer, and more recently to Alzheimer's disease. Cadmium, mercury, and copper are also becoming more of a problem in our water supplies. Fluoride. The use of fluoride was added to much of the world's water supplies to help prevent dental carries. But according to independent researchers Morton Walker and Kurt Donsbaki: "Many studies have shown that a level of about one part of fluoride per million parts of water (the concentration added to some of the drinking water) can cause a host of disorders including cancer, allergies, kidney and heart disease." Radon. Radon is a naturally occurring element found in some ground water, mainly from radon rich deep aquifers, tunnels and spas. It can irradiate the digestive system if exposed to in large doses by drinking. It is more hazardous when released into the air by being heated or by shower spray when inhaled. There are three primary ways to reduce the amount of contaminants in drinking water including activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and distillation. Activated Carbon Filtration. The most common method is by activated carbon or charcoal cartridge filter. These filters are relatively inexpensive but need to be changed on a regular basis as to avoid bacteria breeding in the system. These filtering

'*^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthv House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996), 209.

29

systems do not take up to much room and can be placed under the kitchen faucet cabinet, and/or installed at the source of the homes water. Reverse Osmosis. Reverse osmosis utihzes a three-tank filter system. The first filter removes dissolved soHds, the second filters pollutants, and the final carbon filter removes organic chemicals. These systems can be slower to use and can be expensive. Distillation. Distillation involves boiling water and condensing its vapor. It produces the highest purity of water, but it is the most expensive. Also the water is lacking in taste due to the lack of mineral content, some of which are beneficial. Conservation/Recycling. To maintain as much healthy water supply as possible, it is a good idea not to waste pure supplies. The addition of water saving devices to toilets, showers, and faucets are easy and cheap ways to save clean water. Purchasing a front-loading washing machine can save 25 to 35% of the water used in older machines, and can clean just as well. Installing a water meter to the home has shown to reduce water consumption by forty percent.^^ Meters are also good waming signals of a leak. Collected gray water from clothes washing, bathing, and similar tasks, or collected rainwater can be used to water landscape or for irrigation purposes."^^ Rainwater that is collected off of the roof can usually be suitable to wash the car, as well as for filling swimming pools and hot tubs. These ideas for conserving rainwater are not only beneficial for the environment as a whole, but also will lower water bills.

^'^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 109. ^^ www.arch.gatech.edu/crc/ClBW82

30

Light Natural light plays a significant role in maintaining health and well-being. Florence Nightingale felt that light was essential to both health and recovery of patients and that second only to their need for fresh air, was their need for Hght. She also felt that the cheerfulness of a room and the usefulness of light in treating disease are all important."^^ The presence of natural light helped to nurture and sustain health, while the absence of light or darkness was tied to sickness and ill health. It was found that rickets, osteoporosis, depression, eating disorders, dental caries, various types of cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses were in part caused by a lack of natural light. Phillip Hughes PhD., a specialist in neurological sciences, physiology and psychology claims that light is a nutrient and that it is essential to life and the whole endocrine system.^ By the end of the eighteenth century, many cities including New York were erecting skyscrapers built too close together, sacrificing natural light and air. It was New York City in 1919, that first adopted building codes which stipulated how tall and how spread apart buildings could be. This action helped to establish the codes by which all modem buildings and cities are constmcted today. Ultraviolet Radiation. There are three kinds of ultraviolet radiation found in natural light. Near UV (UV-A, 320-380nm) at the violet end of the spectmm is responsible for the tanning response in humans. Mid UV (UV-B, 290-320nm) activates the synthesis of vitamin D and the absorption of calcium and other minerals. Far UV
'^^ Nightingale, Florence, Notes on Nursing (New York, NY: Appleton and Co., 1860), 84 & 85. ^ http://www.sumeria.net/health/light.html

31

(UV-C, 100-290nm), which is mostiy filtered out by the earth's ozone layer, is germicidal, killing bacteria, vimses, and other infectious agents.^^ Many studies have shown the benefits of exposure to UV light. A study by John Ott, PhD, emphasized the importance of balanced high quality light on mice longevity. Under pink fluorescent Hght, the mice lived an average of 7.5 months, and they lived 8.2 months under cool white (standard office) fluorescents. However, under full spectmm fluorescents with balanced, trace ultraviolet, they lived 15.6 months, and under natural sunlight they hved 16.1 months, almost twice as long.^^ The Department of Education of Alberta, Canada, studied over a two-year period four different kinds of light in five schools. The study found that students under full spectmm light with trace ultraviolet learned faster, tested higher, grew faster, had one third fewer absences due to illness, and had two thirds fewer cavities than expected. A University of Illinois study on the effect of ultraviolet radiation on physical fitness was conducted over a ten week period. The experimental group's cardiovascular index improved 19.2 %, the motor fitness improved 15.4%, and the group had half the colds of the control group.^'^Other studies have shown that exposure to UV light lowers blood pressure, increases the efficiency of the heart, improves EKG readings and blood profiles of those with atherosclerosis, and reduces cholesterol. It has also been found that exposure to UV light assists in weight loss by stimulating the thyroid gland, which

^' Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 140. 52 http://www.lightforhealth.com/ '' Ibid. '' Ibid.

32

increases metabolism and thus bums more calories.^^ Exposure to UV light has also been proven to be an effective treatment for many diseases including psoriasis, tuberculosis, black lung disease, asthma, rickets, osteoporosis, depression, dental caries, some cancers, and many other diseases. UV hght exposure has also been shown to increase the level of sex hormones. In a study at Boston State Hospital, Dr. Abraham Myerson found that ultraviolet light increased male hormone levels by 120%. UV light also increases the level of female hormones. UV light also activates solitrol, an important skin hormone. Solitrol works in conjunction with the pineal hormone, melatonin, to control the body's responses to sunlight and darkness. Solitrol, beUeved to be a form of vitamin D3, works with melatonin antagonistically to generate changes in mood, circadian rhythms, and seasonal reproduction. Solitrol also influences many of the body's regulatory centers as well as the immune system. ^^ Improper, or lack of high quality full spectmm light, has also been shown to be responsible for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), Pre-Menstmal Syndrome, winter blahs, suicide, and many other conditions. SAD is a condition that has been observed since the early part of the twentieth century. During the winter months, affected individuals feel depressed, slow down, and generally oversleep, over eat, and crave carbohydrates. In spring and summer they are elated, active, energetic, and generally

Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 142. ^^ Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 143.

55

33

en

function well,

h has been shown through studies, that broad-spectmm light therapy

with wavelengths between 280-320nm allows the skin to produce vitamin D.^^ Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium from the diet. The skin makes vitamin D when exposed to the sun. Typically, fifteen minutes of sun per day is enough to produce adequate vitamin D. However, clothing and sunscreen prevent the skin from making vitamin D. People in northern climates may not get enough sun, and may have to add more vitamin D to their diet. Vitamin D can be found in oily fishes like tuna, salmon, and sardines, as well as in eggs, Hver, fmits, and dark green leafy vegetables.^^ A study of elderly veterans was conducted to determine if extra sunlight would increase their ability to absorb calcium from their diets. All of the men received approximately 200 lU per day of vitamin D in their diets. One group was exposed to full spectmm lighting, while the other group had ordinary indoor lighting with no UV. The group with no UV had a 25% decrease in calcium absorption, while the group receiving UV absorbed 40% more calcium from their diet.^^ Although exposure to sunlight and full spectmm UV light has many health advantages, it seems that recently only the negative effects of exposure are emphasized. It is suggested to not only limit sun exposure, but to cover up and wear sunscreens and sunglasses at all times when outdoors. Sun exposure can damage the eyes causing cataracts and macular degeneration. Skin can age prematurely, which may be tme, but
^^ Norman E Rosenthal, MD, David A Sack, MD, Constance J Carpenter, BS, Barbara L Parry, MD, Wallace B Mendelson, MD, and Thomas A Wehr, MD, "Antidepressant Effects of Light in Seasonal Affective Disorder," American Journal of Psvchiatrv 142:2 (February 1985): 163. ^^ http://www.biopsvchiatrv.com/dvit.htm ^^ http://www.helioshealth.com/osteoporosis/vitamin d.htm/ ^ Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 140.

34

that exposed skin is more susceptible to skin tumors and maUgnant melanomas may not be tme. A study by John Ott in conjunction with the research department of the Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia showed that the cells of the eye need low levels of ultraviolet radiation exposure to divide and remain healthy. The indoor lifestyle, coupled with the excessive use of sunglasses, may be blocking out the necessary UV radiation needed for normal cell division, thus resulting in certain degenerative eye diseases, such as macular degeneration.^^ In a study conducted at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England, and the University of Sydney's Melanoma Clinic, Sydney Hospital, Australia, researchers found that the incidence of malignant melanomas was considerably higher in office workers than in individuals who where regularly exposed to sunlight due to lifestyle or occupation. It was found that those who had the lowest risk of developing skin cancer were those whose main outdoor activity was sunbathing. Twice the risk of developing melanomas was found in office workers who had to work indoors all day under fluorescent lights. It was concluded that in both Australia and Great Britain that melanoma rates where high among professional and office workers and lower in people working outdoors.^^ It appears that a moderate amount of sun and UV exposure is beneficial overall. This fact should not be overlooked when designing homes and offices, considering the amount of time spent indoors.

^' Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 149. ^^ Liberman, J, Light: Medicine of the Future (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co., 1991), 151.

35

Outdoor Living Spaces and Views. The incorporation of outdoor patio and screened porch areas adds outdoor living spaces and encourages occupants to go outside. By increasing extemal window wall area and decreasing intemal rooms, an abundance of natural light can flood our indoor spaces. Also an important benefit of increased window area is the opportunity to have nice views, which can decrease the stress level of the occupants. Studies have shown that for hospital patients, poor views may slow recovery time and increase pain. Windows and Skylights. Avoid the use of tints on windows and skylights and design them so it is easy to keep them clean to help the transmission of light. The incorporation of bay windows and window seats, especially comer window seats, in the design can also add a natural light refuge area. Locating windows near the edge of a wall, floor, or ceiling tends to allow less glare and reflect more light on adjacent surfaces. Locating windows in the middle of the wall tends to cause more glare and contrast between light and dark surfaces, and can lead to eyestrain and headaches. Raising the height of windows is more effective than widening them because more sky area is gained.^ It is best to have natural light coming from several different directions in a room. Having windows on two sides of a room plus a skylight to the rear of a room would be desirable. Window Coverings. Window coverings should be kept to a minimum. If privacy is needed, various types of blinds including miniblinds, vertical bUnds, and honeycomb

^^ Ulrich, Roger S., "Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments," Journal of Environmental Psychology 11 (September 1991): 204. ^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Pubhshing, 1998), 133.

36

blinds are reconmiended, still letting in as much natural light as possible. Lightweight cotton valances can also be used on the bottom half of a window to allow privacy yet allow as much daylight and views as possible. Suntubes versus Skylights. Incorporation of natural light into inner rooms cannot only be achieved by the installation of skylights, but by sun tubes, which are flexible and easy to install. Although these tend to be more energy efficient, they don't let in as much natural light as skylights, and they tend to be more expensive. Room Location. It is important to consider the location of rooms when designing because of the importance of natural light (Figure 10). It is favored to have the bedrooms facing east to capture the moming sun, which helps the occupants wake up. Moming light is most effective in regulation of sleep pattems. The body needs a high amount of light along with a boost in body temperature in order to wake up. Locating the kitchen and breakfast areas to the east is also recommended for the same reason. North facing rooms have an advantage of having less glare, but also receive less natural light, unless skylights are added. North facing rooms are many times reserved for rooms where less awake time is spent, such as bathrooms, storage rooms, laundry rooms, and closets. The south and southwest sides of the home should be reserved for areas that most time is spent, such as living and family rooms. This arrangement will help to maximize the occupant's exposure to natural Hght.

37

Evening

Morning

To gain the most from natural light, site bedrooms facing toward sunrise, breakfast rooms to the early morning sun, and kitchens, living rooms, and smspaces anyiiAterein the sun zone. Store rooms can

take advantage of the no-sun zone. Jlie diagrams and cross-sections (top) give you an indication of the increased light penetration when you add a splayed reveal to a new or existing window.

Figure 10: Sun Zone Chart, The New Natural House Book

Reflective Interior Surfaces. Interior design choices can also influence the amount of light to which the occupants are exposed. The use of mirrors on interior walls helps to reflect light ushered in from exterior wall windows and skylights. Choosing smooth surface and shiny flooring material and wall coverings tends to reflect any natural light admitted to a room. Light colored interior decorations, fumishings, paints, and carpets help to reflect daylight off of interior surfaces. Exterior Design. Exterior design elements can affect the amount of natural light entering the home. The incorporation of light window wells to below ground living areas

38

helps natural light penetrate to those below ground Uving areas. Light colored paving and siding materials around windows helps to reflect light indoors. Keeping shmbs, trees, vines, and plants away from windows let in hght. To capture the maximum amount of winter sunUght, yet still have necessary shade from the heat of the summer sun, grow only deciduous trees, climbers, and bushes near windows on the sunny side of the stmcture. The addition of outdoor or indoor water areas like pools, fountains, ponds, or

reflecting pools help to reflect natural light indoors. HVAC Systems and Light. Many of these ideas help to increase natural indoor light, however they will need to be balanced with the heating and cooling needs of the climate. Although the goal is to maximize the amount of healthy natural daylight into any stmcture designed, there will always be a need to incorporate artificial lighting as well. Artificial Interior Lighting. There are three basic types of artificial lighting: general, task, and atmospheric. General hghting includes the basic overhead central ceiling light fixture, usually unattractive, but provides quick Hghting for short room stays. Task Hghting is needed where concentrated, near Hght is needed such as at a desk or near a chair or sofa where reading might be done. Task lights include spotiights, minispotHghts, and desk lights. Atmospheric lighting is usually accompHshed by using lowlevel Hghting, where the source or bulb is covered and concealed. The use of dimmer switches helps to control the level of light, and can be an energy saver. For best results, as in natural lighting, the Hght source should come from several locations and directions.

'' Ibid.

39

The use of several types of lighting, including down lighters, up lighters, or spot lighters for the best Hghting effects is suggested. Various types of artificial light produce different color spectmms of light, which needs to be considered. The lighting color can affect the color of walls, ceilings, and furnishings, and can affect and influence the mood and atmosphere w ithin the home.

ww^^
L*lcra\ \ i^ibic liu'ht i )jvh-hi

IiiLfindcitcni h i n p

Fluorescent m b c

V^A

:i*i*^
:

Full-s >CLtrL.ir

v,--;-

^^'-ffl|p

MH

tt
WOvi

U|p

I <iit^ tht spectral distribution of the colours of dayliihi cis the iwrni. yoii can sec liow different artificial lights compare Incandescent lamps ordinary lightbiilbs arc heavily weighted toward the red end ot the spectmm and liai'C little blue or tureen liiiht. Tliis is why these lamps ^ive a yellow cast. In fact, most d the electricity used produces infrared

heat rather than li'^it. Riioresceni li^hi is the rarrse it has more ultrai'iolct, blues, and i;recfL< and less yellows and reds, although "warm-white" tubes correct tht "coldness " of the lij^lit- niectnaty used produces mostly liglu and tubes are much cooler. Full-spectrum lamps more closely resemble the spectral balance of Ja)'liglil and Its ullranolel component.

Picture 11: Light Chart, The New Natural House Book

40

Characteristics of the Three Types of Artificial Light Sources. As noted in the accompanying chart (Figure 11), the fuU spectmm lamp most closely resembles the natural light of daylight. The incandescent lamp, ordinary light bulbs, is heavy in red light and has Httie blue or green Hght. These lamps give a yellow cast because of this, and most electricity used produces infrared heat rather than light. Fluorescent tube lighting is the reverse with more ultraviolet, blue, and greens with less oranges and reds. New warm white tubes can help to correct the coldness of the light and are becoming more popular. These tubes are more energy efficient than the incandescent bulb, because the electricity used produces mostly light instead of heat, and are therefore much cooler. Full spectmm lamps have the advantage in that they emit slightly higher levels of the UV than other types of artificial lighting. This can be beneficial to those who are indoors often and don't get to take advantage of outdoor natural light. Fluorescent lighting, even though energy efficient, has been reported to cause irritability, eyestrain, headaches, allergies, and hyperactivity. Ruorescent lighting can also dismpt the electromagnetic field within the home, and has been linked with increased incidence of melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and cataracts. One study of children showed a thirty two percent drop in hyperactivity when fluorescent lighting was removed from their schools.^^ If fluorescent lighting is needed, the use of full spectmm tubes is recommended.

^^ Baggs, Sydney and Joan, The Healthy House (Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996), 169.

41

Figure 12: Fall Foliage, Anderson, Steven R.

Color Color, along with light, can have a major impact on our health and emotional well being. Many cultures have used color as a healing agent for thousands of years. The Egyptians attributed certain colors to their gods and used the sun's rays for healing. The illnesses were diagnosed as being partly due to a color imbalance and were treated b\ bathing the patient in the deficient color. The drinking of water exposed to absorb a color from the sun's spectrum and the use of colored gemstones were also prescribed. Color

42

occupied an important role in the heaHng practices of China and India from early times 67 Some healers like to use the colored rays only, but some also like to keep the color around the patient in the food they eat, the clothes they wear, and the color of their surroundings.^^ Although not widely accepted, chromotherapy is sometimes used as an adjunct method to treat a wide variety of diseases by color. The rays of the sun contain seven different colors including violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red (Figure 12). These are natural colors which are highly beneficial to the maintenance of health and for healing diseases. According to practitioners of chromotherapy, the cause of disease can be traced to the lack of a particular color in the system and health can be restored by applying color to the body, similar to the ancient beHefs.^^ Today, color therapy is often used by designers to invoke a certain response or mood. Color therapy is based on the fact that physiologic functions respond to specific colors. This principle can be especially important when it comes to advertising, or trying to increase customer's appetite when in a restaurant. Market research has shown, as a general mle, that certain families of colors convey a certain image, atmosphere, or feeling to most people. Warm colors such as red, orange, and yellow are usually seen as active, dynamic, and youthful. They also can
70

denote extroversion, expressiveness, practicality, and vitality.

Cool colors like green,

blue, brown, and earth colors are seen as passive, static, and conservative. They also
^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), " 138. ^^ http://www.newage.com.au/librarv/Colourl .html ^^ http://www.peacefulmind.com/color therapy.htm ^ http://www.peacefulmind.com/color therpy.htm.

43

generally show more sensitivity, peacefulness, as weU as an inward and intuitive nature.'' High intensity colors are often associated with potency, strength, and masculinity, whereas low intensity or pastel colors are linked to soft, gentle, and feminine products.'^ Objects that absorb aU wavelengths and do not reflect any are black. Objects that reflect all wavelengths and reflect everything are white. Between black and white is color. Colors are wavelengths of energy that appear as color because of the potential of the object to either absorb or reflect the energy.'^ Red and Pink. Red is a powerful color that is associated with vitality and ambition. It can help overcome negative thoughts, but it is also associated with anger. Too much red may make us feel irritable, impatient, and uncomfortable.^"^ Red also stimulates brainwave activity, increases heart rate, respirations and blood pressure and can excite the sexual glands. Pink is emotionally soothing and calming, and gives a

feeling of gentle warmth and nurturing. It lessons feelings of irritation and aggression, surrounding us with a sense of love and protection. It also alleviates loneliness, despondency, over sensitivity, and vulnerability. While red relates more to sexuality, pink is associated with unselfish love. Pink also is used in diet therapy as an appetite
77

suppressor, relaxing muscles, and relieving tension.

Pink is also a color which has had

proven results. As part of a weight control program, at Johns Hopkins Medical

'' Ibid. ^^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 138. ^^ http://www.peacefulmind.com/color therpy.htm. ^''http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html ^^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm ^^ http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html ^^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm

44

University in Baltimore, patients were given a bubble gum pink color square, which has shown to suppress appetite and stress related snacking. This same color has reduced the violent tendencies of prisoners as well as having calmed excitable mental patients.'^ Orange and Yellow. Orange is considered a joyous color. It stimulates the mind and is a wonderful antidepressant and can lift spirits.'^ Orange is also a color of energy. It is used to increase immunity, to increase sexual potency, and to help in all digestive ailments, chest, and kidney diseases. Orange is not a good color for people who are easily agitated.^^ Yellow is a happy, bright, and uplifting color. It is associated with the intellectual side and the expression of thoughts. It aids the power of discernment and discrimination, memory and clear thinking, and decision-making and good judgment. It also helps good organization, assimilation of new ideas, and the ability to see different points of view. It
Q 1

builds self-confidence and encourages an optimistic attitude. relieves depression, and stimulates appetite.

Yellow also energizes and

Since yellow is supposed to improve

memory, one might try studying by writing notes on a yellow legal pad. Green and Turquoise. Green helps us connect with nature. We instinctively seek out green when we are under stress. It creates feeling of comfort, laziness, relaxation, and calm.^^ Green may also be good for general healing because it stimulates growth so

^^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm "^ http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html ^ ^" http://www.newage.com.au/librarv/Colour 1 .html ^' http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html ^^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm ^^ http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html

45

it may be good for helping heal broken bones, and re-growth of tissue of all kinds.^ And if total relaxation is desired at the end of a long day, one might soak in the tub in a bathroom painted green. Turquoise is an invigorating, cooling and calming color, and one that we associate with refreshing cool oceans. Like green, turquoise is good for mental strain, and tiredness, or feeling washed out. Turquoise is also helpful for feeHngs of loneliness, since it heightens communication, sensitivity, and creativity.^^ Blue. Blue is a cool, calming color and is associated with a higher part of the mind than yellow. It makes us feel calm and relaxed as if being soothed by the deep blue of the night sky. Light and soft blue makes us feel quiet and alleviates insomnia. Blue also inspires mental control, clarity and creativity. Midnight blue has a strong sedative effect on the mind.^^ Blue also lowers blood pressure and decreases respiration.
QQ

If

exposed to too much blue, one could feel cold, depressed and sad.

Studies have shown

that when dismptive children were placed in blue classrooms, their aggression subsided dramatically. Another interesting report stated that when officials in England switched the color of bridges in London from black to blue, the rate of suicide there decreased by fifty percent. Indigo, Violet, and Pumle. Indigo, violet, and purple have a deep affect to help calm and pacify patients suffering from a number of mental and nervous disorders. They are also very sedative colors, and can bring peace or combat shock or fear. These colors are associated with art and music, mystery, creativity, sensitivity, spirituality, and
^ http://www.newage.com.au/lihrarv/Colour 1 .html ^^ http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html ^^ Ibid. ^^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm " ^^ http://www.newage.com.au/lihrary/Colourl -html

46

QQ

compassion.

Magenta helps spirits soar when feeling despondent, angry or fmstrated.

It is a spiritual color associated with compassion, support and kindness. Magenta can be too relaxing, so might be avoided if chronically depressed.or introverted.^^ Black and White. White reflects all wavelengths and is the color of ultimate purity. It is a protective color bringing peace and comfort, helping to release emotions, thoughts, and spirit. Too much white, however, can be cold and isolating because white separates us from other people.^' White is also the best reliever of pain.^^ Black absorbs all wavelengths and is the color of comfort, protection, and mystery. It is associated with silence and the infinite. Black may also prevent us from growing and changing. Often cloaking in black tends to hide us from the world.^^ Black exudes self-confidence, power, and strength.^"^ Grey and Brown. Grey is associated with independence, self-reliance, and selfcontrol, and acts as a shield from outside influence. However, grey has a negative feeling: grey clouds, fog, and smoke. Grey is the color of evasion and non-commitment, since it is neither black or white. Brown is the color of the earth, bringing a sense of stability and alleviating insecurity. However, it also relates to bottling up emotion, a retreat from and a fear of the outside world, and also narrow-mindedness. This also results from a lack of self worth.^^
^^ http://colortherapy.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html ^ Ibid. '' Ibid. ^^ http://www.newage.com.au/library/Colourl .html ^^ http://colortherapy.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html ^'^ http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm ^^ http://colortherapv.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html ^ Ibid.

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Physiological Impact of Color. In the interior design of the home or office, the psychological impact and health qualities of color should be a consideration. Although the study of color is not an exact science, it seems as though color can be a powerful therapy. As a general decorating mle, warm colors seem to advance and tend to dominate the cool colors, which appear to recede. These attributes come in handy when wanting to modify the shape or proportions of rooms, for example, making the ceiling seem lower, or a long, narrow passage or room seem shorter. Light colors and tones tend to make a room look larger, while bold, dark tones have the opposite effect. Dark tones can make a small room feel oppressive, but make a large room more intimate. Warm colors can make a sunless room more cheerful, while cool colors can make a room exposed to a lot of sunlight seem more comfortable.^'' Keep in mind when choosing colors for a room that the room's natural daylight and how it changes during the day will have an effect on the room's color. Also the texture of the various components and fumishings in the room will cast different color shades as the natural light changes. Natural Colors and Textures. In a healthy home and work environment, it is best to leave the natural materials unfinished, to allow the natural colors and textures to be revealed. If finishing is desired, it is best to try to use natural wood stains, transparent color washes, and natural paints and dyes. Not only are natural finishes volatile organic chemical free, but they don't harm the environment in the process of production like traditional manufactured products.
97

Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998),

141.

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One of the best ways to incorporate color naturally into a room is b>' the addition of plants and flowers into a living space. Not only will they add beauty and textural interest, but most plants will help to purify the air and add that green relaxing quality to the indoor environment.

Ergonomics and Other Health and Design Considerations. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the amount of natural light u e recei\ e all have a major impact on our physical well being. However, an often overlooked aspect of our health is the physical surrounding to which we are subjected. These are things that we see, feel, touch, and use on a daily basis, including cabinetry, furnishings, bathroom fixtures, and other architectural features in our homes and offices. If our physical surroundings include an element of poor design, our health both physically and mentally can suffer. This section touches on other more specific and customized aspects of health and design. It was included in part due to the author's health care background and interest in designing overall healthy environments.

Figure 13: Native Villagers, Anderson, Steven R.

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Fumishings. Home and office fumishings are probably the most obvious offenders, and can have a major impact on our health and comfort. Westernized society has conformed to sitting on chairs, while much of Eastern society, including native pacific islanders (Figure 13), sit on the floor. By sitting cross legged or Indian style on the floor, the spine tends to stay straighter and breathing and circulation are more relaxed. It also keeps the body more flexible by incorporating additional sets of muscles into play. This contrasts with our Westemized tradition of sitting on poorly designed fumiture which encourages bad posture. Consequences of bad posture from sitting on poorly designed fumiture include back, neck, and shoulder pain and stiffness, headaches, and numbness and other radicular symptoms in the arms and legs, as well as circulatory and respiratory problems. These are problems that can be alieved or eliminated by proper fumiture design. Low level seating has been gaining in popularity in the West. Low tables and reading and writing desks with sloping worktops are used with firm cushions or low stools (Figure 14). The tilting seat of the chairs promotes good posture by maintaining the lordotic lumbar curvature, as well as not giving a backrest to slouch against.

50

^jnany of us sit badly and cause 'nxhes unnecessary fatif^ue and backache. I^d of slouciiin^ in the "banana" posi'^{beloti'), sit on a firm chair that ports the lower back (below centre), or ^il posture back chair (ri^ht). With a ^tation table and stool (below ri^^ht) you f-pur legs and feet on a soft mat.

iiiBoirrcct sitting position

Correct sitting position

Mediation stool and table

Figure 14: Sitting Diagram, The New Natural House Book

While sitting in all fumiture, the body should be free of tension, with good support for the lumbar spine, or low back. The seat should be firm and wide enough to support the back of the thighs without digging into the knees, and high enough to allow the feet to rest lightly on the floor. When relaxing, an angle of more than ninety degrees between the hips and the lumbar region of the spine is usually the most comfortable. The chair or sofa back should support the whole length of the spine as well as the head. Filling the voided lumbar area with pillows or blankets resembling a reclined posture can prevent slouching in a chair or sofa. The height of the seat is important. If the seat is too high, the feet are dangling and extra pressure is put on the posterior thigh region. If the seat is too low, one is forced

51

to cross the legs, which can add tension to the whole body. Overall, sitting is one of the worst positions for a person with severe low back pain. Lying down or reclining would be more comfortable. A chair designed for office use should support the small of the low back. The height of the seat and backrest should be adjustable, the seat should swivel, and the base should be stable and have castors for movement. A footrest can also help to Hft the thighs to a more comfortable position.^^ Preventing CTDs and RSIs. The average person working at a keyboard can perform fifty to two hundred thousand keystrokes a day. These small repetitive movements can disturb the delicate balance of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the hand and cause cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), also known as repetitive strain injuries (RSIs). The use of proper keyboard and pointing device techniques, rest breaks, and properly set up workstations can significantly reduce the risk of an ovemse injury.^^ Lying/Sleeping. Next to sitting, sleeping or lying down in bed is how we spend approximately one third of our lives. The importance of a proper mattress that encourages proper sleeping posture cannot be overlooked when it comes to something as important as sleep. Choose a mattress and base that provide the right support, not too soft, and not too hard. Generally, the heavier the person, the firmer the support should be, and couples may prefer separate mattresses on the same base. If a person is a side sleeper, the key is to try to maintain and support the spine so that it is parallel to the mattress, or horizontal. If the mattress is too soft, the spine wiH tend to sag; if it's too

'* Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 204. http://ergonomics.ucla.edU/Ergowebv2.0/articles/rsianatomy.htm

52

hard, the spine wiU tend to bow up putting pressure on the downside shoulder and hip. The head also needs proper support with a piUow to keep it aligned with the rest of the spine and to prevent stress and pinching of the neck and shoulder. If a person sleeps on his or her back, the key is to maintain the natural curves of the spine parallel to the mattress. If the mattress is too soft, the spine will sag and the neck will flex forward upon the chest affecting respiration. If the mattress is too hard, the spine will flatten out and leave an unsupported gap between the lumbar spine and the mattress (Figure 15).

^ h e wrong bed Ifil is difficult to roll from side to side, the Mattress is too soft and not ,(,'<f t(,' enou<;lt support; old beds are & likely to he weak. 'I he spine will then curve downward as Sf-JH a liammock (above), whether you sleep flat or on the side. m hoard under the mattress may help. If you can slide a hand ^s$i\y under the small of your back when lying flat, the mattress is too hard. Tlie spine will then he too straight and will curve upward when you lie on your side. Tliis type of bed causes discomfort in the hip and shoulder joutts and strains die natural of the spine, leading to back problems in later life.

The right bed 'litis supports the spine udiilc allowing the hips and shoulders to he comfortably in their natural curvature. The spine should form a shallow S-shapc when you lie fat, and a straight horizontal line when you lie on your side (above). Ilie position of die neck and shoulders is al.<o extremely important: the cervical spine should be straight when you Itc on your side, curved gently upward when on your back. Use a pillow, neither thin nor bulky, that supports the nape of the neck and correctly aligns the head. If you have neck strain, try an anatomical pillow, a ncckroll, or butterfly pillow.

Figure 15: Lying Diagram, The New Natural House Book

A good night's sleep not only depends on the quality of the bed, but also on the peacefulness of the atmosphere. In design one should consider placement of the bedrooms in the most remote area of the home, preferably toward the back away from the busy street. Also of more recent concem is the possible link between electromagnetic

53

radiation and the incidence of leukemia and cancer. The bedroom is a potential source of this radiation from electric wiring, alarm clocks, radios, and power sockets. If possible, design the room so that the bed is as far away from these potential hazards as possible, including high voltage extemal and main incoming cables.'^ Counter Tops. Many of the kitchen and bathroom counter tops in our homes are not at the proper working height for the occupants. If possible, custom design separate vanities in the master bathroom to accommodate the height of the individual user. In the kitchen, the primary cook should have the height of the counter tops custom designed for him or her. Improper height of counter tops, like improperly designed fumiture, can stress the spine and lead to ill health. Shower Areas. In addition to the height of vanity counter tops, bathrooms have other health and design issues to consider. Access to the shower areas should be unencumbered by a ledge or a lip, to avoid tripping and to allow free access of a wheelchair if one day needed. Toilets. The choice of the height of the water closet has health implications. The high handicap toilets are much easier for those with arthritis and other handicaps to get on and off. But these high toilets create an unnatural position of which to defecate, that can lead to constipation and hemorrhoids. The lower standard toilets also put less stress on the posterior thigh, thereby lessening the chance for varicose veining in the lower extremity. The more natural squatting position to a hole in the ground of many cultures past and present is a healthier altemative.
' ^ Pearson, David, The New Natural House Book (New York, NY: Fireside Publishing, 1998), 217.

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Bathroom Floor Surfaces. The bath floor surface, like in the kitchen, needs to be a non-slippery surface due to the presence of water in these areas. Since much of the time in the bath and kitchen is spent standing, it is important that the floor surface have some cushioning to prevent fatigue and stress in the feet, legs, knees, hips, and low back. Rubberized mats that can be easily cleaned are excellent choices for these areas. Sunken Hving rooms and other areas of living level change can present areas of danger in the home. In most cases, sunken living rooms pose an increased liability for the homeowner, in addition to being more costiy to build. Although sunken living areas help to separate living spaces and are thought to add drama, there are other more practical ways to go about achieving the desired effect. Stairs. If well marked and well lit, stairways with handrails on both sides are less of a hazard than many areas of the home. If the stair design is a seven inch rise and an eleven inch mn, most people will be accustomed to this and less likely to fall or trip. Walking up and down stairs, instead of using an elevator, also has the added benefit of cardiovascular and aerobic exercise. The incorporation of a home gym or exercise room into the home will also be a healthy adjunct to the stair walking.

Conclusion As Americans, we are fortunate to have the freedom to choose where and how we Hve. Choosing the country, the state, the climate, and the city or town in which we live has an impact on the quality of our lives and the lives of our famiHes. Our physical environmental exposure can have a dramatic impact, not only on our physical well being but our social well being as well. What we see and are exposed to every day where we

55

live and work can have a dramatic impact on us physically and socially. We can choose to live in a natural mral environment where the air and water is purer, the sights are more serene, the sounds are more subdued, and the smells are sweeter. Or we can choose to live in a more polluted urban environment cluttered with electrical and magnetic fields, over stimulated with colors, lights, sights, and sounds, and air and water that may not be up to par. Fortunately, no matter where we live, we can design a stmcture that is not only pleasing to the eye, but one that will be beneficial to the health of the occupants, and the environment. It has been said that the home is our largest investment, but it should be our safety and health.

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CHAPTER m FACILITY

This chapter presents the description of the proposed residential community, case studies, material studies, zoning and deed restrictions, sign regulations and landscape ordinances. A feasibility study/cost analysis is provided.

Facility Description Gulf Dunes residential community wiH incorporate many health aspects in the design of its homes and community clubhouse. Preserving the grounds to maintain a natural environment will be an emphasis in the design. Where practical, the building materials used in this project will be natural and sustainable. The use of natural materials will allow the stmctures to breathe, thereby affording the occupants a healthier intemal environment. The extemal goal will be to blend and harmonize the stmctures with the natural surroundings. Air, water, light, color, ergonomics and other health considerations will be major factors in the design of the facility.

Case Study #1: Sea Ranch The Sea Ranch is a 5000-acre development on the Califomia coast 90 miles north of San Francisco Bay. The development began the first phase of constmction in 1966, bordered by a 10-mile long jagged coastiine on the west and Highway 1 to the east. Sea Ranch is a master plan community designed to enjoy the quiet open character of the

57

Pacific and its natural shoreline. The community consists of a 10-unit condominium complex, traditional single-family home sites, and two recreation centers. Observations: -Community roads on forested hillside designed to minimize visual intmsion. -Lots situated for views and private vantages. -Plantings included Cypress hedgerows for windbreaks at right angles to the ocean and natural grasslands. -Houses were tucked up to the hedgerows for climatic protection in the cool and windy environment and to utilize the dominant tree lines to organize the diverse forms and taste in building. -Restrictions prevented jarring colors and reflective finishes. -Climatic factors included sun wind and exposed topography. The wind is constant from the NW over cold ocean water creating a cool climate with summer fogs and lots of shade, with sun a welcomed sight. -Overhangs were not desired, they created wind shadows. -6 houses were clustered on the windward edge of a hedgerow. These houses had shed roofs sloped to pitch wind over the warmer south facing courtyards. -Garden walls linked the houses together to keep the courtyards warmer. -Southem exposure highly desirable. -Arrangement of units should act as windbreaks. -Road screened by trees or walls where unit privacy affected.

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Building criteria: -Interior spaces open for a more spacious feel -A dark fireplace center. -An open solarium/porch that can be closed off from the weather. -SimpHfied kitchen/ bath combination. -Sleeping areas throughout living space -Light openings placed for view effects and to create a feel for larger space. -Large dead storage areas placed in carports to avoid reducing already small unit square footage. General recommendations: -Units sited to reinforce natural landforms and scale. -Cars grouped in courts to simplify road stmcture and to maintain a workable unit adjacent to the ground, and be a positive unifying feature of the clusters. -Units working together to make a large-scale composition. -Materials used rough and simple, even in kitchens and baths -Units wiU have large bulk architecturally on site and are not to be hidden or made to merge with the land. Condominium criteria: -Challenge to preserve the character of the landscape while housing more people in less space than single-family housing. -24' cubes

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-Numerous skylights with glass bays, terraces, decks, and walled gardens enclosed to protect against the wind. -Each unit varied, with its own personality but linked to whole. -Heavy timber frame constmction with rough sawn exposed -10"x 10" columns -4"x 10" girts -4"x4" cross-braced -Interior rough sawn vertical boards -Exterior vertical redwood boards -Interior fumishings painted bright colors -Loft sleeping divided into 2 bedrooms -Cars in walled compound under simple sheds First recreation center criteria: -Small swimming pool -Tennis court -Keep design from intermpting sweep of landscape -Keep small and inexpensive -Shield the pool and the court from the brisk and strong north wind -Create warm feeling to make the pool and court inviting by reshaping the land into wind-free pockets. -On the north side of the pool a two-story redwood wall was constmcted with buttresses to act as a wind dam.

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-Spaces between buttresses were enclosed and covered with redwood shingles or translucent plastic roofs to form locker rooms, showers, saunas, and storage. -Seedling pines were planted in natural grasses to screen the center from the road. Second recreation center criteria (built in 1968): -Built adjacent to the stable bam to shield the wind from the pool. -More complex than the first center -South side of the pool provided wind shelter for the courts. -3 central towers -1 for men's sunbathing -1 for ladies outdoor sauna and slide -1 standing element marking the pool and terminating the vista of the sunken walkway to the beach. -Saunas provided for men, women, and family -Tennis courts dug into the land with berms for wind protection -Wooden reef for sunbathing adjacent to pool -Tower for mechanical storage and a water slide for children -Pool island divides 25-meter Olympic area from less serious swimmers Two single-family homes were constmcted by the development, each having its own personality. One house is tumed outward to take in the forest and long vistas. The second house tums in around a sky lit platform to create a floating greenhouse. The

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interior walls are of native resawn fir and the floors are a dark tile. The siding and roofing materials of these and other homes in the development are mostly wood shingle, with some of the roofs being sod covered. This idea intermingled the man-made and natural landscapes. The condominium complex was developed first, and then individual lots were sold for the single-family homes. The well-organized and successful campaign to sell the lots led to a need for more recreational facilities; therefore the second recreation center was built, along with horseback riding, and a swimming area down by the river. MLTW/Moore, Lyndon, Tumbull and Whitaker Architects The Sea Ranch, Califomia. 1966 Text by WilHam TumbuU; Jr. Futagawa, Yukio, Global Architecture (Tokyo: Edita Co. Ltd., 1981).

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Case Study #2: Seaside

Figure 16: Seaside Homes. Seaside

Seaside is a planned community located in the Florida panhandle Gulf coast, located halfway between Panama City and Ft. Walton Beach. The 80-acre beachfront site development broke ground in 1980. The residential architecture of the community is Southem vernacular, including picket fences, galvanized metal roofs, wx^oden clapboard, board-and-batten, or shingle exteriors (Figure 16). Screen porches with large overhangs and vertical window patterns with real operable window shutters w ere also to be used. Anyone could be hired to design and build a house, as long as adherence to the strict code w as achieved.

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The environment was planned and designed to draw people out of their homes to create a neighborly atmosphere. The porches tend to draw people out, and the town center was within walking distance from every home. Safe streets with large boulevards, with comfortably scaled buildings, native landscapes, and walking paths all are special features of Seaside. The community features a pool pavilion, town square, post office, amphitheater, workshop district, art colony, restaurants, shops, offices, and residential apartments (Figure 17). Gazebos are also located at the end of blocks and beach pavilions also add to the neighborly atmosphere. Seaside has been honored with several awards and has drawn buyers from all over the world. Seaside is known as a new town with old ways. It is considered a holiday town with no factories or industry. Cars stay parked and the residences and guests stroll, while all age groups mix freely, adding to the charm and popularity of Seaside.

^ri-*i'''

. i >. ;-. s V-**' ^

Figure 17: Seaside Community, Seaside

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Code criteria and home features: -Houses had to be low and freestanding -Wood frame constmction -Exposed rafters, no soffits permitted -Deep front porches oriented toward prevaiHng warm weather breezes and gentle roof pitches with deep overhangs. May also have back and side porches. -Cottages to be built off the ground to allow air circulation. -Naturally ventilated with passive solar -Painted in pastel colors with contrasting trim -Windows square or vertical -Shutters real and operable -Landscaping sand and native scmb, not grass -Each house has its own picket fence, which may not be duplicated on the same street. -Towers on homes add to the skyline and afford views for land locked homes. -Roofs with an 8/12 pitch with deep overhangs for ventilation and sun protection and for ease of waterproofing and looks. -Facias may not completely cover rafter tails. -Roof cladding materials must be either wood shake, metal shingle, cormgated sheet metal, v-crimp sheet metal, or standing seam metal sheet. -Metal roofs may not be painted

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-Flat roofs only allowed when accessible from an adjacent enclosed space. -Shake shingles did not age as well near the beach, so most homeowners selected the use of tin roofs. -Windows vertical with stmcturing bars. Casement, awning, or double hung. -Individual windows and porch openings must be square in vertical proportion not less than 1:1.5- constmcted of wood or wood with metal or plastic cladding. -Only tme divided lights permitted, no snap-in types. Material considerations: -AU wood exposed to weather must be cedar, redwood, cypress, or pressure treated pine. Non-treated pine can be used only when properly finished to prevent moisture rot. -Chimneys must be made of masonry, brick, or sheet metal. Other considerations: -Footpaths throughout Seaside are to be dirt and sand for pedestrian traffic. -No lawns except at the town center, eHminating the need for fertilizers, excess water usage, and maintenance. -Native landscapes with oaks, magnolias, wax myrtle, yaupons, local vines and flowers, and coco palms are aU encouraged along with the planting of gardens. -Pampas grass, beach sunflowers, pentas, pittospomm, verbena, and sumac are other native plantings.

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Seaside code defined 8 specific building types with space requirements: -Type 1- Large central square area with retail on the ground and residential above. -Type 2- Small pedestrian square with office use, some provision for apartments and retail, up to 4 stories. -Type 3- 2 uses determined by lot size and location. Warehouses, storage, workshops, and small shops. -Type 4- Large lots with large freestanding buildings with substantial outbuildings at the rear. Includes private houses, small apartment buildings, or bed and breakfast inns. -Type 5- Large lots that contain several buildings, planned as coherent groupings. -Type 6- Suburban section of Seaside. N-S streets with views of the sea, freestanding houses and small outbuildings at rear for guesthouses and rental units are encouraged. -Type 7- No view of sea, lots smaU and less expensive, 0 setback on one of side yards. -Type 8- Gateway or focal points in town, permit greater height and freedom of placement on lot and greater variety allowed within residential districts.

Brooke, Steven, Seaside (Louisiana: Pelican Pubhshing Co., 1995). Mahony, David and EasterHng, Keller, Seaside: Making a town in America (Princeton: Architectural Press, 1991).

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Material Studies: Roofing and Siding In the consideration of roofing and siding materials to be used in a Texas Gulf coast residential development, the climate is the primary consideration. Being near Corpus Christi, Texas, the proposed beachfront development is in a humid subtropical region. Hot, humid, and salty breezes are common, with a potential for annual hurricanes an important concem. Rarely does the temperature fall below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, so freezing and thawing is not a factor in choosing the best-suited materials.^' The roofing and siding materials chosen for this project need to withstand constant heat and humidity, salt corrosion, sun, and hurricane force winds. Combining practicality with durabiHty and appearance, a white-coated aluminum/galvanized metal, a built up clay/concrete tile, or slate roof with an 8/12 pitch good choices for the projects roofing material. The best suited siding and extemal wall material choice includes the use of wood and wood shingles, in part due to its breathability, and its ability to absorb wind movements. The research materials substantiated my conclusion along with the professional opinions of Ron Mathis of Acme Brick and Mike Carrizales of Spec Building Materials Corporation.

Zoning and Deed Restrictions The proposed Gulf Dunes development lies within the Corpus Christi Extra Territorial Jurisdiction, but outside of both Corpus Christi and Port Aransas city limits. The property is located on Mustang Island, in Section 2, a subdivision of Nueces County,

'' Smart, Steve, Interview; National Weather Service, Corpus Christi, TX, February 23. 2001.

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Texas. The protective covenants and deed restrictions were created for the purpose of carrying out a uniform plan for improvement of the unique environmental and ecological setting. A planning and architectural control committee consisting of three members, including an officer of the landowner, a registered professional engineer, and a registered professional architect is set up to oversee, approve, and enforce the controls of the project. No building or improvement of any nature, including the moving of sand, can be performed without the approval of two of the three committee members. The specific mles of the planning and architectural control committee are spelled out in section 2 of the State of Texas, County of Nueces Deed Records, Vol.1437, pp.868-869. The general land use of the property must also conform to the general permitted use criteria as set forth in the Corpus Christi Zoning Ordinance. The zoning ordinances were established with the comprehensive plan for promoting the health, safety, morals, and general welfare for the city of Corpus Christi. They were designed to lessen congestion in the streets; to secure safety from fire, panic or other dangers; to provide adequate light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue crowding of populations; to facilitate the adequate provision of transportation, water, sewerage, schools, parks, and other public requirements. They have been made with the reasonable consideration, among other things, given to the character of the district and its peculiar suitability for particular uses, and with a view to conserving the value of buildings and

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land encouraging the most appropriate use of land and buildings throughout the city of Corpus Christi, Texas.^^ The general land use ordinance specific for this property states that no portion of the property shall be used for parking, storing, or selling of mobile homes, house trailers, or any movable unit similar to a mobile home or house trailer, or for using same as a residence, business, storage facility, or for any other use of any nature whatsoever. The zoning ordinance will govem other general design criteria such as the applicable height, bulk, location, parking and other regulations. Other mles include constmcting underground utilities, and permitting no outdoor toilets. All buildings must be of new constmction using all new materials. The activities permitted on the subject property are also spelled out. No nuisance activity is to be carried out on the property. No temporary stmcture can be used as a residence, dwelling, or place of business. No dumping or collecting of mbbish or trash can occur on the property. Also the use of the property as a junkyard or storage area for vehicles or any other type of equipment or material is prohibited. The emission of noxious or offensive odors, dust, or particulate matter, the emission of offensive or disturbing sounds or noises, and the discharging of polluting liquids, gases, or solids is also prohibited. The improvements constmcted must be of design and quality to withstand wind loads of forty pounds per square foot, so as not to cause undue hazard to neighboring stmctures. No building, seawall, stmcture, fence or improvement of any nature

'^ Corpus Christi Zoning Ordinance, no. 6106, 18* Ed, Aug. 1999, 1.

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whatsoever may be constmcted seaward from the vegetation line. No seawall, building or any other permanent stmcture or improvement intended for human habitation can be constmcted within fifty feet of the vegetation line, or building line. Other specifics can be found in the deed records, vol.1437, pp.869-871.

Sign Regulations and Landscape Ordinance The Corpus Christi Zoning Ordinance specifies sign regulations and landscape requirements for the development property. The proposed project is classified as "R-A'" one-family dwelling under article 4C. The signage permitted is to be temporary nonilluminated of not more than four square feet pertaining to the lease, hire or sale of a building or premises on which such sign is located. Additional signage is permitted on the entrance to the property since it is located on a primary highway. The standards are spelled out under the Highway Beautification Ordinance, no. 21973. Landscape requirements were established by the Corpus Christi City Council. The council declared that a goal for the city was to provide an optimal quality of Hfe for all citizens of Corpus Christi by improving the appearance of the city through increased public and private landscaping, reducing city Htter, and encouraging efficient water conservation techniques and practices in the appHcation of these requirements. The minimum required landscaped area is thirty percent of the total street yard for the development property. Additional landscape requirements are noted under article 27B of the Corpus Christi Zoning Ordinance.

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FeasibiHtv Study and Cost Analysis Costs: Land $300,000

Site Development Engineering $15,000 Sewer and Water $20,000 Lift Station $100,000 Roads and Parking $70,000 Platting and Zoning $20,000 $225,000 Typical Residence with Two-Car Garage Square feet per unit: Approx. 2500 Cost per square foot: $111.95 Cost per unit: $245,939 Cost for 12 units: $2,951,274 Clubhouse with pool and hot tub Square feet: Approx. 2800 Cost per square foot: $96.90 Cost: $355,319 Dune Walkover with Observation Deck-Cedar Square feet: Approx. 1000 Cost per square foot: $20 Cost: $20,000 Gazebo-Cedar Square feet: Approx. 100 Cost per square foot: $30 Cost: $30,000 Total Cost:$3,854,593 Square foot residence and clubhouse data based on RS Means 2001

Income: Gulf Front Residences: 6 units Cost per unit: $245,939

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Cost per lot: $150,000 Total Retail Cost: $395,939 6 Units @ $395,939=$2,375,637 Gulf and Pond View Residences: 6 units Cost per unit:$ 245,939 Cost per lot: $75.000 Total Retail cost: $320,939 6 Units @ $320,939=$1,925,637 Monthly Residence Fees: $200 per month, beginning at move-in $500 per month after completion of clubhouse (After 12'*^ residence completed)

Initially one spec/model home will be built on a Gulf front lot. Based on a similar development in the area, Beachwalk 1 and 2, it is estimated that one unit will sell per month. It is estimated that the first unit will take one year to complete, with one unit selling per month after that. The final 12* unit is estimated to be completed 3 years after the groundbreaking of the first unit. The clubhouse will then be constmcted at completion of the 12* unit. It is assumed the Gulf front units will sell first. Insurance and taxes will be covered by the monthly fees and are considered to be a wash in the feasibility study. InitiaUy borrowed $790,939 at 7% for 30 years Land cost $300,000 Site development $225,000 Spec house $245,939 Dune walkover $20,000 $790,939

1'* unit (spec) completed 2"'' unit sold one month later 3''^ unit sold one month later 4* unit sold one month later

sold for $395,939 $395,939 $395,939 $395,939

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5* unit sold one month later 6* unit sold one month later 7* unit sold one month later 8* unit sold one month later 9* unit sold one month later 10* unit sold one month later 11* unit sold one month later 12* unit sold one month later

$395,939 $395,939 $320,939 $320,939 $320,939 $320,939 $320,939 $320,939

Profit Estimate: $5262 per month 1^ year expense Then sell Spec at 12* month for $395,939 $63,145

$2627 expense for 13* month for balance of $395,000 at 7% interest Then seU 2""^ house for $150,000 profit including lot $395,000-$150,000=$245,000 at 7% $1629 expense for 14* month for balance of $245,000 at 7% interest Then sell 3^^ house for $150,000 profit including lot ^^ $245,000-$150,000=$95,000 at 7% $632 expense for 15* month for balance of $95,000 at 7% interest Then sell 4* house for $150,000 profit including lot $95,000-$150,000=$55,000 profit Then seU 5* house at 16* month for $150,000 profit including lot $55,000-h$150,000=$205,000 profit Then sell 6* house at 17* month for $150,000 profit including lot $205,000-i-$150,000=$355,000 profit Then sell 7* house at 18* month for $150,000 profit including lot $355,000+$75,000=$430,000 profit Then sell 8* house at 19* month for $150,000 profit including lot $430,000+$75,000=$505,000 profit Then seU 9* house at 20* month for $150,000 profit including lot $505,000+$75,000=$580,000 profit Then sell 10* house at 21'^ month for $150,000 profit including lot $580,000+$75,000=$655,000 profit

74

Then seU 11* house at 22""^ month for $150,000 profit including lot $655,000-h$75,000=$730,000 profit Then seH 12* house at 23''* month for $150,000 profit including lot $730,000+$75,000=$805,000 profit Then borrow $355,319 to build the clubhouse, and $100,000 to build the electronic security gate entrance, gazebo, and finish landscaping at 7% interest for 30 years. The payment of $3029 per month will be covered by the $6000 per month collected by the monthly homeowners' fees. The remaining approx. $3000 a month will be used to cover taxes, insurance, utilities, and maintenance of the development.

Estimate of profit/expenses: $75,145 expended first year including interest, taxes, and insurance $4,888 expended second year including interest, taxes, and insurance $60,000 expended during first and second year for marketing $140,033 total expenses $805,000-$ 140,033=$664,967 total estimated profit of development.

75

CHAPTER IV CONTEXT Region and Demographics This chapter presents the context for the project. Demographic information for the region is included, beginning with the project location (Figure 18).
^Austwell

'srtfe

.V G<56se IsianjB State Park ,-' Aransas

r adre island National Seashore

L
End no
Kenedy

Figure 18: Map of Area, Pamphlet

76

The development site is located on Mustang Island (Padre Island), fronting the Gulf of Mexico to the east, and State Highway 361 to the west (Figure 18). It is located on one of the most scenic beaches in America. The metropolitan city of Corpus Christi lies west across the bay approximately twenty miles by car, while the quaint fishing village of Port Aransas Hes eight miles to the north. Corpus Christi is a beautiful bay front city of about a quarter of a million people. Its economic base consists of retail and commercial trade, department of defense installations, health services, tele-services, electronics, steel fabrication, petrochemical, agribusiness, and a growing visitor market. Corpus Christi is also the nation's sixth largest port. Port Aransas is not only a popular fishing locale, but it is an annual home to more than five hundred species of birds, making it one of the most popular birding destinations on the continent. Shopping, horseback riding, cmises, including a gambling boat, restaurants, surfing, sunsets, and un-crowded beaches also help make this area a popular tourist as well as retirement destination. In the last four to five years, property values have doubled on the Island. Major projects on the horizon that should further increase property values in the area include the raising of the JFK Causeway, the primary route to Corpus Christi when not covered by high water. The only other route to Corpus Christi is by ferry through Port Aransas, which is out of the way. This project will provide a dependable route to the city aUowing Corpus Christi residents to move to the highly desirable island.

77

The Packery Channel project is another key to further development on the island. At present the only navigable ship channel connecting the Gulf of Mexico to Corpus Christi Bay is through Port Aransas. The Packery Channel is located on the south side of Corpus Christi Bay and south Mustang Island. By dredging the channel and making it navigable for ocean going craft, development on the south side of Mustang Island should take off. The Corpus Christi Intemational Airport is also undergoing major improvements to further enhance the marketability of the greater Corpus Christi area. This is not only important to attract and keep businesses in the area, but it is an important link to families of the many retirees who are choosing to relocate here.

Geographic and Climate Setting Corpus Christi is located near Longitude 97.3 W, Latitude 27.7 N. The same subtropical latitude as Tampa Bay, Florida. The weather is distinctly south Texas. Corpus Christi is midway between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. One hundred fifty miles to the northwest is San Antonio, one hundred fifty miles to the west is Laredo, and one hundred fifty miles to the south is the Rio Grande Valley.

Climate The climate conditions vary between the humid subtropical region to the northeast along the Texas coast and barrier island and the semi-arid region to the west and southwest. Temperatures at the Intemational Airport, which is about seven miles west of

78

downtown Corpus Christi, may be substantially different than those in the city during calm winter momings and during summer aftemoon sea breezes. Peak RainfaU Months. Peak rainfall months are May and September. Winter months have the least amount of rainfall. The hurricane season from June through November can greatiy affect the rainfall totals. Dry periods are also a frequent occurrence in the area. Several months during the years of record have had no rainfall, or only a trace. Snow falls an average of about one day every two years. Summer Months. There is little change in the day-to-day weather of the summer months, except for the occasional rain shower or a tropical storm in the area. High temperatures range in the high 80s to mid 90s, except for brief periods in the high 90s. The sea breeze during the aftemoon and evening hours moderates the summer heat. Low temperatures are usually in the mid 70s. Momings are generally warm. Summertime temperatures rarely reach 100 degrees near the bay or Gulf, but occasionally do in other parts of the city. Temperatures above 100 degrees are frequent about 30 to 60 miles to the west and southwest. Summertime aftemoons are more pleasant than momings because they are usually clear and windy. In the summer season the region receives nearly eighty percent of the possible sunshine. Fall Months. The fall months of September and October are essentially an extension of the summer months. November is a transition to the conditions of the coming winter months, with greater temperature extremes, stronger winds, and the first occurrence of northers. The winter months are relatively mild, but with temperatures sufficiently low to be stimulating. Temperatures below 32 degrees seldom occur near the

79

bay or gulf, but are more frequent inland. January is the coldest month with a prevailing northerly wind. The most extreme cold weather, in which the daytime highs do not exceed 32 degrees, does not occur more than once every three or four years. The earliest occurrence of a temperature below 32 degrees is in early November and the latest occurrence in the spring is mid to late March. Humidity. Relative humidity, because of the nearness to the Gulf of Mexico, is high throughout the year. However, during the aftemoons the humidity usually drops to between 50 and 60 percent. Tropical Storms. Severe tropical storms average about once every ten years. Lesser strength storms average about one every five years. The city of Corpus Christi has a feature not found in most other coastal cities. A bluff rises 30 to 40 feet above the level of the lowlands area near the bay. This serves as a natural protection from high water. Protection for the main city is now fumished by sea walls. Hurricanes. Chief hurricane months are August and September, although tropical storms have occurred as early as June and as late as October. The majority of the storms pass either to the south or east of the city. Tomadoes are an infrequent occurrence in the area, and hail occurs only about once a year.

80

WIND ROSE DEC-FEB 1961-1980

CORPUS CHRISTI RP STATION "12924

ex

LEGEND

3 i KT - 3 KTS . ES " KTS - 7 KTS Eg 8 KTS - iO KTS

11 KTS - 13 KTS EX) 14 KTS - 18 KTS BB aSOVE 18 KTS
^

PERIOD OF REPORT YEfiR(S) RNRLYZEOr MONTHSHOURS OF DRY

1951 OLC 0000

1980 FE8 2300

Figure 19: Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Dec-Feb, 1961-1980

81

WIND ROSE JUN-AUG 1961-1980

CORPUS CHRISTI RP STRTION 12924

PC

LEGEND 1 KT - 3 KTS 4 KTS - 7 KTS 6 KTS - 10 KTS 11 KTS - 13 KTS ES} 14 KTS - 18 KTS R80VE 18 KTS

PERIOD OF REPORT YERRISI RNRLY2ED; nONThS HOURS OF DRY:

1951 - - 1980 JUNE - - RUG 0000 - - 230C

._)

Figure 20: Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, June-Aug, 1961-1980

82

WIND ROSE MAR-MAY 1961-1980

CORPUS CHRIST I HP STATION .12924

CSC

LEGEND I KT - 3 KTS 4 KTS - 7 KTS : ^ 8 KTS - 10 KTS ' OS 11 KTS - 13 KTS ' EXi 14 KTS - 18 KTS : m R80VE 18 KTS < E3 IKS

PERIOD OF REPORT YERR<SJ RNRLYZED: MONTHSHOURS OF DRY-

1961 1980
MRR
-- MRY

0000 -- 2300

Figure 21: Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, March-May, 1961-1980

83

WIND ROSE SEP-NOV 1961-1980

CORPUS CHRISTI RP STRTION 12924

D<

LEGEND EZ3 1 KT - 3 KTS 5S 4 KTS - 7 KTS 3 KTS - 10 KTS 11 KTS - 13 KTS 14 KTS - 18 KTS RBOVE 18 KTS

PERIOD OF REPORT YERR(S! RNRLYZED: ilONThS HOURS OF ORY-

1951 -- 1980 SEPT -- NOV 0000 -- 2300

Figure 22: Wind Rose Chart, National Weather Service, Sept-Nov, 1961-1980

84

TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION OF A BARRIER ISLAND

(Muslang/Padr* Uland)

2-9-95

ORASS FLAT CORPUS /-uniSTl BiY/ CHRIST* BAY/ LAOUNAAORE

BARRIER FLAT/ SAND FLAT/ BACK ISLAND WETLAHOS "JN^S j I ' 1 ' ! I ' I '

BAWWER p^AT

^ BACKOUf* I t

FOPEOUHe ^ ' I ' I

BACKBEACH (ORY BEACH) ' I I I

FOREBEACH (WET BEACH) , I ' ^""-^ ^ MEXICO

WETLANDS I I I I , ' I

..

FOWeOOME I RCGE l / --^-v^A^

Figure 23: Cross-section of Barrier Island, Real estate brochure

Site Topography and Soil Conditions The development site is located on a barrier island (Figure 23). The uniqueness of this location presents many challenges for development. The dune and wetland areas present the biggest and most involved aspects and will be covered in more detail later. The development site is an 11.87-acre rectangular tract measuring 300 by 1730 feet. State Highway 361 borders the west boundary, and the east boundary is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico. An undeveloped tract similar to the development tract borders the north side of the tract, and the new Episcopal Diocese of West Texas Conference and Retreat Center borders the south side (Figure 24).

85

Figure 24: Map of Tracts, Real estate brochure

The topography of the site is a dynamic one, in that it changes w ith the forces of nature much more rapidly than an inland site. The soil condition for the entire barrier island is that of fine sand. This fine sand is easily blown about by strong winds causing blow out areas, which can significantly change the topography over a relatively short period of time. Although hurricanes can cause rapid and extensive seawater damage to the topography of the island, including extensive w ashout areas from the Gulf to the ba\. the wind damage can also be quite significant. It is for this reason that as much vegetation as possible must cover the sand from the vegetation line inland, and that if an\

86

sand dunes are leveled, vegetation must immediately be planted to cover the exposed areas. At present, the western half of the property is relatively flat. The eastern half, especially the side nearest the Gulf, has elevated areas due to the presence of large sand dunes. Overall drainage is toward the western, low-lying area of the property (Figure 25).

87

P .3'<

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^-m..m m ssS'

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; C

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"GULF
N Figure 25: Topographic Map of Tract, Real estate brochure Note: Arrows indicate direction of overall drainage.

88

Nueces County Beach Management Plan1996 Revision The Nueces County Beach Management Plan was adopted by the Commissioners' Court of Nueces County in 1995 and modified in 1996 with several objectives. Providing for safe and healthy beaches for use by the public and to preserve the natural resources of the coastal environment are the primary objectives. However, the primary reason for the creation of the Beach Management Plan was to provide for the preservation and creation of dunes. The preservation and creation of dunes along the gulf side of the island provides a natural seawall. This natural seawall of dunes is to be continuous, except where there is a manmade seawall or public beach access roads are allowed. The adoption of this plan provides for a congruent and overall plan to help protect public and private property from storm devastation, especially hurricanes.

89

BEACH/DUNE SYSTEM
2-9-95

DUNE PROTECTION LINE

Figure 26: Beach/dune System, Real estate brochure, Feb. 9, 1995

The dune protection line was established as a line running parallel to the mean high tide line, located 1000 feet landward. This area is called the dune protection zone (Figure 26). Since the environment is dynamic and ever changing, the Commissioners' Court has to review the location of the line at least once every five years or after a major storm, to make sure protective dune structure is still present. Unless the Commissioners' Court properly issues a dune protection permit, no person shall damage, destroy, or remove a sand dune or a portion of a sand dune seaward of the dune protection line, or kill, destroy, or remove in any manner any vegetation growing on a sand dune seaward of the dune protection line.

90

The process of obtaining a permit can take up to six months. The first step is to fill out an application with detailed plans and documentation of the proposed development including the topographical, survey, grading layout, photography, FEMAflood plain rate maps, and mitigation plan for new structures and submit them to the County Judges office. After approval by the Judges office, the application must pass through the public works department. A Beach Advisory Committee then reviews the application before forwarding it to the General Land Office and the Attorney for the General Land Office. If approved to this point, the application is forwarded to the Commissioners' Court. If approved by the Court, a letter of approval is granted from the County Judge. If the Court doesn't approve, the application is sent back to public works. In the case of the proposed development, it would fall under a Master Planned Development due to the size of the project. Master Planned Developments may request approval by submitting a comprehensive plan containing maps, drawings, narrative, tables and other information about the proposed use of the site. A fee of five hundred dollars is levied for applications involving less than twenty-five individual family residences will apply in the development of this project. All other regulations and requirements are detailed in the Nueces County Beach Management Plan.

Wetland Considerations Barrier islands can contain large areas of wetiands, especially during the rainy season. These wetland areas are created where water is trapped between the gulf side dune system and the bay dune system. For a developer, the wetiand areas can present an obstacle, because of the federal regulations against filling in wetiands. These regulations 91

can add delay and excessive paperwork to a project. The US Army Corps of Engineers is the federal agency that regulates wetiands. They intensely scrutinize projects that destroy more than half an acre of wetland. Prior to 2000, a developer could fill up to three acres of land before being scrutinized. The United States has roughly 100 million acres of wetlands, including marshes and swamps. Once viewed as worthless and even unhealthful, wetlands are now known to be a valuable habitat for fish and birds. They also filter pollutants from water and help to control flooding.*^ The proposed site of the development contains some wetland area. This will not interfere with the overall development of structures, but will be incorporated into the plan to enhance the natural environment.

Activity and Spatial Analysis Typical Residence: The units' main level will be elevated approximately 10 feet above grade. All ceiling heights will be at least 10 feet, with the exception of the garages and dormered upper level units.

Main Level Foyer: Net square feet: 128 Activities/Use: Transition space from outside, circulation pathway Special Features: Formal guest entry Use of durable natural materials Light and airy

'^ Associated Press, "New rules crack down on filling in wetlands," USA Today. 23 March 2000.

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Library: Net square feet: 192 Activities/Use: Reading, quiet study Special Features: Extensive use of natural materials including bookshelves and wainscoting North facing for even light source and to avoid direct light damage to books Stairwell: Net square feet: 96 Activities/Use: Transition area between levels Special Features: Four foot wide treads Four by eight foot midway landing Abundance of natural light Non-slick flooring materials Living: Net square feet: 224 Activities/Use: Formal entertaining Special Features: Natural wood burning fireplace Large windows for natural lighting and ventilation Views of Gulf Use of natural materials Dining: Net square feet: 168 Activities/Use: Formal entertaining and dining Special Features: Use of natural materials Kitchen: Net square feet: 168 ActivitiesAJse: Food preparation Special Features: Use of easily cleaned natural materials Views of Gulf Abundance of natural light and ventilation Padded mat flooring where standing Southeast location for moming sun

93

Family: Net square feet: 224 ActivitiesAJse: Casual living/entertainment area Special Features: Views of Gulf Abundance of natural light and ventilation Use of natural materials Southem exposure Bath: Net square feet: 64 Activity/Use: Grooming for guests and main level accessibility Special Features: Use of natural durable materials and non-slick flooring Shower for guest use and if library used for extra bedroom Hall/Gallery Areas: Net square feet: 128 Activities/Use: Transition area between rooms Special Features: Durable natural materials Central corridor, extending from one end of home to the other Upper Level Bridge/Hall Areas: Net square feet: 120 Activities/Use: Transition area between rooms Special Features: Three story views from bridge of Gulf and lower level Natural lighting Loft Office/Bedroom: Net square feet: 96 Activities/Use: Extra sleeping, computer area Special Features: Open to area below Abundance of natural light and ventilation Three story views of surrounding area Master Suite: Net square feet: 280 Activities/Use: Sleeping, private retreat

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special Features: Dramatic three story view of Gulf Bright natural light and ventilation Isolated from other areas of home Master Bath/Closet: Net square feet: 168 Activities/Use: Grooming, dressing, clothes storage Special Features: Two person shower Two person Jacuzzi tub Dramatic views of Gulf Light and airy Use of natural materials, non-slip flooring Guest Suite: Net square feet: 168 Activities/Use: Sleeping, private retreat Special Features: Natural lighting and ventilation View of Corpus Christi bay and skyline Guest Bath/Closets: Net square feet: 88 Activities/Use: Grooming, dressing, clothes storage Special Features: Use of natural materials, non-slip flooring

Clubhouse: The unit's main level will be slab on grade. All ceiling heights on main level will be ten feet. Main Level Lounge/Meeting Room: Net square feet: 900 Activities/Use: Parties, meetings Special Features: Abundance of windows for natural light and ventilation Views of pool and pond Use of natural durable materials that do not mst Fitness CenterAVeight room: Net square feet: 900

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Activities/Use: Physical conditioning Special Features: Cardiovascular equipment Free weights Natural lighting and mirrors View of pool and pond Use of natural durable materials that do not mst Kitchen/Bar: Net square feet: 200 Activities/Use: Food and beverage preparation and serving Special Features: Abundance of windows for natural light and ventilation View of pool and pond Use of natural durable materials that do not mst Restrooms/Showers/Saunas: Net square feet: 600 Activities/Use: Pre- and post swimming and workout grooming Special Features: 300 sf each for men and women, each with own 50 sf sauna 2 lavatories, 2 showers, 2 water closets, 1 skylight per unit Use of natural materials, non-slip flooring Handicap accessible Office/Storage: Net square feet: 200 Activities/Use: Cleaning equipment storage Special Features: Separate from activity areas Upper Level Efficiency Apartment Net square feet: 400 Activities/Use: Living area for maintenance/staff person Special Features: Abundance of windows for natural light and ventilation View of pool and pond Full bath, kitchen, and open bedroom, living area

96

Spatial Analysis Clustered housing to Gulf, south side of property. Majority of property dedicated to open space. sf =square footage Typical Residence Main Level: Foyer/Closet Library Stairwell Living Dining Kitchen Family Bath Hall/Gallery Areas 144 sf 192 sf 96 sf 224 sf 168 sf 168 sf 224 sf 64 sf 128 sf 1408 sf 640 sf Upper Level: Bridge/Hall Areas Loft Office/Bedroom Master Suite Master Bath/Closet Guest Suite Guest Bath/Closets 120 sf 96 sf 280 sf 168 sf 168 sf 88 sf 920 sf 1408sf 2328 sf 576 sf

Main Level Total Detached two car garage

Lower Level: Unfinished

Clubhouse Main Level: Lounge/Meeting Room Fitness Center/Weight Room Kitchen/Bar Restrooms/Showers/Saunas Office/Storage 900 sf 900 sf 200 sf 600 sf 200 sf 3200 sf Upper Level: Efficiency Apartment 400 sf 400 sf 3200sf 3600sf

Main Level Total

Other Clubhouse Features: 32x16 foot lounging/volleyball pool 8x48 foot 2 lane lap pool 8x8 foot hot tub Other Stmctures: Dune walkover with deck Pond Birding Gazebo

1000 sf 100 sf

97

CHAPTER V SUMMARY

This chapter includes a summary of the results, purpose and design of the study. A graphic overview of the project is provided. Summary The original plans for Gulf Dunes included 12 individual homes, with a separate community clubhouse and recreation area. The site was problematic, in that it was long and narrow, with only 300 feet of Gulf frontage. There was no practical way to arrange 12 individual homes, so that all could enjoy a view of the Gulf. The final design evolved into a resort-like 5-story, 10-unit complex, with an integrated clubhouse recreation area. The thesis research focused on health and design aspects of habitable stmctures, many of which were included in the final project. Both indoor and outdoor air quality were factors considered in the design of the project, especially with the high humidity and mold problems associated with coastal constmction. Air circulation around the residential units and through "breathing" walls were implemented to improve air quality within the homes, by increasing the air exchange rate and decreasing condensation. Natural exterior materials were used where possible, including the use of wood shingle siding and slate roofing. The interior use of solid oak cabinets with natural material countertops and solid oak doors, trim, and flooring also helped to improve indoor air quality. Elevating the units also helped to improve air quality by catching breezes from every wall of a unit, with windows located

98

on all four sides of every home, with no attached common walls. Elevating the homes also helped to get them off of the damp ground associated with coastal living. Water as a health and design factor was also included. The psychologically restful sounds and views of the Gulf afforded from each unit were a primary consideration in the stacking of the living units. Also incorporated was water as a form of physical exercise with the inclusion of an outdoor lap pool, volleyball pool, and hot tub. The living units also incorporated a major health factor of natural light in the design. The master suites and kitchen/breakfast eating areas all were situated to grab the moming sunlight. The main living areas were also designed to follow the sunlight throughout the day, depending on where most indoor time would be spent. Many large windows and an extensive use of French doors, all with transoms, help to let natural light into the living spaces. Color was also a design factor considered. The interior and exterior colors were chosen to blend in with the natural surroundings. The blue-green slate roofing was chosen to mimic the sea, and the earthy wood siding was chosen to blend in with the sand of the site. Although individual owners are allowed to customize their own interior colors, the recommended hues are all light toned with natural color palates. The two lower levels of both units B were designed to be handicap accessible, including the bath and kitchen bar areas. The inclusion of two elevator towers and a handicap accessible ramp to all recreation areas is also included for easy access to all areas of the complex. The fitness center located on the lower level of the clubhouse affords an opportunity for a homeowner to improve and maintain his or her physical self.

99

In the fitness center shower areas, his and her saunas were included. The complex grounds also include walking trails, a birding gazebo, and a dune walkover, all designed to bring homeowners out to enjoy nature, fresh air, sunlight, and other health benefits. The survey (Appendix) interviews conducted with participants representing ten real estate firms helped to determine the amenities that were to be included in the project. The results listed in order of importance to potential clients were as follows: Garage/carport, private patio/deck area, one level living, ocean/gulf view, nature/walking trails, pool, hot tub/spa, patio home living, common activity room, private garden areas, workout facility/weight room, mid rise building, and sauna/steam room. Also mentioned were security, tall ceiHngs, and bright living spaces. These amenities were included in the final design of the Gulf Dunes project.

Graphic Proposal and Documentation The following graphic documentation provides an overview of the project (Figures 27-48). The site plan, floor plans, elevation, and a panoramic view of the Gulf Dunes project are included.

100

, \

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Figure 27 Site Plan

101

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FIRST FLOOR UNITS A AND B

iCALi- 1/14'= I - v '

Figure 28: First Floor Plan

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SECOND FLOOR UNITS A AND B

Figure 29: Second Floor Plan 102

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THIRD FLOOR UNITS C v./es- :/i<- - r - c-

Figure 30: Third Floor Plan

103

J^ ;

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FOURTH FLOOR UNITS D

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Figure 31: Fourth Floor Plan

104

FIFTH FLOOR UNITS 0

r Jft

Figure 32: Fifth Floor Plan

105

WEST ELEVATION

Figure 33: West (Entry) Elevation

NORTH ELEVATION

Figure 34: North Elevation

Si^^vii-:

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EAST ELEVATION
A U : I. . ! , -C

Figure 35: East Elevation

106

P'rf^'yj^;T^~^?rB

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SOUTH ELEVATION
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Figure 36: South Elevation

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SECTION AA

Figure 37: Transverse Section (AA)

SECTION BB saj;:

Figure 38: Longitudinal Section (BB)

107

Figure 39: Wall Section and Details

108

..j..U,Mm^*.^}il

VIEW FROM GOtT^ <

Figure 40: Perspective View from Gulf

ENTRY VIEW

Figure 41: Perspective View of Entry

109

Figure 42: Living Room Perspective

110

Figure 43: Living Room Perspective

111

J...
F?

GULF DUNES HEALTH AND DESIGN THESIS STEVEN REED ANDERSON

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE FALL 2 0 0 3

Figure 44: Presentation Layout

112

Figure 45: View from Gulf

Figure 46: View of Southern Elevation

113

Figure 47: Aerial View of Site

114

Figure 48: Panoramic of Site

115

BIBLIOGRAPHY Augenbroe, G., & Pierce, A. (1998, June). Sustainable Constmction in the United States of America. Retrieved April 10, 2001, from http://www.arch.gatech.edu/crc/CIBW82Report.htm Baggs, S.& Baggs, J. (1996). The Healthv House. Sydney, Australia: Harper Collins Publishers. Blaney, B. (2001, May 16). Mold drives local families from homes. Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. 11 A. Bower, J. (1989, July). The Floor Plan for Health [Electronic versionl. East West. 55. Retrieved April 10, 2001, from http://www.hhinst.com/Artfloor.html Bower, J. (1994, Febmary). Healthy Constmction Recommendations for Healthy People. Retrieved April 10, 2001, from www.hhinst.conVArtgeneric.html Bower, J. (1991, May). Concrete and Health [Electronic versionl. Indiana Builder, 2. Retrieved April 10, 2001, from www.hhinst.com/Artconcrete.html Brooke, S. (1995). Seaside. Louisiana: Pelican Pubhshing Co., 3. Conlin, M. (2(X)0, June 5). Is your office killing you? Business Week, 114-128. Echikson, W. (2000, June 5). Why the air and light are so much better in Paris. Business Week, 124. Field, R. (2(X)0, May 25). Residential Radon and Lung Cancer Case-Control Study. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html Gloth, F., Alam, W., & HoUis, B. (1999). Vitamin D vs broad spectmm phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder [Electronic version]. Journal of Nutritional Health and Aging. 3(l):5-7. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.biopsvchiatrv.com/dvit.htm LaMuth, J. (n.d.). Indoor Air Quality: Molds and Dust. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/ed.fact/0191 .html Liberman, J. (1991). Light: Medicine of the Future. Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co. Mead, P., AIA, (2001). Habitat Asthma House. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University, College of Architecture.

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Mead, P., AIA, (2001, January 30). Lecture note. Nightingale, F. (1860). Notes on Nursing. New York, NY: Appleton and Co. Olp, G., AIA, NCARB (n.d.). A Natural Approach to lAQ. Environmental Architecture, 1-17. Pearson, D. (1998). The New Natural House Book. New York, NY: Fireside Publishing. Richardson, J. W. (2000). Real Estate Brochure. Rosenthal, N. E., Sack, D. A., Carpenter, C. J., Parry, B. L., Mendelson, W. B., & Wehr, T. A. (1985, Febmary). Antidepressant Effects of Light in Seasonal Affective Disorder. American Journal of Psvchiatrv. 142:2. Smart, Steve (2001). Wind rose chart. National Weather Service. Ulrich, R. S., (1991, September). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 11. Color Therapy, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.peacefulmind.com/color therpy.htm Essential Ozone, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.pacm.com/pureair/ozone.htm Healthv School Environments: Addressing the sick building syndrome, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://helpfrom.nea.org/esp/resource/iaq.htm Light for Health, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.lightforhealth.com/ Prevention and Treatment, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from (http://www.hehoshealth.com/osteoporosis/vitamin d.htm/ Repetitive Strain Injuries, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://ergonomics.ucla.edU/Ergowebv2.0/articles/rsianatomy.htm The Healing Power of Colour, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.newage.com.au/librarv/Colourl.html The Psychology of Colour, (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://colortherapy.homestead.com/files/What the Colours Mean.html

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The Role of Light in Health, (n.d.). Retrieved August 4, 2003, from http://www.sumeria.net/health/light.html What is color therapy? (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://nh.essortment.com/whatiscolor rime.htm

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APPENDIX SURVEY USED FOR STUDY

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Dear Sir or Madam: I am a graduate student at Texas Tech University's College of Architecture woridng on my master's thesis. My thesis project is a gulf front residential devdopment on Mustang Island enqjhasizing health aspects in the design. I would greatly apprjiate a minute of your time and expertise to help rank on a scale of 1 to 10 (I being most important, 10 being least important) various amenities that mature clients looking at gulffrontproperty would export to find in a new developm^it I will be using theresponsesto help in the process of designing my project TTiank you very much for your prompt reply. Sincerely, Steven R Anderson

Amoiity l.Pool 2. Termis Courts 3. Hot tub/spa 4. Workout facility/weight room 5. Sauna/steam room 6. Private patio/deck area 7. Ocean/gulf view 8. Common activity room 9. Shuffleboard 10. Horseshoes 11. Private gardoi areas 12. Nature/vralking trails 13. One level living 14. High rise building 15. Mid rise building 16. Patio home living 17. Garage/(^iport Additional suggestions for amenities:

Rank

You may either respcMid by email at sraswedcOl @vahoo.com or print out survey and mail to Steven R. Anderson, 1001 University Avenue Unit 349, LuWjock, TX 79401, also any qiKStions you may call 806-535-3083.

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