Introduction Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and floating vessels. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard.

Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history. Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as "naval engineering". The construction of boats is a similar activity called boat building. The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking. Discussion The easiest way to transport large quantities of goods is by sea. Way back in the Stone Age, mankind has built boats to transport goods that neither he nor his domestic animals could carry. From that day to this, Danish shipping companies are world leaders. Until the railways came in the middle of the 1800's, shipping traffic reigned supreme and it was said that water joined while land divided. Even today you can still find "men of the sea" who, with help from one or two crewmembers or their wives', sail the inner Danish coastal waters. The first description of a ship is Noah's Ark and the first drawings of ships were found in tombs in the Egyptian Pyramids. In Denmark dugout boats have been found from the Stone Age and drawings of ships have been found in the town of Helleristninger in Bohuslen, which today is in Sweden. The first actual boat was found in Nydam bog and Hjortespring in Southern Jutland, and then as we move into the Viking period, things go quickly. The first shipyard was seen by Fribroedre River at Falster and the first drawings of shipbuilding appear on the Bayeux tapestry. Besides ships from Roskilde Fjord, lots of other Viking ships were discovered, such as Ladby in Fuenen and the Norwegian Viking ships from Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune. The list is long and is continually expanding as new finds are discovered. Recently a ship has been discovered at Aggersund in Denmark. Around the year 1200, merchant ships from Aggersund, Sebbersund, Skagen and Kollerup, together with our own ships from Elling, sailed around "ummeland", which was a sea trading route used by the Dutch and English merchants. "Ummeland" was the sea route around northern Jutland, past Skagen and down to the Baltic Sea, which these merchants used to take part in the Baltic trade and this had a huge importance for Frederikshavn and was the reason why Harald Valdemar Buhl placed his shipyard in Frederikshavn. The ship builders' task is to build ships that can float at sea, be seaworthy, strong and offer low resistance to propulsion by wind, steam or other forms of power propulsion. Ships should weigh as little as possible, be easy to manoeuvre and be adapted to the special use we intend to use them for.

The first ships were built at places, which had a natural harbour, like the mouth of the River Elling or at the River Fribroedre, where archaeologists have found the remains of shipbuilding. Trade and shipbuilding have presumably gone hand in hand and many of the first coastal trading towns have had one or another form of shipbuilding. Besides this, there have been quite a few small boat builders along the coasts where the local inshore fishing trade had their boats built. There is no clear evidence where there have been shipyards along the Danish coasts. The larger trading boats that belonged to the old Fladstrand were presumably built at shipyards along the coast of Halland in Sweden. We know a little about that from the old custom records where the masters of ships from Fladstrand had imported ships from the west coast of Sweden. Besides the state owned shipyard, Orlog shipyard where war ships were built, we know very little where shipbuilding took place before sometime in the 1800's, and industrialisation began to take effect and power changed from sail to steam. In 1802, the first steam driven ship was launched on the River Clyde and the first steam driven ship reached Copenhagen in 1819. The first iron ship was launched in 1821, but it wasn't until 1839 that the first seaworthy iron ship was commissioned. This was 3 years after the Swedish inventor, Ericson, invented the screw. In 1875 the first steel ship was launched at sea, which meant an enormous revolution for the shipping trade. In Denmark, the ship builders in Copenhagen launched the first steam ship in 1830. The ship was called, Frederik the 4th. In 1854, Burmeister and Wain launched the paddle steamer, Hermod, for the Post and Telegraph company. When B&W started the production of ships in 1843, they began an important epoch in Denmark's industrialisation. Shipbuilding gradually became one of the largest import sources of foreign exchange and as such, an important corner stone in the development of Denmark towards a more modern industrialised country. After B&W, another 25 years passed before another shipyard saw the light of day. This was the shipyard in Frederikshavn followed in 1882 by the Helsingoer shipyard and machine builders company. In 1912, the chief engineer from Frederikshavn shipyard started a new shipyard at Aalborg and 2 years later Aarhus Floating Dock and Machine Company opened. In 1916 Nakskov shipyard opened and a year later Odense Steel shipyard opened and the last of the large, new business enterprises, Svendborg shipyard opened in 1926. Conclusion

Archimedes' Solves a Problem The Greek Mathematician and inventor Archimedes lived during the 3rd century BC. According to history he was in the bath one day when he discovered the principle of buoyancy which is the reason why huge Greek ships weighing thousands of pounds could float on water. He noticed that as he lowered himself into the bath, the water displaced by his body overflowed the sides and he realized that there was a relationship between his weight and the volume of water displaced. It is said that he ran naked into the street yelling "heurEka" which is where we get our word"eureka!" (I found it), Greek heurEka I have found, from heuriskein to find. Archimedes was not thinking about ships at the time, he was on a mission to solve a question that was asked of him by King Hieron II of Syracuse, the home of Archimedes which was a Greek city at the time. The question that the king had asked was about his crown. Was it pure gold or partly silver? Archimedes reasoned that if the crown had any silver in it, it would take up more space than a pure gold crown of the same weight because silver is not as dense as gold. He compared the crown's volume (measured by the amount of water displaced) with the volume of equal weights of gold and then silver, he found the answer. He had to inform his king that the crown was not pure gold. The Buoyancy Principle Archimedes continued to do more experiments and came up with a buoyancy principle, that a ship will float when the weight of the water it displaces equals the weight of the ship and anything will float if it is shaped to displace its own weight of water before it reaches the point where it will submerge. Archimedes continued to do more experiments and came up with buoyancy a ship will float when the weight of the water it displaces equals the weight of the ship and anything will float if it is shaped to displace its own weight of water before it reaches the point where it will submerge. This is kind of a technical way of looking at it. A ship that is launched sinks into the sea until the weight of the water it displaces is equal to its own weight. As the ship is loaded, it sinks deeper, displacing more water, and so the magnitude of the buoyant force continuously matches the weight of the ship and its cargo. The Metacenter Archimedes figured out that the metacenter had to be determined which is a point where an imaginary vertical line (through the center of buoyancy) intersects another imaginary vertical line (through a new centre of buoyancy) created after the ship is displaced, or tilted, in the water. The center of buoyancy in a floating ship is the point in which all the body parts exactly balance each other and make each other float. In other words, the metacenter remains directly above the center of buoyancy regardless of the tilt of the floating ship. When a ship

tilts, one side displaces more water than the other side, and the center of buoyancy moves and is no longer directly under the center of gravity; but regardless of the amount of the tilt, the center of buoyancy remains directly below the metacenter. If the metacenter is above the center of gravity, buoyancy restores stability when the ship tilts. If the metacenter is below the center of gravity, the boat is unstable and capsizes. Reference http://www.vaerftshistorisk-selskab.dk/eng/his_skibsbyg.htm Robert E. Krebs, Carolyn A. Krebs (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World. Greenwood PressScience. Drouin, P: "Brittle Fracture in ships - a lingering problem", page 229. Ships and Offshore Structures, Woodhead Publishing, 2006. "Marine Investigation Report - Hull Fracture Bulk Carrier Lake Carling". Transportation Safety Board of Canada. 19 March 2002. Retrieved 8 October 2009.

ENGINEERS AND SOCIETY BFF4922

EVOLUTION OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

NAME MATRIX ID

: AHMAD SHAHRUL AMRIE BIN MOHD SUPRI : FA08062

PREPARED FOR : PROF DR IR SHAH NOR BIN BASRI