GIÁO TRÌNH QUẢN TRỊ LOGISTISC

Ebook.
VCU Thu vien giao trinh dien tu cua sinh vien Thuong Mai
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN MN HC QUN TR LOGISTICS
KINH DOANH

1.1 Logistics trong nn kinh t hin i
1.1.1 Khi nim v s pht trin ca logistics kinh doanh
Logistics l mt thut ng c ngun gc Hilp - logistikos - phn nh mn khoa hc
nghin cu tnh quy lut ca cc hot ng cung ng v m bo cc yu t t chc, vt
cht v k thut (do vy, mt s t in nh ngha l hu cn) cho qu trnh chnh yu
c tin hnh ng mc tiu.
Cng vic logistics hon ton khng phi l lnh vc mi m. T tha xa xa, sau
ma thu hoch ngi ta bit cch ct gi lng thc dng cho nhng lc gip ht. T
la t Trung Quc tm c ng n vi khp ni trn th gii. Nhng do giao thng
vn ti v cc h thng bo qun cha pht trin, nn cc hot ng giao thng cn hn
ch. Thm ch, ngy nay mt vi ni trn th gii vn cn nhng cng ng sng theo
kiu t cung t cp, m khng c trao i hng ho vi bn ngoi. L do chnh l
thiu mt h thng hu cn pht trin hp l v hiu qu (lack of well-developed and
inexpensive logistics system). Theo t in Oxford th logistics trc tin l Khoa hc
ca s di chuyn, cung ng v duy tr cc lc lng qun i cc chin trng.
Napoleon tng nh ngha: Hu cn l hot ng duy tr lc lng qun i, nhng
cng chnh do hot ng hu cn s si dn n s tht bi ca v tng ti ba ny trn
ng ti Moscow v cng ht mc ng dy cung ng ca mnh. Cho n nay, khi
nim logistics m rng sang lnh vc kinh t, mau chng pht trin v mang li thnh
cng cho nhiu cng ty v tp on a quc gia ni ting trn th gii
Logistics hin i (modern business logistics) l mt mn khoa hc tng i tr so
vi nhng ngnh chc nng truyn thng nh marketing, ti chnh, hay sn xut. Cun
sch u tin v logistics ra i nm 1961, bng ting Anh, vi ta Physical
distribution management, t n nay c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau c a ra
khi qut v lnh vc ny, mi khi nim th hin mt gc tip cn v ni dung khc
nhau.
Trc nhng nm 1950 cng vic logistics ch n thun l mt hot ng chc nng
n l. Trong khi cc lnh vc marketing v qun tr sn xut c nhng chuyn bin rt
ln lao th vn cha hnh thnh mt quan im khoa hc v qun tr logistics mt cch hiu
qu. S pht trin nhanh chng ca khoa hc cng ngh v qun l cui th k 20 a
logistics ln mt tm cao mi, c th gi l giai on phc hng ca logistics (logistical
renaissance). C 4 nhn t chnh dn n s bin i ny:
- Thng mi ho thit b vi x l: trong thi k ny, cc thit b in t bc vo
giai on thng mi ha rng ri.Gi cc sn phm tr nn rt r v ph hp vi iu
kin u t ca cc doanh nghip, k c cc doanh nghip va v nh. Chnh nhng thit
b ny l c s vt cht h tr rt nhiu cho nghip v logistics (trao i thng tin, qun l
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
2000

Global Global
logistics logistics
Ebook.VCU Thu vien giao trinh dien tu cua sinh vien Thuong Mai
hng tn kho, tnh ton cc chi ph). Ti cc nc pht trin, b phn logistics l ni s
dng ngun vt cht my vi tnh ln nht trong cng ty.
- Cuc cch mng vin thng: Cng vi yu t trn, nhng tin b ca ngnh vin
thng ni chung v cng ngh thng tin ni ring c nh hng trc tip n hiu qu hot
ng ny. T nhng nm 80s, ngi ta s dng cng ngh m vch (bar code) ci
tin hot ng logistics. Trao i thng tin in t (EDI- electronic data interchange) cng
bt u c s dng gia khch hng v nhng nh cung ng truyn t v tip nhn
d liu gia cc c s kinh doanh trong v ngoi cng ty. Ngoi ra cn phi k n v tinh,
my fax, my photo, v cc dng c ghi bng, ghi hnh khc. Nh nhng phng tin ny
m ngi ta c c nhng thng tin cp nht trong qu trnh thc thi logistics. C nhiu
doanh nghip s dng ni mng my tnh v d liu kp thi v chnh xc.
- ng dng rng ri nhng sng kin ci tin v cht lng: quan im qun tr
cht lng ng b (TQM) l ng c quan trng nht trong vic thc y hot ng
logistics. Thi k sau i chin th II, cc doanh nghip ngy cng phi quan tm n cht
lng hng ho v tnh hiu qu ca cc quy trnh sn xut. Quan im khng sai hng -
zero defects v lm ng ngay t ln u tin - doing things right the first time trong
TQM c p dng rng ri trong lnh vc logistics. Cc doanh nghip nhn ra rng sn
phm tt m n mun so vi yu cu hoc b h hi u khng th chp nhn c. Vic
thc thi km cng vic logistics s lm tn hi n sng kin ci tin cht lng.
- S pht trin ca quan im ng minh chin lc (Alliances): Sang thp k 80s,
cc doanh nghip bt u nhn thy rng phi coi cc khch hng v cc nh cung ng nh
l ng minh chin lc, nhng n v cng tc kinh doanh. Chnh s hp tc, lin kt
gia cc bn l c s hot ng logistics t c hiu qu ngy cng cao, gim s
chng cho, hao ph khng cn thit, tp trung vo vic kinh doanh, thc y thng li
chung.
Nhng tin b trong khoa hc k thut, l thuyt qun l v cng ngh thng
tin k trn thc y logistics ln mnh theo thi gian v c quy m v tm nh hng,
to nn mt ln sng t duy i mi v tt c cc kha cnh ca hot ng ny ti cc
doanh nghip t nhng nm 1960 cho n nay. Theo Jacques Colin - Gio s v khoa hc
qun l thuc trng i hc Aix Marseillea th s pht trin ca logistics bt u t tc
nghip - khoa hc chi tit - n lin kt - khoa hc tng hp, iu ny c khng nh
trong lnh vc qun s cng nh trong cc doanh nghip.
C th chia qu trnh pht trin ca logistics kinh doanh trn th gii thnh 5 giai
on: workplace logistics (logistics ti ch), facility logistics (logistics c s sn xut),
corporate logistics (logistics cng ty), supply chain logistics (logistics chui cung ng),
global logistics (logistics ton cu). Xem hnh 1.1
Logistics ti ch l dng vn ng ca nguyn vt liu ti mt v tr lm vic. Mc
ch ca workplace logistics l hp l ho cc hot ng c lp ca mt c nhn hay ca
mt dy chuyn sn xut hoc lp rp.L thuyt v cc nguyn tc hot ng ca
workplace logistics c a ra cho nhng nhn cng lm vic trong lnh vc cng nghip
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
2000

Global Global
logistics logistics
trong v sau chin tranh th gii th II. im ni bt ca workplace logistics l tnh t
chc lao ng c khoa hc.
Logistics c s sn xut l dng vn ng ca nguyn liu gia cc xng lm vic
trong ni b mt c s sn xut. C s sn xut c th l 1 nh my, 1 trm lm vic
trung chuyn, 1 nh kho, hoc 1 trung tm phn phi. Mt facility logistics c ni n
tng t nh l mt khu gii quyt cc vn m bo ng v nguyn vt liu
phc v cho sn xut i tr v dy chuyn lp rp my mc (do my mc khng ng
nht gia nhng nm 1950 v 1960).
Hnh 1.1: Lch s pht trin logistics kinh doanh t 1950 n nay.
Logistics cng ty* l dng vn ng ca nguyn vt liu v thng tin gia cc c s
sn xut v cc qu trnh sn xut trong mt cng ty. Vi cng ty sn xut th hot ng
logistics din ra gia cc nh my v cc kho cha hng, vi mt i l bn bun th l
gia cc i l phn phi ca n, cn vi mt i l bn l th l gia i l phn phi
v cc ca hng bn l ca mnh. Logistics cng ty ra i v chnh thc c p dng
trong kinh doanh vo nhng nm 1970. Giai on ny, hot ng logistics gn lin vi
thut ng phn phi mang tnh vt cht. Logistics kinh doanh tr thnh qu trnh m mc
tiu chung l to ra v duy tr mt chnh sch dch v khch hng tt vi tng chi ph
logistics thp.
Logistics chui cung ng Pht trin vo nhng nm 1980, quan im ny nhn nhn
logistics l dng vn ng ca nguyn vt liu, thng tin v ti chnh gia cc cng ty (cc
xng sn xut, cc c s trong cng ty) trong mt chui thng nht. l mt mng li
cc c s h tng (nh my, kho hng, cu cng, ca hng), cc phng tin (xe ti, tu
ho, my bay, tu bin) cng vi h thng thng tin c kt ni vi nhau gia cc nh
cung ng ca mt cng ty v cc khch hng ca cng ty . Cc hot ng logistics (dch
v khch hng, qun tr d tr, vn chuyn v bo qun hng ho) c lin kt vi
nhau thc hin cc mc tiu trong chui cung ng (Hnh 1.2). im nhn trong chui
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
2000
Worplac Worplac
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logistics logistics
Facility Facility
logistic logistic
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Corporat Corporat
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logistics logistics
Supply Supply
chain chain
logistics logistics

Global Global
logistics logistics
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cung ng l tnh tng tc v s kt ni gia cc ch th trong chui thng qua 3 dng
lin kt:
- Dng thng tin: dng giao v nhn ca cc n t hng, theo di qu trnh dch
chuyn ca hng ho v chng t gia ngi gi v ngi nhn
- Dng sn phm: con ng dch chuyn ca hng ho v dch v t nh cung cp
ti khch hng, m bo ng v s lng v cht lng
- Dng ti chnh: ch dng tin bc v chng t thanh ton gia cc khch hng v
nh cung cp, th hin hiu qu kinh doanh.
Hnh 1.2: V tr ca dch v Logistics trong chui cung ng
Tng t nh trong th thao, y cc hot ng logistics c hiu nh l cc tr
chi trong u trng chui cung ng. Hy ly chui cung ng trong ngnh my tnh lm
v d: l 1 chui gm c HP, Microsoft, Intel, UPS, FEDEX, Sun, Ingram-Micro,
Compaq, CompUSA v nhiu cng ty khc. Khng c ai trong s c th hoc nn kim
sot ton b chui cung ng ca ngnh cng nghip my tnh.
Xt theo quan im ny logistics c hiu l "Qu trnh ti u ho v v tr, vn
chuyn v d tr cc ngun ti nguyn t im u tin ca dy chuyn cung ng cho n
tay ngi tiu dng cui cng, thng qua hng lot cc hot ng kinh t .
Trong chui cung ng, logistics bao trm c hai cp hoch nh v t chc. Cp
th nht i hi phi gii quyt vn ti u ho v tr ca cc ngun ti nguyn. Cp
th hai lin quan n vic ti u ho cc dng vn ng trong h thng. Trong thc t,
h thng logistics cc quc gia v cc khu vc c nhiu im khc nhau nhng u c
im chung l s kt hp kho lo, khoa hc v chuyn nghip chui cc hot ng nh
marketing, sn xut, ti chnh, vn ti, thu mua, d tr, phn phi t c mc tiu
phc v khch hng ti a vi chi ph ti thiu. Trong iu kin Vit Nam hin nay y l
khi nim thch hp c th s dng.
Logistics ton cu l dng vn ng ca nguyn vt liu, thng tin v tin t gia
cc quc gia. N lin kt cc nh cung ng ca cc nh cung ng vi khch hng ca
khch hng trn ton th gii. Cc dng vn ng ca logistics ton cu tng mt cch
ng k trong sut nhng nm qua. l do qu trnh ton cu ho trong nn kinh t tri
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Sn xut
Bn bun
Khch
hng
Dng thng
tin
Dng sn
phm
Bn l
Dng tin t
dch v
logistics
thc, vic m rng cc khi thng mi v vic mua bn qua mng. Logistics ton cu
phc tp hn nhiu so vi logistics trong nc bi s a dng phc tp hn trong lut
chi, i th cnh tranh, ngn ng, tin t, mi gi, vn ho, v nhng ro cn khc trong
kinh doanh quc t.
Logistics th h sau, c rt nhiu l thuyt khc nhau v giai on tip theo sau
ca logistics. Nhiu nh kinh t cho rng: logistics hp tc (collaborative logistics) s l
giai on tip theo ca lch s pht trin logistics. l dng logistics c xy dng da
trn 2 kha cnh -- khng ngng ti u ho thi gian thc hin vi vic lin kt gia tt c
cc thnh phn tham gia trong chui cung ng. Mt s ngi khc li cho rng: giai on
tip theo l logistics thng mi in t (e- logistics) hay logistics i tc th 4 (fourth-
party logistics). l hnh thc m mi hot ng logistics s c thc hin bi nh cc
cung ng logistics th 3, ngi ny s b kim sot bi mt ng ch hay cn gi l nh
cung ng th 4, c quyn nh l mt tng gim st.
Hin nay cc l thuyt v qun l v h thng thng tin vn khng ngng c ci
tin nn trong tng lai logistics s vn gi mt vai tr quan trng trong s thnh cng hay
tht bi ca hu ht cc cng ty v logistics s vn tip tc m rng quy m v nh hng
ca mnh ti hot ng kinh doanh. Trong thc t, logistics ang l mt ngnh c tc
tng trng ln trong c cu cc ngnh kinh t ca cc quc gia, c bit l cc quc gia
ang pht trin. Nhng khuynh hng c bn tc ng n s gia tng mnh m ca
logistics hin nay bao gm:
- S gia tng quyn lc hp php ca ngi tiu dng. Khch hng ngy nay tr
nn thng minh v mnh m hn nh vo lng thng tin m h tip thu qua mng internet
v nhiu knh truyn thng khc nhau. Vic nh gi cc nh cung cp c m rng
qua nhiu yu t trung gian nh catalog, mng internet, v phng tin khc. Khch hng
c nhiu c hi so snh, la chn chnh xc v gi, cht lng, dch vgia nhiu nh
cung cp khc nhau. H c xu hng la chn nhng nh cung cp c dch v hon ho
hn, thc y cc doanh nghip phi ch n cht lng dch v cung ng ca mnh.
- Khuynh hng nhn khu thay i. S gia tng cc gia nh i v c thn lm
cho nhu cu thi gian tng ln. H mun cc nhu cu ca mnh phi c p ng nhanh
chng v thun tin hn theo k hoch nh sn. 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun h
yu cu cc sn phm phi p ng vi thi gian nhanh nht. Nhn thc ca ngi cao tui
cng thay i, theo h ngi bn phi ch i ch khng phi l ngi mua. Khch hng
ngy nay khng trung thnh nh trc v khng kin nhn chp nhn cht lng km
mi lnh vc. Cc l do trn i hi cc nh cung cp phi gia tng ng k cc mc dch
v cho khch hng. Nu cc nh bn l m ca 24 gi trong ngy p ng iu ny th
cng i hi cc nh cung cp bn bun, cc nh sn xut c lin quan phi hot ng vi
cng sut phc v cao hn. Tc ng ny khi ng c chui cung ng v hot ng
logistics ca cc thnh vin tng trng theo.
- S thay i sc mnh trong chui cung cp. Trc y cc nh sn xut ng vai
tr quyt nh trong knh phn phi, h thit k, sn xut, xc tin v phn phi cc sn
phm v thng hiu ca mnh qua cc trung gian bn bun, bn l. Vo nhng nm 1980-
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1990, trong mt s chui cung ng xut hin khuynh hng lin kt gia cc nh bn l v
hnh thnh cc t chc bn l khng l c sc mnh ln trong knh nh Wal-mark,
Kmark, Home depotc nng lc tim tng trong phn phi. Chnh xu hng ny
lm thay i sc mnh trong knh, sc mnh lin kt kinh t ca cc nh bn l trong knh
phn phi thc y cc nh bn l ln s dng chin lc cnh tranh gi thp. iu ny
ch c th t c da trn mt h thng cung ng vi cc hot ng logistics hiu qu c
chi ph thp. y l nhn t thc y ngnh logistics tng trng v pht trin p ng
i hi ca cc doanh nghip bn l v cc thnh vin khc trong chui cung cp.
- S pht trin ca thng mi in t (E-commerce) ph v cc gii hn v
khng gian v thi gian trc y trong kinh doanh, thay th nhiu knh phn phi truyn
thng (Traditional commerce), ng thi to ra nhng knh phn phi mi vi yu cu cao
v tc cung ng, chnh xc, kh nng p ng khch hng ti mi ni, mi lc
lm thay i bn cht ca hot ng logistics. Logistics ngy nay thc s tr thnh mt
yu t tin quyt cho vic to ra cc gi tr gia tng cho khch hng v doanh nghip. Vic
qun l tt cc yu t c bn ca logistics lun l l do chnh cho nn tng v thnh cng
vng chc ca cc cng ty trong thi i @.
1.1.2 Phn loi cc hot ng logistics
Th k 21, logistics pht trin m rng sang nhiu lnh vc v phm vi
khc nhau. Di y l mt s cch phn loi thng gp:
a. Theo phm vi v mc quan trng:
- Logistics kinh doanh (Bussiness logistics) l mt phn ca qu trnh chui cung
ng, nhm hoch nh thc thi v kim sot mt cch hiu qu v hiu lc cc dng vn
ng v d tr sn phm, dch v v thng tin c lin quan t cc im khi u n im
tiu dng nhm tho mn nhng yu cu ca khch hng
- Logistics qun i (Military Logistics) l vic thit k v phi hp cc phng
din h tr v cc thit b cho cc chin dch v trn nh ca lc lng qun i. m
bo s sn sng, chnh xc v hiu qu cho cc hot ng ny.
- Logistics s kin (Event logistics) l tp hp cc hot ng, cc phng tin vt
cht k thut v con ngi cn thit t chc, sp xp lch trnh, nhm trin khai cc
ngun lc cho mt s kin c din ra hiu qu v kt thc tt p
- Dch v logistics (Service logistics) bao gm cc hot ng thu nhn, lp chng
trnh, v qun tr cc iu kin c s vt cht/ ti sn, con ngi, v vt liu nhm h tr
v duy tr cho cc qu trnh dch v hoc cc hot ng kinh doanh doanh .
b. Theo v tr ca cc bn tham gia
- Logistics bn th nht (1PL- First Party Logistics): l hot ng logistics do ngi
ch s hu sn phm/ hng ho t mnh t chc v thc hin p ng nhu cu ca bn
thn doanh nghip.
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- Logistics bn th hai (2PL - Second Party Logistics): ch hot ng logistics do
ngi cung cp dch v logistics cho mt hot ng n l trong chui cung ng p
ng nhu cu ca ch hng.
- Logistics bn th ba (3PL - Third Party Logistics): l ngi thay mt ch hng t
chc thc hin v qun l cc dch v logistics cho tng b phn chc nng.
c. Theo qu trnh nghip v (logistical operations) chia thnh 3 nhm c bn
- Hot ng mua ( Procurement) l cc hot ng lin quan n n vic to ra cc
sn phm v nguyn vt liu t cc nh cung cp bn ngoi. Mc tiu chung ca mua l h
tr cc nh sn xut hoc thng mi thc hin tt cc hot ng mua hng vi chi ph
thp
- Hot ng h tr sn xut ( Manufacturing support) tp trung vo hot ng qun
tr dng d tr mt cch hiu qu gia cc bc trong qu trnh sn xut. H tr sn xut
khng tr li cu hi phi l sn xut nh th no m l ci g, khi no v u sn phm
s c to ra
- Hot ng phn phi ra th trng (Market distribution) lin quan n vic cung
cp cc dch v khch hng. Mc tiu c bn ca phn phi l h tr to ra doanh thu qua
vic cung cp mc dch v khch hng mong i c tnh chin lc mc chi ph thp
nht.
d. Theo hng vn ng vt cht
- Logistic u vo ( Inbound logistics) Ton b cc hot ng h tr dng nguyn
liu u vo t ngun cung cp trc tip cho ti cc t chc.
- Logistic u ra ( Outbound logistics) Ton b cc hot ng h tr dng sn phm
u ra cho ti tay khch hng ti cc t chc
- Logistic ngc ( Logistics reverse) Bao gm cc dng sn phm, hng ha h
hng, km cht lng, dng chu chuyn ngc ca bao b i ngc chiu trong knh
logistics.
e. Theo i tng hng ha
Cc hot ng logistics c th gn lin vi c trng vt cht ca cc loi sn phm.
Do cc sn phm c tnh cht, c im khc nhau i hi cc hot ng logistics
khng ging nhau. iu ny cho php cc ngnh hng khc nhau c th xy dng cc
chng trnh, cc hot ng u t, hin i ha hot ng logistics theo c trng ring
ca loi sn phm ty vo mc chuyn mn ha, hnh thnh nn cc hot ng logistics
c th vi cc i tng hng ha khc nhau nh:
- Logistic hng tiu dng ngn ngy
- Logistic ngnh t
- Logistic ngnh ha cht
- Logistic hng i t
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Logistic Logistic
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- Logistic ngnh du kh
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1.1.3 V tr v vai tr ca logistics
Ngnh logistics c v tr ngy cng quan trng trong cc nn kinh t hin i v c
nh hng to ln n s pht trin kinh t ca cc quc gia v ton cu. Phn gi tr gia
tng do ngnh logistics to ra ngy cng ln v tc ng ca n th hin r di nhng
kha cnh di y:
- Logistics l cng c lin kt cc hot ng kinh t trong mt quc gia v
ton cu qua vic cung cp nguyn liu, sn xut, lu thng phn phi, m rng th
trng. Trong cc nn kinh t hin i, s tng trng v s lng ca khch hng
thc y s gia tng ca cc th trng hng ha v dch v trong nc v quc t. Hng
nghn sn phm v dch v mi c gii thiu, ang c bn ra v phn phi hng
ngy n cc ng ngch ca th gii trong thp k va qua. gii quyt cc thch thc
do th trng m rng v s tng nhanh ca hng ha v dch v, cc hng kinh doanh phi
m rng quy m v tnh phc tp, pht trin cc nh my lin hp thay th cho nhng nh
my n. H thng logistics hin i gip cc hng lm ch c ton b nng lc cung
ng ca mnh qua vic lin kt cc hot ng cung cp, sn xut, lu thng, phn phi kp
thi chnh xc. Nh m p ng c nhng c hi kinh doanh trong phm vi ton cu.
Chnh v vy, s phn phi sn phm t cc ngun ban u n cc ni tiu th tr thnh
mt b phn v cng quan trng trong GDP mi quc gia. Ti M logistics ng gp xp
x 9,9% trong GDP. Nm 1999 M chi khong 554 t USD cho vn ti hng ha ng
thy, hn 332 t USD cho chi ph kho d tr v, hn 40 t USD cho qun l truyn thng
v qun l cc qu trnh logistics, tng cng l 921 t USD. u t vo cc c s vn ti
v phn phi, khng tnh cc ngun cng cng, c lng hng trm t USD, cho thy
logistics l mt ngnh kinh doanh tim nng v v cng quan trng.
- Ti u ha chu trnh lu chuyn ca sn xut, kinh doanh t khu u vo
n khi sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng. Logistics h tr s di chuyn v
dng chy ca nhiu hot ng qun l hiu qu, n to thun li trong vic bn hu ht
cc loi hng ha v dch v. hiu hn v hnh nh h thng ny, c th thy rng nu
hng ha khng n ng thi im, khng n ng cc v tr v vi cc iu kin m
khch hng cn th khch hng khng th mua chng, v vic khng bn c hng ha s
lm mi hot ng kinh t trong chui cung cp b v hiu.
- Tit kim v gim chi phi ph trong lu thng phn phi. Vi t cch l cc
t chc kinh doanh cung cp cc dch v logistics chuyn nghip, cc doanh nghip
logistics mang li y cc li ch ca cc third party cho cc ngnh sn xut v kinh
doanh khc. T m mang li hiu qu cao khng ch cht lng dch v cung cp m
cn tit kim ti a v thi gian v tin bc cho cc qu trnh lu thng phn phi trong
nn kinh t.
- M rng th trng trong bun bn quc t, gp phn gim chi ph, hon
thin v tiu chun ha chng t trong kinh doanh c bit trong bun bn v vn
8
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Logistic Logistic
s s
vn chuyn
d tr
x l h
kho bi
Market Market
ing ing
sn
phm
gi c
phn
phi
giao
tip
dch v
khch
hng
nh
gi
ng
gi
a
im
bn l
mua vt
liu
a
im sx
ti quc t. Trong thi i ton cu ha, thng mi quc t l s la chn tt yu cho
mi quc gia trong tin trnh pht trin t nc. Cc giao dch quc t ch thc hin c
v mang li hiu qu cho quc gia khi da trn mt h thng logistics r tin v cht lng
cao. H thng ny gip cho mi dng hng ha c lu chuyn thun li, sun s t quc
gia ny n quc gia khc nh vic cung ng kp thi, phn phi chnh xc, chng t tiu
chun, thng tin r rng
L mt b phn trong GDP, logistics nh hng ng k n t l lm pht, t l li
xut, nng sut, chi ph, cht lng v hiu qu, cng nh cc kha cnh khc ca nn kinh
t. Mt nghin cu ch ra rng bnh qun mt t chc ca M c th m rng nng sut
logistics 20% hoc hn trong 1 nm. Mt cch ch ra vai tr ca logistics l so snh ph
tn ca n vi cc hot ng x hi khc. Ti M chi ph kinh doanh logstics ln gp 10
ln qung co, gp i so vi chi ph bo v quc gia v ngang bng vi chi ph chm sc
sc khe con ngi hng nm.
Xt tm vi m, trc y cc cng ty thng coi logistics nh mt b phn hp
thnh cc chc nng marketing v sn xut. Marketing coi logistics l vic phn phi vt
l hng ha. C s cho quan nim ny l hot ng d tr thnh phm hoc cung cp cc
yu t u vo do logistics m nhim cng l nhim v ca bin s phn phi (Place)
trong marketing - mix v c gi l phn phi vn ng vt l. Hiu n gin l kh nng
a 1 sn phm n ng thi im, ng s lng, ng khch hng. Phn phi vt l v
thc hin n t hng c th coi l s thay i ch cht trong vic bn sn phm, do
cng l c s quan trng trong thc hin bn hng. Sn xut coi logistics l vic la chn
a im xy dng nh my, chn ngun cung ng tt v phn phi hng ha thun tin
Bi l cc hot ng ny nh hng v lin quan cht ch n thi gian iu hnh sn
xut, k hach sn xut, kh nng cung cp nguyn vt liu, tnh thi v ca sn xut, chi
ph sn xut, thm ch ngay c vn bao b ng gi sn phm trong sn xut cng
nghip hin i.
Do chc nng logistics khng c phn nh rch ri nn c nhng nh hng
tiu cc n cht lng dch v khch hng v tng chi ph logistics bi s sao nhng v
thiu trch nhim vi hot ng ny. Quan im kinh doanh hin i ngy nay coi logistics
l mt chc nng c lp, ng thi c mi quan h tng h vi hai chc nng c bn
ca doanh nghip l sn xut v marketing, phn giao din gia chng c nhng hot ng
chung (Hnh 1.3)
9
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Nghip v mua Nghip v mua
hng hng
Nghip v kho Nghip v kho
Bao b/ng gi Bao b/ng gi
B B c d & cht xp c d & cht xp
h h
2 2

Qun l thng tin Qun l thng tin
Dch v KH Dch v KH
X l n t X l n t
hng hng
Cung ng hng ho Cung ng hng ho
Qun tr d tr Qun tr d tr
Qun tr vn Qun tr vn
chuyn chuyn
Ngun lc
vt cht
Ngun
nhn s
Ngun
ti chnh
Ngun
thng tin
Sn xut Sn xut
cht
lng
lch
sn xut
thit
b
cng

Logistic Logistic
s s
vn chuyn
d tr
x l h
kho bi
Market Market
ing ing
sn
phm
gi c
phn
phi
giao
tip
dch v
khch
hng
nh
gi
ng
gi
a
im
bn l
mua vt
liu
a
im sx
Hnh 1.3: Quan h gia chc nng logistics vi chc nng sn xut
Hn th na, trong giai on hin nay, ti cc quc gia pht trin, qun tr logistics
cn c ghi nhn nh mt thnh t quan trng trong vic to ra li nhun v li th cnh
tranh cho cc t chc. Vai tr ca n th hin rt r nt ti cc doanh nghip vn hnh theo
c ch th trng.
- Logistics nng cao hiu qu qun l, gim thiu chi ph sn trong qu trnh
sn xut, tng cng sc cnh tranh cho doanh nghip. Quan im marketing cho
rng, kinh doanh tn ti da trn s tha mn nhu cu khch hng v cho thy 3 thnh
phn ch yu ca khi nim ny l s phi hp cc n lc marketing, tha mn khch hng
v li nhun cng ty. Logistics ng vai tr quan trng vi cc thnh phn ny theo cch
thc khc nhau. N gip phi hp cc bin s marketing mix, gia tng s hi lng ca
khch hng, trc tip lm gim chi ph, gin tip lm tng li nhun trong di hn.
- Logistics to ra gi tr gia tng v thi gian v a im: Mi sn phm c
sn xut ra lun mang mt hnh thi hu dng v gi tr (form utility and value) nht
nh vi con ngi. Tuy nhin c khch hng tiu th, hu ht cc sn phm ny cn
c nhiu hn th. N cn c a n ng v tr, ng thi gian v c kh nng trao i
vi khch hng. Cc gi tr ny cng thm vo sn phm v vt xa phn gi tr to ra
trong sn xut c gi l li ch a im, li ch thi gian v li ch s hu (place, time
and possession utility). Li ch a im l gi tr cng thm vo sn phm qua vic to
cho n kh nng trao i hoc tiu th ng v tr. Li ch thi gian l ga tr c sng
to ra bng vic to ra kh nng sn phm ti ng thi im m khch hng c nhu
cu, nhng li ch ny l kt qu ca hot ng logistics. Nh vy Logistics gp phn to
ra tnh hu ch v thi gian v a im cho sn phm, nh m sn phm c th n
ng v tr cn thit vo thi im thch hp. Trong xu hng ton cu ha, khi m th
trng tiu th v ngun cung ng ngy cng tr nn xa cch v mt a l th cc li ch
v thi gian v a im do logistics mang tr nn c bit cn thit cho vic tiu dng sn
phm
- Logistics cho php doanh nghip di chuyn hng ha v dch v hiu qu
n khch hng: Logistics khng ch gp phn ti u ha v v tr m cn ti u ha cc
dng hng ha v dch v ti doanh nghip nh vo vic phn b mng li cc c s kinh
doanh v iu kin phc v ph hp vi yu cu vn ng hng ha. Hn th na, cc m
hnh qun tr v phng n ti u trong d tr, vn chuyn, mua hngv h thng thng
tin hin i s to iu kin a hng ha n ni khch hng yu cu nhanh nht vi
chi ph thp, cho php doanh nghip thc hin hiu qu cc hot ng ca mnh
10
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hng hng
h h
2 2

Dch v KH Dch v KH
X l n t X l n t
hng hng
Qun tr vn Qun tr vn
chuyn chuyn
Ngun lc
vt cht
Ngun
nhn s
Ngun
ti chnh
Ngun
thng tin
Cc hot ng
phi hp gia
sn xut v hu
cn
Cc hot ng
phi hp gia
marketing v hu
cn
- Logistics c vai tr h tr nh qun l ra quyt nh chnh xc trong hot
ng sn xut kinh doanh, l mt ngun li tim tng cho doanh nghip: Mt h
thng logistics hiu qu v kinh t cng tng t nh mt ti sn v hnh cho cng ty. Nu
mt cng ty c th cung cp sn phm cho khch hng ca mnh mt cch nhanh chng vi
chi ph thp th c th thu c li th v th phn so vi i th cnh tranh. iu ny c
th gip cho vic bn hng mc chi ph thp hn nh vo h thng logistics hiu qu
hoc cung cp dch v khch hng vi trnh cao hn do d to ra uy tn. Mc d khng
t chc no ch ra phn vn qu ny trong bng cn i ti sn nhng cn phi tha nhn
rng y l phn ti sn v hnh ging nh bn quyn, pht minh, sng ch, thng hiu
1.2 Ni dung c bn ca qun tr Logistics
1.2.1 Khi nim v m hnh qun tr logistics .
Trong phm vi mt doanh nghip, qun tr logistics c hiu l mt b
phn ca qu trnh chui cung ng, bao gm vic hoch nh, thc hin v kim sot c
hiu lc, hiu qu cc dng vn ng v d tr hng ha, dch v cng cc thng tin
c lin quan t im khi u n cc im tiu th theo n t hng nhm tho
mn yu cu ca khch hng. Quan im ny c khi qut ho trong hnh 1.4.
Hnh 1.4: Cc thnh phn v hot ng c bn ca h thng Logistics
Hnh ny cho thy logistics khng phi l mt hot ng n l m l mt chui cc
hot ng lin tc, c quan h mt thit v tc ng qua li ln nhau, bao trm mi yu t
to nn sn phm t cc nhp lng u vo cho n giai on tiu th sn phm cui
cng. Cc ngun ti nguyn u vo khng ch bao gm vn, vt t, nhn lc m cn bao
hm c dch v, thng tin, b quyt v cng ngh. Cc hot ng ny cng c phi kt
11
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Cc hot ng Logistics Cc hot ng Logistics
Vt
liu
Bn
thnh
phm
Thnh
Phm
u vo
logistics
Nh
cung
cp
Qun tr
Logistics
Khch
Hng
hng hng
h h
2 2

Dch v KH Dch v KH
X l n t X l n t
hng hng
Qun tr vn Qun tr vn
chuyn chuyn
Quyt nh qun tr
Hoch nh Thc thi Kim
sot
Ngun lc
vt cht
Ngun
nhn s
Ngun
ti chnh
Ngun
thng tin
u ra
logistics
nh hng
t
2
(li th
CT)
Tin li v
thi gian &
a im
Hiu qu
vn ng
h
2
ti KH
Ti sn
s hu
trong mt chin lc kinh doanh tng th ca doanh nghip t tm hoch nh n thc
thi, t chc v trin khai ng b t mua, d tr, tn kho, bo qun, vn chuyn n thng
tin, bao b, ng giV chnh nh vo s kt hp ny m cc hot ng kinh doanh c
h tr mt cch ti u, nhp nhng v hiu qu, to ra c s tho mn khch hng mc
cao nht hay mang li cho h nhng gi tr gia tng ln hn so vi i th cnh tranh.
1.2.2 Mc tiu v quan im ca qun tr logistics kinh doanh
Mt cch khi qut, mc tiu ca qun tr logistics l cung ng dch v cho khch
hng t hiu qu cao.
C th hn, theo E.Grosvenor Plowman, mc tiu ca h thng logistics l cung cp
cho cho khch hng 7 li ch - (7 rights): ng khch hng, ng sn phm, ng s
lng, ng iu kin, ng a im, ng thi gian, ng chi ph
*
. Cc mc tiu
ny i hi doanh nghip phi thc hin tt hai yu cu c bn sau:
a. Cung ng mc dch v khch hng c tnh chin lc:
L mc dch v tha mn nhu cu dch v cho ca cc nhm khch hng mc tiu v
c u th so vi i th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. Mc dch v ny c lng ha
qua 3 tiu chun
- Tnh sn c ca hng ha/dch v
- Kh nng cung ng dch v
- tin cy dch v
a1. S sn c ca hng ha ti cc a im bn v ni cung cp l mt cch
thc nh gi kh nng p ng nhng mong i ca khch hng trong qu trnh vn
hnh cc hot ng logistics. Tnh sn c c nh gi theo 3 ch tiu sau:
T l phn trm hng ha c mt ti kho mt thi im. T l hng ha trong
kho cho bit s n v hng ha d tr d tnh trong kho (Stock keeping units SKU) ti
mt thi im sn sng cung cp cho khch hng. Nu mt cng ty t mc tiu d tr
100 sn phm trong kho v kim tra ti thi im bt u ngy hot ng c 95 sn phm
sn sng giao cho khch hng th t l sn sng hng ha trong kho l 95%. Tuy nhin s
nh gi s cha chnh xc nu kho tn tr nhiu loi hng v chng c bn vi nhu cu
khc bit nhau. Do ch tiu tip theo c s dng l t l hon thnh n hng
T l hon thnh n hng o lng s lng hng ha tha mn nhu cu ca
khch hng theo t l % v c cu mt hng t. Th d: nu khch hng t 100 thng
hng A v nhn c 87 thng hng A th t l ny l 87%. o lng t l hon thnh
n t hng cn da trn c s n t hng ban u ca khch hng trc khi c bt c
s thay th, hu b hay sa i no khc trong n t hng. Khi c rt nhiu cng ty tin
hnh m phn nhng thay i trong n t hng cho thch hp hoc m phn v nhng
thay i vi khch hng nhm gim lng d tr trong kho, th vic nh gi t l hon
*
The right product in the right quatity, in the right condition, is delivered to the right customer at the right
place, at the right time, at the right cost.
12
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thnh n t hng c tn da trn kh nng ca cng ty trong vic p ng n t
hng ban u ca khch hng.
T l phn trm nhng n t hng c thc hin y v giao cho khch
l ch tiu nh gi chnh xc nht v lng hng sn c phc v khch hng. Theo ,
cc n hng hon thnh y dng nh gi mc thng xuyn hoc s ln m
mt hng cung ng 100% cc mt hng m khch hng t. S lng n t hng
hon thnh loi ny l mt cch nh gi chun v s hon ho ca bt c hot ng
phn phi vt cht no.
Vic kt hp 3 ch tiu trn y a ra cch nh gi v vic qun l hng trong kho
ca mt cng ty nh th no cho tt p ng nhng mong i ca khch hng. Cc ch
tiu trn cn gip cng ty quyt nh mc hot ng phn phi cn duy tr theo thi
gian. Gia vic u t vo hng ha trong kho vi s sn c ca sn phm c mi quan h
trc tip vi nhau. Theo nguyn tc chung gia tng tnh sn sng ca hng ho th i
hi cn phi u t nhiu hn vo d tr hng ha trong kho.
a2. Kh nng cung ng dch v: Kh nng cung ng dch v lin quan ti mc ,
tnh chc chn v s linh hot trong vic hon thnh cc n t hng ca mt cng ty. Ni
cch khc l kh nng cung ng dch v th hin ch yu qua mc thc hin n hng
ca cng ty. Cc hot ng to nn mt vng quay n t hng in hnh bao gm:
- Tip nhn v x l n t hng ca khch
- Chp nhn thanh ton
- Chun b sn sng hng ho
- Vn chuyn
- Lm vn n v giao hng
Cc ch tiu: tc , s ph hp v tnh linh hot ca cc hot ng phc v khch
hng ny c lin quan trc tip dn ton b c cu vng quay n t hng cng l cc ch
tiu th hin kh nng cung ng dch v
Tc cung ng dch v l tng thi gian m khch hng ch i cng ty ni h
mua hng tin hnh vic thc hin n t hng v giao hng cho khch hng. Trong mt
s trng hp giao hng cho khch phi m bo tc cung ng nhanh chng tc thi.
Cc trng hp khc thc hin 5 bc p ng trn li yu cu phi c thi gian.
Khong thi gian ny c th l mt vi gi, nu ngi bn v tr tng i gn v mt
a l so vi khch hng, hoc c th ti hng tun (trong cc tnh hung bun bn a quc
gia). D nhin phn ln khch hng u mun nhn c cng nhanh cng tt, v vy tc
cung ng nhanh gp phn lm tng s tha mn khch hng. Tuy nhin vic tng tc
cung ng dch v thng i hi chi ph ln do doanh nghip cn tm ra cc cu trc
knh phn phi vt cht c tc cung ng v chi ph ph hp. V d vic lu tr mt s
lng dng c y t c gi tr ln ti kho trung tm cng vi vic giao hng bng ng
hng khng c th l ph hp vi yu cu ca khch hng v c th t tn km hn vic
duy tr mt khi lng hng ho phn tn trn th trng. Cn ch rng, ch tiu tc
cung ng l nhn thc ca khch hng v tng thi gian hot ng cn thit nhn hng,
13
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chnh l c s thch hp duy nht nh gi tc cung ng nhanh hay chm do
cn nghin cu c th nm c yu cu ca mi khch hng.
S chnh xc ca vng quay n t hng, cn gi l n nh thi gian giao
hng. Ch tiu s chnh xc ca vng quay n hng thng nh gi khong thi gian
ca mt vng quay n t hng vt qu khong thi gian cho php hoc mong i. Khi
nh gi kh nng cung ng dch v khch hng, i khi ch tiu c coi l quan trng
hn ch tiu thi gian cung ng, bi l trong iu kin cung ng hin i, cc phng thc
cung ng i hi s tn tr l nh nht trong iu kin c th nn thi gian cn chnh xc
p ng tt cc yu cu kinh doanh nhng gim thiu c chi ph d tr.
Cc doanh nghip thng da vo nh cung cp gim s lng hng trong kho
ng thi li lun cn duy tr mt lng hng ln sn c cho khch hng nn s chnh xc
ca thi giao hng l rt quan trng. Trn thc t khong thi gian cn thit cho bt c
hot ng no trong 5 hot ng ca chu k t hng c th ln hn hoc nh hn so vi
thi gian mong i nn s ph hp ca ton b vng quay s l tng thi gian cn thit
tin hnh tt c cc hot ng ring l. V d c th b p s chm tr trong vic la chn
v chun b n t bng vic thu phng tin vn chuyn tc cao c th giao hng
ng thi hn.
Tnh linh hot cp ti kh nng ca mt cng ty trong vic iu phi cc ngun
lc p ng cc yu cu v dch v c bit ca khch hng. Trong cc hot ng phn
phi s linh hot c th gip khc phc s tht bi trong cung ng dch v hoc c th l
cch thc hay c dng tha mn tt hn nhng i hi c bit no ca khch
hng. V d khi xut mt mt hng quan trng nhm phc v cho mt khch hng quan
trng, cng ty c th nng ng s dng phng tin vn chuyn c tc cao. Vi kh
nng hot ng linh hot nh vy nhng tht bi trong cung ng dch v c th c hn
ch.
Ngoi ra, da trn yu cu ca khch hng, nh phn phi c th quyt nh s
dng cc phng n d kin khc nhau trong vic cung ng dch v theo yu cu khch
hng. V d phng n thng thng ca cng ty trong phc v khch c th l vn
chuyn trc tip mt khi lng hng cht y phng tin t ni sn xut ti kho ca
khch hng. Nhng i khi khch hng yu cu giao hng trc tip ti kho ngi s dng,
cng ty c th phi chuyn ch nhiu loi sn phm hn hp t kho hng. V th cng ty
cung ng phi t ra k hoch v kh nng phn phi hng mt cch linh hot nhm p
ng yu cu c bit ca khch hng. iu ny cho php tha mn khch hng mt cch
cao hn, v mc linh hot p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng chnh l mt ch tiu
quan trong nh gi kh nng cung ng dch v.
Cn kt hp 3 tiu chun trn o lng chnh xc kh nng cung ng dch v do
cc hot ng logistics to ra. Tc cung ng l quan trng nhng s ph hp theo thi
gian cn quan trng hn. Nhm pht huy ti a hiu qu ca cc hot ng logistics, hu
ht cc t chc u da vo kh nng linh hot b sung cho cc hot ng thng th-
ng. Cng cn d kin cc phng n phn phi linh hot hoc c kh nng thay th ln
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nhau nhm b p cho tnh hung bt ng hoc nhm p ng cc nhu cu c bit ca
khch hng.
a3. tin cy dch v: tin cy dch v hay cht lng phc v cp ti kh
nng ca mt cng ty thc hin hon ho cc hot ng p ng n t hng theo nhn
thc ca khch hng.
Ton b qu trnh phc v khch hng u cp ti vic tha mn yu cu ca
khch hng, do cht lng phc v c xem xt trc ht vi 2 ch tiu: s sn c ca
hng ho v kh nng cung ng dch v bi v y l 2 ch tiu quan trng p ng c
s mong i ca khch hng. Ngoi ra cc ch tiu v s an ton cho hng ha nh vn
chuyn hng khng gy thit hi, cc vn n chnh xc hoc hon ho, thc hin tr hng
an ton, cung cp thng tin nhanh chng v chnh xc, thi phc v thin ch hoc kh
nng nhanh chng gii quyt cc vn ny sinh cng c s dng nh gi cht
lng phc vNhng ch tiu ny tt nhin l rt kh c th nh gi hoc nh lng.
Cc qu trnh logistics h tr cho cc hot ng kinh doanh lun nhm p ng s
mong i thng xuyn ca khch hng v vic cung ng hng ho vi dch v c cht l-
ng cao nht trong mi n hng hin ti cng nh tng lai. Nhng cng ty tri hn hn
v cht lng phc v u c t nht 3 c im:
Th nht, h s dng cc c cu c th gip khch hng tip nhn mt cch chnh
xc v kp thi cc thng tin v n t hng v cc yu cu khc c lin quan n dch v.
Th hai, cc hng cam kt cung ng dch v vi cht lng cao cn tin hnh cc
cch thc p ng cc yu cu v i hi c bit ca khch hng m khng phi tr
hon ch chp nhn ca cp trn hoc sa sai. Do vic trao quyn cho cc cp a ra
quyt nh kp thi trn c s nhng nh gi ng n ca h s to iu kin rt ln
t c mc tiu phc v vi cht lng cao.
Th ba, ngi qun l, iu hnh cc hot ng dch v cung ng cho khch hng
khi phi ng u vi cc tnh hung bt ng hoc cc kh khn nguy him thng bc
l ci gi l kh nng to ra s phc v ng kinh ngc. l kh nng a ra gii php
thch ng hay cp ti mt ngh thut qun l d bo trc c nguy c xy ra b
trong cung ng dch v v gii quyt vn nhanh nht to s trung thnh vi khch
hng vi cng ty.
b. Chi ph logistics v quan im qun tr logistics
Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca qun tr logistics l gim chi ph trong khi vn
m bo cht lng dch v khch hng. Theo kt qu iu tra th cc ngnh kinh doanh
khc nhau c mc chi ph logistics khc nhau. Trong nhiu ngnh, chi ph logisics c th
vt qu 25% chi ph sn xut. Do nu qun tr logisics tt c th tit kim c mt
khon chi ph ng k, gp phn tng li nhun ca cng ty. Bn cnh , qun tr logisics
tt cn gp phn tng tc chu chuyn v rt ngn thi gian thu hi vn. Tng chi ph
logisics c hnh thnh t chi ph ca cc hot ng cu thnh, bao gm 6 loi chi ph
ch yu:
15
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CF D tr CF D tr CF Vn ti CF Vn ti
-Chi ph dch v khch hng: Chi ph dch v khch hng bao gm cc chi ph
hon tt nhng yu cu ca n t hng (chi ph phn loi, kim tra, bao b ng gi, dn
nhn); chi ph cung cp dch v, hng ha; chi ph gii quyt tnh hung hng b
tr li chi ph dch v khch hng lin quan mt thit vi cc khon chi ph vn ti, chi
ph d tr v chi ph cho cng ngh thng tin.
-Chi ph vn ti: Chi ph vn ti l mt trong nhng khon ln nht trong chi ph
logisics. Chi ph vn ti chu s nh hng ca nhiu yu t nh: loi hng ho, quy m l
hng, tuyn ng vn ti Chi ph vn ti ca mt n v hng ho (cc ph) t l
nghch vi khi lng vn ti v vi qung ng vn chuyn.
-Chi ph kho bi: Chi ph qun l kho nhm m bo cho cc nghip v kho c
din ra sun s, trong mt s trng hp bao gm c chi ph thit k mng li kho chi ph
kho st, chn a im v xy dng kho hng. Tuy nhin s lng kho hng c nh hng
n dch v khch hng v doanh thu ca cng ty nn cn phn tch, tnh ton k lng
cn bng gia chi ph qun l kho, chi ph d tr, chi ph vn ti vi khon doanh thu c
th b tng hoc gim tng ng khi quyt nh s lng kho cn c trong h thng
logisics.
-Chi ph x l n hng v h thng thng tin: h tr dch v khch hng v kim
sot chi ph mt cch hiu qu cn b ra mt khon chi ph khng nh trao i thng tin
vi khch hng v cc b phn c lin quan nhm gii quyt n t hng, thit lp cc
knh phn phi, d bo nhu cu th trng. Chi ph ny cng lin quan n chi ph qun l
kho, d tr, sn xut
- Chi ph thu mua ( c l hng theo yu cu) Khon chi ph ny dng cho thu
gom, chun b hng cung cp cho khch. Bao gm nhiu khon chi ph nh: xy dng c
s gom hng; tm nh cung cp ; Mua v tip nhn nguyn vt liu
- Chi ph d tr: Hot ng logisics to ra chi ph d tr. Chi ph ny tng gim
tu theo s lng hng ho d tr nhiu hay t. C 4 loi chi ph d tr: (1)Chi ph vn hay
chi ph c hi, khon chi ph ny cng ty c th thu hi li c. (2)Chi ph dch v d tr,
gm c bo him v thu nh trn lng d tr. (3)Chi ph mt bng kho bi, chi ph ny
thay i theo mc d tr.(4)Chi ph phng nga ri ro, khi hng ho b li thi, mt
cp h hng
Gia cc loi chi ph logistics c mi quan h tng h, tc ng qua li v nh
hng ln nhau, chi ph n rng buc hu c vi chi ph kia th hin qua hnh1.5.
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CF D tr CF D tr CF Vn ti CF Vn ti
Hnh 1.5: Mi quan h gia cc loi chi ph logistics
V bn cht, Logistics l mt chui kt hp nhiu hot ng kinh t nhm ti
u ho v tr v qu trnh lu chuyn, d tr hng ho t im u cho n im
cui ngi s dng, nn nu gim chi ph tu tin tng hot ng ring l, cha
chc t c kt qu mong mun. Gia cc hot ng logistics c lin quan mt
thit vi nhau, dn n gim chi ph khu ny c th lm tng chi ph khu khc v
cui cng tng chi ph khng gim m cn c th tng, i ngc li mc ch ca qun tr
logistics. Do vy, cha kho t c yu cu gim chi ph trong qun tr logisics l
phn tch tng chi ph. iu ny c ngha l nh qun tr logisics phi tm cch gim tng
chi ph xung mc thp nht trong iu kin cho php trong khi c th la chn rt nhiu
cc mc dch v khch hng vi cc cu trc dch v khc nhau. lm c iu ny
trc cn nm vng cc k nng phn tch cn i chi ph gia cc hot ng logisics.
Xut pht t gc ny, cc nh qun tr logistics hnh thnh nn quan im qun tr
logistics tch hp (intergreted logistics management). Quan im tip cn h thng hay
qun tr logistics tch hp l mt nguyn l c bn trong qun tr logistics hin i. Quan
im ny cho rng, tt c cc chc nng v cc hot ng cn c nhn thc di cng
nhng iu kin nh hng v b nh hng, cc thnh phn v cc hot ng ca n
lun tng tc ln nhau. Hiu theo cch ny th bn thn logistics l mt h thng, mt
mng li cc hot ng c lin h vi mc tiu qun tr cc dng hng ha lin tc vo
cc t chc trong chui logistics. Tip cn h thng l s bin ha sc mnh n gin nht
nhn thc cc mi quan h tng h gia cc thnh phn trong mt h thng. Nu nhn
cc hot ng mt cch c lp, chng ta s khng nhn thc c ton cnh, u l yu t
tc ng v b tc ng bi nhng hnh ng khc. Theo cch tip cn ny th tng s hay
kt qu u ra ca mt chui lin kt cc hot ng th ln hn cc thnh phn ring r ca
n.
Quan im qun tr logistics tch hp cp n vic qun l nhiu hot ng nh
mt h thng hp nht c p dng trong nhiu cng ty kinh doanh hin i nh 3M,
Quacker Oats, Herman Miller, h nhn ra rng tng chi ph logistics c th gim bng
cch phi hp mt lot cc hot ng logistics c lin quan nh dch v khch hng, vn
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CF Dch v KH CF Dch v KH
CF X l h & CF X l h &
ttin ttin
CF Kho bi CF Kho bi
CF D tr CF D tr
CF Mua hng CF Mua hng
CF Vn ti CF Vn ti
chuyn, nh kho, d tr, qu trnh t hng, h thng thng tin k hoch sn xut v mua
sm. Nu khng c s phi hp c th dn n s thiu hiu qu, nh lm tng d tr ti
cc giao din kinh doanh ch yu nh: nh cung ng- hot ng mua hng, mua hng
sn xut, sn xut-marketing, marketing phn phi, phn phi - trung gian, trung gian -
khch hng.
Thc t cc hot ng logistics ti cc cng ty ny cho thy, trong qun tr cc dng
d tr, vic hp nht vn ti v nh kho rt hu dng v thng to ra hiu qu gp hai
ln. Th d thay cho vic phng mua hng tha thun vi cc nh vn chuyn sn phm
u ra v cc nh vn chuyn nguyn liu u vo th ch cn thng lng vi mt nh
vn chuyn v vic chuyn ch c hai. Kt qu l ton b ga hng ha vn chuyn s gim
xung v s lng chuyn ch tng ln. iu ny cn cho php cc k hach chuyn ch
ca cng ty v nh vn chuyn c hiu qu v hiu lc cao hn. Quan im ny chi phi
cc phng php v cch thc ti u ha tng chi ph logistics.
Tng chi ph logistics c tnh mt cch n gin qua cng thc:
F
log
= F
1
+F
2
+F
3
+F
4
+....+F
n
Trong : F
log
l Tng chi ph logistics, cc F
i
l cc chi ph cu thnh
Tuy nhin vic gim chi ph theo quan im nu trn li khng n gin l gim cc
b cc chi ph cu thnh t c mc tiu mong mun m cn xem xt tt c cc chi
ph ny trong mi tng quan nh i (Trade-off), hay s thay th ln nhau tm ra
phng n c chi ph tha ng. Chnh v vy cc nh qun tr logistics coi s hp nht
cc hot ng logistics tp trung ch yu vo k thut phn tch v tnh ton chi ph
thay th gia cc hot ng hp thnh chn ra cc phng n phi hp ti u.
1.2.3 Cc ni dung c bn ca qun tr logistics
a. Dch v khch hng:
Trong hot ng logistics, dch v khch hng c hiu l ton b kt qu u ra,
l thc o cht lng ca ton b h thng. Do mun pht trin logistics phi c s
quan tm thch ng n dch v khch hng.Theo quan im ny, dch v khch hng l
qu trnh din ra gia ngi mua v ngi bn v bn th ba l nh thu ph. Kt qu ca
qu trnh ny to ra gi tr gia tng cho sn phm hay dch v c trao i, c o bng
hiu s gi tr u ra v gi tr u vo ca mt lot cc hot ng kinh t c quan h t-
ng h vi nhau v th hin qua s hi lng ca khch hng. L thc o cht lng ton
b h thng logistics ca doanh nghip, dch v khch hng c nh hng rt ln n th
phn, n tng chi ph b ra v cui cng n li nhun ca doanh nghip. Tu theo tng
lnh vc v sn phm kinh doanh m gi tr cng thm vo sn phm v dch v do hu cn
mang li khng ging nhau (Hnh 1.6). D liu cho thy s chnh lch ng k v gi tr
gia tng do logistics to ra mt s mt hng v lnh vc kinh doanh khc nhau.
b. H thng thng tin :
qun tr logistics thnh cng, i hi doanh nghip phi qun l c h thng
thng tin phc tp. Bao gm thng tin trong ni b tng t chc (doanh nghip, nh cung
cp, khch hng), thng tin trong tng b phn chc nng ca doanh nghip, thng tin
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Gi tr gia tng (%)
10 20 30 40 50
Du la
Sn phm thy tinh
Ch bin
Kinh doanh bn l
Giy
Khai thc g
Cng nghip t
Vt liu xy dng
Dc phm
C kh
Cao su
Dt
Da
Thuc
Hnh 1.6: T l gi tr gia tng t hot ng logistics
ca mt s ngnh kinh doanh khc nhau
c. H thng thng tin :
gia cc khu trong dy chuyn cung ng (kho tng, bn bi, vn ti) v s phi hp
thng tin gia cc t chc, b phn v cng on trn. Trong trng tm l thng tin
x l n t hng ca khch, hot ng ny c coi l trung tm thn kinh ca h thng
logistics. Trong iu kin hin nay, nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin vi s tr
gip ca my vi tnh s gip cho vic qun tr thng tin nhanh chng, chnh xc, kp thi.
Nh doanh nghip c th a ra nhng quyt nh ng n vo thi im nhy cm
nht. iu ny gip cho logistics thc s tr thnh mt cng c cnh tranh li hi ca
doanh nghip.
d. Qun tr D tr:
D tr l s tch lu sn phm, hng ho ti cc doanh nghip trong qu trnh vn
ng t im u n im cui ca mi dy chuyn cung ng, to iu kin cho qu trnh
ti sn xut din ra lin tc, nhp nhng, thng sut. D tr trong nn kinh t cn cn thit
do yu cu cn bng cung cu i vi cc mt hng theo thi v, phng cc ri ro,
tho mn nhng nhu cu bt thng ca th trng, d tr tt s em li hiu qu kinh t
cho doanh nghip. Mc d rt cn thit nhng d tr rt tn km v chi ph, ti cng ty
Cambell Soup d tr chim n 30% ti sn, v chim n hn 50% ti sn ca tp on
Kmart. V vy vic qun l d tr tt s gip doanh nghip cn i gia vn u t vi
nhng c hi u t khc.
e. Qun tr vn ti:
L vic s dng cc phng tin chuyn ch khc phc khong cch v khng
gian ca sn phm v dch v trong h thng logistics theo yu cu ca khch hng. Nu
sn phm c a n ng v tr m khch hng yu cu tc l gi tr ca n c
tng thm. Mt khc vic s dng phng thc v cch thc t chc vn chuyn cn gip
cho sn phm c n ng vo thi im khch hng cn hay khng? iu ny cng to
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thm gi tr gia tng cho sn phm. Nh vy bng cch qun tr vn chuyn tt s gp phn
a sn phm n ng ni v ng lc ph hp vi nhu cu ca khch hng.
f. Qun tr kho hng:
Bao gm vic thit k mng li kho tng ( S lng, v tr v quy m). Tnh ton v
trang b cc thit b nh kho; T chc cc nghip v kho. Qun l h thng thng tin giy
t chng t; T chc qun l lao ng trong khoGip cho sn phm c duy tr mt
cch ti u nhng v tr cn thit xc nh trong h thng logistics nh m cc hot
ng c din ra mt cch bnh thng.
g. Qun tr vt t v mua hng ho:
Nu dch v khch hng l u ra ca h thng logistics th vt t, hng ho l u
vo ca qu trnh ny. Mc d khng trc tip tc ng vo khch hng nhng qun tr
hng ho v vt t c vai tr to tin quyt nh i v cht lng ton b h thng.
Hot ng ny bao gm: Xc nh nhu cu vt t, hng ho; tm kim v la chn nh
cung cp; Tin hnh mua sm; T chc vn chuyn, tip nhn v lu kho, bo qun v
cung cp cho ngi s dng
Nhng ni dung c bn trn cho thy, logistics gii quyt vn ti u ho c u
ra ln u vo ti cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh. Logistics c th gip thay i cc
ngun ti nguyn u vo hoc ti u ho qu trnh chu chuyn nguyn vt liu, hng ho,
dch v nh to ra kh nng gim chi ph, tng sc cnh tranh cho doanh nghip
1.3 i tng v ni dung nghin cu mn hc
1.3.1 i tng v phng php nghin cu
i tng nghin cu: Mn hc qun tr logistics kinh doanh l mn khoa hc kinh
t chuyn ngnh nghin cu cc hot ng logistics c bn vi t cch l mt chc nng
qun tr c lp ti cc doanh nghip trong c ch th trng. Mn hc trang b cc kin
thc cn thit nht xy dng cc mc tiu, lp k hoch, trin khai v kim sot cc
hot ng logistics mt cch h thng ti cc doanh nghip, ng thi gip cho cc nh
qun tr ti cc doanh nghip c th ng dng linh hot cc hot ng ny trong iu kin
mi trng kinh doanh nhiu thay i v bin ng hin nay. Mn hc cng gii quyt cc
ni dung hot ng logistics trong s lin kt vi cc chc nng quan trng ca doanh
nghip nh marketing, sn xut v ti chnh. Nh m gp phn hon thin h thng kin
thc qun tr kinh doanh ti cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong iu kin hin nay.
Kin thc c bn ca mn hc c p dng cho hu ht mi loi hnh kinh doanh,
c bit thch hp vi cc doanh nghip sn xut v thng mi hng ha, nhng t chc
c chc nng kinh doanh gn lin vi s vn ng ca cc dng sn phm vt cht
(material flows). L thuyt ny cng c ng dng mt cch linh hot cho cc t chc
dch v c bit nh khch sn, nh hng, bu chnh vin thngNgoi ra cc t chc
chuyn cung cp dch v logistics ( Third party logistics 3PLs, Four party logistics
4PLs) cng c th tham kho l thuyt ny nhm phi hp cung ng cc hot ng dch
v mt cch ti u nht trong qu trnh kinh doanh ca mnh.
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Phng php nghin cu mn hc: Qun tr Logistics l mt ngnh khoa hc kinh t
hin i, i hi ngi hc cn vn dng tng hp nhiu phng php trong qu trnh hc
tp v nghin cu. Trc ht l nm bt i tng nghin cu, cc quy lut, bn cht ca
hin tng kinh doanh theo quan im duy vt bin chng, c cn c khoa hc v thc
tin, khng ch quan, v on, duy ch. Khng my mc, cng nhc p dng cc m
hnh v l lun i trc m cn cn c vo trnh , mc pht trin, yu cu v kh
nng thc t Vit Nam ci tin v vn dng cc m hnh, l thuyt, cc phng php
mt cch hiu qu v hp l.
Hin nay lnh vc logistics mt s quc gia nh M, Canada, Thy s, Singapore,
Nht bnrt pht trin, v cc l thuyt cng nh m hnh qun l logistics cng c
nhiu khc bit nn vic nghin cu l thuyt, tip thu kinh nghim ca cc quc gia i
trc l ht sc cn thit. Tuy nhin vic ng dng linh hot v trin khai sng to nhm
t hiu qu trong thc t i nh qun tr phi c ci nhn bin chng v lch s. Va phi
c tm nhn chin lc khi qut, di hn, va phi quan tm ti ngun lc thc t ti
doanh nghip, cng cn ch n nhng tc nghip chi tit, c th, v bit cch phi hp
cht ch logistics vi cc chc nng khc trong doanh nghip. Ngi hc cn c kh nng
vn dng cc phng php d on, thng k, phn tch, m hnh ha, cc cng c thu
thp v x l thng tin, s liu hin i h tr cho vic gii quyt cc vn logistics
trong thc t .
Cng cn nhn thc rng, logistics l mt ngnh khoa hc c tc pht trin rt
nhanh trong nhng giai on c nhiu tin b khoa hc, cng ngh v k thut vt bc
ca nhn loi hin nay, vic p dng cc thnh tu ny vo ngnh hc l tt yu, dn n
nhng thay i lin tc v quan im qun tr, cc m hnh qun l, cc phng php k
thut.trong ngnh logistics. Kh nng nhn thc cc bin i ca mi trng, vn dng
linh cc phng php t duy, to ra ci nhn sc bn v linh hot chnh l cha kha nm
bt v lm ch mn khoa hc ny.
1.3.2 Ni dung mn hc qun tr logistics kinh doanh
Vi quan im tip cn hot ng logistics nh mt chc nng c lp trong h
thng cc chc nng kinh doanh c bn ca doanh nghip, ng thi cung cp cc kin
thc thit thc cho vn dng vo thc tin hin nay Vit Nam, mn hc ch trng vo
cc ni dung tc nghip m khng i su vo cc quyt nh tm chin lc. Cc vn c
bn ca qun tr logistics kinh doanh c chia thnh 6 chng tun th tin trnh qun tr
c bn ca cc doanh nghip.
Chng1 Tng quan v qun tr logistics trnh by khi qut s pht trin, chc
nng, mc tiu, m hnh qun tr logistics v cc hot ng c bn ca qun tr logistics ti
cc doanh nghip.
Chng 2. Dch v khch hng
Chng 3 Qun tr d tr
Chng 4 Qun tr vn chuyn
Chng 5 Qun tr cc hot ng logistics h tr
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L cc chng trng tm vo hot ng k hoch ha cc nghip v logistics chnh
yu v b tr ti cc doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh nhm ti u ha cc ngun lc
logistics qua cc quyt nh la chn, sp xp, s dng cc phng n thay th tim nng.
Chng 6 T chc v kim sot logistics ti doanh nghip. Cung cp cc m
hnh c bn v t chc, cc ch tiu v phng php kim tra, nh gi h thng logistic
nhm hon thin, ci tin v i mi lin tc qu trnh qun tr logistics ti doanh nghip.
Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca hot ng logistics ti Vit Nam giai on hin
nay, cc kin thc v qun tr logistics s c thng xuyn nghin cu, b xung v cp
nht thch nghi vi yu cu ca giai on mi.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Tm tt chng 1
Trong giai on hin nay, logistics ang tr thnh mt hot ng c tnh sng cn
cho cc doanh nghip trong xu th ton cu ha
Chng 1 gii thiu khi qut v s i v pht trin ca logistics trong kinh doanh
hin i. Nhn mnh vo vai tr v tm quan trng ca logistics ti cc quc gia v mt
doanh nghip, ng thi ch ra c im ca logistics trong mt s lnh vc c th qua
ni dung phn loi. Vic phn loi cn cho thy v tr, tm quan trng v mc nh
hng ca hot ng logistics trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau.
Ni dung chnh ca chng 1 tp trung lm r khi nim, m hnh qun tr logistics
t cch tip cn m ca doanh nghip vi mi trng v chui cung ng, xc nh cc mc
tiu c bn ca qun tr logistics v cung cp mt ci nhn tng qut v cc hot ng qun
tr logistics c bn v h tr ti doanh nghip nh dch v khch hng, d tr, vn chuyn,
mua hng,. Ni dung ca cc hot ng ny cho thy v tr v vai tr ca chng trong
vic p ng cc mc tiu ca qun tr logistics. Mi quan h gia cc hot ng ny qua
cc tng quan chi ph cho thy cn phi qun tr cc hot ng logistics theo quan im
h thng to ra kh nng tch hp li ch ca tng n lc v mang li hiu qu ln nht
cho doanh nghip. Ni mt cch khc l qun tr logistics hin i khng dng li vic
nu ln li th cnh tranh t phn gi tr ga tr gia tng do n to ra m cn ch ra cch
thc cc doanh nghip ti u ha cht lng dch v khch hng qua cc phng n
phi hp logistics hiu qu.
L mt mn hc mi c tnh bt buc trong h thng chng trnh o to ca
trng i hc Thng mi, chng 1 cng ch gii thiu ton b ni dung cc chng
hc v cung cp phng php nghin cu nhm gip ngi c nhanh chng tip cn v
hiu bit cc vn mt cch khoa hc.

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CHNG 2. DCH V KHCH HNG
2.1 Khi nim, vai tr, v cc nhn t cu thnh dch v khch hng
Nhu cu ca khch hng l ngun gc cho tt c cc hot ng logistics. Nhng nhu
cu ny tp trung vo cc n t hng. Vic p ng y nhng n t hng ca
khch l tin cn thit cho mi hot ng trong gii hn ngun lc logistics. Hot ng
p ng khch hng (CR- customer response) bao gm: Dch v khch hng v cc chu k
t hng l ni dung u tin trong chui cc hot ng logistics. K hoch p ng khch
hng l s tho thun gia t chc thc hin logistics vi nhng khch hng bn trong v
bn ngoi v kh nng cung cp dch v. Do mc tiu ca hot ng logistics l tho mn
nhng yu cu khch hng i hi mc chi ph thp nht c th nn nhng tiu chun
p ng khch hng (Customer Service Standards) cn phi c xc nh trc khi cc
hot ng logistics khc c xy dng v thc hin. Xc nh cc mc tiu v chnh sch
dch v khch hng l bc u tin trong vic thit lp h thng logistics. Ch khi chng
ta hon tt c bc ny, chng ta mi ra c cc quyt nh v phng tin vn
chuyn, kho hng, d tr, cng nh cc chin dch phn phi. R rng l chnh sch dch
v khch hng xc nh nhng gii hn trong vn ti u ha hot ng logistics, nu
khng c mt chin lc p ng khch hng ph hp th cc qu trnh khc ca hot ng
logistics s tr nn v dng.
2.1.1 Khi nim dch v khch hng
Nh qun tr logistics cn c mt s phn bit r rng gia khch hng v nhng
ngi tiu dng cc dch v v sn phm ca cng ty. Ngi tiu dng (consummer) l
ngi tham gia cui cng trong chui hot ng ca ngnh logistics, h s dng hng ha
v dch v cho mc ch tiu dng ln cui sn phm. Khch hng (customer) l ngi
trc tip mua sn phm t cc cng ty, do c th khng phi l ngi tiu dng cui
cng trong chui hot ng ca ngnh. Doanh nghip logistics c th khng cn bit ai l
ngi tiu dng cui cng, nhng cn phi lun gi mi quan h tt vi khch hng mua
sn phm ca mnh bi h chnh l ngi trc tip s dng dch v logistics m doanh
nghip cung cp. Nh vy, i vi mt nh sn xut th khch hng c th l nh sn xut
khc; l mt i l bn bun, mt nh phn phi, mt i l bn l hoc mt cng ty bn
hng qua mng, thm ch l ngi tiu dng cui cng. Mt nh bn bun hoc mt nh
phn phi c khch hng l nh sn xut, ngi tp hp hng ha t nh bn bun, nh
phn phi khc, i l bn l, hoc cng ty t hng qua mng. i vi i l bn l hoc
cng ty bn hng qua mng, khch hng hu ht lun l ngi tiu dng cui cng.
Quan im khi qut cho rng dch v khch hng l tt c nhng g m doanh
nghip cung cp cho khch hng - ngi trc tip mua hng ho v dch v ca
cng ty. Tuy nhin trong thc t c nhiu cch tip cn khi nim ny.
- Theo cc nh qun tr marketing, sn phm bao gm tt c cc yu t hu hnh v
v hnh m doanh nghip cung cp cho khch hng, thng chia lm 3 mc (1) li ch
ct li, (2) sn phm hin hu; (3) li ch gia tng. Dch v khch hng c xem l lp
th 3 ny.
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- Theo cc nh qun tr dch v, khi nim dch v v dch v khch hng l hon
ton khc nhau. Dch v ni n cc li ch tha mn nhu cu chc nng ca khch hng
nhng chng v hnh, ni mt cch khc, chng l cc sn phm chnh yu ca qu trnh
nhng chng v hnh. Dch v khch hng l cc dch v km theo hon thnh qu trnh
giao dch marketing. Nh vy d sn phm l hu hnh hay v hnh u c dch v khch
hng km theo.
- Theo quan im ngnh logistics, th dch v khch hng lin quan ti cc hot
ng lm gia tng gi tr trong chui cung ng. ng gc ny, dch v khch hng l
1 qu trnh din ra gia ngi bn, ngi mua v ngi cung ng dch v logistics (nu
ngi bn khng nng lc t cung cp dch v ti khch hng). Kt thc qu trnh ny
th sn phm hng ho hoc dch v c tng thm mt gi tr no , gi tr ny trong
trao i ngn hn khng mang nhiu ngha lm nhng trong di hn c th l nhn t to
cc mi quan h lu di. Cc gi tr ny cng c th c chia s gia cc bn tham gia.
Cc quan im trn cho thy dch v khch hng c cc c im chung sau:
- Dch v khch hng l dch v i km vi cc sn phm chnh yu nhm cung cp
s tha mn ti a cho khch hng khi i mua hng. Nhu cu v dch v khch hng l nhu
cu pht sinh khi khch hng i mua sm, y chnh l nhng li ch m khch hng c
th hng khi i mua hng.
- Dch v khch hng mang tnh v hnh v to ra phn gi tr cng thm hu ch
cho sn phm. Dch v khch hng khng th tn tr nn khng tch ri khi s phn phi
dch v do thi gian v a im phn phi dch v l rt quan trng. u ra ca dch v
khch hng rt a dng v khng n nh do tnh a dng ca ngi cung cp v ngi
c phc v nn thng gp kh khn trong vic nh gi v kim sot cht lng.
- Dch v khch hng c s lin h cao vi khch hng nn i hi cc k nng
phc v cao, nhng cc kinh nghim quan st c t dch v khch hng v tip thu trc
tip t khch hng s lm pht sinh tng v dch v mi v nhng iu kin thun li
ci tin dch v ang tn ti.
- Do nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng v dch v khch hng hng ngy cng cao nn
loi dch v ny ngy cng c tiu th nhiu hn sn phm, v vy cng c nhiu c hi
thnh cng hn sn phm. Mt khc cc i th cnh tranh c th nhanh chng sao chp
cc dch v mi v ci tin tng mi v dch v. Kt qu l s xut hin cc dch v
mi v gii thiu cc dch v ci tin cn nhanh hn vic gii thiu cc sn phm mi.
Chnh v vy dch v khch hng ngy cng c vai tr quan trng trong cnh tranh
T cc gc tip cn trn c th khi qut nh ngha, dch v khch hng l qu
trnh sng to & cung cp nhng li ch gia tng trong chui cung ng nhm ti a ho
tng gi tr ti khch hng
*
.
Trong phm vi mt doanh nghip, dch v khch hng cp n mt chui cc hot
ng c bit nhm p ng nhu cu mua sm ca khch hng thng bt u bng hot
*
Customer service is a process for providing competitive advantage & adding benefits to the supply chain in order to
maximize the total value to the ultimate customer (Coyle J.J. et al, 2007).
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ng t hng v kt thc bng vic giao hng cho khch. Trong mt s trng hp c th
tip tc vi cc dch v vn ti, bo dng v cc k thut h tr khc.
Dch v khch hng c coi l mt trong nhng cch thc nh cng ty c c
kh nng phn bit sn phm, duy tr s trung thnh ca khch hng, tng doanh thu v li
nhun. Dch v khch hng thng xuyn nh hng ti mi lnh vc ca mt doanh
nghip qua vic cung ng s tr gip hoc phc v khch hng nhm t c s hi lng
cao nht.
2.1.2 Cc nhn t cu thnh dch v khch hng
Dch v khch hng c cu thnh t mt s yu t c bn, cc nhn t ny nh
hng n chi ph ca c ngi mua v ngi bn. y cng l cc cn c xc nh tiu
chun o lng dch v khch hng
a. Thi gian:
Nhn t gc khch hng, thi gian l yu t quan trng cung cp li ch mong i
khi khch hng i mua hng, thng c o bng tng lng thi gian t thi im
khch hng k n t hng ti lc hng c giao hay khong thi gian b xung hng ha
trong d tr. Khong thi gian ny nh hng n li ch kinh doanh ca khch hng l t
chc v li ch tiu dng ca khch hng l cc c nhn. Tuy nhin ng gc ngi
bn khong thi gian ny li c th hin qua chu k t hng v khng phi lc no
cng thng nht vi quan nim ca ngi mua.
b. tin cy:
Ni ln kh nng thc hin dch v ph hp v ng thi hn ngay ln u tin. Vi
mt s khch hng, hoc trong nhiu trng hp tin cy c th quan trng hn khong
thi gian thc hin n hng t. tin cy thng c th hin qua mt s kha cnh.
-Dao ng thi gian giao hng: trc tip nh hng ti mc hng d tr trong kho
v chi ph thiu hng. Khch hng c th ti thiu ha lng hng d tr trong kho nu
khong thi gian t hng c nh. Ngha l, nu bit chc chn 100% khong thi gian
cung ng l 10 ngy, c th iu chnh mc hng tn kho cho ph hp vi nhu cu (vic
tiu th sn phm) trung bnh trong khong thi gian 10 ngy v s khng phi d tr an
ton chng li s ht hng do s dao ng thi gian giao hng.
-Phn phi an ton . Phn phi an ton mt n hng l mc tiu cui cng ca bt
c h thng logistics no. Nh cp trn, hot ng logistics l im kt thc ca
chc nng bn hng. Khch hng khng th s dng hng ho nh mong mun nu hng
ha b h hng, mt mt. Phn phi hng khng an ton c th lm pht sinh chi ph bi
thng hoc chi ph hon tr li hng h hng cho ngi bn sa cha. Mt khc, n
lm gim s hi lng ca khch hng khi gp nhng sn phm khng mong mun do phi
tn thi gian khiu ni v ch sa cha nhng sai st ny.
-Sa cha n hng : tin cy cn bao gm c kha cnh thc hin cc n hng
chnh xc. Khch hng c th pht hin nhng sai st trong nhng chuyn hng m h
nhn c, iu ny buc h phi t li n hng hoc phi chn mua li t cc nh cung
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cp khc, iu gy ra nhng tn tht v doanh s hoc mt i nhng c hi kinh doanh
tim nng.
c. Thng tin:
L nhn t lin quan n cc hot ng giao tip, truyn tin cho khch hng v hng
ha, dch v, qu trnh cung cp dch v mt cch chnh xc, nhanh chng, d hiu. Mt
khc, lin quan n thu thp cc khiu ni, xut, yu cu t pha khch hng gii p,
iu chnh v cung cp cc cho hng ph hp.
d. S thch nghi:
Thch nghi l cch ni khc v tnh linh hot ca dch v logistics trc nhng yu
cu a dng v bt thng ca khch hng. Do doanh nghip s lm khch hng hi
lng hn khi c mc linh hot cao. S thch nghi i hi phi nhn ra v p ng nhng
yu cu khc nhau ca khch hng bng ngun lc hu hn ca doanh nghip nn khng
d dng to ra mc linh hot cao cho mi khch hng.
2.1.3 Vai tr v tm quan trng ca dch v khch hng
Ty vo mc pht trin v tm nh hng khc nhau ti doanh nghip, dch v
khch hng th hin nhng vai tr khc nhau
a. Dch v khch hng nh mt hot ng
Mc t quan trng nht ca hu ht cc cng ty l xem xt dch v khch hng
n gin l mt hot ng. Cp ny coi dch v khch hng nh mt nhim v c bit
m doanh nghip phi hon thnh tho mn nhu cu khch hng. Gii quyt n hng,
lp ho n, gi tr hng, yu cu bc d l nhng v d in hnh ca mc dch v ny.
Khi cc hot ng dch v khch hng trong b phn logistics dng li mc hon
thin cc giao dch. Phng dch v khch hng ( Call centrer) l c cu chc nng chnh
i din cho mc dch v ny, nhim v c bn l gii quyt cc vn phn nn v cc
khiu ni ca khch hng
b. Dch v khch hng nh l thc o kt qu thc hin
Mc dch v ny nhn mnh vic o lng kt qu thc hin nh l t l % ca
vic giao hng ng hn v y ; s lng n hng c gii quyt trong gii hn thi
gian cho php. Vic xc nh cc thc o kt qu thc hin m bo rng nhng c gng
trong dch v ca cng ty t c s hi lng khch hng thc s. Tp trung vo thc
o kt qu thc hin dch v khch hng l rt quan trng v n cung cp phng php
lng ha s thnh cng trong vic thc hin tt cc chc nng ca h thng logistics ti
doanh nghip. Cc phng php ny cung cp nhng tiu chun lm thc o cho s
ci tin v c bit quan trng khi mt cng ty ang c gng thc hin chng trnh ci
tin lin tc.
c. Dch v khch hng nh l mt trit l.
Dch v khch hng nh l mt trit l co php m rng vai tr ca dch v khch
hng trong mt cng ty. Mc ny nng dch v khch hng ln thnh tho thun cam
kt ca cng ty nhm cung cp s tho mn cho khch hng thng qua cc dch v khch
hng cao hn. Quan nim ny ny coi s cng hin dch v khch hng bao trm ton b
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cng ty v hot ng ca cng ty. Quan im ny rt ph hp vi vic coi trng qun tr s
lng v cht lng hin nay ca cng ty. Tuy nhin, n ch thnh cng khi coi phn gi tr
tng thm nh mc tiu ca trit l dch v khch hng.
Do c v tr tip xc trc tip vi khch hng, dch v khch hng c tc ng ng
k ti thi , hnh vi v thi quen mua hng ca khch v do tc ng ti doanh thu
bn hng.
-nh hng n thi quen mua hng ( s trung thnh) ca khch hng: Dch v
khch hng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to ra cc khch hng quen thuc v duy tr
lng trung thnh ca h. Tip xc trc tip vi khch hng, dch v khch hng l hot
ng ch yu tc ng ln tm l khch hng qua thi phc v, tnh chuyn nghip,
nng lc p ng v s tha mn nhu cu cao. iu ny trc tip to ra s hi lng, hnh
thnh nhng mi quan h cht ch lu bn v tnh cm v duy tr thi quen mua hng lp
li gia khch hng vi nh cung cp. Nu ta bit rng 65% doanh thu ca doanh nghip
n t khch hng hin ti th ta hiu c mc v cng quan trng trong vic duy tr
cc khch hng hin ti. Theo quan st, th chi ph tm kim cc khch hng mi ln gp 6
ln so vi chi ph duy tr cc khch hng quen thuc. Nh vy, xt theo quan im ti
chnh, th u t vo cung cp cc dch v khch hng duy tr cc khch hng hin ti s
hiu qu hn u t cho hot ng xc tin hoc hot ng pht trin khch hng khc.
-nh hng n doanh s bn: Doanh thu bn hng chu nh hng bi kh nng
cung cp cc mc dch v khch hng. Nhng dch v khch hng ch lm tng s hi lng
ca khch hng ch khng phi l nhn t duy nht to ra doanh thu, do doanh thu
khng phi l ch tiu duy nht o lng chnh xc cht lng v kt qu ca dch v
khch hng, c bit l phn dch v khch hng do logistics to ra. Tuy nhin, cc kho
st cho thy khch hng c thi chp nhn khc nhau vi cc mc dch v khch hng
tt v trung bnh ca nh cung cp. R nt hn, h quan st c rng khi gp phi cc
dch v km cht lng khch hng thng c nhng hnh ng trng pht i vi nh
cung cp. Cc hnh ng ny nh hng n chi ph v li nhun ca nh cung cp. Mt
kt lun cho thy, s khc nhau v dch v khch hng c th lm thay i t 5-6% doanh
thu ca nh cung cp. Trong th trng cng nghip, gim 5% trnh dch v s lm mt
i 24% cc thng v vi cc khch hng hin ti. Cc nghin cu ch ra mi quan h
tng qut gia trnh dch v khch hng v doanh thu ti cc doanh nghip (Hnh 2. 1).

27
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D
o
a
n
h

t
h
u

Vng chuyn giao
Vng chuyn giao
Tiu chun dch v 100%
Vng ngng
Vng d/thu cn
bin gim dn
Vng d/thu
suy gim
Hnh 2.1: Mi quan h gia dch v khch hng vi doanh thu
S cho thy s thay i ca doanh thu khi mc dch v tng dn so vi vi i th
cnh tranh c dng ng cong ch S v chia lm 3 giai on in hnh: Vng ngng,
vng li sut gim dn v vng doanh thu suy gim. Bin thin ny cho thy, vic gia tng
cng mt mc dch v cc giai on khc nhau s to ra nhng mc tng doanh thu khc
nhau. giai on u, khi khng c dch v khch hng hoc mc dch v qu thp th
doanh thu rt thp hoc bng khng. Khi dch v c tng ln tng ng vi yu cu
cnh tranh th doanh thu c th tng mt cht, y l mc ngng c ch ca dch v.
Khi t mc ngng ny nu doanh nghip tip tc tng mc dch v ln so vi i
th cnh tranh s to ra u th khc bit cho php kch thch doanh thu tng mnh do ginh
thm c t i th cnh tranh. Tuy nhin khi mc dch v tip tc tng, doanh thu vn
tng nhng t l nh dn. Vng tnh t im ngng dch v n im m doanh thu gim
xung c coi l vng c t sut li nhun gim dn. y l khu vc m hu ht cc
doanh nghip vn hnh h thng logistics.
L gii iu ny l do lc u khi mc dch v tng ln khch hng s hi lng hn
v v vy a thch mua hng ha nhiu hn. Dch v tip tc tng khch hng s thng
xuyn mua hng ha ca cc nh cung cp c mc dch v tt nht. Sau nu dch v
vn tip tc tng th doanh thu li gim dn do li ch cn bin khch hng c hng ti
mc dch v cao khng bng li nhun cn bin khi khch hng hng ti mc dch v
thp hn. Ngoi ra khch hng c th mua hng t nhiu ngun v tc ng ca dch v
i vi chi ph ca khch hng c xu hng gim dn khi mc dich v tng ln.
Cc doanh nghip cn nghin cu tm ra cc ngng gii hn vi dch v c th
ca doanh nghip mnh t xy dng chnh sch dch v khch hng nhm ti u ha
s tha mn khch hng v nng cao hiu qu chi ph logistics .
2.2 Phn loi v xc nh cc ch tiu dch v khch hng
2.2.1 Phn loi dch v khch hng
Dch v khch hng i km vi cc sn phm chnh yu nn cng gn lin vi nhu
cu ca cc nhm khch hng mc tiu ca cc sn phm ny. Vic xc nh cc nhu cu
v dch v khch hng ca cc nhm khch hng mc tiu gip cho doanh nghip thit k
v cung cp cc cu trc v mc dch v ph hp vi nhu cu khch hng.
Cu trc dch v hay chui dch v bao gm mt lot cc dch v khch hng cn
thit m doanh nghip la chn v cung ng cho mi nhm khch hng trong mt giai
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on nht nh. Ty thuc vo mc tiu qun l v cung cp dch v c th s dng mt s
cch phn loi dch v khch hng sau:
a. Theo cc giai on trong qu trnh giao dch
Dch v khch hng chia thnh 3 nhm: Trc, trong v sau khi bn hng.
- Trc khi bn : Gm cc dch v v thng tin, gii thiu, qung co cho hng,
chun b hng ha, bao b, ng gi hng ha theo yu cu ca khch hng, nhn t hng
trc, k kt cc hp ng mua bn hng ha, trin lm trng by, cc hot ng ny
thng to ra mi trng thun li cho giao dch c thc hin tt.
- Trong khi bn: Gm cc hot ng tc ng trc tip tc ng ti qu trnh trao
i sn phm vi khch hng, nh tnh ton mc d tr, dch v gii thiu, t vn, hng
dn khch hng la chn hng ha, thanh ton tin hng, ng gi hng ha, la chn
phng tin vn chuyn, bc xp, vn chuyn, giao nhn.
- Sau khi bn: cn gi l cc dch v hu mi bao gm cc loi dch v h tr
sn phm sau khi khch hng mua sn phm nh lp t hng ha ti ni khch hng
yu cu, hng dn s dng thit b, vn hnh my mc, gp v cc gii php kinh t
k thut trong s dng vt t hng ha, sa cha, bo dng, bn v thay th ph tng;
Cc dch v gia cng, thay th, mua li hng c, i hng mi, t chc ti ch v ch bin
hng ha; hi ngh khch hng; bo hnh; sa chnh.
Cch phn loi ny thng thch hp vi cc doanh nghip thng mi, ni m qu
trnh mua bn l hot ng chnh yu ca loi hnh ny.
b. Theo mc quan trng ca dch v khch hng
- Dch v khch hng chnh yu l nhm nhng dch v m doanh nghip cung
cp thng xuyn cho khch hng, thng l nhng dch v m doanh nghip c u th v
ngun lc v mang li nhiu li nhun cho doanh nghip.
- Dch v ph l nhm nhng dch v khng c doanh nghip cung cp thng
xuyn, hn ch v ngun lc, c s dng tng tnh linh hot hn l nhm vo li
nhun trc mt.
Kiu phn loi ny hay s dng ti cc doanh nghip sn xut nhm thch nghi cc
ngun lc hu hn tp trung cho qu trnh sn xut.
c. Theo c trng tnh cht
- Dch v k thut (hon thin sn phm) l loi dch v i hi ngi thc hin
phi c kin thc chuyn mn v tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca hng ha, hiu bit v cng
dng, cch thc s dng, vn hnh cc sn phm bn cho khch hng. Bao gm: Dch v
chun b hng ha, phn loi, chn lc, ghp ng b, ng gi v gi hng; dch v sa
cha, tu chnh, hiu chnh, hon thin my mc thit b; dch v lp t, hng dn s
dng v vn hnh ti n v s dng; Dch v thay th, phc hi ga tr s dng; Dch v
kim tra k thut, xc nh cht lng k thut v c vn k thut. h tr cc dch v
ny cn n cc yu t c s h tng k thut nh mt bng nh xng, my mc thit b
chuyn dng, nguyn vt liu v ph tng ph hp vi c im tnh cht ca tng dch
v.
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- Dch v t chc kinh doanh nh: dch v k gi hng ha, y thc mua bn
hng ha, nhn bo qun thu hng ha, cho thu kho hng, quy hng, ca hng, cc trang
thit b chuyn dng cha s dng ht cng sut, mi gii giao nhn, vn chuyn; bc d
thu.
- Dch v bc xp, vn chuyn v gi hng. Lin quan n vic vn chuyn hng
ha n ni khch hng yu cu. thc hin cc dch v ny doanh nghip c th t chc
cc n v sn xut bao b, cc x nghip vn chuyn, ng gi hng ha ph hp vi cc
loi phng tin vn chuyn, t chc cc dch v giao nhn, bc xp hng ha t phng
tin vn chuyn xung v cht xp hng ha ln phng tin, gi hng n ng a ch
cho khch hng
Ngoi ra c th phn loi dch v theo ch th thc hin dch v (th nht, th hai,
th ba) hoc theo a im thc hin dch v (Ti doanh nghip dch v hoc ti ni khch
hng yu cu).Vic phn loi dch v theo cc tiu thc khc nhau cho php doanh nghip
c th nhn thc c mc quan trng v v tr ca dch v trong vic tha mn nhu cu
khch hng, t m c chnh sch la chn, u t v phi hp cung ng dch v khch
hng ph hp.
2.2.2 Cc ch tiu v phng php xc nh tiu chun dch v khch hng
a. Cc ch tiu o lng dch v khch hng:
Da vo mi quan h gia mc dch v khch hng v doanh thu c th nhn thy
mc dch v khch hng cng cao th hi lng ca khch hng cng ln. o lng
mc tha mn ca khch hng do dch v to ra, cc doanh nghip thng s dng khi
nim tiu chun dch v khch hng.
a1. Mc tiu chun dch v khch hng (Customer Service Standards) cho bit kh
nng doanh nghip c th p ng c cc yu cu v dch v khch hng ngng gii
hn no hay mang li bao nhiu % s hi lng cho khch. y l ch tiu tng qut o
lng s tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng. Tiu chun dch v khch hng hay mc cht
lng dch v khch hng tng hp c o lng qua mc (T l %) hi lng ca
khch hng. Mc cht lng dch v ny s c lng ha qua cc ch tiu c th ty
theo chui cc dch v khch hng m doanh nghip cung cp cho cc nhm khch hng
mc tiu. Di y l mt s nhng ch tiu ph bin
a2. Tn s thiu hng (Stockout Frequency). Cho bit s ln thiu bn hng ha
trong mt n v thi gian
a3. T l y hng ha ( Fill Rate): Th hin qua t l phn trm hng ha thiu
bn trong mt n v thi gian hoc mt n hng
a4. T l hon thnh cc n hng (Orders shipped complete): Cho bit s n
hng ha thnh trn tng s n hng k kt trong mt n v thi gian, thng l mt
nm hoc mt qu.
a5. Tc cung ng (Speed): Khang thi gian thc hin mt n t hng tnh t
khi khch hng trao n t hng n khi khch hng nhn n hng.(Lead time)
a6. n nh thi gian t hng( Consistency): Dao ng thi gian ca khong
thi gian t hng bnh qun.
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a7. Tnh linh hot ( Flexibility): Cho bit kh nng thch nghi vi cc nhu cu dch
v khch hng c bit v s thay i ca khch hng
a8. Kh nng sa cha cc sai lch ( Malfuntion Recovery): Mc tip thu v sa
chnh nhng sai st tc nghip vi khch hng mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu.
a9. tin cy dch v ( Reliability): S tin tng, uy tn ca dch v khch hng v
doanh nghip i vi khch hng
Ngoi ra cc ch tiu v tnh thun tin ca t hng, s an ton cho hng ha nh
vn chuyn hng khng gy thit hi, cc vn n chnh xc / hon ho, thc hin tr hng
an ton, cung cp thng tin nhanh chng v chnh xc, thi phc v thin ch hoc kh
nng nhanh chng gii quyt cc vn ny sinh cng c s dng nh gi cht
lng phc vTuy nhin cc ch tiu ny rt kh c th nh gi hoc nh lng.
b. Phng php xc nh tiu chun dch v khch hng.
Trong thc t, doanh nghip c th s dng mt s phng php ph bin xc
nh mc tiu chun dch v khch hng di y
b1. Phng php phn tch mi quan h chi ph / doanh thu
( Xc nh mc dch v ti u)
Phng php ny xut pht t quan im cho rng vic gim thiu chi ph logistics l
khng th thc hin c trong iu kin gia tng cht lng dch v cnh tranh nn tm
kim mc dch v mang li li nhun ti a mi l mc dch v hp l. Mc dch v
ny xc inh da vo phn tch mi quan h bin thin gia trnh dch v khch hng
vi doanh thu v chi ph nn cn gi l phng php chi ph /doanh thu (Xem hnh 2.2).
D nhn thy rng trnh dch v khch hng l kt qu ca vic thit lp cc
mc hot ng logistics khc nhau vi cc mc chi ph tng ng. V c bn c th nhn
thy mc dch v khch hng v tng chi ph logistics c quan h t l thun. Khi nng
trnh dch v ln cc mc cao hn i hi phi tng cng chi ph logistics. Tuy nhin
cc nghin cu thng k cho thy cc mi quan h ny khng tuyn tnh, m bin i theo
quy lut hm s m, th ng chi ph c biu din trn trc ta cho thy rng ti
cc mc cht lng dch v xp x 100% chi ph logistics l v cng ln. Do cc c hi
ngy cng tr nn kh vi ti v nm bt.
Mi quan h gia cc mc dch v v doanh thu cng c biu din trn th qua
ng cong ch S, cho thy cc mc dch v tng dn khng phi lun to ra nhng
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Hnh 2.2: Mi quan h gia dch v khch hng vi doanh thu v chi ph
mc doanh thu ln hn. Khi mc dch v t gn ti 100% doanh thu hu nh khng tng,
thm ch trong mt s trng hp c th suy gim.
Khi bit doanh thu v chi ph logistics tng ng ti cc mc dch v, chng ta c
th xc nh c mc ti u bng cch xc nh mc dch v ti cho php doanh
nghip t c li nhun ti a. Bng cch gii th, c th tm c im dch v ti
u ny ti im D* .
Mt khc mc dch v khch hng D* cng c xc nh qua bi ton cc tr c
dng:
F(x)= R(x) C(x) Max
Trong F(x) l hm li nhun; R(x) l hm doanh thu; C(x) l hm chi ph vi bin
s x l mc dch v khch hng. Gii bi ton cc tr trn, gi tr tm c ca x tng ng
vi gi tr ln nht ca hm li nhun s xc nh mc tiu chun dch v cn tm. C th
nhn thy mc tiu chun dch v khch hng ti u trong trng hp ny khng phi l
mc cht lng cao nht nhng l mc ng gp c nhiu li nhun nht cho doanh
nghip da trn s cn i gia doanh thu v chi ph.
b2. Phng php phn tch cc phng n chi ph thay th
Khng phi lc no doanh nghip cng c th xc nh c mi quan h gia
doanh thu v mc tiu chun dch v logistics. Mt khc cc nh qun tr cng nhn thy
rng, tng ng vi mt mc tiu chun dch v logistics c th c nhiu mc chi ph khc
nhau do kh nng phi hp v trnh qun l cc hot ng logistics khc nhau. Do ,
trong trng hp th ny c th chn trnh dch v khch hng nh trc, sau thit
k h thng logistics p ng mc dch v ny vi chi ph ti thiu. H thng ny cng
cho php doanh nghip t c li nhun kh quan. thit k h thng ti u trong
trng hp ny c th s dng phn tch mang tnh kinh nghim. Phn tch bao gm thay
i cc nhn t to nn dch v c c cc h thng dch v c chi ph ti thiu. Nu
lp li kiu phn tch ny mt s ln, c th thu c mt s phng n phi hp c chi
32
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Cht lng dch v
100%
D
T
$
LN
F
log
ng gp
li nhun
D
*
Doanh thu
Chi ph
Li nhun
ph tng ng vi cc trnh dch v khc nhau. V d minh ha v cch phn tch ny
c trnh by bng 2.1
Phng php ny khng ch ra cc phng n ca h thng logistics v mc
dch v khch hng tng ng nh hng ra sao n doanh thu, nhng c th xc nh
c mc chi ph tng thm ca mi mc dch v. Th d minh ha cho thy, ci thin
trnh dch v khch hng t 85% ln 90%, chi ph logistics s tng t 7 triu $ ln 9
triu $ mi nm. Phn dch v tng thm 5% i hi phi tng thm 2 triu USD chi ph.
Do vy nu nng mc dch v t 85% ln 90% th doanh thu phi tng thm v phn tng
ln t nht phi b p phn chi ph logistics tng thm. Vic chn mc dch v cui
cng thuc quyt nh ca nh qun tr, c tham chiu vi trnh dch v ca i th
cnh tranh, kin ngi bn hng, kinh nghim, tuy nhin thng tin v chi ph ng vi cc
mc dch v khch hng khc nhau s h tr c lc cho quyt nh ny. Theo cch ny,
khng th m bo rng, trnh dch v c s cn i tt nht gia doanh thu v chi ph.
Bng 2.1: Cc phng n chi ph v mc dch v logistics hng khc nhau
No Cc phng n thay th
Chi ph logistics
hng nm
Trnh dch v
khch hng
1
Chuyn n hng bng th, vn chuyn
ng thu, mc d tr thp
5.000.000 $ 80%
2
ng st, mc d tr thp
7.000.000 $ 85%
3
Chuyn n hng bng th, vn chuyn t,
mc d tr thp
9.000.000 $ 90%
4
ng st, mc d tr cao
12.000.000 $ 93%
5
Chuyn n hng bng th, vn chuyn t,
mc d tr cao
15.000.000 $ 95%
5
Chuyn n hng bng in thoi, vn
chuyn t, mc d tr cao
16.000.000 $ 96%
b3. Phng php u tin (phn tch ABC)
C s l lun ca phng php da trn hin tng c mt s sn phm hoc mt s
khch hng s mang li nhiu li nhun cho nh sn xut hn cc sn phm hoc khch
hng khc. Phng php ny cho thy s cn thit phi duy tr tt mi quan h vi tp
khch hng sn phm bo b vi mc dch v tng ng c th ti u ha hiu qu
kinh doanh. y, phn tch ABC c dng nh mt cng c phn loi cc hot
ng hoc sn phm theo mc quan trng ca chng. Bng 2.2 cho thy mt ma trn
khch hng sn phm. N c dng phn loi khch hng / sn phm v nh gi
cc mc ti u tnh ton cc mc u t dch v khch hng ph hp
Danh mc hng A bao gm cc sn phm mang li nhiu li nhun nht, chim mt
t l nh trong tng c cu hng ha; tip theo l danh mc B, C, D; sn phm trong danh
mc hng D thng l t mang li li nhun nht v thng chim 80% tng c cu hng
ho.
Bng 2.2: Ma trn phn loi khch hng sn phm
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Khch hng loi I l khch hng mang li nhiu li nhun nht v thng ch chim
cha y t 5-10 %. Khch hng trong loi V l t em li li nhun nht bi h ch mua
mt lng nh hng ho hay l h khng lm tng nhiu lm trong tng khi lng bn
hng nm. Nhng loi khch hng ny chim a s trong tng khch hng ca mt cng
ty .
Trong ma trn trn c 20 phng n kt hp (trong thc t c th khng tn ti y
cc phng n kt hp ny) S kt hp tp khch hng sn phm ti u nht c c
khi sn phm loi A c bn cho tp khch hng loi I (y l ti u loi 1, mang li li
nhun ln nht cho nh sn xut ). S kt hp mang tnh ti u tip theo l sn phm loi
B c bn cho khch hng loi I (ti u loi 2). V c th s kt hp gia vic bn 1 sn
phm loi D cho khch hng loi V s mang li t li nhun nht (ti u loi 20).
Ma trn bng 2.2 c minh ho c th trong bng 2.3. Mc ti u c chia ra
lm 4 mc, trong mc tt nht l t loi 1 n 5, v mc ny i hi kh nng 100% c
hng trong kho v vic giao hng c thc hin trong 48h v 99% hng c chuyn l
ph hp vi cc tiu chun. Mc km hiu qu nht l t 16-20. Mc ny s cung cp hng
ho trong vng 120h, mc hng trong kho l 90% v hng c chuyn t tiu chun l
93%.
Cc v bun bn mc ti u thp, i khi cng mang li nhiu li nhun hn nh
vic gim cc chi ph dch v. Mt trong nhng phng php l tr hon cc n t
hng trong mt khong thi gian, v d l t th 2 t th 6 v sau gp cc n ny vo
mt chuyn vn chuyn ti cc khch hng, t nh sn xut s c th tit kim c
34
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Loi khch
hng
Loi sn phm
A B C D
I 1 2 6 10
II 3 4 7 12
III 5 8 13 16
IV 9 14 15 19
V 11 17 18 20
mt khon chi ph. Li nhun cng c th c nu nh sn xut tho thun c vi khch
hng tr cc khon cc ph vn chuyn hoc c th cho khch hng t hng vo bt k
thi im no nhng vi giao hn l s giao hng trong 1 khong thi gian tho thun no
. Phng php ny thch hp vi cc doanh nghip c ph mt hng rng v cc nhm
khch hng a dng
Phng php ny thng c s dng ti cc doanh nghip bn l nhm xc inh
ch tiu v lng ha d tr hp l, t lm tin xc nh cc ch tiu khc ca chnh
sch dch v. N da vo l thuyt cho rng, li ch ch yu ca vic c sn hng d tr
Bng 2.3: La chn cc mc dch v khch hng
vi cc nhm khch hng sn phm
Mc ti
u
T l hng DT
trong kho (%)
Thi
gian (gi)
t tiu
chun
(%)
1-5 100 48 99
6-10 97.5 72 97
11-15 95 96 95
16-20 90 120 93
b4. Phng php da trn chi ph thiu hng d kin
( Phn ng ca khch hng khi ht hng trong kho)
(hay li ch ca vic tha mn dch v khch hng) chnh l gim t l thiu hng d tr.
Do , chng ta c th tnh ton chi ph ca vic thiu hng d tr d kin qua vic s
dng nhng thng tin d bo v kh nng c th xy ra vic thiu d tr. Sau , c th
phn tch xc nh cc mc dch v khch hng khc nhau mt cch trc tip bng
vic so snh chi ph thiu hng d kin v li ch ca vic tng doanh thu do dch v khch
hng mang li.
Phng php tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
-Bc 1: xc nh nhng hu qu c kh nng xy ra do vic thiu hng. Thng
thng bao gm 3 kh nng: t hng li - mt doanh s - mt khch hng.
-Bc 2: tnh ton kt qu ca mi chi ph thit hi , sau c lng chi ph ca
vic thiu hng bn.
Chng hn chng ta gi nh nh sau:
70% s t hng li khi xy ra vic thiu hng, v mi n t hng li i hi
khon chi ph ph thm l 60$.
20% dn ti vic mt doanh s, v chi ph do mt doanh s ny l 200$ trn li
nhun bin.
10% dn ti vic mt khch hng, chi ph l 2.000$.
C th tnh ton nh hng tng hp nh sau:
70% ca 60$ = 42$
35
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Ho n
20% ca 200$ = 40$
10% ca 2.000$ = 200$
Tng chi ph c tnh cho mi ln thiu hng = 282$.
Nu trong mt chu k d tr xut hin 10 ln thiu hng th tng chi ph thiu hng
l: 2.820$.
-Bc 3: xc nh mc d tr hp l. 2.820 $ l s tin trung bnh m cng ty c th
tit kim khi ngn c ton b vic thiu hng bn, do vy cng ty ch nn tin hnh
d tr ph thm mt lng hng c chi ph d tr khng ln hn 2820$. Ni cch khc
lng hng mua d tr nhm chng li vic thiu hng ch nm trong gii hn m ton
b chi ph cho lng hng ny khng ln hn 2.820 $.
2.3 Qu trnh thc hin n t hng v cht lng dch v khch
hng
2.3.1 Qu trnh thc hin n hng
Khi ni n vic cung cp hng ha cho khch hng u ra, chng ta s dng thut
ng chu k t hng/ hoc chu k n hng. Thut ng chu k b sung c s dng trong
trng hp doanh nghip mua thm hng d tr cng nh trong hot ng qun l liu u
vo. V c bn, 1chu k t hng ca hng ny s l chu k b sung thm ca hng khc.
n gin chng ta s dng thut ng chu k t hng trong cc tho lun v sau.
Nh trn cp, dch v khch hng th hin ch yu qua cc chu k thc hin
n hng.Thi gian hon thnh cc hot ng trong mt chu k t hng (order cycle)
l yu t then cht quyt nh cht lng dch v khch hng. Xt t quan im khch
hng, trnh dch v khch hng cao c ngha l thi gian ca mt chu k t hng phi
ngn v n nh, do ci tin chu k thc hin n hng s gp phn nng cao cht
lng dch v khch hng. C th xc lp mi quan h ny gia cc ch tiu cht lng
dch v khch hng v kt qu thc hin n hng di y.
- Cc ch tiu v dch v khch hng nh t l thc hin n hng, mc giao
hng ng hn, t l cc sai lch trong giao hng th hin mc hon ho ca n hng
p ng.
Mc hon ho = % giao hng x % hon thnh x % li
ca n hng ng hn n t hng
Gi s trong thi gian l 12 thng, hot ng ca 1 dch v khch hng p ng
nhu cu ca khch hng l :
90 % giao hng ng hn
80 % hon thnh n t hng
70 % hng li v hng
Trong trng hp ny mc p ng n t hng hon ho xt trn gc dch
v khch hng s l
90% x 80% x 70% 50%.
36
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Ho n
- Cc ch tiu v s lng, c cu hng ha d tr hay lng d tr hng ha c
sn s nh hng n kh nng p ng n hng.
V d: mt n hng yu cu 5 loi sn phm, mi loi sn phm c xc sut d tr
l 0,9 th xc xut p ng n hng l: 0,9 x 0,9 x 0,9 x 0,9 x0,9 = 0,59.
lm r cc ni dung ca mt chu k t hng, hy theo di ng i ca mt n
t hng in hnh (hnh 2.3). .
Cn c vo ng i ca mt n hng trong hnh 2.3, c th chia cc tc nghip c
bn trong qu trnh p ng mt n t hng thnh cc bc trong hnh 2.4, bao gm
hnh thnh n hng, chuyn n t hng, xc nhn n hng, thc hin n hng, thng
bo v tnh trng n hng
Thng tin trc tip
Thng tin gin tip
Hnh 2.3: Hnh trnh ca mt n t hng
Hnh thnh n t hng (order preparation) l hot ng thu thp nhng yu cu
v hg ha hoc dch v ca khch hng. Vic truyn tin ny c th c khch hng hoc
ngi bn in thng tin trc tip vo cc mu n t hng; in thoi trc tip cho nhn
vin bn hng, hoc la chn t nhng mu n t hng trong my tnh.
37
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Chuyn n
t hng
Khch hng
t hng
Nhn
n
hng
Vn chuyn
hng ho
Giao hng
cho khch
hng
Danh mc
hng ho
sn c
K hoch
sn xut
Kim tra
cng n
H s
danh
mc
hng
ho
n t
hng
Chng t
vn ti
Ho n
Sn xut
Thc hin
n t
hng
Chun b
xut kho
K hoch
chuyn
hng

Hnh 2.4: Qu trnh p ng n hng
Truyn tin v n hng (Order transmittal) l truyn ti yu cu t hng t ni tip
nhn ti ni x l n hng. C hai cch c bn chuyn n t hng.Chuyn bng sc
ngi l vic gi th t hng hoc nhn vin bn hng trc tip mang n t hng ti
im tip nhn n t hng. Phng php ny chi ph thp nhng li rt chm. Chuyn
n t hng bng phng tin in t: s dng in thoi, my vi tnh, my sao chp
hoc truyn thng qua v tinh. Cch ny gip thng tin t hng c truyn ti ngay lp
tc, chnh xc, ng tin cy, do ngy cng c thay th cho cch th nht.
Tip nhn n hng (Order entry): Tip nhn hng l mt hot ng din ra trc
khi thc hin mt n t hng. N bao gm: (1) kim tra chnh xc ca cc thng tin
t hng nh m t v sn phm, s lng, gi c; (2) kim tra tnh sn c ca nhng sn
phm c t hng; (3) chun b vn bn t chi n t hng, nu cn; (4) kim tra tnh
trng tn dng ca khch hng; (5) sao chp li thng tin t hng; v (6) vit ha n.
Nhng hot ng ny l rt cn thit bi v thng tin t hng khng phi lc no cng
dng ng theo yu cu tip tc thc hin; hoc c th khng c trnh by mt cch
chnh xc, hoc doanh nghip nhn thy cn phi chun b thm trc khi n t hng
c thc hin. Kim tra n t hng c th thc hin mt cch th cng hoc c t
ng ho. Ci tin cng ngh em li li ch ng k trong vic tip nhn n hng. M
vch, my qut quang hc v my tnh lm tng nhanh nng xut lao ng v tnh chnh
xc ca cc thao tc ni trn.
Thc hin n hng (Order filling) gm nhng hot ng : (1) tp hp hng ha
trong kho, sn xut hoc mua; (2) ng gi vn chuyn; (3) xy dng chng trnh giao
hng; (4) chun b chng t vn chuyn. Nhng hot ng ny c th c thc hin song
song vi vic kim tra xc nhn n hng.
Thng bo v tnh trng thc hin n t hng (Order status reporting): Hot ng
ny khng nh hng n tng thi gian thc hin n hng.N cam kt rng mt dch v
khch hng tt c cung ng thng qua vic duy tr thng tin cho khch hng v bt
c s chm tr no trong qu trnh t hng hoc giao hng. Bao gm: (1) theo di n
hng trong ton b chu k t hng; (2) thng tin ti khch hng tin trnh thc hin n
t hng trong ton b chu k t hng v thi gian giao hng.
Theo truyn thng, chu trnh t hng ch gm nhng hot ng xy ra t thi im
n hng c t ti thi im nhn bi khch hng. Nhng hot ng c bit nh t
hng k tip gii quyt chng s nh hng ti ton b chiu di chu trnh t hng.
38
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Truyn tin v
n hng
Tip
nhn
n
hng
Bo co
trng thi
Hnh thnh
n hng
Thc hin
n hng
Nhng hot ng pht sinh vi khch hng nh l tr li sn phm, gii quyt khiu ni, v
thanh ton ha n vn ti khng phi l b phn k thut ca chu trnh t hng.
2.3.2 Tc ng ca thi gian p ng n hng n cht lng dch v khch
hng
Xt trn gc thi gian, chu k p ng n hng hay khong thi gian thc hin
n hng (Lead time) c nh ngha l khong thi gian t khi khch hng gi n t
hng n khi khch hng nhn c hng ha. Cc yu t ca thi gian t hng bao gm
thi gian t hng, thi gian tp hp v x l n t hng, thi gian b sung d tr, thi
gian sn xut v thi gian giao hng. Nhng khong thi gian ny c th c kim sot
trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua vic la chn v thit k cch thc chuyn n t hng,
chnh sch d tr, th tc x l n t hng, phng thc vn chuyn, phng php lp
k hoch. Hnh 2.5 minh ha cc khong thi gian c bn trong mt chu k thi gian t
hng in hnh.
Thi gian t hng ph thuc vo phng thc t hng, bao gm khong
thi gian m ngi bn v cc im tip nhn n hng gi li n hng trc khi chuyn
n v khong thi gian m n hng c chuyn i. Cc phng thc t hng tin tin
s cho php rt ngn khong thi gian ny ng k
Hnh 2.5: Phn tch tng thi gian p ng n hng
39
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i l
bn l
Chuyn n t
hng ca KH
Tp hp v x l
n t hng
Chuyn H chuyn
tip ti ngun hng
Tp hp, x l n t
hng t kho hoc nh sx
nu khng cn d tr
Giao hng
Giao hng trc tip t nh
sn xut
Tng thi gian t hng
t hng
X l h,
chun b h
2
Thi gian b
sung DT
Thi gian
giao hng
a. Kim tra H
b. Chuyn H ti kho
a. Chun b chng t
vn chuyn
b. Kim tra kh nng
thanh ton
c. Tp hp n hng
ti kho
t hng t nh my
b sung d tr
a. Thi gian vn
chuyn t kho
b. Thi gian vn
chuyn t nh my
c. Qu trnh giao
hng cho khch
Thi gian tp hp v x l n t hng xy ra ng thi. Vic chun b chng t
vn chuyn v kim tra d tr c th c thc hin trong khi hot ng tp hp n t
hng ang c tin hnh. V vy tng thi gian tin hnh c hai hot ng ny khng phi
l tng thi gian ring r ca mi hot ng n l.
Thi gian b xung d tr : Kh nng d tr cng c nh hng n thi gian thc
hin n hng, thng thng d tr ti kho s c s dng. Khi d tr trong kho khng
cn, cn tin hnh b xung d tr bng cc n t hng k tip (back order) hoc tin
hnh sn xut. Qu trnh chun b hng i khi rt n gin bng lao ng th cng nhng
i khi cng kh phc tp v c v t ng ha cao.
Thi gian vn chuyn v giao hng. Thi gian giao hng ko di t thi im hng
c t trn phng tin vn ti di chuyn n thi im n c nhn v d xung
ti a im ca ngi mua. N cng c th bao gm thi gian cht xp hng ha
im u v d hng ha ti im cui. Vic o lng v kim sot thi gian giao hng
i khi c th rt kh khi s dng dch v thu chuyn ch; tuy nhin hu ht cc hng
ngy nay pht huy nng lc ca mnh cung cp cho khch hng nhng thng tin ny
Tc thc hin n hng b nh hng rt ln bi cc k thut thng tin tin b
nh m s, my tnh ha v truyn thng in t. Do cc cng ty thng p dng trit
cc k thut ny rt ngn thi gian v nng cao cht lng dch v khch hng.
Bng 2.4 di y l so snh s b c trng ca cc h thng thc hin n hng.
Bng 2.4: c trng ca cc h thng thc hin n hng
Cp
Hnh thc
ca h thng
Tc Chi ph thc
hin/duy tr
Hiu
qu
chnh
Xc
1 Thc hin bng tay Chm Thp Thp Thp
2
Thc hin bng din
thoi
Trung
Bnh
Trung bnh Tt
Trung
bnh
3
Ni mng in t
trc tuyn
Nhanh
u t cao, chi ph
hot ng thp
Rt tt Cao

n gin nht v cp thp, n hng c khch hng lp bng tay hoc nh
my ri gi cho nh cung cp qua bu in. Cch ny tuy c chi ph thp, nhng tc
chm, chnh xc v hiu qu khng cao. Khi in thoi xut hin, ngi ta truyn tin
t hng bng in thoi, fax
y l mt bc tin b, gip rt ngn ng k thi gian t hng, hnh 2.6 v 2.7
cho thy s khc bit gia hai phng thc ny.
40
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Ngi mua
Bu in
in thoi
Bu in
B phn nhn
tin
Nh cung cp
B phn nhn n
hng
Ho n
Yu cu mua hng
i din thng
mi
Hnh 2.6: Dng thng tin t hng theo kiu truyn thng

Hnh 2.7: Dng thng tin giao dch in t
Khi mng my tnh ra i cc thng tin trong qu trnh thc hin n hng oc
truyn i vi mt tc gn nh tc th. Nhng ng dng v my tnh v h thng thng
tin dn ti gim ng k thi gian cn thit hon thnh nhng cng vic ny .
Do thi gian l yu t tc ng nhiu nht n cht lng dch v khch hng ca
hot ng logistics m cn c cc bin php tc ng lm gim ngn khong thi gian
ny mt cch thch hp.
41
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Giao dch trc tip
Hp th ca ngi
mua
My tnh
ca ngi mua
Hp th ca nh
cung cp
My tnh
ca nh cung cp
Mng my tnh bn th ba
Hp th nh cung cp
Hp th ngi mua
Giao dch gin tip
- Trc ht l u tin x l cc n hng mang li li nhun cao hn nhm phn b
cc ngun lc v thi gian, cng sc mt cch hp l.
- Trong mt s trng hp cn s l ng thi cc khu c th phi hp ca nhiu
n hng hoc ca cng n hng gim thi gian x l. Gp cc n hng thnh nhng
nhm x l ng thi cng l mt cch c th s dng t mc tiu ny.
- Tng cng tnh chnh xc ca thc hin n hng v c bit quan tm n khu
x l n hng, khu ny nu c lm tt s hn ch ti a cc sai lch mc phi v lm
gim thi gian thc hi n nhng sa chnh pht sinh.
2.3.3 Cc qu trnh t hng c bn trong knh phn phi
Phn trn cho thy ton b cc khu trong qu trnh t hng c bn, nhng n cha
cho thy qu trnh t hng c tin hnh nh mt h thng c th. Di y l mt s
qu trnh t hng tiu biu
a. Qu trnh t hng t cc nh sn xut vi quy m ln
H thng t hng ny ch yu c thc hin bng sc ngi. V hnh thc, qu
trnh t hng c th c t ng ha hoc bn t ng, nhng hot ng ca con ngi
vn chim phn ln trong chu k t hng. Hy xem mt nh sn xut bn hng cho khch
hng cng nghip thit k h thng t hng ca h nh th no.
V d: Cng ty Samson - Packard chuyn sn xut cc loi dy ni, van v dy ni c
bn cao s dng trong lnh vc cng nghip. Cng ty tip nhn trung bnh khong 50
n t hng mi ngy. Thi gian ca qu trnh t hng l khong 4 n 8 ngy trong
tng s 15 n 25 ngy ca chu k t hng. Thi gian ca ton b chu k t hng l di,
n cho php sn xut theo yu cu ca khch hng. Nhng bc c bn trong chu k t
hng, tr hot ng thc hin n hng bao gm:
- Yu cu ca khch hng c nhp vo h thng t hng theo hai cch. Th
nht, ngi bn hng tp hp n t hng t cc khu vc th trng v gi chng v trung
tm tip nhn n hng. Th hai, khch hng ch ng gi n t hng hoc in thoi
trc tip ti trung tm tip nhn n hng.
- Da theo ha n t hng qua in thoi, nhn vin ph trch dch v khch
hng sao chp n t hng vo nhng mu n t hng s lc. Nhng n t hng
ny cng vi n t hng gi qua th s c tp hp li trong mt ngy nht nh v
chuyn ti i din phng dch v khch hng cp cao - ngi kim sot thng tin cho
gim c bn hng.
- Gim c bn hng xem xt thng tin t hng nm bt c hot ng bn
hng. Gim c bn hng cng thng vit nhng lu ch dn trn n t hng v
nhng yu cu c bit ca khch hng.
- Tip theo, n hng s c gi ti nhn vin chun b n hng, ngi sao chp
thng tin t hng theo nhng ch dn c bit trn mu n chun ca Samson- Packard.
- bc ny, n t hng c gi ti phng k ton kim tra kh nng thanh
ton. Sau c chuyn ti phng Bn hng xc nh gi.
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- Tip theo, phng phn tch d liu nhp thng tin t hng vo trong my tnh
chuyn thng tin ti nh my, qu trnh thc hin n hng thun tin hn, v vic
kim tra cc n t hng ang thc hin c d dng.
- Cui cng, ngi i din phng dch v khch hng cp cao kim tra n hng
mu cui cng v chuyn n qua cch truyn ti in t ti ngi sn xut thch hp.
bc ny, thng tin t hng cng sn sng cung cp cho khch hng.
b. Qu trnh t hng ca cc nh bn l
Cc nh bn l thng thit k h thng t hng ca h vi mc t ng ha cao.
Vic p ng nhanh n t hng l khng kh khn v d tr lun sn sng p ng
nhu cu ca khch hng cui cng. Lng hng ha d tr ny nh mt vt m chng
li nhng nh hng gin tip ca chu k t hng b sung. Tuy nhin, chu k t hng b
sung li ng vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr danh mc b sung c nh. Hy xem
mt cng ty cung ng cho hng nghn i l bn l thit k qu trnh t hng b sung
hng ha d tr nh th no.
V d: Tp on Southland c bit n ch yu nh 7.800 ca hng 7 - eleven v
Quick Mart ca n. Sn phm by ti ca hng phi c b sung thng xuyn v phn
ln sn phm trong kho t hng trc. Cc sn phm n khng th thay th cho sn
phm kia nu ht hng. Qu trnh t hng cn phi thun tin, nhanh v chnh xc m
bo tnh sn sng lin tc ca sn phm trong ca hng.
iu ny c thc hin nh sau: Mt danh mc hng ha d tr trong ca hng
hoc hng dn t hng c lp ra bao gm nhng sn phm dnh ring cho mi ca
hng. Vi vic s dng thit b tip nhn n t hng in t, ngi qun l ca hng
hoc nhn vin bn hng cn mt m vch trn hng dn t hng hoc trn gi, v thng
tin v quy m cho loi mi sn phm yu cu. Nhng thng tin ny sau c chuyn
qua ng in thoi ti trung tm phn phi ca Southland, ni m cc thng tin ny
c nhp vo h thng tip nhn v x l n t hng. H thng ny tch ly nhng
thng tin nhn v c iu chnh theo tng ngy. n khi tt c cc n t hng u
c tip nhn, h thng s a ra mt danh mc chn lc theo sn phm v theo s lng
t hng cho mi v tr kho hng v n nh s kim cho tng ca hng ring bit.
c. Qu trnh t hng ca khch hng l ngi tiu dng c nhn
H thng t hng c thit k tng tc trc tip vi khch hng cui cng
c da trn c s p ng trnh dch v khch hng cao. p ng nhu cu ca
khch hng, ca hng bn l cung cp mt qu trnh t hng tc th. McDonalds l mt
cng ty tin hnh nhng quyn thng mi rt thnh cng da trn qu trnh p ng
cc n t hng nhanh chng. p ng nhanh yu cu ca khch hng lun l li th cnh
tranh sc bn i vi nhiu cng ty, c bit vi nhng sn phm c kh nng thay th
cao.. Trong v d c gii thiu di y, mt s doanh nghip c th p ng nhanh nhu
cu ca khch hng ngay c khi a im kinh doanh ca h xa khch hng hn so vi
cc ca hng bn l ti a phng.
V d: Rt nhiu nh cung cp phn cng v phn mm my tnh xa tr thnh
nhng i th cnh tranh vi cc ca hng bn l a phng. Theo thng l, khch hng
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c th ti cc ca hng bn l my tnh ti a phng mua loi m h cn, hoc nu
ca hng ht th ngi bn l s t hng t cc nh cung cp.
Cc nh cung cp my tnh khng t ti a phng cng c th cung cp mc gi
thp. Tuy nhin, vic vt qua c nhng bt li v v tr c th em li thnh cng thc
s nu ca hng thanh ton bng th tn dng. Nhiu ca hng thanh ton bng th tn
dng nh th ny pht trin mt chnh sch theo nhng bc di y nhm gim thi
gian ca chu k t hng:
- Khch hng gi in n t hng thng qua mt s in thoi min ph. Th in
t cng l mt la chn nhng n lm tng thi gian ca chu k t hng.
- Ngi tip nhn n t hng nhp yu cu t hng vo mt my tnh, kh nng
p ng ca d tr c kim tra ngay lp tc t h s d tr c lu trong my tnh,
gi c a ra v chi ph t hng c tnh ton. Nu phng thc thanh ton l bng
th tn dng, th vic kim tra th tn dng cng c tin hnh thng qua x l s liu
bng in t.
- Yu cu t hng c chuyn i bng cc phng tin in t ti kho hng
thc hin. Thng th yu cu t hng s c chuyn i trong vng mt ngy k t khi
nhn c n t hng.
-Thng thng hng ha c vn chuyn trc tip bng dch v hng khng 2
nd
-
Day hoc bng UPS ti nh hoc a im kinh doanh ca khch hng. Vic giao hng vo
ban m c th c tin hnh giao hng nhanh hn nu khch hng yu cu.
Kt qu l tng thi gian v chi ph t hng ca hnh thc bn l khng ca hng
ny thp hn so vi t hng ca nh bn l ti ca hng a phng.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Tm tt chng 2
Dch v logistics khch hng l kt qu cui cng ca vic thc hin ton b nhng
hot ng logistics. Chnh sch dch v khch hng xc nh nhng gii hn trong vn
ti u ha hot ng logistics, nu khng c mt chin lc p ng khch hng ph hp
th cc qu trnh khc ca hot ng logistics s tr nn v dng.
Chng ny trnh by khi nim v cc c trng dch v khch hng ca logistics,
nhn mnh vai tr v tm quan trng ca dch v khch hng do logistics mang li cho mt
doanh nghip. Vic trnh by 4 nhn t c bn cu thnh mt dch v l thi gian, tin
cy, thng tin v s thch nghi cung cp mt tin nhn thc lm c s cho vic xy
dng cc ch tiu o lng tiu chun dch v khch hng ni chung v cho cc loi hnh
kinh doanh khc nhau. Cc hiu bit v phn loi dch v khch hng cng s b sung mt
ci nhn ton din v loi sn phm v hnh ny theo cc cch tip cn khc nhau.
xy dng cc mc tiu ca dch v khch hng, vic xc nh cc tiu chun dch
v l iu c bn, cc phng php xc nh tiu chun dch v khch hng s gip doanh
nghip c th t c muc ch ny mt cch thch hp trong cc tnh hung thc t.
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Mc d dch v khch hng l im xut pht cho mi hot ng logistics ti doanh
nghip nhng qu trnh thc hin n hng c coi l nhn t then cht th hin cht
lng dch v khch hng. Ton b cc bc trong mt chu k t hng cho thy s tip
xc cht ch ca khch hng v doanh nghip khu ny, n phn nh ci nhn ca khch
hng v kh nng phc v hng ha ca doanh nghip qua vic p ng cc n hng hon
ho. Vic nng cao cht lng dch v khch hng v vy cn c lm r qua cc n lc
thc hin n hng nhanh chng, chnh xc. Gim thi gian thc hin n hng l bin
php cn c quan tm ng mc.
c th ha qu trnh t hng l thut, 3 m hnh x l n hng tiu biu c
m t nhm gip ngi hc c mt ci nhn thc t hn v hot ng t hng.
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CHNG 3. QUN TR D TR
3.1 Khi nim, phn loi d tr
3.1.1 Khi nim v chc nng ca d tr:
Trong ton b nn kinh t quc dn, do s cch bit v khng gian v thi gian gia
sn xut v tiu dng sn phm, do c im khc bit gia sn phm sn xut v sn
phm tiu dng, do iu kin a l, t nhin v kh hu, hoc do phi phng nhng mt
cn i ln c th xy ra (chin tranh, thin tai, ...) m sn phm sau khi sn xut ra khng
th tiu dng hoc tiu th ngay, m phi tri qua mt qu trnh nhm xa i nhng s
cch bitk trn. Sn phm trong trng thi (hnh thi) ny c coi l d tr.
i vi doanh nghip, cn thit phi tp trung mt lng sn phm nht nh nhm
ci thin dch v khch hng v gim chi ph trong kinh doanh, nh: cung cp sn phm v
dch v cho khch hng y v nhanh, v do duy tr v pht trin doanh s; Tp
trung mt lng ln sn phm trong vn chuyn hoc ti kho gip gim chi ph: duy tr sn
xut n nh v nng sut cao, tit kim trong mua v vn chuyn (trong mua: gim gi v
lng hoc mua trc thi v; cn trong vn chuyn vic tng qui m l hng s m bo
vn chuyn tp trung vi chi ph thp ), v nh tp trung mt lng sn phm nht nh
trong kho m cc doanh nghip gim nhng chi ph do nhng bin ng khng th lng
trc. B phn sn phm nhm cho mc ch ny c coi l d tr.
Nh vy, tt c cc hnh thi tn ti ca sn phm hu hnh trong h thng Logistic
do cc nhn t kinh t gy nn nhm tha mn yu cu cung ng ca sn xut v tiu dng
vi chi ph thp c coi l d tr. Vy:
D tr l cc hnh thi kinh t ca s vn ng cc sn phm hu hnh vt t,
nguyn liu, bn thnh phm, sn phm, - trong h thng logistics nhm tha mn
nhu cu ca sn xut v tiu dng vi chi ph thp nht.
D tr trong thng mi thc hin 3 chc nng c bn: chc nng cn i cung -
cu, chc nng iu ho cc bin ng, v chc nng gim chi ph.
Chc nng cn i cung - cu m bo cho s ph hp gia nhu cu v ngun cung
ng v s lng, khng gian v thi gian. Trong sn xut v kinh doanh, phi tp trung
khi lng d tr thi v, d tr ch n trc do iu kin giao thng vn ti v kh hu,
d tr phng nhng bin ng ca nn kinh t. Chc nng ny l do nh hng ca mi
trng v m n quan h cung - cu.
Chc nng iu ho nhng bin ng: D tr phng nhng bin ng ngn
hn do s bin ng ca nhu cu v chu k nhp hng. Thc hin chc nng ny, cn phi
c d tr bo him.
Chc nng gim chi ph: D tr nhm gim nhng chi ph trong qu trnh sn xut v
phn phi. Chng hn nh d tr tp trung, c th vn chuyn nhng l hng ln gim
chi ph vn chuyn, v, tuy phi tng d tr v do tng chi ph d tr, nhng tng ph
vn chuyn v d tr gim i ng k.
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D tr sn
phm trong
sn xut
3.1.2 Phn loi d tr
D tr gm nhiu loi v c th phn theo nhiu tiu thc khc nhau. Mt s tiu
thc ch yu phn loi d tr trong hot ng logistics:
* Phn loi theo v tr ca sn phm trn dy chuyn cung ng;
* Phn loi theo cc yu t cu thnh d tr trung bnh
* Phn loi theo mc ch ca d tr
* Phn loi theo thi hn d tr;
a. Phn loi theo v tr ca sn phm trn dy chuyn cung ng
Logistics l mt chui cc hot ng lin tc, c lin quan mt thit vi nhau, tc
ng qua li ln nhau, c thc hin mt cch khoa hc v c h thng, nhm chu chuyn
hng ha dch v, v nhng thng tin c lin quan, t im u n im cui ca dy
chuyn cung ng vi mc tiu tha mn nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng mt cch tt nht.
m bo cho qu trnh logistics din ra lin tc th d tr s tn ti trn sut dy chuyn
cung ng, tt c cc khu (hnh 3.1):
Ghi ch: Quy trnh logistics
Quy trnh logistics ngc
(Reverse logistics flow)
Hnh 3.1: Cc loi d tr phn theo v tr trn dy chuyn cung ng
* Nh cung ng thu mua
* Thu mua sn xut
* Sn xut Marketing
* Marketing Phn phi
* Phn phi Trung gian
* Trung gian Ngi tiu dng
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D tr nguyn
vt liu
D tr bn
thnh phm
D tr thnh
phm ca nh sx
D tr sn phm
trong phn phi
D tr ca nh
cung cp
D tr ca nh
bn l
D tr trong
tiu dng
Ti to v ng
gi li
Ph liu ph
thi
Loi b ph
thi
D tr sn
phm trong
sn xut
D
v
- D tr sn phm trn ng -
- Mc tiu th sn phm bnh qun mt ngy -
- Thi gian trung bnh sn phm trn ng
Hnh 3.1 cho thy, thc hin qu trnh logistics lin tc cn c nhiu loi d tr.
Trc tin l nh cung cp mun m bo c nguyn vt liu cung ng theo n t
hng ca ngi sn xut th cn c d tr ca nh cung cp. Khi nguyn vt liu c giao
cho ngi sn xut, sau khi kim tra v lm th tc cn thit s c nhp kho d tr
m bo cho qu trnh sn xut c tin hnh lin tc, nhp nhng, l d tr nguyn
vt liu. Trong sut qu trnh sn xut, nguyn vt liu di d tc ng ca cc yu t
khc, nh: my mc, sc lao ng, dn bin thnh sn phm. qu trnh sn xut
c lin tc, th trong mi cng on ca qu trnh li c d tr bn thnh phm. c
sn phm theo yu cu ca cc n t hng, th sn phm lm ra s c d tr ti kho
thnh phm ca nh my, ch n khi s lng mi xut i. l d tr sn phm ti
kho ca nh sn xut. Trong qu trnh lu thng, phn loi hng ha s c d tr ti cc
trung tm phn phi khu vc, ti kho ca cc nh bun - D tr sn phm trong phn
phi. Khi sn phm n tay cc nh bn l, p ng yu cu ca ngi tiu dng mi
lc, nh bn l s t chc d tr hng ha ti cc kho, ca hng D tr ca nh bn l, v
cui cng sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng, h s t chc d tr p ng nhu cu c
nhn D tr ca ngi tieu dng.
Theo chiu thun, qu trnh logistics s i t ngi cung cp nguyn vt liu cho
ngi tiu th sn phm cui cng, mi khu ca qu trnh u t chc d tr m
bo cho qu trnh lin tc v hiu qu. Thc t cho thy, mi khu trong qu trnh
logistics c th xut hin nhng sn phm khng t yu cu cn phi hon tr li, nhng
sn phm h hng, khim khuyt, i hi phi ti ch, bao b dn nhn li. T dn n
nhu cu phi t chc qu trnh logistics ngc (reverse logistics) v mi khu cng s
hnh thnh d tr. Trong cc loi d tr hnh 3.1, c 4 loi d tr ch yu (hnh3.2)
Hnh 3.2: Cc loi d tr ch yu phn theo v tr trong h thng logistics
Theo hnh thi vn ng ca sn phm trong h thng logistics ngi ta cn c th chia d
tr lm hai loi: D tr ti cc c s Logistics v d tr trn ng vn chuyn
- D tr ti cc c s logistics, bao gm d tr trong kho nguyn vt liu, ph tng,
(gi chung l kho vt t); D tr trong cc kho bn thnh phm ca cc t, i, phn
xng sn xut; D tr trong kho thnh phm ca nh sn xut; D tr trong cc kho ca
trung tm phn phi, kho ca cc nh bn bun, bn l; D tr trong ca hng bn l
Lng d tr ny m bo cho sn xut c lin tc v p ng yu cu kinh doanh ca
cc nh bn bun, bn l, cng nh tha mn nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
- D tr hng ha trn ng vn chuyn: l d tr hng ha ang trong qu trnh
vn ng t im u n im cui dy chuyn cung ng. Thng thi gian vn chuyn
trn ng vn chuyn bao gm: Thi gian hng ha c chuyn ch trn cc phng
tin vn ti, thi gian bc d, chuyn ti, thi gian hng c bo qun, lu tr ti kho bi
ca cc n v vn ti.
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D tr bn
thnh phm
D tr sn
phm trong
sn xut
D tr sn
phm trong
phn phi
D tr
nguyn vt
liu
D
v
b. Phn loi theo cc yu t cu thnh d tr trung bnh
D tr chu k : l d tr m bo cho vic tiu th sn phm (sn xut hoc bn
hng) c tin hnh lin tc gia hai k t hng (mua hng) lin tip
D tr nh k c xc nh bng cng thc:

dh n ck
t m Q D .
Trong :
D
ck
: D tr chu k (Qui m l hng nhp - Q
n
)
m : mc bn/ tiu th sn phm bnh qun 1 ngy m.
T
dh
: thi gian ca mt chu k t hng (ngy)
Nh vy d tr chu k ph thuc vo cng tiu th sn phm v di chu k
t hng. Khi nhng yu t ny thay i th d tr chu k s thay i theo.
Trong trng hp ch c d tr chu k, d tr trung bnh bng 1/2 qui m l hng
nhp (
n
Q D
2
1
)
+ D tr bo him: D tr chu k ch c th m bo cho qu trnh tiu th sn
phm c lin tc khi lng cu ( m ) v thi gian cung ng/ chu k t hng (t
dh
) khng
i. Mt khi m hoc t
dh
hoc c hai yu t ny thay i, d tr chu k khng th m bo
cho qu trnh din ra lin tc, m cn c d tr d phng, hay d tr bo him.
D tr bo him c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D
b
= .z
Trong trng hp doanh nghip phi c d tr bo him, d tr trung bnh s l:
b
D
Q
D +
2
+ D tr trn ng: D tr sn phm trn ng c xem l mt b phn cu
thnh nn d tr trung bnh, n bao gm: d tr hng ho c chuyn ch trn cc
phng tin vn ti, trong qu trnh xp d, chuyn ti, lu kho ti cc n v vn ti. D
tr trn ng ph thuc vo thi gian sn phm nm trn ng v cng tiu th
hng ha, v bn m bo d tr trn ng l bn s hu sn phm trong qu trnh vn
chuyn.
D tr trn ng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
v v
t m D .
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D
b
- D tr bo him
- lch tiu chun chung
z- H s tng ng vi xc sut c sn sn
phm tiu th (tra bng)
D
v
Nu doanh nghip c d tr trn ng th d tr trung bnh s l:
v b
D D
Q
D + +
2
c. Phn loi theo mc ch ca d tr
+ D tr thng xuyn
D tr thng xuyn nhm m bo tha mn nhu cu hng ngy. D tr thng
xuyn ph thuc vo cng v s bin i ca nhu cu v khong thi gian gia 2 thi
k nhp hng. D tr thng xuyn bao gm d tr chu k v d tr bo him.
+ D tr thi v
C nhng loi hng ho tiu th quanh nm, nhng sn xut c tnh thi v nh:
nng sn, ngc li c nhng sn phm ch tiu dng theo ma v nhng c th sn xut
quanh nm nh : qun o thi trang. p ng nhng nhu cu nu trn th phi c dng
d tr theo ma v. Mt s v d v dng d tr ny, nh: x lnh ngi ta d tr rau
phc v cho ma ng; cc cng ty thit b trng hc d tr sch, v, dng c hc sinh
phc v cho ngy khai trng.
d. Phn loi theo gii hn ca d tr:
Theo tiu thc ny c cc loi d tr:
* D tr ti a;
* D tr ti thiu;
* D tr bnh qun.
- D tr ti a: L mc d tr sn phm ln nht cho php cng ty kinh doanh c
hiu qu. Nu d tr vt qu mc d tr ti a s dn n hin tng hng ha b
ng, vng quay vn chm, kinh doanh khng hiu qu.
- D tr ti thiu: L mc d tr sn phm thp nht cho php cng ty hot dng
lin tc. Nu d tr sn phm di mc ny s khng nguyn vt liu cung cp cho sn
xut, khng hng ha cung cp cho khch hng, lm gin on qu trnh sn xut cung
ng.
- D tr bnh qun: L mc d tr sn phm bnh qun ca cng ty trong mt k nh
(Thng l mt nm).
D tr bnh qun c xc nh bng cng thc:
1
2
1
...
2
1
2 1
+ + +
n
d d d
D
n
Trong :
D : D tr trung bnh
n
d d d ,..., ,
2 1 - mc dc tr nhng thi im quan st;
1,2, , n thi im quan st mc d tr.
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3.2 Cc yu cu qun tr d tr, phn loi sn phm d tr
3.2.1 Yu cu qun tr d tr
Qun tr d tr trong doanh nghip phi m bo 2 yu cu: Yu cu trnh dch
v, v yu cu gim chi ph d tr.
a. Yu cu dch v
Trnh dch v l vic xc nh cc mc tiu hot ng m d tr phi c kh nng
thc hin. Trnh dch v c xc nh bng thi gian thc hin n t hng; h s
tho mn mt hng, nhm hng v n t hng (sn xut, bn bun); h s n nh mt
hng kinh doanh h s tho mn nhu cu mua hng ca khch (bn l). Nhng ch tiu
trnh dch v khch hng trn y ph thuc kh ln vo vic qun tr d tr. Trnh
dch v do d tr thc hin c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
c
t
M
m
d 1
Trng hp mt i tng tiu th nhiu loi sn phm th trnh dch v chung
c tnh nh sau:
i
n
i
c
d d
1

Ch tiu trnh dch v k hoch c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
( )
Q
z f
d
.
1

nng cao trnh dch v ca d tr, c th s dng nhng gii php sau:
- Th nht l gii php truyn thng: tng cng d tr. Gii php ny c th t n
trnh dch v nht nh, nhng c th lm tng chi ph d tr v c h thng logistics.
- Th hai l gii php ci tin: vn chuyn sn phm nhanh, chn ngun hng tt hn
v qun tr thng tin hiu qu hn. Gii php ny nhm chn phng n ti u trong qun
tr d tr.
b. Yu cu v gim chi ph c lin quan n d tr
C nhiu loi chi ph c lin quan n qun tr d tr. Tng chi ph c lin quan n
d tr bao gm:
dh v d m
F F F F F + + +
F
m
: Chi ph gi tr sn phm mua
51
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d- Trnh dch v (mt loi sn phm)
m
t
- Lng sn phm khng tha mn yu cu tiu th
M
c
- Nhu cu tiu th sn phm ca c k
d
c
- Trnh dch v chung cho mt i tng tiu th sn phm
d
i
- Trnh dch v ca mt hng i
n- S sn phm cung cp
d- lch tiu chun chung
f(z)- Hm phn phi chun
Q- Qui m l hng nhp
F
d
: Chi ph d tr
F
v
: Chi ph vn chuyn
F
dh
: Chi ph t hng
Cc loi chi ph ny u lin quan n mt thng s ca d tr, l qui m l hng
mua. Khi thay i qui m l hng mua, cc loi chi ph ny bin i theo chiu hng
ngc chiu nhau, c th chi ph d tr bin i ngc chiu vi cc chi ph: gi tr sn
phm mua, chi ph vn chuyn, chi ph t hng. Do , trong qun tr d tr d tr, phi
xc nh qui m l hng sao cho:
dh v d m
F F F F F + + +
min
Chi ph d tr l nhng chi ph bng tin d tr. Chi ph d tr trong mt thi k
ph thuc vo chi ph bnh qun m bo mt n v d tr v qui m d tr trung bnh:
,
_
+
b d d d
D Q p k D f F
2
1
.
d
f : Chi ph bnh qun cho mt n v d tr
D
: D tr bnh qun
k
d
: T l chi ph /gi tr sn phm cho mt n v sn phm
p: Gi tr ca mt ssn v sn phm
Q: Qui m l hng
D
b
: D tr bo him
T l chi ph m bo d tr l % ca t s chi ph m bo d tr /gi tr trung bnh
ca d tr.
Cu thnh chi ph m bo d tr bao gm nhng loi c bn sau:
- Chi ph vn: chi ph bng tin do u t vn cho d tr, v thuc vo chi ph c hi.
Chi ph vn ph thuc vo gi tr d tr trung bnh, thi gian hch ton v sut thu hi vn
u t. Thng thng trn th trng tin t, t l chi ph vn c tnh theo li sut tin
vay ngn hng. T l chi ph vn trung bnh l 15%, dao ng t 8-40%.
- Chi ph cng ngh kho, thng gi l chi ph bo qun sn phm d tr kho.
Trung bnh chi ph ny l 2%, dao ng t 0-4%.
- Hao mn v hnh: gi ti sn phm d tr gim xung do khng ph hp vi th
trng (tnh th marketing). Th hin ca chi ph ny l % gim gi bn. Chi ph ny trung
bnh l 1,2%, dao ng t 0,5 - 2%.
- Chi ph bo him: l chi ph phng ri ro theo thi gian. Chi ph bo him tu
thuc vo gi tr sn phm v tnh trng c s vt cht k thut. Chi ph ny trung bnh
0,05%, dao ng t 0 - 2%.
- Ngoi ra cn c th chi ph v thu lin quan n v tr, a phng, coi d tr l ti
sn v b nh thu.
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Nh vy, gim chi ph d tr, phi gim c cc yu t chi ph cu thnh nn chi
ph bnh qun cho mt n v d tr; ng thi phi tnh ton qui m d tr bo him thch
hp gim d tr bnh qun.
S chi ph qun tr d tr c th hin trn hnh 3.3
3.2.2 Phn loi sn phm d tr
Phn loi hng ho d tr thnh cc nhm A,B,C theo tm quan trng vi nhng c
trng qun tr d tr. S phn loi c th da vo mt s tiu thc: doanh s, li nhun,
gi tr d tr, ...Trong qun tr, ngi ta hay s dng tiu thc doanh s.
Qui tc Pareto
*
, hay cn gi l qui tc 80/20 thng c s dng trong phn loi sn
phm d tr. Theo qui tc ny, nhng sn phm no c t trng mt hng d tr (hoc t
trng khch hng, n t hng, ngi cung ng ) thp (20%), nhng c t trng doanh s
cao (80%) th c xp vo loi A. Tng t, t trng mt hng d tr cao hn (30%),
nhng t trng doanh s thp hn (15%) c xp vo loi B, v loi C c t trng mt
hng d tr hng ho cao nht (50%), v t trng doanh s thp nht (5%). Cch phn loi
ny xc nh tm quan trng ca loi sn phm, loi khch hng trong kinh doanh c
chin lc thch ng.
*
Vilfredo Pareto Nh kinh t hc Italia pht minh qui tc ny nm 1906
53
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Chi ph kho
bi
Chi ph
qun tr
d tr
Chi ph v
vn
Chi ph cho
cc dch v
hng d tr
Chi ph ri
ro i vi
hng d tr
Lng vn u t vo
hng d tr
Bo him
Thu
Trang b trong kho
Kho cng cng
Kho thu
Kho ca cng ty
Hao mn v hnh
H hng
Hng b thiu ht
iu chuyn hng
gia cc kho
Hnh 3.3: Cu thnh chi ph d tr
Phng php phn loi ny nh sau:
- Lp bng phn loi sn phm, v c bn c mu nh bng 3.1:
- Sp xp sn phm theo th t t doanh s cao n thp trn bng phn loi. Sau ,
tnh t trng doanh s ca tng mt hng v in vo bng.
- Tnh t trng cng dn(tn sut tch lu) doanh s v mt hng theo tng mt hng.
- Tin hnh phn nhm hng ho cn c vo kt qu tnh ton v qui tc phn loi.
Trn c s phn loi m c cc mc tiu v c khc nhau i vi cc nhm sn
phm. Nhm A l quan trng nht, do mc tiu dch v khch hng ca d tr cao nht,
thng c trnh dch v khch hng bng 1 (d=1), nhm C khng cn thit phi c trnh
dch v khch hng cao; i vi hng nhm A thng s dng m hnh kim tra d tr
thng xuyn, hng nhm C s dng m hnh kim tra d tr nh k di ngy,
Bng 3.1: Bng phn nhm sn phm theo qui tc Pareto
S
T.T
Tn hoc
k hiu
sn phm
Doanh thu
ca tng loi
sn phm
T trng
doanh thu
(%)
T trng
doanh thu
cng dn
(%)
T trng
mt hng
cng dn
(%)
Phn loi
theo nhm
A,B,C
1 max max
A 2
3 80 20
95 50
C
n 100 100
Cng 100
Ch : T trng mt hng cng dn: 100 .
1
i
n
m
i

C nhiu quyt nh trong d tr, cc quyt nh c bn l: H thng d tr; Cc

thng s i vi tng h thng d tr.
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n
d
- S ngy d tr chung ca c h thng
Q
t
- Tng lng hng ho phn phi t ngun tp trung
D
i
- S lng hng ho d tr hin c tng c s logistics -
- Mc tiu thu hng ho trung bnh ngy tng c s logistics
3.3 Quyt nh h thng d tr v thng s h thng y
3.3.1 Quyt nh h thng d tr
Vic hnh thnh v iu tit d tr trong doanh nghip theo nhiu cch thc khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, ty thuc vo quyt nh b sung d tr m c 2 h thng c bn:
a. H thng ko: L h thng d tr trong , cc n v ca doanh nghip hot
ng c lp, vic hnh thnh v iu tit d tr do tng n v m nhim (ko ht sn
phm vo d tr ti n v)
y l h thng d tr phn tn thch hp vi cc doanh nghip hot ng c lp
trn cc th trng rng ln, hoc vic tp trung qun tr d tr s gy nhiu tn km v
khng hiu qu.
b. H thng y: L h thng do mt trung tm iu tit d tr chung (quyt nh
y sn phm d tr vo cc n v)
H thng ny kh phc tp nhm ti u d tr cho c h thng, trong iu kin hin
nay do pht trin thng tin, h thng ny cng c p dng rng ri.
Mi h thng d tr c cc cch thc tnh ton cc thng s khc nhau v rt phong
ph. Nhng h thng no i chng na cng phi p ng cc yu cu ca qun tr d tr.
3.3.2 Cc quyt nh trong h thng y
H thng y c nhiu m hnh iu tit d tr khc nhau ty thuc yu cu v tnh
th ca mi trng. Mt s m hnh n gin gm:
a. M hnh phn phi sn phm d tr vt yu cu theo t l nhu cu d
bo
- Bc 1: Xc nh nhu cu ca thi k kinh doanh cho tng c s logistics (kho).
- Bc 2: Xc nh s lng hng ho d tr hin c mi c s logistics.
- Bc 3: Xc nh xc sut c hng cn thit mi kho.
- Bc 4: Xc nh tng lng hng ho cn thit mi c s logistics trn c s lng
hng ho d bo cng vi lng hng ho d tr bo him.
- Bc 5:Xc nh lng hng ho b sung d tr - chnh lch gia tng lng hng ho
cn thit v d tr hng ho hin c.
- Bc 6:Xc nh s lng hng ho phn phi vt qu yu cu cho tng im d tr
theo t l nhu cu trung bnh theo d bo.
Bc 7:Xc nh s lng hng ho phn phi cho tng im d tr bng cch cng lng
hng ho b sung d tr (bc5) vi lng hng ho phn phi vt qu yu cu (bc 6).
V d: Mt cng ty nng sn d tnh mua 125.000 T hng ho v sau a vo d tr 3
kho phn phi. Cng ty phi xy dng phng n phn phi lng hng ho ny cho 3 kho nh
th no cho hp l. Nhng d liu bo co 3 kho nh sau (Bng 3.2):
Bng 3.2: Cc d liu tnh ton
D tr Nhu cu theo
d bo
Xc sut m
55
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n
d
Q
t
D
i
Kho hin c
(T)
(T) Sai s d bo
(T)
bo
d tr(%)
1 5.000 10.000 2.000 90
2 15.000 50.000 1.500 95
3 30.000 70.000 20.000 90
- Xc nh tng lng hng ho cn thit tng c s = D bo + ( Z sai s d bo)
Z: Ch s lch tiu chun tng ng vi xc sut m bo d tr hng ho (tra bng).
Chng hn, vi xc sut m bo d tr P
r
= 90%, th Z = 1,28.
Kt qu tnh ton c th hin bng 3.3
Bng 3.3: Tnh ton cc thng s
Kho Tng lng
cn thit (1)
D tr
hin c (2)
Lng hng b
sung (3)=(1)-
(2)
Lng hng
vt yu cu
(4)
Tng lng
phn phi
(5)=(3)+(4)
1 12.560 5.000 7.560 1.105 8.665
2 52.475 15.000 37.475 5.525 43.000
3 95.600 30.000 65.600 7.735 73.335
160.635 110.635 14.365 125.000
Ch : Tng lng hng phn phi vt qu yu cu: 14.365 = 125.000 - 110.635. T l
phn phi hng vt qu yu cu: 10.000/50.000/70.000.
b. M hnh b sung sn phm d tr theo ngy d tr chung
y l phng php n gin trn c s phn phi cho mi c s logistics trc
thuc mt "t l hp l" hng ho d tr t cng mt ngun tp trung (nh tng kho). Cc
bc tin hnh theo phng php ny nh sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh tng lng hng ho hin c ti ngun tp trung, lng hng ho
cn d tr ngun tp trung v lng hng ho cn phn phi cho cc c s logistics
trc thuc.
Bc 2: Xc nh lng hng ho d tr hin c v mc tiu th hng ho bnh
qun hng ngy tng c s logistics trc thuc.
Bc 3: Xc nh s ngy d tr chung ca c h thng theo cng thc sau:
n
i
i
n
i
i t
d
m
D Q
n
1
1
Bc 4: Xc nh s lng hng ho phn phi cho mi c s logistics theo cng
thc sau:
56
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n
d
Q
t
D
i
i
i
i
d i
m
m
D
n Q
,
_

V d: Mt tng kho xy dng phng n phn phi hng ho cho cc kho khu vc
trn c s cc s liu trnh by bng 3.4
Bng 3.4: Cc d liu tnh ton
n v D tr
hin c
Mc tiu th
b.q mt ngy
Tng kho 600 v
Kho 1 50 10 v
Kho 2 100 50
Kho 3 75 15
Tng kho mun gi li 100 v v phn phi 500 v cho cc kho khu vc.
Theo cng thc, ta tnh c s ngy d tr chung
( )
67 , 9
15 50 10
75 100 50 500
+ +
+ + +
d
n ngy
T y ta tnh c:
47 7 , 46 10
10
50
67 , 9
1

,
_
Q n v
383 50
50
100
67 , 9
2

,
_
Q n v
70 15
15
75
67 , 9
3

,
_
Q n v
Hin nay nh c h thng thng tin hin i, c th p dng nhiu m in t hin
i iu tit nhanh, ti u d tr cho c h thng.
3.4 Cc quyt nh trong h thng ko
3.4.1 Quyt nh m hnh kim tra d tr
Mi mt h thng c cc loi m hnh kim ta d tr khc nhau nhm cung cp thng
tin tnh trng d tr a ra quyt nh nhp hng thch hp. Tng ng vi mi m
hnh kim tra, phi xc nh cc thng s:
im t hng: L Tiu chun d tr so snh vi d tr thc t kim tra nhm
quyt nh t hng (mua hng)
Qui m l hng: Lng hng mi ln t mua (nhp)
i vi h thng ko, c mt cc m hnh kim tra sau:
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a. M hnh kim tra thng xuyn d tr
y l m hnh phi thng xuyn kim tra tnh trng v cc thng s d tr. M
hnh ny thng p dng i vi nhng sn phm thuc nhm A, c tc chu chuyn
nhanh.
i vi m hnh ny, im ti t hng c xc nh nh sau:
D
=
b h
D T m +
Qui m l hng c xc nh theo cch tnh qui m l hng kinh t Q
o
Khi kim tra d tr, nu xy ra trng hp sau:
D
k
+ Q
; y, Q
- Qui m l hng t (ang thc hin)

D
k
- D tr thc t ti thi im kim tra
th tin hnh t hng vi qui m l hng kinh t.
Vi m hnh ny, d tr trung bnh c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
b
o
D
Q
D +
2
b. M hnh kim tra nh k thng thng
Vi m hnh ny, sau mt thi gian nht nh th li tin hnh kim tra d tr v xc
nh cc thng s d tr. M hnh ny thng p dng i vi nhng sn phm thuc
nhm C, c chu k kim tra di ngy
i vi m hnh ny, im ti t hng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D
=
b h
D
L
T m +
,
_
+
2
;L- Chu k kim tra d tr (ngy)
Qui m l hng cng c xc nh theo cch tnh qui m l hng kinh t Q
o
D tr trung bnh trong trng hp ny s l:
b
o
D
L m Q
D + +
2
.
2
c. Cc m hnh kim tra bin dng
Bao gm 2 m hnh: m hnh h thng chu k t hng c nh, v m hnh 2 mc
d tr (min- max).
c.1. M hnh h thng chu k t hng c nh.
M hnh ny thng p dng trong trng hp n t hng c nhiu mt hng, c
cng thi im t hng.
58
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D
- im ti t hng
m - Mc tiu th hng ho bnh qun ngy
h
T - Thi gian trung bnh thc hin mt n hng
D
b
- D tr bo him -
- Li n v -
- L n v
i vi m hnh ny, chu k kim tra cng ng thi l chu k t hng, v do D

= D
k
. Qui m l hng c xc nh nh sau:
Q
h
= D
max
- D
k
- Q
y, D
max
- Mc d tr b sung mc tiu: ( )
b h
D L T m D + +
max
Vi h thng ny, d tr trung bnh s l:
b
D
L m
D +
2
.
c.2. H thng 2 mc d tr (h thng min-max)
M hnh ny thng p dng i vi sn phm thuc nhm B, c chu k kim tra
ngn hn.
Vi h thng ny, ti thi im kim tra nu:
D
k
+ Q
< D
min
th tin hnh t hng vi qui m l hng Q
h
= D
max
- D
k
- Q
y, D
min
- D tr thp nht, v D
min
= D
=
b h
D T m + .
D tr trung bnh cng c tnh theo cng thc ca m hnh trn.
3.4.2 Quyt nh qui m l hng nhp
Quan im chung xc nh qui m l hng nhp: Qui m l hng nhp phi m
bo b sung d tr thch hp, p ng trnh dch v khch hng; ng thi qui m l
hng nhp phi m bo hp l, ngha l phi tit kim cc ngun lc: tng chi ph thp;
ph hp kh nng vn d tr, kh nng iu kin bo qun sn phm (kho).
Mi mt h thng d tr c cch tnh ton qui m l hng nhp khc nhau. i vi
h thng d tr ko c cc m hnh ph bin sau:
a. Qui m l hng nhp tng ln
Nhp v bn ht ri mi nhp l hng tip theo, m bo lng hng bn cao nht c
th, gim bt thit hi do khng bn ht hng, thng p dng i vi hng rau qu ti,
thi trang,
tm qui m l hng kinh t Q
o
, chng ta c th tin hnh phn tch gii hn kinh
t, c ngha qui m l hng m ti , li nhun cn bin ca mt n v hng bn ra phi
bng l cn bin khng bn c n v hng ho .
Li nhun mt n v bn ra l: Li nhun = gi - chi ph n v
L mt n v bn ra l: L = chi ph n v - chi ph thu hi n v
Ta c: CP
n
L n v = (1 - CP
n
) Li n v
y, CP
n
- Tn sut tch lu bn ti thiu n n v sn phm.
T ta c:
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- Li n v -
- L n v
V
sx
- Tc sn xut, n v/ngy
v
b
- Tc tiu th (bn), n v / ngy
v
sx
> v
b
o a
a
n
l l
l
CP
+
;
C ngha, s tip tc tng qui m l hng cho n khi tn sut tch lu bn thm mt
n v bng t l
o a
a
l l
l
+
V d 1: Mt ca hng d tnh s bn 100 T hng trong tun ti. Phn phi nhu cu l
chun vi lch tiu chun l 20 T. Ca hng bn vi gi 590.000/T, v h phi trang
tri chi ph l 250.000/T.
Trc ht chng ta tnh:
( )
58 , 0
000 . 250 000 . 250 000 . 599
000 . 250 000 . 599
n
CP
Tra bng phn phi chun vi tn sut tch lu 0,58 th s c Z = 0,21. Nh vy s
lng l hng s l:
Q
o
= 100 T + 0,21. 20 T = 104,2 T
V d 2: Mt ca hng thi trang mun xy dng n t hng ti u v mt loi
hng ho kiu mi. Gi bn mi n v hng ho l 950.000 khi mt ang thnh hnh, v
gi t mi n v l 700.000. Khi lc mt, h ch bn c vi gi 500.000. Bit nhu
cu d on vi phn phi bng 3.5.
Bng 3.5: Phn phi xc sut nhu cu theo lnghng bn ra
S n v bn
ra(1000)
Tn sut
nhu cu
Tn sut
tch lu
0 0,10 0,10
1 0,15 0,25
2 0,20 0,45
3 0,30 0,75
4 0,20 0,95
5 0,05 1,00
Chng ta chn qui m n t hng :
( )
( ) ( )
555 , 0
000 . 500 000 . 700 . 000 . 700 000 . 950
000 . 700 000 . 950
n
CP
Gi tr CP
n
nm gia 2.000 v 3.000, chng ta chn Q
o
= 2.500 n v
b. Qui m l hng ti cung ng ngay:
Khi d tr gim n mc nht nh (im t hng), phi tin hnh t hng ngay
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- Li n v -
- L n v
V
sx
v
b
v
sx
> v
b
Qui m l hng
b.1. Trng hp n gin
Khi nhu cu lin tc v c tc n nh, phi xc nh qui m l hng v tn s
nhp hng. y l bi ton xc nh qui m l hng c tng chi ph thp nht. Cng
thc xc nh qui m l hng nh sau:
k d
h
o
p k
Mf
Q
2
;
Trong mt s trng hp, nu tc cung ng (sn xut) ln hn tc tiu th
(bn), th cng thc trn phi iu chnh nh sau:
b sx
sx
k d
h
o
v v
v
p k
Mf
Q

2
;
p dng m hnh trn y i hi mt s rng buc:
- Phi m bo tho mn mi nhu cu
- Nhu cu c tnh lin tc, n nh v vi c cu bit.
- Thi gian thc hin chu k nhp hng n nh.
- Gi hng n nh khng ph thuc vo qui m l hng v thi gian (gi mua v chi
ph vn chuyn khng gim theo s lng )
- Khng gii hn phm vi k hoch ho.
-Khng c s tc ng qua li gia c cu d tr.
- Khng tnh d tr trn ng.
- Khng gii hn kh nng vn v din tch bo qun hng ho.
Tuy nhin m hnh trn c nhng tc dng trong lp k hoch d tr:
- Tm thy im m ti , chi ph thc hin n hng v nh mc bo d tr hng
nm bng nhau.
- Xc nh c d tr trung bnh chu k bng 1/2 qui m l hng.
- Trong trng hp mi ci khc nh nhau, gi tr ca n v d tr c nh hng
n chu k nhp hng: hng c gi tr cao s c t nhiu ln hn.
b.2. Trng hp gim gi mua v vn chuyn v lng
Do nhng chnh sch marketing m ngun hng v n v vn ti c th gim gi khi
mua hoc vn chuyn vi n t hng c qui m ln. C 2 chnh sch gim gi: chnh
sch gim gi ton phn v chnh sch gim gi tng phn. Chng ta nghin cu phng
php xc nh qui m l hng i vi tng chnh sch.
Vic xc nh qui m l hng kinh t da trn c s xc nh tng chi ph thp nht
ca chi ph gi tr hng ho mua, chi ph t hng v chi ph d tr. Cng thc xc nh
tng chi ph ny nh sau:
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M- Tng mc tiu th hng ho trong k k hoch
f
h
- Chi ph mt ln t hng
k
d
- T l chi ph m bo d tr
p
k
- Gi ph hng ho nhp kho
V
sx
v
b
v
sx
> v
b
Chi ph vi
0 < Q
i
Q
1
Qui m l hng
2
. . .
.
i
m
i d
i
h m
i
Q p k
Q
f M
M p F + +
y:
F- Tng chi ph mua v d tr cho c thi k vi qui m l hng Q
i
m
i
p
- Gi mua vi qui m l hng Q
i
M- Nhu cu cho c thi k k hoch
f
h
- Chi ph mt ln t hng
Q
i
- Qui m l hng cn mua; k
d
- T l chi ph m bo d tr
* Chnh sch gim gi v lng ton phn.
Vi chnh sch ny, ngun hng s gim gi cho tt c cc n v hng ho khi qui
m l hng vt qu gii hn nht nh. C th tm tt chnh sch ny nh sau:
Qui m l hng(Q
i
) Gi(p
i
)
0 < Q
i
< Q
1
p
1
Q
i
Q
1
p
2
y, Q
i
- Qui m l hng cn mua; Q
1
-Gii hn qui m l hng c mc gi p
1
p
2
- Gi hng ho khi qui m l hng vt qu gii hn Q
1
ng cong tng chi ph i vi chnh sch ny c th hin hnh 3.4
ng cong xc nh (hin thc)
ng cong khng xc nh (khng hin thc)
Hnh 3.4: th tng chi ph theo qui m l hng
Qu trnh xc nh qui m l hng kinh t theo cc bc nh sau:
- Bc 1: Tnh qui m l hng kinh t Q
o2
vi mc gi thp nht p
2
. Nu Q
o2
xc nh
th l qui m l hng cn tm. Nu khng, tnh tip bc 2.
Bc 2: Tnh qui m l hng ti u vi mc gi thp hn Q
01
(gi tr nm trong
khong xc nh). Tnh tng chi ph F theo qui m l hng ti u Q
0i1
vi mc gi p
1
v
theo cc qui m l hng gii hn Q
i
vi mc gi thp hn p
2
.
- Bc 3: So snh cc phng n chi ph trn, phng n no c chi ph thp hn th
qui m l hng ng vi phng n l qui m l hng kinh t cn tm.
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Chi ph vi
0 < Q
i
Q
1
Qui m l hng
Tng chi
ph F
Chi ph vi
0 < Q
i
<Q
1
Chi ph vi
Q
i
Q
1
0
Q
1
V d: Mt trm bn bun cn mua mt mt hng vi nhu cu d bo l 2.600 n
v / nm. Chi ph mt n qt hng l 100.000/n, t l chi ph m bo d tr l
20%/nm. Ngun hng c chnh sch gim gi v lng ton b vi 2 mc gi nh sau: p
1
= 50.000/n v cho qui m mua Q
i
< 500 n v, v gim 5% gi khi s lng mua 500
n v. Vy trm bn bun cn mua vi qui m bao nhiu tng chi ph mua c nm l
thp nht?
- Trc ht ta tnh qui m l hng kinh t Q
0
ng vi 2 mc gi;
228
000 . 50 20 , 0
000 . 100 600 . 2 2
1
2
01

p k
Mf
Q
d
h
n v
Tng t ta tnh c Q
02
:
( )
234
% 5 % 100 000 . 50 20 , 0
000 . 100 600 . 2 2
02

Q
n v
Ta nhn thy Q
02
khng xc nh (234 < 500), tnh tip.
- Tnh tng chi ph F(228) v F(500):
F(228) = 4 , 240 . 132
2
228 50 20 , 0
228
100 600 . 2
600 . 2 50

+
+ nghn
F(500) =( )
( )
395 . 126
2
500 95 , 0 50 20 , 0
500
100 600 . 2
600 . 2 95 , 0 50

+
+
So snh ta thy F(500) < F(228). Vy qui m l hng kinh t l Q
0
= 500 n v
* Chnh sch gim gi v lng tng phn
i vi chnh sch ny, khi qui m l hng mua vt qu gii hn xc nh th ngun
hng s gim gi mua cho s lng n v hng ho vt qu gi hn. C ngha:
Qui m mua (Q
i
) Gi mua (p
i
)
Q
i
Q
1
p
1
Q
i
> Q
1
p
1
cho Q
1
v p
2
<p
1
cho Q
2
= Q
i
-Q
1
C th din t ng cong tng chi ph theo chnh sch gim gi ny hnh 3.6
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d- lch tiu chun ca cc bin c
F
i
- Tn s xut hin bin c i -
- lch tuyt i ca bin c i so vi trung bnh
n- Tng s cc quan st
Chi ph vi
0 < Q
i
Q
1
Chi ph vi
Q
i
> Q
1
Tng chi
ph F
Qui m mua
0
Q
1

Hnh 3.5: th tng chi ph vi chnh sch gim gi mt phn
tm qui m l hng kinh t Q
k
, ta tm cc tiu ca hm s sau:
( )
( ) ( )
x
x
d x h
x x
x
x
Q
Q Q p Q p
k Q f
Q
M
M
Q
Q Q p Q p
Q F
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
2
1 +
+ +
+
Gii ra ta c:
( ) [ ]
2
2 1 1
2
p k
f p p Q M
Q
d
h
k
+
C th vit cng thc tng qut xc nh Q

x
nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
n d
d n n n
x
p k
f p p Q p p Q p p Q M
Q
+ + + +
1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1
..... 2
( )
n d
n
i
d i i i
p k
f p p Q M
Q
1
]
1
+
1
1
1
2
V d: Cng vi v d trn, nhng gi ch gim 5% cho lng hng 500 n v, tc
l cho Q
2
= Q
x
- 499.
p dng cng thc tnh qui m l hng kinh t, ta c:
( ) [ ]
826
5 , 47 . 20 , 0
100 5 , 47 50 . 499 2600 . 2
02

+
Q n v
Q
02
= 826 xc nh vi mc gi p
2
do l qui m kinh t.
b.3. Trng hp li mt s hng ca qui m l hng t do ph tn kho cao.
M hnh ny nh sau:
64
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F
i
n- Tng s cc quan st
dl
dl dh
dh
dh d
f
f f
f
f f
Q
+
.
2
dl dh
dl
dh
dh d
t
f f
f
f
f f
Q
+
.
2
,
_
+

dh dl
dl
dl
f f
f
Q Q 1
Q: Qui m l hng t
Q
t
: Qui m l hng thiu
Q
dl
: Lng hng li mi ln cung ng
f
d
: Chi ph d tr mt n v hng
f
dl
: Chi ph d tr mt n v hng ti
ni cung ng
F
d
- Tng chi ph d tr
K
di
- T l chi ph d tr mt n v sn phm
P
i
- Gi tr mt n v sn phm d tr -
- D tr trung bnh
Ngoi ra cn c cc m hnh: M hnh xc nh qui m l hng khi bit chi ph do
thiu hng, M hnh xc nh qui m l hng trong trng hp b gii hn v vn d tr
hoc din tch kho bo qun,
3.4.3 Quyt nh d tr bo him
Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca qun tr d tr l phi khc phc nhng
bin ng ca nhu cu v chu k nhp hng gy nn tnh tng thiu hng (d tr) bn,
v nh vy cn phi c d tr bo him.
xc nh d tr bo him, cn phi tnh c lch tiu chun ca nhu cu v
chu k nhp hng. Da vo s liu thng k tnh hnh nhu cu v nhp hng ca thi gian
qua, c th tnh c lch theo cng thc sau:
n
D F
i i
i

Trn c s xc nh lch ca nhu cu v chu k nhp hng, c th xc nh c

lch chung theo cng thc sau:
( )
2 2 2
t c h
m l t + +
V d tr bo him ph thuc vo lch tiu chun v xc sut c hng bn. D
tr bo him c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
D
b
= . z ; y, D
b
- D tr bo him,
z- H s ph thuc vo xc sut c hng bn (tra bng)
Tt nhin, d tr bo him nh hng ln nht n trnh dch v khch hng:
3.5 Mt s gii php nhm ci tin qun tr d tr
3.5.1 Mt s ch tiu nh gi qun tr d tr:
a. Ch tiu v dch v ca d tr:
- H s thc hin n t hng
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F
i
n- Tng s cc quan st
c
- lch tiu chun nhu cu
t
- lch tiu chun thi gian thc hin
n t hng
( )
Q
z f
d
.
1

F
d
- Tng chi ph d tr
K
di
P
i
- D tr trung bnh
d- Trnh dch v khch hng (mt mt hng)
f(z)- Hm phn phi chun
Q- Qui m l hng t
- Ch tiu trnh dch v khch hng:
c
t
M
m
d 1
b. Ch tiu kinh t-ti chnh
- Cc ch tiu hiu qu s dng vn u t d tr:
- Ch tiu chi ph d tr:
i
D
i di d
p k F

3.5.2 Cc gii php nhm ci tin qun tr d tr

Cc quyt nh trong qun tr d tr trn y nhm m bo d tr hp l cho doanh
nghip. Tuy nhin, hp l ha d tr cn c nhng gii php khc ng b:
Cung ng sn phm u vo (nguyn liu, hng mua,) n nh v s lng, c
cu, cht lng, v thi gian
Gii php ny m bo duy tr qui m l hng p ng yu cu tiu th cho sn xut,
cho bn hng, khng b ng sn phm do b tr li v khng p ng cht lng, khng
lm tng d tr bo him v nhp hng khng chnh xc v thi gian.
Tng tc qu trnh sn xut v qu trnh kinh doanh, v do tng tc chu
chuyn d tr, gim thi gian d tr, gim chi ph d tr.
Xy dng k hoch bo tr, sa cha nhm gim d tr vt t p ng cho 3 yu
cu: duy tr, sa cha, thay th
D bo chnh xc nhu cu tiu th vt t, nguyn liu, nhu cu mua hng ca
khch hng nhm gim d tr bo him
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d
t
td
Q
Q
k 1
K
td
: H s thc hin n hng
Q
t
: Tng n hng thc hin
Q
d
: Tng n hng
d- Trnh dch v khch hng (mt mt hng)
m
t
- Lng hng ho thiu bn cho khch hng
M
c
- Nhu cu ca khch hng c k
V
V
v
d
d
V
d
: T l vn d tr
V
d
: Vn dng d tr
V: Tng vn kinh doanh
d
d
V
M
L
m
V
N
d
d

L
d
: S ln chu chuyn vn d tr
N
d
: S ngy chu chuyn vn d tr
M: Tng mc lu chuyn (bn)
m: Mc bn bnh qun mt ngy
F
d
- Tng chi ph d tr
K
di
P
i
- D tr trung bnh
Tm tt chng 3
D tr l hnh thi kinh t ca s vn ng cc sn phm hu hnh trong h thng
logistics nhm khc phc s khng ph hp gia sn xut v tiu dng trn nhiu mt:
khng gian, thi gian, c im ca sn phm,
i vi doanh nghip, qun tr d tr nhm m bo cung cp dch v y cho
sn xut, khch hng v tit kim chi ph. Qun tr d tr phi m bo cc yu cu Nng
cao cht lng dch v v Gim chi ph. tin hnh qun tr d tr hp l, phi tin hnh
phn loi cc sn phm thnh cc nhm A, B, C theo qui tc Pareto.
Cc quyt nh c bn trong qun tr d tr ti doanh nghip bao gm:
- Quyt nh h thng d tr: S dng h thng ko hay y
- Quyt nh cc thng s ca h thng d tr: Trnh dch v, im t hng, Qui
m l hng, D tr bo him, v D tr trung bnh
ci thin d tr ti cc doanh nghip, cn xc nh hp l trnh dch v khch
hng, ci tin h thng thng tin logistics, hon thin cc hot ng mua v vn chuyn sn
phm.
Chng 4. QUN TR VN CHUYN
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4.1. Khi qut v vn chuyn trong logistics
4.1.1. Khi nim, vai tr v v tr ca vn chuyn
Vn ti l hot ng kinh t c mc ch ca con ngi nhm thay i v tr ca hng
ho v con ngi t ni ny n nc khc bng cc phng tin vn ti. c bit trong
lnh vc kinh doanh thng mi, vn ti c vai tr c bit quan trng. Ni n thng
mi phi ni n vn ti, thng mi ngha l hng ho c thay i ngi s hu, cn
vn ti lm cho hng ho thay i v tr.
Vn chuyn hng ho, xt theo quan im qun tr logistics, l s di chuyn hng ho
trong khng gian bng sc ngi hay phng tin vn ti nhm thc hin cc yu cu ca
mua bn, d tr trong qu trnh sn xut-kinh doanh.
Di gc ca ton b nn kinh t, s cn thit ca vn chuyn hng ho xut pht
t s cch bit v khng gian v thi gian gia sn xut v tiu dng, m ch yu l qu
trnh tp trung ho v chuyn mn ho ca sn xut v tiu dng, do yu cu vn
chuyn tng ln cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t. H thng vn ti l cu ni xo
i nhng mu thun khch quan .
Khi so snh nn kinh t ca cc nc pht trin vi cc nc ang pht trin s nhn
thy r rng vai tr ca vn chuyn hng ho trong vic to ra trnh kinh t pht trin
cao. c trng ca cc nc ang pht trin l qu trnh sn xut v tiu th hng ho din
ra gn nhau, phn ln lc lng lao ng khu vc sn xut nng nghip (70% Vit
Nam), v t l dn s sng thnh th thp. Vi s hin din ca h thng vn chuyn tin
tin, a dng, va kh nng thanh ton v lun sn sng phc v, ton b cu trc ca nn
kinh t s c iu kin thun li chuyn i theo cu trc ca nn kinh t cng nghip
pht trin. Hay ni cch khc, mt h thng vn chuyn chi ph thp v nng ng s gp
phn nng cao nng lc cnh tranh quc gia trn th trng ton cu, tng tnh hiu qu ca
sn xut v gim gi c hng ho.
Di gc chc nng qun tr Logistics trong doanh nghip, hot ng vn chuyn
hng ho c v nh si ch lin kt cc tc nghip sn xut-kinh doanh ti cc a bn
khc nhau ca doanh nghip. Vn chuyn cung cp nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm v
hng ho u vo cho cc c s trong mng li logistics. Vn chuyn cung ng hng
ho ti khch hng ng thi gian v a im h yu cu, m bo an ton hng ho trong
mc gi tho thun. Do vy, vn chuyn hng ho phi thc hin c 2 nhim v logistics
trong doanh nghip: nng cao cht lng dch v logistics v gim tng chi ph ca ton b
h thng.
Qun tr vn chuyn l mt trong ba ni dung trng tm ca h thng logistics trong
doanh nghip, c tc ng trc tip v di hn n chi ph v trnh dch v khch hng,
n nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip (Hnh 4.1). Bt k li th cnh tranh no ca
doanh nghip ni chung v ca logistics ni ring cng u c mi lin h mt thit vi h
thng vn chuyn hng ho hp l.
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Hnh 4.1: Tam gic chin lc logistics
IKEA, tp on bn l g ni tht c xut x t Thu in, xy dng c
mng li ton cu vi hn 180 ca hng ti 23 quc gia ch yu da trn chin lc vn
chuyn hiu qu. Chin lc cnh tranh to s khc bit ca IKEA c xy dng trn
nn tng sn phm cht lng cao, gi c hp l, khch hng t phc v v bu khng kh
mua sm d chu trong ca hng. Kiu thit k sn phm theo module, d tho lp, cho
php IKEA vn chuyn sn phm g ni tht hiu qu hn rt nhiu so vi cc nh sn
xut truyn thng, thng c thi quen vn chuyn sn phm thnh phm, cng knh, km
an ton v khng khai thc ht trng ti ca phng tin. ng thi khch hng cng d
dng t vn chuyn g di dng module v nh v t lp rp theo mu ti nh. Bn
cnh , qui m ln ca ca hng (din tch gp vi ln sn vn ng) cho php vn
chuyn cc l hng thng t nh sn xut ti im bn l bng phng tin chi ph thp
nh tu thu v tu ho. Chin lc vn chuyn gp phn gip IKEA nh v c
sn phm g ni tht c gi thp m vn m bo cht lng cao, mu m a dng v
c kinh doanh thng nht trn ton cu.
Seven-Eleven (7/11), tp on bn l Nht Bn, xy dng h thng vn chuyn
p ng nhanh t c mc tiu chin lc ca mnh. Thng 3/2007, 7/11 ot c
v tr dn u v chui ca hng ln nht th gii vi 28123 im bn trn 18 quc gia, ln
hn McDonald 1000 ca hng. Chui ca hng tin ch 7/11 vi mt dy c trn th
trng cc th ln ti Nht Bn, M, i loan, v Thi Lan lun c nhng mt hng tiu
dng thit yu, m bo ti mi trong ngy. H thng vn chuyn lun b sung d tr
kp thi vi tn s vi ln trong ngy v hng ho lun sn c phc v ng nhu cu
khch hng. Hng ho c phi hp vn chuyn t nhiu nh cung ng khc nhau ti
mng li ca hng bn l trn cng mt tuyn ng, va cho php ch y xe, gim chi
ph vn chuyn, va p ng nhanh nhu cu th trng.
Cng ty kinh doanh trc tuyn ln nht th gii, Amazon.com, th hp tc cht ch
vi dch v vn chuyn bu kin p ng n t hng trn phm vi ton cu. Vi vi
trung tm phn phi ln tp trung d tr cho cc khu vc th trng trng im, Amazon
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Dch Dch
v / v /
Chi ph Chi ph
Thit k mng Thit k mng
li li
c s logistics c s logistics
Qun tr Qun tr
vn chuyn vn chuyn
Qun tr Qun tr
d tr hng d tr hng
ho ho
tr hon thc hin cc n hng ca nhiu khch hng cho n khi to nn l hng ln
tp trung vn chuyn ti cc u mi v s dng dch v chuyn pht nhanh t cc u
mi ti a ch khch hng. Amazon tho mn c la tui tr, thch mua hng trc tuyn
vi s la chn a dng v sn sng ch 2-3 tun c c sn phm mong mun vi
mc gi hp l v dch v p ng tn ni c tr.
Nhn chung, vn chuyn hng ho c nh hng to ln n qu trnh sn xut-kinh
doanh ca doanh nghip nn cc nh qun tr phi lun quan tm, cn nhc v la chn ti
u v mng li, phng thc vn ti, tuyn ng, n v vn ti,v.v c c quyt
nh ng n, gp phn nng cao hiu qu v hiu sut kinh doanh.
4.1.2. c im ca hot ng vn chuyn hng ho
Vn chuyn hng ho l sn phm dch v nn khc vi sn phm vt cht khc, vn
chuyn hng ho c cc c im ni bt nh tnh v hnh, tnh khng tch ri, tnh khng
n nh v tnh khng lu gi c.
Dch v vn chuyn hng ho c tnh v hnh bi ngi ta khng th nhn thy c,
khng cm nhn c, khng nghe thy c trc khi mua n. Ngi ta khng th bit
trc c l chuyn hng c c vn chuyn ng lch trnh hay khng, c m bo
an ton hay khng, v c n ng a im hay khng cho tn ti khi nhn c hng.
Cht lng dch v vn chuyn hng ho thng khng n nh do nhiu yu t
khch quan v ch quan gy ra. Bn cnh nhng yu t khng kim sot c nh iu
kin thi tit v iu kin giao thng, nhng yu t a dng v ngi li xe, cht lng
phng tin, bn bi cng gy tc ng khng nh n tnh khng n nh ca dch v
vn ti. Gim st thng xuyn v cht ch l ni dung cn thit m bo cht lng
dch v n nh v ng u.
Dch v vn chuyn khng th lu kho c. Nhu cu v vn chuyn hng ho
thng dao ng rt ln. Trong thi k cao im (cc ma mua sm) th n v vn ti phi
c nhiu phng tin hn gp bi m bo phc v. Ngc li, khi vng khch vn
phi tn cc chi ph c bn v khu hao ti sn, duy tu bo dng phng tin, chi ph
qun l, v.v. Tnh khng lu gi c ca dch v vn chuyn khin nh qun tr cn thn
trng khi thu n v vn ti cam kt ng cht lng dch v vo ma cao im v khai
thc c hi gim gi vo ma thp im.
l nhng c im ca dch v vn chuyn vi nhiu nt tng ng so vi cc
loi hnh dch v khc. Bn cnh nh qun tr logistics cn nhn ng c nhng tnh
cht c bit ca dch v vn chuyn hng ho ti u ho hot ng ny trong ton b
chui cung ng. Vn chuyn hng ho lin kt rt nhiu thnh phn tham gia trong chui
cung ng tng th. y l qu trnh tc ng v mt khng gian ln i tng chuyn ch
m nhim v ca n l phi khi thc hiu qu cc ngun lc khi dch chuyn hng ho t
im khi u ca n ti im tiu dng cui cng. Trong cc ch tiu c th ca dch
v vn chuyn hng ho l tc , thi gian, tnh an ton, tnh n nh, tnh linh hot,
cn c ch p ng tt yu cu ca bn hng/khch hng.
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Cng vi cc hot ng logistics khc, vn chuyn ng gp mt phn gi tr gia tng
cho sn phm ca doanh nghip. Trc ht, vn chuyn p ng yu cu ca khch hng
v v tr r rng sn phm ch c gi tr khi n n c tay ngi tiu dng ng ni
ngi ta cn n n. Th hai, vn chuyn p ng yu cu v mt thi gian. Chnh vic la
chn phng n, tuyn ng vn ti v cch t chc vn chuyn hng ho s quyt nh
ti vic l hng c n ni kp hay khng. Nu vn chuyn chm tr, hoc hng ho n
vo nhng thi im khng thch hp s gy phin phc cho khch hng v c th lm
tng thm chi ph d tr. Gi tr gia tng y chnh l vic bn hng/khch hng nhn
c sn phm ng ni v ng lc.
4.1.3. Cc thnh phn tham gia vn chuyn hng ho
Nh phn tch trn, dch v vn chuyn l mt loi sn phm c bit v do
c nhiu thnh phn tham gia, bao gm: ngi gi hng v ngi nhn hng; n v vn
ti; Chnh ph v cng chng (xem hnh 4.2).
Ngi gi hng (shipper, cn gi l ch hng): l ngi yu cu vn chuyn hng
ho n a im nht nh trong khong thi gian cho php. Thnh phn ny thc hin
cc hot ng nh tp hp l hng, m bo thi gian cung ng, khng xy ra hao ht
v cc s c, trao i thng tin kp thi v chnh xc,.... Mc tiu ca ngi gi hng l s
dng dch v vn chuyn sao cho c th ti thiu ho tng chi ph logistics (gm chi ph
vn chuyn, d tr, thng tin, v mng li) trong khi p ng tt mc dch v khch hng
yu cu.
Bi vy, ngi gi cn hiu bit v nhng c hi v kh khn ca cc phng n vn
chuyn khc nhau, ng thi cn c k nng m phn v thng lng c c cht
lng vn chuyn cao vi cc iu khon hp l. Ngi gi v n v vn ti cn xy dng
c mi quan h hp tc, gn b trn c s hai bn cng c li v pht trin bn vng.
Hnh 4.2: Cc thnh phn tham gia qu trnh vn chuyn hng ho
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Ngi nhn
V vn ti
Ngi gi
Chnh ph
Cng chng
Dng hng
ho
Dng chng
t /
thanh ton
Dng thng
tin
Ngi nhn hng (consignee, cn gi l khch hng): l ngi yu cu c chuyn
hng ho n ng a im, ng thi gian, ng s lng, cht lng v c cu vi mc
gi tho thun nh theo n t hng thng bo vi ngi gi. Ngi nhn hng quan
tm ti cht lng dch v trong mi tng quan vi gi c.
n v vn ti (carrier): l ch s hu v vn hnh cc phng tin vn ti ( t,
my bay, tu ho, tu thu,...) v mc tiu ti a ho li nhun v nhanh chng hon tr
vn u t. Mc cnh tranh trn th trng dch v vn ti s quyt nh gi c, tnh a
dng v cht lng dch v ca tng loi hnh vn chuyn hng ho. n v vn ti phi
t c tnh chuyn nghip cao trong vic nhn bit nhu cu ca ngi gi v ngi
nhn, h tr ra quyt nh v phng n v l trnh vn chuyn ti u, qun l tt ngun
lc v nng cao hiu qu chuyn tr hng ho.
n v vn ti v ngi gi hng phi trao i k lng vi nhau v cc phng n
nng cao nng lc vn chuyn. Trong cn rt ngn thi gian vn chuyn bnh qun,
tng h s s dng trng ti ca phng tin, nng cao h s s dng phng tin theo
thi gian, nng cao h s s dng qung ng xe chy c hng, tng vng quay ca xe,
ci tin th tc giy t v l li lm vic, v.v.
Chnh ph: thng l ngi u t v qun l h thng h tng c s giao thng cho
con ng vn chuyn (ng st, ng b, ng ng) v cc im dng phng
tin vn chuyn (sn bay, bn cng, bn xe, nh ga, trm bm v kim sot,...). Vi mc
tiu phc v pht trin kinh t-x hi quc gia v hi nhp kinh t th gii, chnh ph xy
dng v qui hoch cc chin lc giao thng di hn cng cc chnh sch v lut l nhm
cn i tng th v hi ho gia cc mc tiu kinh t, x hi v mi trng.
Dch v vn chuyn hng ho c nhiu nh hng khng nh n nn kinh t quc
dn, mi trng x hi, mi trng sinh thi v cht lng cuc sng ca cng ng, bi
vy chnh quyn thng can thip v kim sot nhiu mc khc nhau. S can thip
ca chnh ph th hin di nhiu hnh thc trc tip v gin tip nh: lut v cc vn bn
di lut; chnh sch khuyn khch hoc gii hn quyn s hu cc phng tin vn ti;
gii hn hoc m rng th trng; qui nh gi; h tr pht trin ngnh GTVT, v.v.
Chnh sch i mi kinh t ca Vit Nam t 1986 n nay c tc ng rt ln n
s pht trin ca ngnh GTVT. C s thay i c bn v c cu hng ho vn chuyn gia
khu vc nh nc v khu vc t nhn theo xu hng khu vc kinh t vn ti t nhn ngy
cng pht trin. Mc d cn rt nhiu hn ch, nhng ngnh GTVT ni chung v vn
chuyn hng ho ni ring ang pht trin theo hng tch cc, gp phn quan trng trong
cng cuc cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc.
Cng chng: L thnh phn rt quan tm n hot ng vn chuyn hng ho ni
ring v giao thng vn ti ni chung v vn chuyn lin quan n chi ph, mi trng v
an ton x hi. Cng chng to nn d lun x hi v gy sc p chnh ph v chnh
quyn cc cp ra cc quyt nh v mc tiu an sinh ca a phng v quc gia.
Nh vy, trong vn chuyn hng ho pht sinh mu thun gia nhng li ch cc b
ca ngi gi, ngi nhn, ngi vn chuyn, v li ch x hi tng th (chnh ph v
cng chng) dn n s i lp, iu ho v hn ch dch v vn ti.
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4.2. Phn loi vn chuyn
Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, cc loi hnh vn chuyn ngy cng a dng
v phong ph. Doanh nghip c nhu cu vn chuyn hng ho c th tu s dng rt
nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau. C th phn loi vn chuyn hng ho theo mt s tiu
thc nh: Loi phng tin vn chuyn; mc iu tit ca nh nc v theo mc
phi hp gia cc phng tin. Mi loi hnh vn chuyn u c nhng u th v hn ch
ring m nh qun tr logistics cn bit c s la chn ng n.
4.2.1. Phn loi theo c trng con ng /loi phng tin vn ti
C cc loi hnh vn chuyn ng st, ng thu, ng b, ng hng khng,
v ng ng. c im c bn ca cc phng tin ny nh sau:
4.2.1.1. ng st (railway)
ng st c chi ph c nh cao (tu, nh ga, bn bi) v chi ph bin i thp.
Thng thch hp vi cc loi hng c trng lng ln, khi lng vn chuyn nhiu, v
c li vn chuyn di. V d cc nguyn vt liu nh than, g, ho cht v hng tiu dng
gi tr thp nh giy, go, thc phm v vi khi lng c mt toa hng.
Mt hn ch ca vn chuyn ng st l km linh hot. Tu ho ch c th cung cp
dch v t ga ny ti ga kia (terminal-to-terminal), ch khng th n mt a im bt k
(point-to-point) theo yu cu ca doanh nghip. Bn cnh , tu ho thng i, n theo
lch trnh c nh, tn sut khai thc cc chuyn khng cao, tc chm. Chnh v c
nhng c trng nh vy, nn mc d c gi cc tng i thp, ng st vn t c
p dng trong logistics nh mt phng thc vn ti c lp, m thng c phi hp s
dng vi cc phng tin khc.
Ti Vit Nam hin nay, th phn vn chuyn hng ho ca ng st rt thp 3,7%
(tn.km- s liu nm 2006). Nguyn nhn ch yu l do t tuyn ng, t im n tr
hng v cht lng dch v bao gm c phn vn chuyn c bn cng nh dch v b tr
ti cc bn bi cn rt km.
4.2.1.2. ng thu (waterway)
ng thu c ch ph c nh trung bnh (tu thu v thit b trn tu) v chi ph
bin i thp (do kh nng vn chuyn khi lng hng ln nn c li th nh quy m), do
y l phng tin c tng chi ph thp nht (1/6 so vi vn ti hng khng; 1/3 so vi
ng st;1/2 so vi ng b). Thch hp vi nhng th hng cng knh, lu hng, gi tr
thp (vt liu xy dng, than , cao su) v hng ri (c ph, go), trn cc tuyn ng
trung bnh v di.
Tuy nhin, ng thu c hn ch l tc chm, chu nh hng nhiu ca thi tit
v cc tuyn ng vn chuyn c hn (ph thuc vo mng li sng ngi v bn bi).
Cng nh ng st, tnh linh hot ca vn chuyn ng thu khng cao, mc tip
cn thp.
i vi vn chuyn thng mi quc t, y li l phng tin thng tr, c bit l
khi c s ra i ca cc loi tu bin ln, hin i c kh nng chinh phc c thin
nhin mc nht nh. Hin nay c khong hn 50% gi tr tnh bng tin v 90% khi
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lng hng giao dch trn ton cu l s dng ng thu. Vn chuyn ng thu c
bit quan trng i khu vc Bc u v Trung u, bi ni y c thin nhiu u i vi
mng li sng ngi chng cht, kt hp vi h thng hi cng hon ho do con ngi to
dng, tu b c th d dng tip cn vi cc trung tm dn c ln. in hnh l cng
Rotterdam (H Lan), mt trong nhng cng bn rn nht trn th gii. Cng vi qu trnh
ton cu ho, vn ti thu s ngy cng pht trin v ph bin. Tuy nhin, chi ph vn ti
ng bin hin ti ca Vit Nam vn nm trong s 5 nc cao nht, gy nh hng
khng nh ti sc cnh tranh ca hng ho VN.
4.2.1.3. ng b (motorway)
ng b c chi ph c nh thp ( t) v chi ph bin i trung bnh (nhin liu,
lao ng, v bo dng phng tin). u im ni bt ca ng b l c tnh c ng v
tnh tin li cao, c th n c mi ni, mi ch, vi lch trnh vn chuyn rt linh hot.
Bi vy y l phng thc vn chuyn ni a ph bin, cung cp dch v nhanh chng,
ng tin cy, an ton, thch hp vi nhng l hng va v nh, tng i t tin vi c li
vn chuyn trung bnh v ngn.
Theo thng k, lng hng ho vn chuyn bng ng b tng u qua mi nm,
vi rt nhiu loi hnh dch v a dng bi s lng nh cung cp ng o. Phng thc
vn chuyn ny thc s l mt b phn quan trng ca mng li logistics ca nhiu
doanh nghip v kh nng p ng yu cu ca khch hng mt cch hiu qu.
4.2.1.4. ng hng khng (airway)
ng hng khng c chi ph c nh cao (my bay, v h thng iu hnh) v chi
ph bin i cao (nhin liu, lao ng, sa cha bo hnh). C tc nhanh nht, an ton
hng ho tt, nhng v chi ph rt cao, nn thng ch thch hp vi nhng mt hng mau
hng, gn nh, c gi tr ln, nht l khi c yu cu vn chuyn gp. Dch v tng i
linh hot, c tnh c ng cao, c th p ng nhanh chng nhu cu chuyn ch hng ho
v mt thi gian giao hng, khi lng chuyn ch v s lt bay trn mt tuyn ng
S hp dn ca dch v vn ti hng khng chnh l vn tc vt tri ca n so vi cc
phng tin khc trong sut hnh trnh, c bit i vi khong cch xa. Trong thng mi
quc t, ng hng khng vn chuyn khong 20% gi tr hng ho ton cu.
Bn cnh cc vn ti cao, hng khng cn b hn ch bi th tc kim tra hng ho
v chng t kh phc tp, mt nhiu thi gian. Mc tip cn thp, ch dng cc sn
bay m thi. Hn na, khi lng vn chuyn b hn ch bi dung tch khoang cha hng
v sc nng ca my bay.
4.2.1.5. ng ng (pipelines)
ng ng c chi ph c nh rt cao v chi ph bin i thp nht. y l con ng
hu hiu v an ton vn chuyn cht lng v kh ho lng (xng du, gas, ho cht). Chi
ph vn hnh khng ng k (rt t chi ph lao ng), v gn nh khng c hao ht trn
ng, ngoi tr trng hp ng ng b v hoc r r.
Cho ti nay th vn chuyn bng ng ng mi ch rt gii hn bi chi ph u t
ban u rt ln v thit k phc tp, (xy dng ng ng, trm bm, trm iu khin v
kim sot). Vn tc trung bnh ca phng tin ny kh chm, ch khong 5-7 km/gi,
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nhng b li bi kh nng vn chuyn lin tc 24 gi c ngy ln m, v c 365 ngy
trong mt nm, v c bit khng h chu nh hng ca thi tit.
Bng xp hng (bng 3.1) th hin s so snh gia cc loi phng tin vn chuyn
hng ho theo 6 tiu thc v tc , tnh lin tc, tin cy, nng lc vn chuyn, tnh linh
hot v chi ph. Tuy nhin bng xp hng ny hon ton ch mang tnh tng i, vic la
chn loi ng vn chuyn /phng tin no cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t c th nh
c im mt hng, qui m l hng, yu cu v a im v thi gian giao hng ca khch
hng ca tng l hng vn vn chuyn khc nhau
Bng 4.1. Xp hng c im ca cc con ng vn chuyn hng ho
Cc ch tiu
ng
st
ng
thu
ng
b
ng
hng khng
ng
ng
1. Tc
2. Tnh lin tc
3. tin cy
4. Nng lc vn chuyn
5. Tnh linh hot
6. Chi ph
3
4
3
2
2
3
4
5
5
1
4
1
2
2
2
3
1
4
1
3
4
4
3
5
5
1
1
5
5
2
im tng hp 17 20 14 20 19
Xp hng: 1 l tt nht, nhanh nht, v r nht; 5 l ti nht, chm nht, v t nht
4.2.2. Phn loi theo c trng s hu v mc iu tit ca nh nc
Theo tiu thc ny, c th phn loi thnh cc loi hnh vn chuyn nh vn chuyn
ring, vn chuyn hp ng v vn chuyn cng cng.
4.2.2.1. Vn chuyn ring (private carrier)
L loi hnh vn chuyn trong cc doanh nghip sn xut-kinh doanh c phng
tin vn ti v t cung cp dch v vn chuyn cho ring mnh. L do chnh mt doanh
nghip s hu phng tin vn ti ring l m bo cht lng dch v khch hng v
tnh n nh ca qu trnh sn xut-kinh doanh, m cc dch v ny khng phi lc no
cng c th thu c cc hng vn chuyn bn ngoi. Cc n v vn ti thng c nhiu
khch hng v khng th lun tho mn cc yu cu vn chuyn c bit ca mi khch
hng (chng hn: vn chuyn nhanh vi tin cy cao; x l hng ho phc tp), nht l
vo nhng thi k cao im ca th trng vn ti.
Nhng c im v cht lng dch v nh: mc tin cy cao; chu k hot ng
ngn; phn ng nhanh chng; kim sot cht ch v mc tip xc vi khch hng cao l
u im ca b phn vn chuyn ni b. Nu nh khi lng hng ho vn chuyn ln v
u n, doanh nghip c th tn dng ti a cng xut ca cc phng tin th chi ph vn
chuyn c th thp hn so vi thu ngoi, tuy rng chi ph u t ban u kh ln, v c
th ny sinh thm mt s vn v lao ng v qun l. Hu ht cc phng tin vn
chuyn ring do doanh nghip t s hu l t trng ti va v nh do mc u t khng
qu cao, do tnh linh hot v c ng ca phng tin ny, v ng thi cng l cng c
qung co di ng rt hu hiu ca doanh nghip trn ng ph.
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Vic s dng vn chuyn ring khng ch n thun l quyt nh v vn ti, m cn
l quyt nh v ti chnh v t chc. y l quyt nh c tnh chin lc v di hn, cn
c s cn i tng th v nng lc phc v khch hng vi nng lc ti chnh v mc tiu
ca doanh nghip.
4.2.2.2. Vn chuyn hp ng (contract carrier)
Ngi vn chuyn hp ng cung cp dch v vn ti cho khch hng c chn lc.
C s hp ng l s tho thun v chi ph v dch v gia ngi vn chuyn v ch hng
m khng b nh nc chi phi v quy nh cc ph.
u im ca vn chuyn hp ng l c kh nng cung cp nhiu loi dch v n l
v trn gi khc nhau theo ng yu cu ca khch hng v lch trnh, a im v thi
gian. Cc n v vn ti ny cn c th p ng c nhng dch v c bit trong qu trnh
vn chuyn nh dch v bo v (sn phm ti sng c bo qun ng lnh, sn phm
d v c bao gi v chng dy an ton); dch v vn chuyn lin tuyn (khi n v vn
ti ch hot ng trong a bn nht nh nhng chu trch nhim chuyn giao cho hng
vn chuyn khc v m bo trch nhim php l v hng ho t u n cui); dch v
bc d, cht xp hng ho, lm cc th tc giy t hi quan. v.v.
Vn chuyn hp ng c 3 loi: hp ng di hn, hp ng ngn hn, hp ng vn
chuyn tng chuyn. Hp ng di hn c k kt t mt nm tr ln vi khi lng
hng ho vn chuyn c phn b cho tng qu. Thng c p dng khi khi lng v
tn s vn chuyn tng i u n v n nh. Khi lng t 5000 tn/ tr ln i vi
ng st v ng thu; trn 1000 tn/nm i vi ng b.
Hp ng vn chuyn ngn hn c k kt trong mt qu hoc mt thng. i vi
nhng l hng cn vn chuyn t xut hoc khng nm trong k hoch th ch hng v
n v vn ti s k kt hp ng tng chuyn.
Trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t nc ta, vn chuyn hp ng c bt u pht
trin rng ri t nhng nm 1990, nhng vn mi ch yu l cc phng tin t v tu
thu nh. Do hn ch nhiu v ti chnh v phng tin, cng nh tuyn ng v hng
ho vn chuyn, nn s lng khch hng v kh nng cnh tranh b gii hn ng k so
vi cc cng ty vn chuyn cng cng. Cn cc nc kinh t pht trin, th c ng
hng khng v ng st u c s hu t nhn nn th trng dch v vn chuyn hng
ho c m rng v linh hot hn rt nhiu.
4.2.2.3. Vn chuyn cng cng (common carrier)
Cc cng ty vn chuyn cng cng c trch nhim cung cp dch v vn chuyn phc
v cng dn v nn kinh t quc dn vi mc gi chung do nh nc quy nh m khng
c s phn bit i x. y l loi hnh chu s kim sot nhiu nht t pha chnh quyn
v cng chng.
Quyn hn vn chuyn cng cng c th cho mi hng ho, hoc gii hn chuyn
mn ho cho tng i tng. ng thi n v vn ti c nh r a bn hot ng, cc
im dng c nh, v lch trnh khng thay i trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Cng ty vn chuyn cng cng khng c quyn t chi trong phm vi a bn v mt
hng c qui nh, cho d vic vn chuyn c th khng em li li nhun. Cc n v
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ny phi chu trch nhim hon ton v an ton hng ho trn l trnh, phi m bo giao
hng ho nguyn ai, nguyn kin nh khi nhn hng. V vy nh qun tr logistics khng
cn mua bo him hng ho khi s dng dch v vn chuyn cng cng.
Vit Nam loi hnh vn chuyn ny vn chim u th do nh nc gi c quyn
mt s loi hnh giao thng cng cng. V d, Tng cng ty ng st, Vit Nam Airline,
Tng cng ty ng sng, Tng cng ty vn ti thu, Tng cng ty ng b, v.v). Cht
lng dch v thp, loi hnh dch v khng a dng v t linh hot, th tc hnh chnh
phc tp v.v l nhng tn ti ph bin trong vn chuyn cng cng ti Vit Nam, gy
cn tr khng nh n s pht trin ca logistics ti cc doanh nghip v ca c nn kinh
t.
4.2.3. Phn loi theo kh nng phi hp cc phng tin vn ti:
C hai loi hnh vn chuyn bng mt loi phng tin hoc c th kt hp nhiu
loi phng tin trong mt chuyn hng.
4.2.3.1. Vn chuyn n phng thc (single-mode transportation)
Cung cp dch v s dng mt loi phng tin vn ti. Loi hnh ny cho php
chuyn doanh ho cao, to kh nng cnh tranh v hiu qu. Mi loi phng tin vn ti
u c nhng u th v hn ch ring nh trnh by trn.
Nhc im ca vn chuyn n phng thc l khi phi vn chuyn trn nhiu
tuyn ng khc nhau li phi tin hnh giao dch vi tng ngi vn chuyn. V h
thng cc nghip v thng lng v qun l nhiu loi phng tin nh vy l kh phc
tp v s lm tng chi ph. ng hng khng l v d in hnh cho kiu vn chuyn ny,
bi my bay ch ch hng t sn bay ny n sn bay khc, cn ngi ch hng phi chu
trch nhim vn chuyn hng t ni xut pht ra sn bay, v t sn bay ti im nhn hng
cui cng.
4.2.3.2. Vn chuyn a phng thc ( Intermodal transportation)
Mt cng ty vn ti s cung ng dch v phi hp t nht hai loi phng tin vn ti,
s dng mt chng t duy nht v chu trch nhim hon ton v qu trnh vn chuyn
hng ho.
Trong nhng nm gn y, vn ti a phng thc khng ngng pht trin nhanh
chng. Nhng li ch r rng v kinh t v qu trnh ton cu ho l cc ng lc ch o
cho loi hnh vn chuyn ny n r. c im ch yu ca vn chuyn a phng thc l
s t do chuyn i phng tin gia cc hnh thc vn ti khc nhau. Cc dch v vn
chuyn a phng thc c c l do s hp tc gia cc hng vn ti phi hp nhng
dch v ring l ca h li vi nhau. Cc i l vn ti, cc trung tm mi gii thng c
s dng phi hp cc phng tin v to ra cc loi dch v trn gi, cung ng s thun
tin cho ch hng.
Ngi ta ngy cng quan tm nhiu hn n loi hnh vn chuyn a phng thc
bi u th trn gi giao dch v gi c hp l ca n. Vn chuyn a phng thc li dng
c u th vn c ca mi loi phng tin, v do c th cung ng dch v vn ti
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thng nht vi tng chi ph thp nht. y thc s l mt cuc cch mng trong vn ti
hng ho ni ring v trong logistics ni chung.
Trong , vic tiu chun ho v thng nht bao b logistics, c bit l qu trnh
cngten ho l mt yu t quan trng lm thay i din mo ca ngnh vn ti trong th
k 20. Malcomlm McLean, ngi sng lp tp on vn ti SeaLand, c coi l ngi u
tin pht minh ra cngten v rt thnh cng trong vic thng mi ho s dng
cngten vo nhng nm 1950, New Jersey (M).
Cngten (container) l cc loi thng cha hng c bit (thng ti), c kch thc
c tiu chun ho ( di 20ft = 6,1m; 40ft = 12,2m v 45ft = 13,7m), c kt cu bn
chc c th sp xp tin li v vng vng trn cc tu cngten, toa xe la hay xe ti
chuyn dng v cho php s dng nhiu ln.
Sc cha cngten (ca tu, cng, v.v.) c o theo TEU (twenty-foot equivalent
units). TEU l n v o ca hng ho tng ng vi mt cngten tiu chun 20ft (di)
* 8ft (rng) * 8ft (cao). Kt hp vi mm ti (pallet), vic s dng cngten trong vn
chuyn hng ho c nhng u im ni bt sau:
Gim bt v n gin ho cc khu thao tc trung gian trong qu trnh vn
chuyn; Rt ngn thi gian bc d, cht xp hng ho khi chuyn ti; Gii phng nhanh
phng tin vn ti (do cng vic bc d, cht xp nng nhc v tn thi gian c c
gii ho); Hng ho c a t ca ti ca rt thun tin.
m bo an ton hng ho, trnh v, hao ht, xo trn, mt cp... trong qu
trnh giao nhn, vn chuyn nh c v bc bn chc ca cngten; tranh chp khiu
ni do tn tht hng ho gim bt; Tit kim chi ph bao b; Tn dng c dung tch ca
phng tin do gim c nhng khong trng.
C nhiu kh nng phi hp dch v vn ti a phng thc: ng st v ng b;
ng st v ng thu; ng st v ng hng khng; ng st v ng ng;
ng b v ng hng khng; ng b v ng thy; ng b v ng ng;
ng thu v ng hng khng; ng thu v ng ng; ng hng khng v
ng ng. Tuy nhin khng phi phng n no cng c tnh kh thi.
C 2 loi hnh vn chuyn a phng thc hin ang c s dng ph bin nht,
c bit trong vn ti quc t. l vn ti lin hp ng st - ng b (piggyback) v
vn ti lin hp ng thu - ng b (fishyback). Vic phi hp gia ng hng khng
- ng b (birdyback) cng thng c s dng i vi hng ho c gi tr cao, c trng
lng v dung tch nh. Di y m t chi tit hn v 2 loi vn ti lin hp ng b -
ng st ang c khai thc ph bin nht trong ngnh vn ti hng ho :
Xe moc ch trn toa trn (TOFC = trailer-on-flatcar): L hnh thc vn chuyn
xe ti ko moc trn nhng toa trn ca ngnh ng st. Loi hnh ny thng c p
dng trong trng hp on ng vn chuyn xa hn so vi cc tuyn ng b thng
thng. TOFC kt hp c tnh linh hot v tin li ca vn chuyn ng b vi tnh
kinh t ca vn chuyn ng st trn cc tuyn ng di. Cc ph thng thp hn so
vi vn chuyn hon ton bng xe ti v to c hi cho phng tin ny nng cao tnh kinh
t ca mnh. Bn cnh , vn chuyn ng st m rng c hi tham gia vn chuyn
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thm nhiu loi hng ho vn ch thng s dng xe ti. Ch hng cng c li do s thun
tin ca dch v vn chuyn t ca n ca trn qung ng di vi gi c hp l. Nhng
u th ny lm cho TOFC tr thnh dch v vn chuyn phi hp thng dng nht.
Cngten ch trn toa trn (COFC = container-on-flatcar): Vi dch v TOFC,
ton b xe moc c vn chuyn trn mt toa tu ho. Tuy nhin, xe moc gm 2 phn:
cngten hay l thng hng ho v khung gm ca xe moc. Nu ch vn chuyn duy nht
phn cngten th c th tit kim c phn ti trng khng c ch ca khung gm xe (kt
cu gm, khung v bnh xe). Dch v nh vy c gi l COFC (cngten tr trn toa
trn)
4.2.3.3. Vn ti t on ( separate transporation):
L loi dch v vn chuyn hng ha t ni i n ni n bng hai hay nhiu
phng thc vn ti, s dng hai hay nhiu chng t vn ti v nhiu nh vn chuyn phi
chu trch nhim v hng ha trong mt hnh trnh vn chuyn. L loi dch v vn ti lm
tng chi ph nhng hay gp trong cc th trng vn ti khng thng nht, km lin kt v
pht trin. Cc doanh nghip cn hn ch ti a s dng loi dch v ny.
4.2.4. Cc phng n vn chuyn khc
4.2.4.1. i l vn ti (freight forwarder)
Trn th trng dch v vn chuyn hng ho hin nay c kh nhiu i l cung cp
dch v cho cc ch hng trong khi ch s hu rt t hoc thm ch khng s hu bt k
phng tin vn ti no. Cng vic ca h l tp hp mt khi lng ln cc l hng nh
t mt hoc nhiu ch hng khc nhau v giao ti cc a im theo yu cu. i l vn ti
c nhim v ging nh cc nh bn bun trng knh phn phi. H c cc ph cnh tranh
c vi cc ph ca dch v vn chuyn l hng nh khng y xe ti LTL (less than
truck-load). H khai thc tnh qui m trong vn ti v s chnh lch nhau gia cc ph
vn chuyn khi lng ln so vi l hng nh b li ph ph hot ng. Bn cnh ,
h cn cung cp dch v ly hng v giao hng cho cc ch hng. i khi, h c th vn
chuyn nhanh hn vi dch v y hn so vi cc n v vn ti thun tu.
Cc i l vn ti c th cung ng dch v vn chuyn hng ho trong nc hoc quc
t tu thuc vo phm vi hot ng ca mnh. H cn c th phn loi thnh i l vn ti
hng khng hoc vn ti di mt t tu thuc vo loi hnh phng tin s dng. Khi
tham gia vn chuyn quc t, i l vn ti thng c cung cp dch v thng quan, hon
tt giy t xut nhp cnh, to c s tin li ti a cho cc ch hng, c bit l i vi
cc ch hng nh, thiu kinh nghim marketing quc t.
4.2.4.2. Mi gii vn ti (transportation broker)
Mi gii vn ti l nhng ngi trung gian a ch hng v n v vn ti n vi
nhau bng vic cung cp kp thi nhng thng tin v cc ph, tuyn vn ti v nng lc
vn chuyn. H c th sp xp qu trnh vn ti song h khng c trch nhim thc hin
vic ny.
Cc ch hng v cc hng vn ti s dng dch v mi gii v nhiu l do khc nhau.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh l do s a dng v phc tp ca th trng vn ti
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trong nhng nm gn y. Ngi mi gii c th gip hng vn ti tm c khch tr
hng cho lt v, trnh tnh trng vn chuyn rng, v vy nng cao c hiu sut s
dng trng ti.
Cn i vi ch hng thiu kinh nghim, hoc thiu nhn s/thi gian th dch v mi
gii vn ti c bit hu ch. Nu doanh nghip khng c b phn qun l vn chuyn hng
ho, v li c tn s vn chuyn khng ln th c th da vo dch v mi gii tm
kim, thng lng v k kt hp ng vi hng vn ti thch hp.
4.2.4.3. Dch v vn chuyn bu kin (small package carrier)
i vi nhiu doanh nghip trong cc lnh vc nh thng mi in t, bn hng qua
catalog, kinh doanh m phm, phn phi sch v a nhc, th vic s dng dch v vn
chuyn bu kin l phng n la chn quan trng. Hng ho b gii hn v trng lng
(khng qu 70 pounds) v kch thc (khng qu 130 inches). Tc nhanh, thi gian
ngn, an ton hng ho tt v chi ph cao l c im ca loi hnh dch v ny.
Trn th gii, cc cng ty nh FedEx, UPS, DHL, Airborne Express, Emery
Worldwide rt thnh cng trong lnh vc vn chuyn bu kin vi phm vi hot ng
ton cu. H thng c mng li kho tp hp/giao hng ti cc trung tm thng mi
quc t ln. H c h thng thng tin qun l nng ng, c th thit k, vn hnh v gim
st cc tuyn ng vn chuyn hu hiu, cng nh cung cp thng tin kp thi ti khch
hng. H s hu v phi hp nhiu loi phng tin tc cao nh my bay, can v xe
ti m bo cht lng tng ng vi nhu cu vn chuyn an ton v cp bch ca ch
hng. Nhu cu i vi loi hnh dch v ny ngy cng m rng khi quan im cung ng
tc th JIT (just-in-time) ngy cng c ng dng ph bin.
4.3. Cc quyt nh c bn trong vn chuyn
4.3.1. Chin lc vn chuyn hng ho
4.3.1.1. Xc nh mc tiu chin lc vn chuyn
Chc nng vn chuyn hng ho cn c thit k v vn hnh ph hp vi chin
lc cnh tranh chung v chin lc logistics ca ton doanh nghip. Tu thuc vo nhim
v di hn v ngn hn ca doanh nghip cng vi mng li cc c s logistics (im bn
l, kho bi, trung tm phn phi) v cc ngun lc hin c khc m xy dng cc phng
n vn chuyn khc nhau nhm p ng cao nht nhng i hi ca th trng vi tng chi
ph thp nht.
Xut pht t 2 nhm mc tiu cn bn ca logistics: chi ph v dch v khch hng,
chin lc vn chuyn phi lng ho c cc ch tiu trong k hoch hnh ng ca
mnh.
Mc tiu chi ph: L mt trong nhng mc tiu hng u ca vn chuyn.Nh
qun tr phi a ra nhng quyt nh vn chuyn nhm gim n mc thp nht chi ph
ca c h thng logistics. Chi ph ph thuc nhiu yu t, c bit ph thuc h thng
logistics nhm s dng cc gii php ti thiu ho tng chi ph ca c h thng. iu
ny c ngha, ti thiu ho chi ph vn chuyn khng phi lun lun lin quan n tng chi
ph logistics thp nht. V d nh ti thiu ho chi ph vn chuyn, ngi ta thng vn
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chuyn vi qui m ln, s dng phng tin nh ng st hay ng thu, iu ny c
th to nn chi ph d tr cao hn, v cha chc tng chi ph logistics t mc ti u.
Mc tiu cht lng dch v khch hng: Th hin nng lc p ng nhu cu
khch hng v thi gian, a im, qui m v c cu mt hng trong tng l hng vn
chuyn. Trong vn chuyn hng ho, dch v khch hng c th hin 2 kha cnh c
th v quan trng nht, l thi gian v tin cy.
Trnh dch v khch hng chu nh hng nhiu bi thi gian vn chuyn.
Trong mt chu k thc hin n t hng, thi gian vn chuyn chim nhiu nht, v do
tc vn chuyn c lin quan n vic p ng kp thi hng ho cho khch hng, n
d tr hng ho ca khch hng. Tc v chi ph vn chuyn lin quan vi nhau theo 2
hng. Th nht, cc n v vn chuyn c kh nng cung cp dch v vn chuyn nhanh
hn th cc ph s cao hn; th hai, dch v vn chuyn cng nhanh, thi gian d tr trn
ng cng gim. Do , chn phng n vn chuyn phi cn i c tc v chi ph
vn chuyn. Thng thng, cc doanh nghip chn mc tiu chi ph khi vn chuyn b
sung d tr, cn khi vn chuyn cung ng hng ho cho khch hng th chn mc tiu tc
.
tin cy trong vn chuyn hng ho th hin qua tnh n nh v thi gian v
cht lng dch v khi di chuyn cc chuyn hng. S dao ng trong thi gian vn
chuyn l kh trnh khi do nhng yu t khng kim sot c nh thi tit, tnh trng
tc nghn giao thng, v.v. Tuy nhin dao ng cn c gim n mc thp nht trong qu
trnh di chuyn xc nh i vi cc l hng giao, nhn. n nh vn chuyn nh hng
n c d tr ca ngi mua, ngi bn v nhng c hi, ri ro trong kinh doanh. Tuy
nhin bn cnh vic m bo tt tnh n inh trong vn chuyn, ch hng cng cn c
c s linh hot trong mi trng kinh doanh y bin ng, p ng c nhu cu vn
chuyn t xut v cp bch ca khch hng.
Lu : Lun c s nh i gia mc tiu chi ph v cht lng dch v vn chuyn.
t c mc p ng khch hng cao (hng c mt ng lc, ng ch, a dng
chng loi, khng thiu d tr) th thng phi vn chuyn vi tn s ln, khi lng
nh.... v nh vy chi ph vn chuyn ni ring v chi ph logistics ni chung s tng. V
vy, trong qu trnh xy dng k hoch chin lc vn chuyn cn phi kho lo t c
s cn i gia chi ph vn chuyn v cht lng dch v. Trong mt s trng hp, chi
ph thp l cn thit; tnh th khc, dch v l quan trng hn p ng tt nhu cu
cung ng hng ho cho khch hng. Qu trnh thit k v qun tr phi thc vn chuyn
hp l l trch nhim hng u ca nh qun tr logistics.
4.3.1.2. Thit k mng li v tuyn ng vn chuyn
Mng li v tuyn ng vn chuyn cn c thit k m bo s vn ng
hp l ca hng ho trong knh logistics theo nhng iu kin nht nh. C nhiu phng
n vn chuyn khc nhau: vn chuyn thng n gin; vn chuyn thng vi tuyn ng
vng; vn chuyn qua trung tm phn phi; vn chuyn qua trung tm phn phi vi tuyn
ng vng v vn chuyn p ng nhanh.
Vn chuyn thng n gin (direct shipment network):
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Vi phng n vn chuyn thng, tt c cc l hng c chuyn trc tip t tng
nh cung ng ti tng a im ca khch hng nh trong hnh 4.3. l nhng tuyn
ng c nh v nh qun tr logistics ch cn xc nh loi hnh phng tin vn ti v
qui m l hng cn gi, trong c cn nhc ti mc nh i gia chi ph vn chuyn
v chi ph d tr hng ho.
Hnh 4.3: S vn chuyn thng n gin
u im chnh ca vn chuyn thng l xo c cc khu kho trung gian, y nhanh
qu trnh dch v khch hng, v qun l n gin. Cc quyt nh vn chuyn mang tnh
c lp tng i, v c th gim c chi ph vn chuyn trong trng hp c li ngn do
gim c s ln xp d hng ho.
Phng n vn chuyn thng c coi l hp l nu nhu cu ti tng a im khch
hng l ln vn chuyn y xe (TL) hoc khi vn chuyn nhng mt hng cng
knh, trng lng ln nh g, my git, t lnh. Nhng nu mi a im ch cn khi
lng hng nh (LTL) th phng n ny s lm tng chi ph vn chuyn tng, do cc ph
cao cng vi chi ph ln cho vic giao nhn nhiu l hng nh.
Vn chuyn thng vi tuyn ng vng (direct shipping with milk runs)
Tuyn ng vng (milk run) l hnh trnh vn chuyn trong xe ti s giao hng
t mt nh cung ng ti ln lt nhiu khch hng hoc gp cc l hng t nhiu nh cung
ng ti mt khch hng (hnh 4.4). Vic phi hp cc l hng nh vy cho mt tuyn
ng ca mt xe ti s khc phc c hn ch ni trn ca vn chuyn thng, lm tng
hiu sut s dng trng ti xe.
Thit k tuyn ng vng c bit ph hp khi mt khch hng dy c, cho d
khong cch vn chuyn l di hay ngn. in hnh l doanh nghip trn th trng n
nhanh nh Frito-Lay hay McDonald khi h cn p ng mng li kinh doanh nhng
quyn ca mnh nhng l hng nh trong ngy. Cn doanh nghip Nht bn nh Toyota th
ng dng phng n vn chuyn thng vi tuyn ng vng t nhiu nh cung ng
nguyn liu ph hp vi dy chuyn sn xut JIT ca mnh.
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Cc nh cung
ng
a im khch
hng
Hnh 4.4: S vn chuyn thng vi tuyn ng vng
Vn chuyn qua trung tm phn phi (all shipments via distribution center)
Trong phng n ny, cc nh cung ng khng vn chuyn trc tip ti a im ca
khch hng, m vn chuyn thng qua mt trung tm phn phi (DC) trong mt khu vc
a l nht nh (hnh 4.5). Sau , trung tm phn phi ny chuyn nhng l hng tng
ng n tng khch hng trn a bn hot ng ca mnh.
DC to nn mt khu trung gian gia nh cung ng v khch hng thc hin 2
nhim v: d tr v chuyn ti. S hin din ca DC c th gip gim chi ph ca ton b
chui cung ng logistics khi cc nh cung ng xa khch hng v chi ph vn chuyn ln.
C 2 nguyn tc vn chuyn -- li th nh qui m v li th nh khong cch c
c trit khai thc phng n vn chuyn qua trung tm phn phi.
Siu th Wal-Mart (siu th gi r ca M c mng li bn l ton cu) rt thnh
cng khi t mua nhng l hng ln ti cc nc c li th cnh tranh tng nhm hng
khc nhau v s dng cc DC d tr, phn l v chuyn ti cho mng li ca hng ca
mnh.
Hnh 4.5: S vn chuyn qua trung tm phn phi
Nh vy, xc nh mt phng n vn chuyn hp l phi gn lin vi cc quyt nh
chin lc trc v qui hoch mng li cc c s logistics trong c cc trung tm
phn phi, kho bi, phn xng sn xut v ca hng bn l.
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Cung
ng
Khch
hng
Cung
ng
Khch
hng
Cung
ng
Khch
hng
TT phn
phi
Vn chuyn qua trung tm phn phi vi tuyn ng vng (shipping via DC
using milk runs)
Ngi ta thng thit k tuyn ng vng vn chuyn t trung tm phn phi
n cc khch hng khi l hng theo nhu cu ca khch hng tng i nh, khng cht
y xe ti (LTL). Nh vy s phi phi hp nhiu l hng nh vi nhau khai thc tnh
kinh t nh qui m v gim s ln vn chuyn khng ti. Cn DC c s dng tp hp
cc l hng ln c vn chuyn t cc nh cung ng khong cch xa ti v d tr ti
(Hnh 4.6).
Hnh 4.6: S vn chuyn qua trung tm phn phi vi tuyn ng vng
Tp on Seven-Eleven (7/11) s dng phng thc vn chuyn ny p ng
nhanh chng v hiu qu cc n hng cho h thng ca hng tin ch dy c ca mnh
trn cc th ln ca cc khu vc th trng trng im.
Vn chuyn p ng nhanh (tailored network)
y l phng thc vn chuyn phi hp nhiu phng n k trn tng mc
p ng v gim chi ph trong h thng logistics. Trong tng tnh hung khc nhau, ch
hng s phi quyt nh c vn chuyn qua trung tm phn phi hay khng, vn chuyn
y xe hay khng y xe, theo tuyn ng vng hay tuyn ng thng. Mc tiu cao
nht l p ng yu cu v thi gian, a im, khi lng v c cu hng ho vn chuyn
ti khch hng. Bn cnh c cn nhc n chi ph tng th cho c phng tin, d tr,
bc xp v an ton hng ho. Phng n ny i hi trnh qun l cao, c kh nng phi
hp hiu qu trong cc tnh hung phc tp v c h thng thng tin nhy bn, kt ni trc
tip vi cc nh cung ng v mng li khch hng.
4.3.1.3. La chn n v vn ti
Cng vi quyt nh v phng n v tuyn ng vn chuyn l quyt nh v
phng tin v n v vn ti ph hp. Cn c vo vic phn tch nhu cu dch v khch
hng, vo c trng dch v v chi ph ca tng loi phng tin, vo kh nng cung ng
ca i th cnh tranh t la chn n v vn ti thch hp vi mc tiu chin lc
v mng li vn chuyn thit k.
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Cung
ng
Khch
hng
TT phn phi
4.3.1.3.1. Tiu thc la chn:
La chn n v vn ti thng c phn tch theo cc tiu thc c th nh chi ph,
thi gian, tin cy, kh nng tip cn, cng sut, tnh linh hot v an ton hng ho.
Chi ph vn chuyn: bao gm nhiu khon mc, v cn cn nhc n tng chi
ph
Cc vn chuyn: Chi ph ln nht v d nhn thy nht, tnh bng n v tn-km.
Chi ph ti bn (xe, cng, tu): ph thu bn bi, bc d cht xp hng ho (c th
c tnh trn gi, cng c th tnh ring ngoi cc vn chuyn)
Ph bo him: tu thuc gi tr l hng v phng tin giao thng
Chi ph vn chuyn dao ng tu thuc vo loi hnh hng ho (hnh dng, trng
khi), khi lng v khong cch vn chuyn. Ngoi ra cn c th c nhng chi ph cho
dch v c bit nh chi ph th tc thng quan cho hng ho xut nhp khu.
Thi gian vn chuyn: bao gm tng thi gian vn chuyn trn gi t khi ch
hng gi t im xut pht ti tn a im khch hng yu cu (transit time door to door),
trong gm c cc yu t:
Tc : i vi nhng qung ng di (500 km tr ln) th tc ca phng
tin vn chuyn quyt nh ln nht n thi gian giao nhn hng
Thi gian bc d v cht xp hng ho sang phng tin vn ti khc: nhiu khi,
chuyn hng n ng a im yu cu, ngi ta cn n nhiu phng tin vn
chuyn, v thi gian dng li chuyn hng sang phng tin khc cng cn c tnh
n. iu ny cn tu thuc rt nhiu vo kh nng c gii ho tng im . Bi vy,
vi nhng qung ng ngn (di 100 km) ngi ta thy rng thi gian trn ng v
thi gian bc d l gn ngang nhau, v t vi cc bao b c tiu chun ho (kin,
cngten) v thit b d hng c th s l phng sch ti u tit kim thi gian giao
nhn hng.
Phng tin vn chuyn my bay c tc cao nht, nhng bn cnh cn phi
tnh n thi gian ch n ng chuyn bay. V thng thng my bay khng th ch n
tn kho ca khch hng, m ch c th h cnh sn bay nht nh, t li phi bc d
hng sang phng tin khc i n ng a im (thng l chuyn sang t) nn
tng thi gian vn chuyn s khng nh.
tin cy (reliability): th hin qua tnh n nh v thi gian v cht lng dch
v chuyn ch hng ho trong nhng iu kin xc nh. Nhng yu t tc ng n tin
cy l thi tit, tnh trng giao thng, s ln dng li trn tuyn, thi gian tp hp v giao
nhn hng ho trn ng. Kh nng sai lch thi gian vn chuyn l thc o s khng
chc chn ca qu trnh thc hin vn chuyn hng ho. Nu tin cy thp, thi gian vn
chuyn khng n nh, lc nhanh lc chm, s gy nn tnh trng lc tha hng lc thiu
hng, khin khch hng b th ng trong kinh doanh v buc phi tng mc d tr bo
him cao hn. i vi nhiu khch hng, ngi ta coi tiu thc v tin cy quan trng
hn l thi gian vn chuyn c th ch ng trong k hoch sn xut-kinh doanh ca
mnh.
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Nng lc vn chuyn (capability): cho bit khi lng hng ho v a bn hot
ng m n v vn ti c th chuyn tr c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th
hin qua s lng phng tin vn ti v cc thit b i km. Nng lc vn chuyn cn th
hin kh nng tip cn n ng a im v v tr theo yu cu ca khch hng. Vn ti
ng b c chi ph tng i cao nu vn chuyn khi lng ln trn qung ng di
nhng li rt linh hot v c kh nng p ng c n ng a im theo yu cu, n
tn ca kho hng ho ca khch hng.
Tnh linh hot (flexibility): kh nng p ng nhanh chng v kp thi ca n
v vn ti trong nhng tnh hung ngoi k hoch v hp ng vn chuyn. Chng hn
khi lng vn chuyn ln hn nhiu so vi d kin; vn chuyn trong iu kin thi tit
khng thun li; v.v.
An ton hng ho (cargo safety): thng thng cc n v vn ti chu trch
nhim v nhng va p, v hng ho trn ng, tr trng hp thin tai bt ng. V
pha ch hng th cn c nhng bao b bo v thch hp cho hng ho ca mnh chng
nhng dao ng va p trn ng vn chuyn. Vn ti ng ng l an ton nht i vi
hng ho v gn nh khng c hao ht; th hai l ng thu; th ba l ng hng
khng; th t l ng b; v phng tin vn chuyn c t l hao ht cao v km an ton
nht l ng st.
4.3.1.3.2. Qui trnh la chn n v vn ti
n v vn ti c nh hng rt ln n cc tiu chun dch v v chi ph i vi
doanh nghip. Cn phi nh gi ngi vn chuyn theo nhiu tiu thc la chn. Qu
trnh la chn ngi vn chuyn tin hnh theo cc bc sau y:
Xc nh cc tiu thc v tm quan trng ca mi tiu thc
Trn quan im marketing, phi phn tch cc tiu thc nh gi nh cung cp theo
nh hng ngi nhn hng, tc l nh hng khch hng, ch khng phi nh hng
ngi ch hng, ngi thu dch v vn ti. Hai kha cnh chnh cn xem xt l dch v v
chi ph, trong c th trin khai thnh 6 tiu thc (chi ph, thi gian, tin cy, nng lc
vn chuyn, tnh linh hot v an ton hng ho) nh m t phn trn.Tm quan trng ca
mi tiu thc c xc nh theo h s ph hp vi quan im ca ngi nhn hng. C
th xp hng mc quan trng theo th t: h s 1 l quan trng nht, h s 3 l t quan
trng nht.
La chn n v vn ti
Vi nhng n v vn ti m doanh nghip tng k hp ng vn chuyn th c th
nh gi thc lc cht lng dch v v chi ph c th theo nh bng 3.2. Trong , kt
qu thc hin theo tng tiu thc ca tng n v vn chuyn c nh gi bng cch cho
im vi thang t 1 n 3, vi 1 l tt nht v 3 l km nht. im nh gi ny phi phn
nh c yu t s lng v cht lng.
Tng s im nh gi c xc nh bng cch nhn im thc hin tiu chun vi
h s quan trng c im nh gi tng tiu chun, sau , cng im nh gi cc
tiu chun s c tng s im. Ngi vn chuyn no c tng s im nh gi thp
nht l ngi c nng lc vn chuyn t yu cu cao nht.
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Bng4.1. nh gi cc n v vn ti
Cc tiu thc
nh gi
Mc
quan trng
ca tng
tiu thc
Kt qu nh gi
n v vn ti A n v vn ti B
Kh nng
vn hnh
im
nh gi
Kh nng
vn hnh
im nh
gi
(1) (2) (3) (4) =
(2)*(3)
(5) (6) =
(5)*(3)
1. Chi ph
2. Thi gian
3. tin cy
4. Nng lc vc
5. Tnh linh hot
6. Tnh an ton
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
6
3
4
4
4
2
3
1
1
2
3
2
9
1
2
4
6
Tng s im nh gi 22 24
Vi nhng n v vn ti m doanh nghip cha tng s dng dch v ca h th c
th thu thp thng tin qua cc bn hng, qua bo ch hoc hip hi vn ti. t c
c s la chn khch quan v xc ng. Ngoi vic nh gi cc tiu chun chi ph v
dch v, cn cn nhc c nhng yu t nh tnh hp tc v mi quan h ca doanh nghip
vi n v vn ti.
Gim st v nh gi dch v la chn
Cng tc gim st v nh gi l ht sc cn thit sau mt khong thi gian nht nh
(1 thng/3 thng/6 thng) rt kinh nghim v nng cao cht lng dch v hoc la chn
dch v vn ti khc ph hp hn. Vic nh gi c th cn c theo nhng tiu thc nu
trong bng 3.2, km vi nhn xt ca ngi nhn hng (khch hng) v n v vn ti.
Vic nh gi ng thi phi thng nht vi mc tiu chin lc vn chuyn trong mi
tng quan vi mng li v tuyn ng vn ti c hoch nh trc .
4.3.2. Phi hp trong vn chuyn hng ho
Ngy nay, hot ng vn chuyn hng ho trong doanh nghip kh a dng, phc tp,
tng tc vi nhiu chc nng logistics khc v c th tip cn nhiu mc khc nhau.
C lc nhm mc ch cung ng vt liu u vo v b sung d tr cho qu trnh sn xut-
kinh doanh. C lc t mc ch cao nht l cung ng hng ho phc v khch hng. Thm
na th trng dch v vn ti cng ht sc phong ph v si ng vi nhiu n v c li
th cnh tranh trn tng a bn hot ng. Bi vy t c mc ch ti u ho hot
ng vn chuyn hng ho ni ring v h thng logistics ni chung trong doanh nghip,
nh qun tr phi c tm nhn chin lc v kh nng phi hp nhiu phng n vn
chuyn khc nhau. Cng vi s h tr ca cng ngh thng tin v mng internet, kh nng
a ra cc quyt nh phi hp vn chuyn ngy cng m rng.
4.3.2.1. Phi hp vn chuyn cn c theo mt khch hng v khong cch
Doanh nghip cn cn nhc n mt khch hng v khong cch t doanh
nghip/trung tm phn phi ti a im giao hng khi thit k mng li vn chuyn t
c cc phng n phi hp khc nhau trn tng khu vc (xem bng 3.3).
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Khi doanh nghip phc v s lng khch hng ln vi mt dy c xung quanh
mt trung tm phn phi th phng n tt nht l s dng i vn chuyn ring ch
ng cung ng v khai thc ti a cng sut phng tin vi tuyn ng vng. Trong
trng hp mt khch hng ng nhng khong cch xa DC th vn chuyn ring vi
tuyn ng vng l lng ph bi lt v khng hng ca i xe. Lc ny vic s dng
dch v vn chuyn cng cng cho qung ng di ti kho/DC gn khu vc khch hng
s hiu qu hn. T kho/DC th c th s dng i xe vn chuyn ring (nu c) hoc vn
chuyn hp ng theo tuyn ng vng ri hng ti mng li khch hng cn cung
ng. Khi mt khch hng trong mt a bn tha tht th vic s dng vn chuyn hp
ng vi n v vn ti nh (khng y xe = LTL) th s ti u hn. Bi n v ny c th
phi hp cc l hng ca cc ch hng khc cho cng mt tuyn ng. Cn vn chuyn
bu kin thng c coi l phng n la chn hp l khi mt khch hng rt thp m
khong cch vn chuyn li xa.
Bng 4.2. Phng n vn chuyn cn c theo mt khch hng v khong cch
Khong
cch
Mt
Ngn Trung bnh Ln
Dy
( Cao)
Vn chuyn ring vi
tuyn ng vng
Vn chuyn qua trung
tm phn phi, t
chuyn ti theo tuyn
ng vng
Vn chuyn qua trung
tm phn phi, t
chuyn ti theo tuyn
ng vng
Trung
bnh
Vn chuyn hp ng
vi tuyn ng vng
Vn chuyn khng y
thng ti
Vn chuyn khng y
thng ti / Vn chuyn
bu kin
Thp
( Tha)
Vn chuyn hp ng
vi tuyn ng vng/
Vn chuyn khng y
thng ti
Vn chuyn khng y
thng ti / Vn chuyn
bu kin
Vn chuyn bu kin
4.3.2.2. Phi hp vn chuyn theo qui m khch hng
Doanh nghip phi tnh n qui m v a im khch hng khi thit k mng li v
tuyn ng vn chuyn. Khi p ng nhng n hng ln th c th vn chuyn y xe
hoc y toa tu (TL/CL), cn vi nhng khch hng nh th nn s dng n v vn ti
nh, vn chuyn khng y xe (LTL) hoc vn chuyn theo tuyn ng vng.
Khi cung ng hng ho cho khch s c 2 loi chi ph: chi ph vn chuyn v chi ph
giao nhn hng. Trn cng mt qung ng th chi ph vn chuyn l khng i cho d l
khch hng ln hay nh, nhng chi ph giao hng i vi khch hng nh s ln hn nu
tnh trn tng n v hng ho. Bi vy nu giao hng cho tt c khch hng (bt k qui
m ln hay nh) theo cng mt tn s th s khng phi l phng n ti u. Do ngi
ta thng phn loi khch hng theo qui m: ln (L), va (M) v nh (S), ri s dng
tuyn ng vng cung ng cho khch hng vi tn s khc nhau.
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V d, c th b sung d tr cho khch hng ln 6 ln/2 tun; khch hng va l 3
ln/2 tun v khch hng nh l 2 ln/2 tun. Nu trn mt a bn vn chuyn doanh
nghip c 1 khch hng ln (L), 2 khch hng qui m va (M
1
, M
2
) v 3 khch hng qui
m nh (S
1
, S
2
, S
3
) th c th phi hp vn chuyn p ng nhu cu khch hng nh
sau: (L, M
1
, S
1
); (L, M
2
; S
2
); (L,M
1
,S
3
); (L,M
2
,S
1
); (L,M
1
,S
2
); (L,M
2
,S
3
). Nh vy mi
chuyn hng vn vn chuyn c y xe, khch hng ln th c giao hng nhiu ln
hn, tng ng vi mc tiu th hng ho v chi ph giao nhn hng ca h.
4.3.2.3. Phi hp vn chuyn v d tr hng ho
Cc phng n phi hp gia vn chuyn v d tr hng ho cn c cn nhc tu
thuc vo qui m nhu cu th trng v loi hnh sn phm (xem bng 3.4). i vi nhng
mt hng c gi tr cao v c nhu cu t hng ln th c th chia nh d tr chu k tit
kim chi ph vn chuyn bng cch s dng cc phng tin vn chuyn chi ph thp b
sung loi hnh d tr ny. Bn cnh , c th phi hp vn chuyn d tr bo him ca
nhiu mt hng thuc nhm ny gim chi ph d tr, ng thi s dng phng tin vn
chuyn nhanh p ng i hi ca khch hng. Cn vi nhng mt hng gi tr cao m
nhu cu th trng thp th nn phi hp vn chuyn tt c cc l hng gim chi ph d
tr hng ho.
i vi cc mt hng gi tr thp th vn chuyn cng c vai tr c bit quan trng,
nht l trong cnh tranh xut khu. Chi ph vn chuyn nhng nhm hng nh ct, , si,
than, xi mng, st, thp, c ph, cao su... c th chim n 50% gi tr l hng. V vy thit
k tuyn ng v t chc vn chuyn ti u s gp phn ng k nng cao hiu qu kinh
doanh.
C th, vi cc mt hng c tc lu chuyn cao, nhu cu th trng ln m c gi
tr thp th khng nn phi hp vn chuyn cc l hng d tr cc loi m nn vn chuyn
qua trung tm phn phi gn vi khch hng tit kim chi ph vn chuyn. Vi nhng
mt hng gi tr thp, nhu cu th trng cng thp th nn phi hp khi vn chuyn d tr
bo him gim chi ph vn chuyn, v c th s dng phng tin chi ph thp b
sung d tr chu k.
Bng 4.3. Phi hp vn chuyn theo nhu cu th trng v gi tr sn phm
Sn
phm
Th
trng
Gi tr cao Gi tr thp
Nhu
cu ln
Phi hp vn chuyn d tr bo him. Chia nh
d tr chu k. S dng phng tin vn chuyn
chi ph thp b sung d tr chu k. S dng
phng tin nhanh p ng d tr bo him
Khng phi hp vn chuyn
bt k loi d tr no. S
dng phng tin chi ph
thp b sung d tr
Nhu
cu nh
Phi hp vn chuyn tt c cc loi d tr trong
cng mt chuyn hng. S dng phng tin
vn chuyn nhanh p ng n hng nu cn
thit
Ch phi hp vn chuyn d
tr bo him. S dng
phng tin chi ph thp
b sung d tr chu k
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4.3.3. H thng chng t trong vn chuyn hng ho
Trong hp ng mua bn (trong nc cng nh quc t) bao gm nhiu iu khon,
trong c iu khon v vn chuyn. Cc iu khon ny trc tip hay gin tip qui nh
trch nhim ca ngi bn v ngi mua trong vic thanh ton cc ph i vi n v vn
ti v c trch nhim t chc chuyn ch hng ho trn tuyn ng xc nh. Bn no
thanh ton trc tip cc ph vn chuyn v t chc chuyn ch hng ho c gi l bn
c Quyn v vn ti.
Trong thng mi quc t, ngi nhp khu cng nh ngi xut khu u mong
mun ginh c Quyn v vn ti bi mt s thun li nh: c t do la chn
phng tin v tuyn ng cng vi cc dch v i km ph hp vi iu kin ca mnh;
ch ng trong vic t chc chuyn ch v giao nhn; tng thu v gim chi ph ngoi t.
Ti Vit Nam, do nng lc vn ti quc t khng p ng c nhu cu chuyn ch hng
ho ca cc cng ty xut nhp khu trong v ngoi nc nn thng khng ginh c
quyn vn chuyn. Ch yu cc hp ng kinh doanh c k theo iu kin mua hng
theo CIF v bn hng theo FOB, tc l thu tu nc ngoi vn chuyn hng ho.
Cn trong kinh doanh ni a, vic vn chuyn do bn no m nhim tu thuc vo
ngun lc thc t v nng lc qun l vn chuyn ca cc bn. Cn c vo cc iu khon
trong hp ng mua bn, vic chuyn ch hng ho s c t chc hp l theo tuyn
ng v thi gian xc nh.
Km theo qu trnh vn chuyn l cc chng t, vn bn khc nhau nhm xc
nhn tnh php l, quyn li v trch nhim ca cc bn tham gia (ngi gi, ngi nhn v
n v vn ti). Biu hnh 3.6 m t s dch chuyn ca dng chng t/thanh ton trong
knh vn chuyn ca h thng logistics. y l trng hp m ngi gi (ngi bn) l
ngi ginh c Quyn v vn ti v trc tip t chc chuyn ch hng ho.
4.3.3.1. H thng chng t trong vn chuyn ni a
C 3 chng t c bn trong vn chuyn hng ho ni a l vn n, ho n vn
chuyn, v khiu ni vn chuyn.
Vn n (bill of lading = B/L): l bn hp ng hp php gia ngi thu vn
chuyn v n v vn ti v vic vn chuyn mt khi lng hng ho nht nh ti a
im c th v khng c nguy him, trong ghi r cc iu kin hp ng. Vn n c
hiu lc bt u t ngy pht hnh. N chng nhn rng s lng hng ho c lit k
trong vn n hon ton ph hp vi n hng.
Vn n c cc chc nng c bn nh sau:
- L bin lai nhn hng ca n v vn ti, trong lit k danh mc hng ho cng khi
lng v gi tr ca chng. n v vn ti c trch nhim i vi ton b hng
ho ghi trong vn n v s giao cho ngi cm vn n hp php a im n.
- L chng t xc nhn quyn s hu hng ho ghi trong vn n, cho nn c th dng
cm c, vay mn, chuyn nhng, mua bn, v.v.
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Hnh 4.7: Dng chng t/thanh ton trong vn chuyn hng ho
C nhiu loi vn n, trong c th k n 2 loi ph bin l: vn n bin
thng v vn n yu cu.
Vn n bin thng (straight B/L): l vn n ch ch danh tn v a ch ca
ngi nhn hng. Ch duy nht ngi no c tn trn vn n mi c nhn hng. N l
chng t khng th m phn, khng c chuyn nhng bng cch k hu.
Vn n yu cu (order B/L): ngc vi vn n bin thng, vi vn n yu
cu th hng ho c nhn theo yu cu ca mt ngi. Chng t ny c th c chuyn
nhng bng cch chuyn yu cu ti ngi khc, ngoi ngi c ghi trn vn n gc.
Vi vic thay i ngi ng tn cho hng ho cho php ngi thu vn chuyn nhn
c khon tin thanh ton cho hng ca h ngay c trc khi n n c a im
nh, bng cch chuyn n sang sang ngn hng thanh ton. Ngn hng ny sau li
chuyn vn n sang ngn hng ca ngi nhn hng. Th tc ny tng t nh cch thc
rt tin thng qua h thng ngn hng.
Ho n vn chuyn (freight bill): l chng t do n v vn ti pht hnh v k kt
vi ngi thu vn chuyn thanh ton cho dch v chuyn ch hng ho. Trong ho n
vn chuyn ghi r cc ph (thng khng c lit k trong vn n), ni xut pht, ni
n ca l hng, khi lng vn chuyn, loi hng v cc php nhn c lin quan.
Cc vn chuyn c th c thanh ton t ngi thu vn chuyn hoc yu cu cho
bn nhn hng. Cc iu khon lin quan n thanh ton ph dch v bao gm cc ph c
bn, ph ph, ph thu cng vi cc iu kin tr tin trc hoc tr tin sau. Trong dch v
vn chuyn bng ng st, chi ph phi c tr trc khi hng gi i, cn vn chuyn
ng b th c th tr sau trong vng 7 ngy sau khi nhn c bin lai.
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Ngi nhn
V vn ti
Ngi gi
Dng chng t/ thanh
ton
Dng thng
tin
Knh VC
vc
Dng hng
ho
Vn
n
Thng tin n t
hng
Ho n/chi
tit vc
Ho n
vc
Chuyn
tin
Chuyn
tin
Tuyn
ng
Khiu ni vn chuyn (freight claim): thng thng n v vn ti c th phi i
din vi 2 kiu khiu kin l trch nhim php l ca ngi vn chuyn v mc cc ph:
Khiu ni v vic mt mt, h hng hay tr hn: n v vn ti phi c trch
nhim trong vic vn chuyn hng ho ng hn m khng gy ra thit hi hoc mt mt
g. Vn n xc nh mt cch chi tit gii hn trch nhim ca ngi vn chuyn. Nhng
thit hi do tr hn m khng a ra c l do xc ng s phi c n b theo mc
gi tr thit hi ca hng ho do s chm tr gy ra.
Chi ph qu cao: do c s nhm ln trong bin lai thanh ton v mc cc vn
chuyn (v d nh vic dng bng phn cp cc khng ng dn n vic tnh cc sai;
nhm ln trong vic tnh qung ng vn chuyn; sai st trong tnh ton) v s khc nhau
trong vic vn dng cc nguyn tc v trong vic s dng biu cc. Cc bin lai ny
thng c kim tra c th pht hin cc nhm ln trc khi thc hin thanh ton, v
sau s pht hnh li mt bin lai khc.
4.3.3.2. H thng chng t trong vn chuyn quc t
im khc bit c bn gia vn chuyn hng ho quc t so vi ni a l s lng
ln hn nhiu ca tp chng t v ho n s dng trong xut nhp khu hng ho i km
vi hot ng vn chuyn. iu ny phn no phn nh tnh phc tp, a dng, v nhiu
ri ro ca thng mi quc t. Di y l mt s chng t v mc ch ca chng:
Chng t dng trong hot ng xut khu:
Vn n: hp ng vn chuyn hng ho gia ngi thu vn chuyn v n v
vn ti
Ho n cng: c s dng chuyn giao hng ho gia trong v ngoi nc
Hng dn giao hng: cung cp cc ch dn chi tit cho n v vn ti trong
nc khi thc hin chuyn hng ra nc ngoi
Khai bo xut khu: c yu cu t pha b thng mi ca nc xut khu
lm ngun thng tin thng k kim ngch xut khu
Tn dng th: chng t c gi tr bo m vic thanh ton cho ch hng vi khi
lng hng ca h.
Chng nhn ca lnh s qun: c s dng qun l hng ho vn chuyn
ti nc .
Chng nhn v ngun gc ca hng ho: m bo chc chn vi nc nhp
khu v xut x ca hng ho .
Ho n thng mi: ho n gia ngi bn v ngi mua.
Chng t bo him: bo m vi ngi nhn rng hng ho s c bo him
trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn.
Th chuyn giao: bn danh sch cc chi tit ca hng ho v cc chng t i
km
Chng t dng trong hot ng nhp khu:
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Thng bo n: thng bo thi gian n theo d tnh ca chuyn hng cng mt
s chi tit v chuyn hng
Giy khai bo hi quan: ti liu m t hng ho, ngun gc ca n, mc thu h
tr xc tin cp giy php hi quan cho hng khng phi np thu ngay,
Chng nhn ca n v vn ti v yu cu gii phng hng: dng chngnhn
vi hi quan v ch hng hay ngi nhn hng.
Giy yu cu giao nhn: c a ra t pha ngi nhn hng vi n v vn
chuyn ng bin, yu cu giao li hng cho ngi vn chuyn trong b.
Chng nhn gii phng hng: bng chng cho bit cc vn chuyn c
thanh ton
Cc b chng t nh vy c dng h tr cho cc bn gi v nhn hng. Nhng
doanh nghip va v nh, t kinh nghim trong kinh doanh xut nhp khu hng ho,
thng phi s dng dch v ca cc cng ty mi gii v i l vn ti hon tt cc th
tc kh phc tp v rc ri ny.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Tm tt chng 4
Chng 4 phn tch vai tr v c im ca cc loi hnh v phng thc vn chuyn
hng ho khc nhau, cng vi cc quyt nh c bn ca qun tr vn chuyn hng ho
trong h thng logistics ca doanh nghip.
Vi s pht trin a dng, phong ph ca cc phng thc vn chuyn, vic phn
loi vn chuyn hng ho c th chia ra theo nhiu c im khc nhau. Theo c trng
con ng/ phng tin vn ti th c cc loi hnh vn chuyn ng st, ng thu,
ng b, ng hng khng, v ng ng. Theo c trng s hu v mc iu tit
ca Nh nc th c th phn loi thnh cc loi hnh vn chuyn nh vn chuyn ring,
vn chuyn hp ng v vn chuyn cng cng. Cn theo kh nng phi hp cc loi
phng tin vn ti th c vn chuyn n phng thc v a phng thc. Tu vo cc
yu t v dch v, chi ph, khong cch, khi lng vn chuyn v yu cu ca khch hng
m doanh nghip la chn phng thc vn chuyn ph hp.
Bn cnh , qun tr vn chuyn khng ch gii hn quyt nh n gin v
phng thc vn chuyn, m cn phi la chn c n v vn ti thch hp, p ng
c y nhng yu cu v cht lng dch v trong mi tng quan vi chi ph; cn
cn c s cn nhc mc phc tp hn v thit k mng li v tuyn ng vn
chuyn; v s phi hp vn chuyn tu thuc theo mt khch hng v khong cch; qui
m th trng v d tr hng ho.
Cng vi qu trnh vn chuyn v lu thng hng ho hiu qu, cc doanh nghip sn
xut-kinh doanh c thm nhiu c hi m rng th trng v tng sc cnh tranh v gi
ng thi nng cao dch v khch hng.
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Chng 5. QUN TR CC HOT NG LOGISTICS H TR
Trong doanh nghip, dch v khch hng, d tr, vn chuyn, l nhng hot ng
then cht. Tuy nhin, cho cc hot ng ny t kt qu tt, cn phi c cc hot ng
h tr, nh mua, nghip v kho v bao b, h thng thng tin Logistics,
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5.1. Qun tr mua trong cc doanh nghip
5.1.1. Vai tr v mc tiu ca mua
5.1.1.1. Khi nim, vai tr ca mua
Mua l hnh vi thng mi, nhng ng thi cng l cc hot ng ca doanh nghip
nhm to ngun lc u vo, thc hin cc quyt nh ca d tr, m bo vt t, nguyn
liu, hng ha,cho sn xut, cung ng hng ha cho khch hng trong kinh doanh
thng mi. V do :
Mua l h thng cc mt cng tc nhm to nn lc lng vt t, nguyn liu, hng
ho cho doanh nghip, p ng cc yu cu d tr v bn hng vi tng chi ph thp
nht
Mua c vai tr ht sc quan trng:
- Mua m bo b sung d tr kp thi, p ng cc yu cu vt t nguyn liu ca
qu trnh sn xut, p ng yu cu hng ha bn ra trong kinh doanh thng mi.
Qu trnh sn xut sn phm c cht lng v lin tc ph thuc vo vic cung ng
vt t, nguyn liu, v do ph thuc vo qun tr d tr v mua; Vic cung ng hng
ha cho khch hng trong kinh doanh thng mi c m bo tha mn nhu cu ca khch
hng hay khng ph thuc rt ln vo vic duy tr d tr, trong lc , mua m bo thc
hin nhng quyt nh d tr ca doanh nghip.
- Mua m bo gim chi ph, tng hiu qu s dng vn, v do tng hiu qu kinh
doanh cho doanh nghip.
Chi ph mua v gi tr sn phm mua chim t trng ln trong tng tr gi sn phm
(hng ha) bn ra. Chnh v vy, ch cn gim mt t l nh chi ph trong mua s m bo
nng cao hiu qu ln cho kinh doanh: tng li nhun, gim yu cu vn trong mua v d
tr, v do tng t l li nhun trn vn u t. nh hng ny ca mua gi l Hiu
ng n by.
Nh vy dch v mua nh l mt s kt ni then cht gia cc thnh vin ca lung
cung ng. Mua tt cho php ti u ha gi tr cho c bn mua v bn do ti a ha ga
tr cho c chui cung ng
5.1.1.2. Mc tiu ca mua
Mua trong doanh nghip phi thc hin cc mc tiu sau:
- Mc tiu hp l ha d tr:
Mua thc hin nhng quyt nh ca d tr, v do , mua phi m bo b sung d
tr hp l vt t, nguyn liu, hng ha v s lng, cht lng v thi gian.
- Mc tiu chi ph:
Trong nhng trng hp nht nh, y cng l mc tiu c bn ca mua nhm gim
gi thnh sn xut hng ha v dch v, to iu kin gim gi bn, tng kh nng cnh
tranh ca doanh nghip.
- Mc tiu pht trin cc mi quan h:
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kinh doanh, doanh nghip phi thit lp nhiu mi quan h (marketing cc mi
quan h - relation marketing). Trong nhng mi quan h th quan h khch hng v
quan h vi ngun cung ng c coi l then cht. Mua s to mi quan h bn vng vi
ngun cung ng hin ti, pht hin v to mi quan h vi ngun cung ng tim nngv
m bo vic mua n nh, gim chi ph.
Qun tr mua bao gm nhiu ni dung: Xc nh s lng, c cu v tng gi tr mua,
nghin cu v chn ngun cung ng, quyt nh chnh sch mua, thit k v trin khai qu
trnh nghip v mua, kim sot mua,
5.1.2. Nghin cu v chn nh cung ng
5.1.2.1. Tm quan trng ca nh cung ng
Nh cung ng l cc hng hoc c nhn cung cp cc ngun lc m doanh nghip
cn n sn xut hng ho v dch v: t liu sn xut, hng ha, sc lao ng,
Chn Nh cung ng c tm quan trng ln trong hot ng Logistics v trong kinh
doanh ca doanh nghip.
- Nh cung ng m bo cung cp vt t, nguyn liu, hng ha vi s lng y
, cht lng, n nh, chnh xc,p ng yu cu ca sn xut, ca kinh doanh vi chi
ph thp.
- Chn nh cung ng to nn cc mi quan h chin lc, thc hin marketing cc
mi quan h.
- Chn nh cung ng tt s tng cng kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip, to
tin cho s pht trin bn vng ca doanh nghip.
Theo gio s Wibur England th:
Mt nh cung cp ng tin cy l ngi lun trung thc v cng bng trong quan
h vi khch hng, nhn vin v vi chnh bn thn minh; H c y cc trang thit b,
my mc thch hp, c phng php cng ngh tt c th cung cp vt t hng ha
s lng, ng cht lng, kp thi hn vi gi c hp l; Nh cung cp tin cy c tnh
hnh ti chnh lnh mnh, chnh sch qun tr tin tin, linh hot, sng to, khng ngng
ci tin quy trnh sn xut cho hon thin hn, v cui cng, nh cung cp hiu c rng
quyn li ca anh ta c p ng nhiu nht khi anh ta phc v khch hng tt nht
Nh vy, nh cung ng l ti sn v gi, mt trong nhng nhn t chin lc ca
mi trng vi m: 3C+1S (Customer, Competator, Company, Suplier)
5.1.2.2. Qu trnh la chn nh cung ng
Qu trnh nghin cu v chn nh cung ng c th theo s ca hnh 5.1
5.1.2.2.1. Giai on thu thp thng tin
Ngun d liu bao gm s cp v th cp. Trc ht cn thu thp thng tin th cp:
Cc bo co v tnh hnh mua v phn tch ngun cung ng trong doanh nghip, thng tin
trong cc n phm (nin gim, bn tin thng mi, bo, tp ch,), thng qua nhng thng
tin xc tin ca cc nh cung ng.
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t
hng, k
hp ng
mua
Hnh 5.1: Qu trnh la chn nh cung ng
Tt nhin thng tin th cp c th c hoc khng chnh xc, khng c. V do
cn phi c nhng d liu s cp thng qua iu tra kho st trc tip ti cc nh cung
ng. Ty thuc vo nhng tiu chun cn nh gi cc nh cung ng m tin hnh thu
thp nhng d liu cn thit
5.1.2.2.2. Giai on nh gi, la chn
Trc ht, cn phn loi cc nh cung ng theo cc tiu thc c bn, nh theo thnh
phn kinh t, theo v tr trong knh phn phi, theo trnh cng ngh,Mi loi nh
cung ng theo cc cch phn loi s cho nhng c im nht nh nh gi, la chn
Tip theo, cn nh gi cc nh cung ng theo cc tiu chun xc nh. Cc tiu
chun c th khc nhau ty thuc vo c im kinh doanh ca tng doanh nghip, c
im ca cc nh cung ng theo cc cch phn loi, nhng v c bn bao gm nhng tiu
chun v Sc mnh marketing cht lng, gi c; Sc mnh ti chnh nng lc vn
kinh doanh, qui m,; Sc mnh Logistics - tin cy trong vic giao hng, cung cp
dch v,
thun tin cho vic xp loi nh cung ng, c th s dng m hnh lng ha
nh gi nh cung ng:
Theo m hnh ny, c th xp loi s b cc nh cung ng theo im nh gi t cao
n thp.
5.1.2.2.3. Giai on tip xc, ngh
L giai on ca qu trnh trong , doanh nghip c cn b mua thm ngun hng
a ra nhng ngh. Nhng ngh ny c tnh nguyn tc thit lp mi quan h mua,
bn gia doanh nghip v ngun cung ng v sn phm mua, gi c, cch thc t hng v
cung ng, th tc v hnh thc thanh ton,
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Tp hp
thng tin
nh gi
Tip xc,
ngh
Th nghim
Quan h lu di
Lm li
t yu cu?
C
Khng
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i
i i k
q d D
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n: S tiu chun nh gi
t
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Trn c s nhng thng tin sau khi tip xc vi cc nh cung ng, kt hp vi nhng
thng tin thng qua giai on nh gi, tin hnh xp loi ngun cung ng theo th t u
tin tin hnh cc mi quan h mua.
5.1.2.2.4. Giai on th nghim
Sau giai on tip xc, ngh ch mi xp loi c cc nh cung ng c nhiu tim
nng nht, ch cha phi l nhng nh cung ng chnh thc quan h lu di c tnh chin
lc, v do phi tri qua giai on th nghim.
Giai on th nghim nhm kim tra trong mt thi gian nht nh cc nh cung ng
c m bo t c nhng tiu chun thng qua cc thng v mua bn hay khng. Nu
cc nh cung ng t c nhng tiu chun v m bo tin cy cao, c th xp cc nh
cung ng vo quan h i tc lu di. Nu cc nh cung ng qua thi gian th nghim
khng t c nhng tiu chun t ra, cn chn v tin hnh th nghim i vi nh
cung ng tip theo trong danh sch nhng nh cung ng tim nng.
5.1.3. Qu trnh nghip v mua
L tp hp cc cng tc lin h k tip nhau c tnh chu k nhm thc hin tng
thng v mua
Ngoi vic la chn ngun cung ng, cc chnh sch mua th thit k v trin khai
qu trnh nghip v mua nh hng ln n kt qu mua. Ty thuc vo cc quyt nh
ca d tr, c im ca ngun cung ng, sn phm mua, yu cu ca qu trnh cung ng
hng ha cho khch hng m qu trnh nghip v mua khc nhau, nhng v c bn din ra
theo mt qu trnh th hin trn hnh
Hnh 5.2: Qu trnh nghip v mua
5.1.3.1. Quyt nh mua
Giai on u tin ca qu trnh nghip v mua l quyt nh mua, c ngha khi no
th mua, mua ci g v bao nhiu, v cch thc mua.
Mua c tin hnh khi c quyt nh t hng b sung d tr ty thuc vo m hnh
kim tra d tr p dng, khi i hi p ng l hng cung ng trc tip cho khch hng,
khi phi khai thc nhng c hi trn th trng (mua mt hng mi, mua tn dng s
bin ng ca gi c trn th trng,)
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Quyt nh mua
Xc nh
nh cung ng
Nhp hng mua
t
hng, k
hp ng
mua
nh gi sau mua
Ty thuc vo s bin ng gi mua trn th trng m a ra quyt nh thi im
mua:
- Mua tc thi: Mua p ng nhu cu tiu th trong thi gian hin ti (vt t,
nguyn liu cho sn xut, hng ha cung ng cho khch hng) trong trng hp gi
mua trn th trng n nh hoc c xu hng gim;
- Mua trc: Mua p ng nhu cu tiu th trong c thi gian di trong trng
hp gi mua trn th trng tng nhanh; mua trc s c li gi thp, nhng khng c li
v lm tng d tr. V vy quyt nh c nn mua trc hay khng v mua trc bao
lu, cn so snh tng chi ph bao gm gi tr mua v chi ph d tr gia cc phng n.
Cn phi hiu rng, mua trc khc v bn cht vi mua u c.
Trong giai on quyt nh mua, ng thi phi xc nh c im ca l hng mua:
loi sn phm cn mua, s lng, cht lng, thi gian nhp hng, gi c,nhm tin
hnh t hng hoc thng lng vi cc nh cung ng.
Cn xc nh phng thc mua: Mua li khng iu chnh, mua li c iu chnh,
hoc mua mi
Mua li khng iu chnh c tin hnh i vi nh cung ng c quan h mua
theo mi lin kt cht ch. L phng thc mua khng c nhng vn g ln cn phi
iu chnh, thng lng vi ngun hng. Phng thc ny thng c thc hin di
cc hnh thc t hng n gin t pha ngi mua. Nhng ngun hng ang cung ng
(gi l ngi cung ng trong - insuppliers) thng n lc nng cao cht lng cung ng
duy tr mi quan h ny. Phng thc mua ny thng p dng trong h thng knh
tip th dc.
Mua li c iu chnh l phng thc mua li nhng cn thng lng, iu chnh
i n thng nht gia ngi mua v bn v hng ho, gi c, cch thc cung ng,
...trong trng hp tnh th mi trng thay i v nhng quyt nh mua bn ca cc bn
khng ph hp. Nu khng i n thng nht, c th phi chuyn ngun cung ng (ngi
cung ng ngoi - out-suppliers).
Mua mi l phng thc mua bt u to lp mi quan h vi ngun cung ng
mua trong trng hp doanh nghip mi bt u kinh doanh, hoc kinh doanh mt hng
mi, thay i cng ngh ch to sn phm, hoc khng trin khai c phng thc mua
c iu chnh, hoc xut hin ngun hng mi vi nhng ngh hp dn. Lc ny phi
xc nh li ngun hng, v cn thit phi nghin cu v phn tch la chn ngun hng.
5.1.3.2. Xc nh nh cung ng
Mi thng v c th phi xc nh nh cung ng ty thuc vo nhiu yu t. Nhng
cn c xc nh nh cung ng:
- Cn c vo phng thc mua: Trng hp mua li khng iu chnh hoc mua li
c iu chnh nhng 2 bn i n thng nht nhng vn trong mua th khng cn xc
nh nh cung ng. Trng hp mua mi hoc mua li c iu chnh nhng khng t
c tha thun gia cc bn th cn phi xc nh li nh cung ng.
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- Cn c vo danh sch xp loi nh cung ng: theo danh sch xp loi u tin
nghin cu chn nh cung ng thay th nh cung ng hin ti.
- Cn c kt qu nh gi nh cung ng sau nhng ln mua trc: Sau mi thng v
u c nh gi cc nh cung ng. Nhng nh cung ng khng t c nhng yu cu
ca doanh nghip th cn phi thay th, v do phi xc nh li nh cung ng.
- Cn c vo s xut hin nh cung ng mi hp dn: Trng hp ny cn phi tin
hnh nghin cu, nh gi nh cung ng mi mt cch cn thn.
5.1.3.3. t hng, k hp ng mua
t hng, k hp ng mua nhm to nn hnh thc php l ca quan h mua bn.
C th c 2 cch tin hnh:
Cch 1:
Cch ny thng p dng i vi phng thc mua li khng iu chnh hoc mua
li c iu chnh trong trng hp nh cung ng chp nhn nhng thay i ca bn mua.
Cch ny n gin theo , ngi mua ch vic lp n hng ri s dng cc phng tin
chuyn pht n hng cho bn mua (fax, email,)
Cch 2:
Cch ny thng p dng vi phng thc mua mi vi ngun hng mi, phng
thc mua li c iu chnh trong trng hp nh cung ng v bn mua cn gp nhau
thng lng, hoc trong trng hp thay th nh cung ng hin ti.
m phn t kt qu, cn tun th qui trnh hp l sau:
o Giai on chun b
o Giai on tip xc
o Giai on m phn
o Giai on kt thc m phn k kt hp ng cung ng
o Giai on rt kinh nghim
Nhng thng tin cn c trong n hng hoc hp ng mua bn:
o Tn v a ch ca cng ty t hng
o S, k m hiu ca n t hng
o Thi gian lp n t hng
o Tn v a ch ca nh cung cp
o Tn, cht lng, qui cch loi vt t cn mua
o S lng vt t cn mua
o Gi c
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Ngi mua lp n
hng
Giao dch bng cc
phng tin thng tin
Nh cung ng chp nhn
n hng/k hp ng
Ngi mua lp n hng
hoc d tho hp ng
Hai bn trc tip gp nhau
v m phn
Hai bn k thng nht n t
hng hoc k hp ng
o Thi gian, a im giao hng
o Thanh ton
o K tn
Mi iu khon trong n hng v hp ng phi tnh ton cn thn theo cch tip
cn phng n kinh doanh.
5.1.3.4. Nhp hng
L qu trnh thc hin n t hng, hp ng mua bn v a hng ho vo cc c
s Logistics (kho, ca hng bn l). Ni dung nhp hng bao gm giao nhn hng ho v
vn chuyn.
Giao nhn hng ho l qu trnh chuyn giao quyn s hu hng ho gia ngun
hng v doanh nghip. Qu trnh giao nhn c th ti kho ca nh cung ng hoc ti c s
logistics ca bn mua. Trong trng hp giao nhn ti kho ca nh cung ng, bn mua
phi chu trch nhim vn chuyn hng ho. Ni dung giao nhn hng ho bao gm tip
nhn s lng v cht lng hng ho, lm chng t nhp hng.
Nh cung ng thng chu trch nhim vn chuyn hng ho, bi n c th tit kim
c chi ph cho c ngi mua v bn. Nhng trong nhng trng hp nht nh, bn mua
phi t mnh vn chuyn hng ho (do c im hng ho phi c phng tin vn ti
chuyn dng, hoc nh cung ng khng c kh nng t chc vn chuyn hng ho ). Trong
trng hp ny, bn mua phi c phng n vn chuyn hp l m bo chi ph thp nht.
V mt tc nghip quan h kinh t, sau khi giao nhn l kt thc mt ln mua hng.
Nhng theo gc qun tr, sau khi giao nhn hng ho, cn phi tin hnh nh gi qu
trnh nghip v mua nhm cung cp thng tin iu chnh chu k mua sau t kt qu tt
hn.
5.1.3.5. nh gi sau mua
L vic o lng kt qu sau mua theo cc tiu chun, xc nh nguyn nhn ca
thng v khng p ng yu cu.
Cc tiu chun nh gi sau mua:
- Tiu chun l hng: Mc p ng yu cu mua v s lng, c cu, cht lng.
- Tiu chun hot ng: Gm thi gian thc hin n hng hoc hp ng, tnh chnh
xc ca thi gian v a im giao nhn
- Tiu chun chi ph: Mc tit kim chi ph trong qu trnh mua.
So snh kt qu thc hin vi cc tiu chun. Nu thc hin cha tt cc tiu chun
t ra, cn xc nh nguyn nhn c hnh ng thch hp. Nguyn nhn c th do bn
bn hoc mua.
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5.2. Qun tr kho
5.2.1. Khi nim, vai tr v chc nng kho
5.2.1.1. Khi nim v vai tr ca kho
Kho l loi hnh c s logistics thc hin vic d tr, bo qun v chun b hng
ho nhm cung ng hng ho cho khch hng vi trnh dch v cao nht v chi ph
thp nht.
Kho cha l b phn trc tip thc hin nhiu ni dung hot ng logistics ca doanh
nghip. Hot ng kho lin quan trc tip n vic t chc, bo qun hng ho d tr,
chun b l hng theo yu cu kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. Vi v tr nh vy, kho hng
ho c cc vai tr sau:
-m bo tnh lin tc ca qu trnh sn xut v phn phi hng ho: nhu cu tiu
dng c th bin thin theo ma v v c nhng dao ng kh lng. Cc ngun cung
cng lun c nhng din bin phc tp trong khi hot ng sn xut cn c duy tr lin
tc m bo cht lng n nh vi chi ph hp l, do vy lng d tr nht nh trong
kho gip doanh nghip c th i ph c vi nhng thay i bt thng ca iu kin
kinh doanh phng nga ri ro v iu ho sn xut.
-Gp phn gim chi ph sn xut, vn chuyn, phn phi: Nh c kho nn c th ch
ng to ra cc l hng vi quy m kinh t trong qu trnh sn xut v phn phi nh
m gim chi ph bnh qun trn n v. Hn na kho gp phn vo vic tit kim chi ph
lu thng thng qua vic qun l tt nh mc hao ht hng ho, s dng tit kim v hiu
qu c s vt cht ca kho.
-H tr qu trnh cung cp dch v khch hng ca doanh nghip thng qua vic
m bo hng ho sn sng v s lng, cht lng v trng thi l hng giao, gp phn
giao hng ng thi gian v a im.
-H tr vic thc hin qu trnh logistics ngc thng qua vic thu gom, x l, ti
s dng bao b, sn phm hng, sn phm tha
Trong iu kin hin nay cc doanh nghip cn c gng gim bt nhu cu v kho
bi khi c th. iu ny i hi phi nm vng mi lin h ca kho vi cc hot ng
logistics khc.
-Mi lin h gia kho vi vn chuyn: Nh c hai h thng kho u vo v u ra
ca qu trnh sn xut, doanh nghip c th tit kim c chi ph vn ti. Ngi ta c th
lp nhng kho thu gom, tng hp hng ha gn ngun cung cp, tit kim chi ph vn
chuyn vt t phc v u vo. C th, vt t t cc nh cung cp, vi tng l hng nh s
c vn chuyn bng phng tin vn ti nh n tp trung kho. Ti s tin hnh
gom thnh cc l ln, ri dng phng tin ln thch hp vn chuyn. Tng t, c
th xy dng nhng kho thnh phm gn th trng tiu th. Sn phm s c tp trung
cc kho, ti y chng c phn thnh nhng l hng ph hp vi yu cu ca khch
hng trn a bn kho c phn cng ph trch, ri c vn chuyn bng nhng phng
tin c trng ti thch hp n cho khch hng. Nh vy, nh b tr h thng kho hp l ta
c th tit kim c chi ph vn chuyn.
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-Mi lin h gia kho vi sn xut: Gia kho, chi ph qun l kho v chi ph sn xut
c mi lin h rt mt thit, i hi phi quan tm nghin cu tm ra li gii ti u. Nu
nghin cu k nhu cu th trng, bm st nhng thay i ca th trng, t chc sn xut
tng l hng nh, th s khng c hng tn kho. Nh chi ph qun l kho s gim,
nhng ngc li chi ph sn xut s tng, do phi thay i trang thit b cng cc yu t
u vo khc. Ni chung, chi ph sn xut 1n v sn phm lun t l nghch vi quy m
sn xut. Cha k n trng hp, hng khng p ng nhu cu ca khch hng, khch
s chuyn sang mua sn phm khc c tnh nng tng ng, mt khch l thit hi ln
nht i vi nh cung cp. Cn nu sn xut vi quy m qu ln th c th dn n tnh
trng hng khng bn ht, lng hng tn kho ln, quay vng vn chm, lm nh hng
n hiu qu kinh doanh ca n v.
-Mi quan h gia kho vi cc dch v khch hng: Nh c cc kho hng d tr mi
c th p ng kp thi c nhu cu ca khch. Con ngi khng th d bo ht c
nhng tn hung bt trc, chnh v vy, phc v khch hng tt nht th cn c h thng
kho lu tr hng ho.
-Mi lin h gia kho v tng chi ph logistics: Chi ph qun l kho v chi ph d tr
c mi quan h cht ch vi cc khon chi ph khc ca hot ng logistics, nn khng th
tu tin tng ln v ct gim. Cn xc nh s lng kho, b tr mng li kho sao cho
phc v khch hng c tt nht vi tng chi ph logistics thp nht.
5.2.1.2. Chc nng kho hng ho
Doanh nghip cn hoch nh cng tc mua hng vi s lng thch hp v s dng
nh kho nh 1 a im n dng gom, ghp, tch ng b, hon thin hng ho,
phc v tt nhu cu ca khch hng trn c s tit kim chi ph vn ti v cc dch v
khc. Kho bi hin i thng gi nhng chc nng sau:
- Gom hng: Khi hng ho/nguyn liu c nhp t nhiu ngun nh, l khc
nhau th kho ng vai tr l im tp kt hp nht thnh l hng ln, nh vy s c
c li th nh qui m khi tip tc vn chuyn ti nh my/th trng bng cc phng
tin y toa/xe/thuyn.
- Phi hp hng ho: p ng tt n hng gm nhiu mt hng a dng ca
khch hng, kho bi c nhim v tch l hng ln ra, phi hp v ghp nhiu loi hng ho
khc nhau thnh mt n hng hon chnh, m bo hng ho sn sng cho qu trnh bn
hng. Sau tng n hng s c vn chuyn bng cc phng tin nh ti khch hng.
- Bo qun v lu gi hng ho: m bo hng ho nguyn vn v s lng, cht
lng trong sut qu trnh tc nghip; tn dng ti a din tch v dung tch kho; chm sc
gi gn hng ho trong kho
5.2.2. H thng bo qun v cc loi kho hng ho
5.2.2.1. H thng bo qun
Bo qun hng ho l mt trong nhng chc nng c bn, trng yu trong t chc
hot ng kho ca doanh nghip. thc hin tt hot ng ca mnh mi loi hnh nh
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kho u duy tr mt h thng bo qun hng cn thit ph hp vi yu cu ca tng i
tng v mc tiu d tr. Mt h thng bo qun gm cc yu t chnh sau y:
- Qui trnh nghip v kho: c th hin ni dung v trnh t thc hin cc tc
nghip vi dng hng ho lu chuyn qua kho. Qui trnh c xy dng c tnh tng qut
v cn c c th ho mt cch chi tit trong qu trnh hot ng; tu thuc c im v
yu cu bo qun l hng, iu kin khng gian, thi gian hot ng ca kho, yu cu sn
xut kinh doanh c th ca doanh nghip v yu cu ca khch hng.
Ni dung v th t thc hin tc nghip phi xuyn sut t khi chun b nhp hng
cho n khi hng ho c giao xong cho i tng nhn hng. Vic xc nh ng, khoa
hc qui trnh nghip v kho c nh hng quyt nh n kt qu v hiu qu hot ng
ca kho; ng thi l cn c quan trng nht xc nh cc yu t khc tham gia h
thng bo qun.
- iu kin khng gian cng ngh kho: Cu trc nh kho v cc b phn din tch
trong kho. y l yu t quan trng m bo khng gian cho cc tc nghip trong kho din
ra mt cch bnh thng, lin tc v c hiu qu; ph hp vi qui trnh cng ngh kho, vi
qu trnh t chc lao ng trong kho v vic b tr cc trang thit b kho c xc nh.
Khng gian cng ngh kho phi m bo c cc b phn din tch chnh l: din
tch phc v hot ng giao nhn; din tch bo qun; din tch chun b hng; din tch
cho hot ng qun l v sinh hot. Cc b phn din tch ny khng ch v mt qui
m, m quan trng hn l vic qui hoch hp l, ph hp qui trnh cng ngh kho v dng
hng lu chuyn qua kho.
- Trang thit b cng ngh: y l yu t v cng c v phng tin lao ng, c
lin quan n yu cu v m bo hng ho, t chc lao ng, thc hin cc tc nghip vi
hng ho trong kho v phng tin vn ti khi thc hin vic giao nhn hng ho.
m bo trang thit b cng ngh kho c ngha quan trng trong vic nng cao
nng sut lao ng, tng cng mc c gii ho, gim thiu hao ht hng ho v ng
b vi vic xy dng cc loi hnh kho hin i, p dng cc cng ngh kho tin tin.
- T chc lao ng trong kho: lin quan n vic phn cng cc loi lao ng trong
kho theo chc trch nhim v, gn vi qu trnh hot ng ca kho; xy dng ni qui- qui
ch hot ng kho gn vi cc i tng c lin quan (nhn vin kho, cc i tng giao
dch trong ni b v bn ngoi doanh nghip..),; xy dng ch bo qun theo l hng;
xy dng nh mc cng tc, trong nhn mnh xy dng v qun l nh mc hao ht
hng ho theo cc khu ca qui trnh nghip v kho.
- H thng thng tin v qun l kho: y l mt yu t rt quan trng, nhm m
bo s phi hp hot ng gia cc b phn khc vi b phn kho v qun l hot ng
ca kho. H thng ny bao gm cc loi th kho ( theo di vic nhp- xut hng, qun l
tn kho), cc h s v nh cung cp (hng ho, dch v vn ti), h s khch hng, h s
hng ho, h s n t hng, cc loi bo co..Trong iu kin ng dng cng ngh thng
tin nh hin nay, cc loi ti liu ny cn c x l bng cc chng trnh phn mm
chuyn dng thun li cho vic cp nht, x l, lu tr, tra cu v cung cp thng tin.
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5.2.2.2. Cc loi hnh kho bi
C nhiu loi hnh kho khc nhau c s dng kh linh hot p ng cc mc
tiu d tr c th.
5.2.2.2.1. Phn loi theo i tng phc v
-Kho nh hng th trng: Kho p ng yu cu ca khch hng trn th trng
mc tiu. Loi hnh kho ny cn c gi l kho phn phi hay kho cung ng. Kho ny c
chc nng ch yu l dch v khch hng: tng hp cc l hng v cung ng tho mn cc
nhu cu ca khch hng. V mt a l, kho gn khch hng tp trung vn chuyn l
hng ln, c ly di t nh my kt hp cung ng l hng nh t kho cho khch hng. Phm
v hot ng ca kho c cn c vo yu cu tc cung ng, qui m n hng trung
bnh, chi ph/n v cung ng.
-Kho nh hng ngun hng: Kho c v tr cc khu vc sn xut, p ng cc yu
cu cung cp nguyn liu, ph tng, v cc yu t u vo khc ca cc nh sn xut v do
chc nng ch yu l thu nhn v tp trung vn chuyn, tip tc qu trnh sn xut v
d tr thi v.
5.2.2.2.2. Phn loi theo quyn s hu
-Kho ring (private warehouse): thuc quyn s hu v s dng ca ring tng
doanh nghip (thng mi ) c quyn s hu hng ho d tr v bo qun ti kho. Loi
hnh kho ny thch hp vi nhng doanh nghip c kh nng v ngun lc ti chnh, ng
thi cc loi hnh kho khc khng p ng yu cu d tr, bo qun hng v cung ng ho
ca doanh nghip (v tr qu xa, iu kin thit k v thit b khng ph hp).
Li ch ch yu ca kho ring l kh nng kim sot, tnh linh hot nghip v, v cc
li ch v hnh khc. Tuy nhin nu dng kho ring th chi ph h thng logistics s tng, v
tnh linh hot v v tr s c th khng t im ti u khi doanh nghip m rng th
trng mc tiu.
-Kho cng cng (public warehouse): Khc vi kho dng ring, kho cng cng hot
ng nh mt n v kinh doanh c lp cung cp mt lot cc dch v nh d tr, bo
qun, v vn chuyn trn c s tin th lao c nh hoc bin i. Kho cng cng cung cp
cc dch v tiu chun cho mi khch hng.
Kho cng cng em li li ch linh hot v ti chnh v li ch kinh t. Chng c qui
m nghip v v trnh qun tr chuyn mn rng ln hn, bi l kho l n v kinh
doanh c bn. Theo quan im ti chnh, kho cng cng c th c chi ph bin i thp hn
kho dng ring. Chi ph ny thp hn c th l do tnh kinh t nh qui m, nng sut cao
hn. Kho cng cng cng c chi ph vn thp hn. Nu nh hiu lc qun tr c iu
chnh ph hp vi li nhun trn u t (ROI) th vic s dng kho cng cng c th tng
ng k li nhun ca doanh nghip. Kho cng cng c th cung cp tnh linh hot do d
thay i v tr, qui m, v s lng kho, cho php doanh nghip p ng nhanh vi ngun
hng, khch hng, v nhu cu thi v. Do kho cng cng d tr v bo qun hng ho cho
mi khch hng nn c qui m rt ln v do em li li th kinh t nh qui m. Kh
nng cung cp nhiu dch v cng lc.
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5.2.2.2.3. Phn theo iu kin thit k, thit b
-Kho thng thng: C c im thit k, kin trc xy dng v thit b thc hin
qu trnh cng ngh trong iu kin bnh thng.
-Kho c bit: C c im thit k - kin trc xy dng v thit b ring bit bo
qun nhng hng ho ch bit do tnh cht thng phm v yu cu ca qu trnh vn
ng hng ho (kho lnh, kho ng vt sng)
5.2.2.2.4. Phn theo c im kin trc
-Kho kn: C kh nng to mi trng bo qun kn; ch ng duy tr ch bo
qun, t chu nh hng ca cc thng s mi trng bn ngoi.
-Kho na kn: Ch c th che ma, nng cho hng ho, khng c cc kt cu (tng)
ngn cch vi mi trng ngoi kho.
-Kho l thin (bi cha hng): Ch l cc bi tp trung d tr nhng hng ho t hoc
khng b nh hng bi nhng thay i ca kh hu, thi tit.
5.2.2.2.5. Phn theo mt hng bo qun
-Kho tng hp: C trnh tp trung ho v chuyn mn ho cao. Kho bo qun
nhiu loi hng ho theo cc khu kho v nh kho chuyn mn ho.
-Kho chuyn nghip: Chuyn bo qun mt nhm hng/loi hng nht nh.
-Kho hn hp: C trnh tp trung ho v chuyn mn ho thp nht. Kho bo
qun nhiu loi hng ho trong mt khu kho hoc nh kho.
5.2.3. Cc quyt nh c bn ca qun tr kho v qu trnh nghip v kho
5.2.3.1. Cc quyt nh qun tr kho:
Qun tr kho bao gm mt s quyt nh quan trng th hin trong Hnh 5.3
5.2.3.1.1. Quyt nh v mc s hu
L quyt nh ca doanh nghip t u t xy v khai thc kho ring hay thu khng
gian cha hng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh? Cn c a ra quyt nh ln ny
gm c:
-Cn i gia nng lc ti chnh v chi ph kho: kho ring cn phi c u t ban
u ln v t ai, thit k/xy dng v trang thit b (bt ng sn), bi vy doanh nghip
c qui m ln, nhu cu th trng n nh, lu chuyn hng ho qua kho cao th thng
mi tnh n vic u t cho kho ring.
-Cn i gia tnh linh hot v kh nng kim sot: u im ni tri ca kho cng
cng l tnh linh hot v v tr/qui m vi nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau tuy nhin khi
nhu cu thi v tng t bin th kho cng cng c th khng p ng c nhu cu thu
cha hng ca doanh nghip.
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Hnh 5.3. Cc quyt nh c bn trong qun tr kho
5.2.3.1.2. Quyt nh v mc tp trung
Doanh nghip cn quyt nh s s dng bao nhiu kho? t kho vi qui m ln hay
nhiu kho vi qui m nh? a im kho khu vc no: gn th trng/gn ngun hng?
v.v. l cc quyt nh lin quan cht ch vi nhau v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc
nhau:
Th trng mc tiu
Qu trnh pht trin th trng ca doanh nghip: tng s im nhu cu, tng qui
m v c cu nhu cu
Tng trng qui m v c cu nhu cu trn th trng mc tiu
Nhu cu v dch v logistics ca KH: mt hng, thi gian, a im,....
Ngun hng
S lng v qui m v c cu ngun hng cung ng cho th trng
V tr phn b ngun hng c v a im v khong cch
iu kin giao thng vn ti
Mng li cc con ng giao thng
H tng c s k thut ca cc im dng : bn cng, sn bay, ga tu
S pht trin cc loi phng tin vn ti
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S hu
Kho ring Kho cng cng
S lng kho?
Tp trung
Qui m kho?
V tr kho?
B tr khng gian nh kho
Sn phm g?
u?
Phn tn
Chun b vn chuyn
ng gi
Dn nhn
Xp theo th t

Cc ph vn chuyn: Phi xem xt xu hng chuyn dch chi ph vn ti khi xc
nh a im phn b gia ngun v th trng. Nu xu hng gim th nn t v tr phn
b ngay khu vc nhu cu th trng.
5.2.3.1.3. B tr khng gian trong kho
Cho d l kho ring hay kho i thu, vic b tr khng gian v thit k mt bng kho
nh hng rt ln n hiu qu v hiu sut ca qu trnh tc nghip trong kho. Thit k v
qui hoch mt bng kho cn cn c vo nhng yu t sau:
- Nhu cu v hng ho lu tr v trung chuyn qua kho (hin ti v tng lai)
- Khi lng/th tch hng ho v thi gian lu hng trong kho
- B tr din tch cc khu vc dnh cho cc tc nghip nh nhn hng, giao
hng, tp hp n hng, d tr di ngy/ngn ngy, vn phng, ch cho bao b v ng i
cho phng tin/thit b kho
Kho hng ho phi c thit k sao cho m bo p ng nhanh qu trnh mua bn
hng ho qua kho, phi hp l ho vic phn b d tr trong kho v m bo cht lng
hng ho.V vy, cn lu n nhng nguyn tc thit k v qui hoch mt bng kho
hng ho nh sau: (1) S dng hiu qu mt bng kho; (2) S dng ti a cao ca kho;
(3) S dng hiu qu thit b bc d, cht xp; (4) Di chuyn hng ho theo ng thng
nhm ti thiu ho khong cch vn ng ca sn phm d tr.
5.2.3.2. Nghip v kho
Nghip v kho l h thng cc mt cng tc c thc hin i vi hng ho trong
qu trnh vn ng qua kho nhm p ng cho qu trnh trao i hng ho qua kho vi chi
ph thp nht.
Tu thuc vo sn phm, vt t, hng ha bo qun v loi hnh kho m qu trnh
nghip v kho khc nhau. Tuy nhin bt k qu trnh nghip v kho no cng phi tri qua
3 cng on: Nhp hng; tc nghip kho; v giao hng.
S tng qut qu trnh nghip v kho c th hin biu hnh 5.4.
5.2.3.2.1. Nghip v tip nhn hng.
Tip nhn l cng on trung gian gia qu trnh nghip v mua hng, nghip v vn
chuyn, v nghip v kho. Do , tip nhn th hin mi quan h kinh t - php l gia
cc n v kinh t: ngun hng, nh cung cp dch v vn chuyn, v doanh nghip thng
mi. Chnh v vy, tip nhn phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
-Xc nh trch nhim vt cht c th gia n v cung ng v ngi nhn hng:
y l xc nh r trch nhim vt cht trong vic thc hin cc cam kt kinh t - php l
gia ngi bn (ngun hng) v ngi mua (doanh nghip), v n v vn chuyn hng
ho c k kt trong hp ng mua-bn v hp ng vn chuyn hng ho.
-Kim tra vic thc hin k hoch nhp hng ca doanh nghip, kim tra vic thc
hin hp ng mua bn v vn chuyn gia cc bn: Thng qua tip nhn hng, c th tp
hp c thng tin v mua hng v vn chuyn hng, do phi tin hnh hch ton
nghip v nhp hng kho chi tit v c th.
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Chun b vn chuyn
ng gi
Dn nhn
Xp theo th t

-m bo tip nhn kp thi, nhanh chng v chnh xc: Yu cu ny nhm tit kim
thi gian hng ho dng li cng on tip nhn, do gii phng nhanh phng tin
vn ti, nhanh chng a hng ho vo ni bo qun. Tnh kp thi v nhanh chng khng
c lm nh hng n tnh chnh xc trong vic kim tra s lng v cht lng hng
ho.
Hnh 5.3: Qu trnh nghip v kho
5.2.3.2.2. Qu trnh tc nghip trong kho
y l cng on c bn v phc tp nht, quyt nh cht lng cng tc kho, thc
hin tt chc nng ca kho hng ho; yu cu vi qu trnh nghip v kho :
- Phi gi gn tt s lng v cht lng hng ho bo qun kho, phn u gim
n mc thp nht hao ht hng ho kho;
- Tn dng din tch v dung tch kho, nng cao nng sut cc loi thit b v lao
ng kho;
Qu trnh tc nghip kho bao gm 4 ni dung: Phn b v cht xp hng ho kho;
Chm sc v gi gn hng ho; Tp hp n hng v chun b giao hng
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NHP HNG
Tip nhn xe theo lch
D hng
Kim tra s lng/cht lng
So snh vi chng t
PHT HNG
Xp lch chy xe
Cht hng ln xe
Vn n
Cp nht thng tin
U RA
U VO
QU TRNH TC NGHIP TRONG KHO
Cht xp hng
Tm sn phm
Tm v tr ct gi
Di chuyn sn phm
Cp nht thng tin
Bo qun
Thit b
Nhit / m
V sinh/ phng chy
Qun l hao ht
Thi gian lu gi
Kch thc/ hnh khi
Chun b vn chuyn
ng gi
Dn nhn
Xp theo th t

Tp hp n hng
Thng tin
Nht hng
Ghp hng theo n
Cht xp hng vo v tr
Phn b v cht xp hng ho hp l kho s m bo thun tin cho vic bo qun
hng ho, tip nhn v pht hng, ng thi tn dng tt nht din tch v dung tch kho
hng ho.
- Nguyn tc ca phn b v cht xp hng ho: Phi theo khu vc v theo loi
hng, trnh nh hng c hi ln nhau gia cc loi hng ho v mi trng bo qun v
b tr ln cn nhng hng ho c lin quan vi nhau trong tiu dng; m bo trt t v v
sinh- d tm, d thy, d ly, d kim k hng ho; m bo m quan cho kho hng ho.
C ngha nhng hng ho ging nhau v iu kin v k thut bo qun th c th
bo qun trong cng mt khu vc kho; tuy nhin, i vi nhiu loi hng ho do c tnh
thng phm m nh hng c hi ln nhau tuy rng c cng iu kin bo qun, th cn
phi cch ly nhau nh ch, thuc l,. .
- Yu cu chung trong phn b v cht xp: m bo thun tin cho vic tin hnh
cc nghip v kho; m bo an ton cho con ngi, hng ho v phng tin; bo m tit
kim sc lao ng, gim chi ph, khng ngng nng cao nng sut lao ng, tn dng sc
cha ca kho, cng sut thit b.
- Xc nh v tr phn b hng ho: V tr phn b hng ho bo qun thng c
xc nh tu thuc vo 3 yu t: thi gian lu gi trong kho, kch thc v hnh khi ca
hng ha. Nhng hng ho c lin quan trong tiu dng thng c pht trong cng mt
l hng, cho nn thun tin cho pht hng, cn c b tr gn nhau.
Bo qun, chm sc hng ha
Hng ho trong thi gian bo qun ti kho, di nh hng ca cc yu t bn ngoi
c th b suy gim s lng v cht lng. to nn iu kin thch hp bo qun hng
ho, pht hin hng ho b gim st cht lng, phng mt mt, phi s dng mt h
thng cc mt cng tc: Qun l nhit , m (thng gi, ht m); v sinh, st trng
kho; phng chy, cha chy, phng gian bo mt; gim st cht lng hng ho. Bn cnh
, phi m bo sao cho hao ht mc thp nht.
Tng hp l hng
Tng hp l hng l qu trnh bin i hnh thc hng ho v hnh thnh l hng theo
yu cu n hng. Vic bin i hng ho l cn thit, v hng ho nhp kho l theo yu
cu ca kho v doanh nghip c ghi trong hp ng mua bn, cn hng ho giao t
kho l theo yu cu ca khch hng. Qu trnh bao gm:
- kim tra thng tin v n t hng v d tr hin c trong kho
- chn v ly hng ra khi ni bo qun
- bin i mt hng theo yu cu
- tng hp l hng theo a ch khch hng
Chun b gi hng
Sau khi tp hp cc n hng theo ng yu cu ca khch, tc nghip tip
theo l chun b sn sng cho vic vn chuyn, bao gm cc thao tc:
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- ng gi
- dn nhn
- xp theo th t vo ca pht hng
5.2.3.2.3. Pht hng
Pht hng l cng on nghip v cui cng th hin cht lng ca ton b qu trnh
nghip v kho hng ho. Pht hng bao gm cc thao tc nghip v chuyn giao hng
ho cho cc i tng nhn hng, l nhng thao tc sau:
- Xp lch chy xe theo th t u tin v mc cp bch v thi hn thc hin
n hng
- Cht xp hng ho ln phng tin vn ti;
- Kim tra chng t, ho n thanh ton v lnh xut kho; lm chng t giao hng;
lm giy php vn chuyn.
- Kim tra, theo di tnh hnh giao hng v bn bun hng ho t kho, bin ng
ca d tr, m s theo di hng xut, khi xut cc l hng, phi ghi chp cn thn vo th
kho kim tra bin ng ca d tr hng ho nhm b sung kp thi.
5.3. Bao b v dng Logistics ngc
5.3.1. Chc nng v cc yu cu i vi bao b
5.3.1.1. Khi nim v chc nng ca bao b
Bao b l phng tin i theo hng bo qun, bo v, vn chuyn v gii thiu
hng ho t sn xut n khi tiu th . Bao b hng ho c nhng chc nng sau:
-Chc nng marketing (bao b tiu dng/bao b bn trong): C vai tr chnh l thc
y qu trnh bn hng, m bo truyn tin marketing cho khch hng v hng ho v v
doanh nghip.
i vi hng tiu dng, bao b l mi gii gia ngi kinh doanh v ngi tiu dng.
Bao b l hnh nh ring v sn phm gip cho ngi tiu dng d nhn bit, la chn
trong v s loi hng ha c gi tr s dng ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau. Trong mt
chng mc nht nh, hnh nh ca sn phm trong tm tr ngi tiu dng l do s hp
dn ca bao b, l hnh thc bn ngoi ngi ta nh gi sn phm.
Trn b mt bao b, ngi ta dng cc k m hiu, dng cc bng lit k ch tiu v
thnh phn chnh ca sn phm, tn sn phm, tn ngi sn xut, v.v bng ch vit v
mu sc d nhn bit. Thng qua cc hnh thc trang tr trn bao b, ngi ta hng dn
ngi mua, ngi s dng, ngi bo qun v cch thc bo v sn phm khi h hng,
cc tho m bao b, v lp t sn phm.
Ngy nay, xut hin nhiu hnh thc bn hng tin tin nh t phc v, t chn, bn
hng qua catalog, theo mu, qua mng internet, v.v. Cc hnh thc bn hng ny gip
khch hng c iu kin tip cn vi hng ho nhiu hn, k hn, tho mn cao hn yu
cu la chn hng ho. V chnh lc ny, bao b ng vai tr ngi bn hng thm
lng khng ln ting, nhng bng mt lot ngn ng gy biu cm v mu sc, phong
cch, hnh dng ... thu ht khch hng.
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-Chc nng logistics (bao b cng nghip/bao b bn ngoi): Bao b gn lin vi ton
b qu trnh logistics trong h thng knh phn phi v trong h thng logistics doanh
nghip. Bao b h tr cho qu trnh mua, bn, vn chuyn v d tr, bo qun sn phm,
nguyn liu, hng ho.
Bao b xut hin trc tin v dng c bn nht vi t cch l vt cha ng,
bc gi hng ho ng gi bn trong chng h hng mt mt. V vy, chc nng bo qun,
bo v hng ho ca bao b l chc nng quan trng u tin vn gi nguyn ngha v gi
tr ca n.
Khi hng ho i t sn xut n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng, chng chu tc ng
ca nhiu nhn t khc nhau v hng lot s bt li c th xy ra cho hng ho trong qu
trnh bc d, chuyn ch, qu trnh lu kho lu bi, v.v. Nhng s c c th l tt yu
khch quan do bin ng c tnh cht quy lut ca kh hu mi trng (nhit , m,
bc x mt tri, nhim mi trng) hoc do nhng c trng vn hnh ca cc
phng tin vn ti (rung, lc, git, nn, ko, xc, ..). Nhng cng khng t s c do hnh
vi con ngi thiu thc hoc thiu thn trng gy ra. Vi vai tr bo v, bao b hn ch
ti a cc tc ng bt li t mi trng vo hng ho v ngc li.
5.3.1.2. Cc yu cu i vi bao b
Tu thuc vo tnh cht ca hng ho v qu trnh vn ng ca chng m c rt
nhiu loi bao b khc nhau. Nhng thc hin chc nng logistics ca mnh, bao b hng
ho phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
-Gi gn nguyn vn v s lng v cht lng sn phm: y l yu cu c bn i
vi bao b. Bao b gip trnh ri vi, mt mt, trnh nhng nh hng c hi trc tip n
sn phm nh va p, nn, p; trnh c nhng nh hng c hi ca mi trng nh
ma nng, nng, bi bn, kh c, v.v.
-To iu kin thun li cho vic xp d, vn chuyn, bo qun, tiu dng sn
phm, gp phn nng cao nng sut lao ng: Vic xp d, vn chuyn hng ho ( c
bao gi bng bao b thng thng v bao b vn chuyn) tin hn rt nhiu so vi khi xp
d v vn chuyn tng sn phm hoc tng chi tit sn phm ring bit. Hng ho c bao
b ph hp vi phng tin vn chuyn s to iu kin thun li cho vic chn lt v s
dng ti a trng ti ca phng tin vn chuyn. ng thi cho php vic cn, o, m,
kim nhn, xp d, x dch d dng hn, c bit i vi nhng loi hng ho c nhiu quy
cch c loi, nhng loi hng ri, nhng mt hng c trng lng nh nhng s lng n
v nhiu.
-To iu kin s dng trit din tch v dung tch nh kho: Nh c bao b
c tiu chun ho hp l, nhiu loi hng ho c cht xp thnh chng, thnh hng
cao, cho php s dng hp l din tch v dung tch kho, cng nh dung tch ca phng
tin vn ti. Trong vic cht xp trn cc gi, bc, sn kho, hng c ng gi s rt
thun tin cho vic xp chng ln nhau. Vic cht xp ph thuc vo cng ca bn thn
bao b, chu ti ca nn kho, v ph thuc ng k v phng php v phng tin cht
xp.
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-To iu kin m bo an ton lao ng, v bo v sc kho cho nhn vin lm
cng tc giao nhn, vn chuyn, xp d, bo qun: Bao b va cch ly c tnh cht c
hi ca sn phm m n bao gi, va trnh c bi bn, va phng c cc tai nn
xy ra trong khi lao ng.
-m bo chi ph hp l: chi ph thit k v sn xut bao b hp l, tng ng vi gi
tr hng ho s to iu kin gim gi hng ho bn ra. Do , cn ci tin cng ngh
sn xut, vt liu ch to, thit b sn xut, v s dng bao b hp l..
5.3.2. Tiu chun ho bao b
5.3.2.1. Khi nim v ni dung tiu chun ha bao b:
Sn xut bao b c pht trin mt cch nhanh chng v mnh m i hi cn c
mt chnh sch k thut thng nht iu chnh s lng bao b c sn xut ra. Thc
t cho thy, s a dng ca bao b gy nhiu phc tp cho qu trnh sn xut v lu
thng bao b. ng thi s khc nhau ng k v kch thc bao b khng cho php tn
dng dung tch vn ti v nh kho, gim tn s quay vng bao b. Ngi ta khc phc
nhc im ny bng cch phn loi mt cch hp l v khoa hc thng nht ho bao b
v phng php ng gi.
Tiu chun ho bao b l s quy nh thng nht v cc yu cu v cc ch tiu kinh
t-k thut i vi cc loi bao b nhm bo m gi gn tt sn phm c bao gi v
to iu kin thng nht trong sn xut, lu thng, s dng, cng nh tit kim nguyn vt
liu bao b.
Ni dung ch yu ca tiu chun ho bao b:
- Yu cu v hnh dng v kch thc bao b
- Yu cu v ch tiu v cc thng s k thut
- Yu cu v ghi nhn, bao gi, vn chuyn, v phng php th nghim
in hnh l nhng quy nh thng nht cc tiu chun v mm ti v thng ti.
Mm ti
*
(pallet) c cu to thng thng bng g (nay c mm ti lm bng
nha cng). Cc thanh g/nha c bn cao c ghp nh hnh vi nhau thnh cc bn
theo kt cu quy nh, vi kch thc ph bin l 1200x1600mm v 1200x800mm. Kch
thc ny tu thuc vo loi phng tin vn ti.
- Vn ti ng bin: mm ti c kch thc 1600x1200x80mm. Trng lng c
b l 1,5 tn ti trng ti a l 2 T. Trng lng bn thm mm ti khong 70-80 kg.
- Vn ti ng st: mm ti c kch thc 1200x800x150mm. Trng ti bn thn
23-25 kg c coi l hp l nht.
u tin, phng tin ch yu ng kin hng vn chuyn c bao b l p dng
h thng mm ti phng. V sau, tu thuc vo tnh cht hng ho, mm ti c sn xut
theo kiu c thanh chng, thm cung ni, hp, .. khi lng kin hng t 0,1 n 2 tn, tu
theo khi lng th tch hng ho.
*
Malcomlm McLean, ngi sng lp tp on vn ti SeaLand, c coi l ngi u tin pht minh ra mm ti v
thng ti, rt thnh cng trong vic thng mi ho s dng thng ti vo nhng nm 1950, New Jersey (M).
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Hng ho c ghp thnh kin mt cch cht ch trn mm ti, sau dng xe nng
hng hoc cn cu kp mm ti xp vo khoang tu hoc cc toa xe chuyn ch. Cc mm
ti thc hin chc nng ch yu l chuyn tr hng ho. Sau khi d hng, cc mm ti li
c chuyn tr v ni cung ng theo hnh trnh ngc.
ng kin hng vn chuyn to nn s thay i ng k trong ng gi hng ho
v i hi phi thng nht ho kch thc bao b. hn ch lao ng th cng trong giai
on hnh thnh kin hng, ngi ta nghin cu v s dng my to hnh kin hng. H
thng ng kin x l hng vn chuyn l gii php cng ngh gy chn ng cho
mi ngnh cng nghip, vn ti, nng nghip v thng mi. H thng ny bt u pht
trin t nhng nm 1950 v a n nhng thay i ln lao trong cng ngh vn ti, di
chuyn hng ho, v trong b tr cc kho hng.
Thng ti (Cngten = container) l cc loi thng cha hng c bit, c kch
thc c tiu chun ho ( di 20ft = 6,1m; 40ft = 12,2m v 45ft = 13,7m), c kt cu
bn chc c th sp xp tin li v vng vng trn cc tu cngten, toa xe la hay xe
ti chuyn dng v cho php s dng nhiu ln.
Thng ti c nhiu loi: loi c nh, loi khng c nh, loi cng, loi mm, loi
bng g khung kim loi, loi bng kim loi, cht do,C th phn loi thng ti chuyn
dng v thng ti dng chung. Loi dng chung c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Kt
cu thng ti c thm nhng ph kin cn thit tin cho xp d hng ha. Sc cha
cngten (ca tu, cng, v.v.) c o theo TEU
*
. TEU l n v o ca hng ho tng
ng vi mt cngten tiu chun 20ft(di)x8ft(rng)x8ft(cao).
H s cht xp hng ha vo thng ti t nht l 80% mi c coi l xp y hng.
Vn chuyn trong thng ti tuy c nhiu u im, nhng cng c nhng hn ch nht nh
do vn u t ln, ti trng ca thng ti ln lm tng h s bao b, v trong nhiu trng
hp, phi tn km nhiu chi ph vn chuyn thng ti hon tr.
Qu trnh thng nht ho v tiu chun ho bao b khng ch bao gm nhng kiu bao
b c y vung gc, m cn c nhng kiu bao b khc (dng trn). Module xut pht
thng nht ho bao b loi ny cng l 1200x800mm.
5.3.2.2. Tc dng ca tiu chun ho bao b
Thng nht ho v tiu chun ho bao b pht huy c tc dng to ln cc nc
cng nghip pht trin, v ngy cng m rng n nhiu nc, nhiu khu vc, v c tm
quan trng ngy cng cao trong giao dch kinh doanh quc t.
- To iu kin sn xut hng lot, nng cao nng sut lao ng, h gi thnh:
vic tiu chun ho hnh dng, kch thc, v cc ch tiu k thut lm d dng chuyn
mn ho v c gii ho sn xut v lu chuyn bao b
- Gim bt v n gin ho cc thao tc trung gian trong qu trnh vn chuyn
(kim nhn, giao hng); Rt ngn thi gian chuyn ti; Gii phng nhanh phng tin vn
ti (do cng vic bc d, cht xp nng nhc v tn thi gian c c gii ho); Hng
ho c a t ca ti ca rt thun tin, gp phn nng cao nng sut lao ng trong
*
twenty-foot equivalent units
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khu bc xp, vn chuyn, bo qun v ng gi hng ho (Hng vn chuyn trong thng
ti c th gim chi ph lao ng t 8-10 ln. Thi gian xp d khi s dng thng ti gim
t 5-7 ln, trn mm ti gim t 3-4 ln so vi xp d tng bao kin ring l)
- m bo an ton hng ho, trnh v, hao ht, xo trn, mt cp... trong qu
trnh giao nhn, vn chuyn nh c v bc bn chc ca cngten; tranh chp khiu
ni do tn tht hng ho gim bt; Tit kim chi ph bao b; Tn dng c dung tch ca
phng tin do gim c nhng khong trng.
- L iu kin quan trng chuyn mn ho dng c tho m bao b: vi hnh
dng, kt cu trng ti xc nh, d dng n nh cc thng s k thut cho cc my mc
thit b ng m bao b, hn ch c h hng.
5.3.3. Qu trnh nghip v bao b
5.3.3.1. Tip nhn bao b
Bao gm cc cng tc nhm kim tra v nh gi tnh trng s lng v cht lng
bao b.Trong trng hp s dng bao b ng gi hng ho, th vic tip nhn bao b
c tin hnh ring nh tip nhn mt loi hng ho, cn trong trng hp bao b gn
lin vi hng ho th vic tip nhn bao b nm trong ni dung tip nhn hng ho kho
hay ca hng.
Tip nhn bao b cng bao gm: tip nhn s lng v tip nhn cht lng. Yu cu
khi tip nhn phi xc nh trch nhim vt cht ca cc bn trong vic chuyn giao bao b
cn c vo cc vn bn php l nh cc tiu chun v bao b, qui nh v tip nhn hng
ho, bao b,... vo cc cam kt trong hp ng kinh t hoc n t hng. Trong trng
hp bao b khng m bo s lng v cht lng, phi lp bin bn nhm qui trch nhim
vt cht r rng.
5.3.3.2. M v bo qun bao b
Bao gm cc cng tc tho d hng ho ra khi bao b v gi gn s lng v cht
lng bao b trong sau khi m bao b.
Yu cu: m bo gi gn tt bao b trong qu trnh tho d hng ho v bo qun,
tn dng din tch v th tch khu vc bo qun.
Nguyn tc ca m bao b: theo ng qui trnh, ng k thut v dng c. Do i
vi mi loi bao b cn xy dng qui trnh, qui phm m bao b thch hp.
Ni dung ca bo qun bao b:
- V sinh v phn loi bao b theo quyn s hu v mc cht lng thun
tin cho vic x l bao b v bo qun bao b;
- Phn b v cht xp bao b m bo tn dng din tch v dung tch ni bo
qun, thun tin cho vic chm sc, gi gn bao b;
- m bo cc iu kin gi gn tt bao b: trnh ma nng, chng cc hin tng
s dng bao b khng ng mc ch.
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5.3.3.3. Hon tr v tiu th bao b qua s dng
Bao gm cc cng tc nhm hon tr bao b s dng nhiu ln cho ch s hu v tiu
th bao b theo cc hnh thc xc nh.
S dng li bao b v tn dng vt liu bao b qua s dng c ngha ln i vi
nn kinh t v i vi bn thn cc doanh nghip, c th: tit kim ngun ti nguyn, lao
ng v cc chi ph ch to bao b.
Yu cu: Hon tr bao b cho ch s hu theo ng ch v cam kt gia cc bn,
tn thu v tiu th nhng bao b qua s dng vi chi ph thp nht.
- Hon tr: Nhng bao b dng nhiu ln, l ti sn ca bn ch hng hoc bn cho
thu mn bao b phi tin hnh hon tr li theo cam kt php l.
- Tiu th: Bn cc loi bao b hoc vt liu bao b qua s dng cho cc n v
sn xut hng ho hoc sn xut bao b s dng li hoc dng lm vt liu ch to bao
b
5.3.4. Dng logistics ngc
Hot ng logistics gn lin vi s vn ng ca cc dng cung ng vt cht, cc
dng ny phn ln u bt u t sn xut i ti tiu dng. Qun tr logistics trong chui
cung cp l m bo cho qu trnh vn ng ny lin tc v hiu qu, v vy dng
logistics thun chiu cng c nhn theo chiu ca dng cc sn phm t sn xut n
tiu dng.( From downstreams to upstreams)
Trong thc t, nhiu khu ca qu trnh logistics thun c th xut hin nhng sn
phm khng t yu cu cn phi hon tr li, nhng sn phm h hng, khim khuyt, i
hi phi ti ch, bao b dn nhn li, sn phm lc mt, li thi khng tiu thu c ( dead
stocks), hoc dng kh hi ca mt s loi bao b vn chuyn. T dn n yu cu phi
t chc cc hot ng a cc i tng ny v cc im sa cha, ti ch, thu hi, ti
s dng.. pht sinh mt lot cc hot ng logistics ngc (reverse logistics) h tr
dng vn ng ngc ny. Xem hnh 5.5.
Logistics ngc l qu trnh thu hi cc ph phm, ph liu, ph phm, cc yu t
nh hng n mi trng pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut, phn phi v tiu dng tr v
ti ch hoc x l bng cc gii php ph hp.
V nguyn tc, t hiu qu trong qun tr dng logistics thun cc cng ty cn kt
hp thc hin cc hot ng logistics ngc ny nhm tit kim chi ph v to s thng
sut cho dng thun.
Th d: Vi cc cng ty kinh doanh nc gii kht s dng loi v chai thy tinh c
s ln ti s dng ln n 7 ln th vic thu hi v chai a vo cc vng chu chuyn k
tip nh hng rt ln n khng ch chi ph bao b v sn phm m cn tc ng trc tip
n qu trnh thc hin cc n hng cung cp. iu ny i hi nh sn xut cn t chc
rt hp l qu trnh thu hi bao b tham gia kp thi, bo m phi hp nhp nhng vi
cc chu trnh sn xut.
Tuy nhin cc loi sn phm t h hng, c nng lc cnh tranh cao, t li thi, khng
s dng bao b ti s dng.. li khng i hi qu nhiu v hot ng ny. Cc doanh
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nghip loi ny c th ph thc cho mt s cng ty chuyn lm cng tc logistics ngc
thc hin tp trung cho hot ng chnh yu ca mnh.
Ghi ch: Dng logistics thun
Dng logistics ngc
Hnh 5.4: M t cc v tr xut hin dng logistics ngc
5.4. H thng thng tin Logistics
5.4.1. Khi nim, m hnh h thng thng tin logistics
Nghin cu cc hot ng logistics trong nhng chng trc cho thy vai tr ca
thng tin v qun tr thng tin logistics vi mc tiu rt ngn thi gian, nng cao cht
lng cho chui cc hot ng logistics. Thng tin trong qun tr logistics l cht kt dnh
cc hot ng logistics trong cc n lc hp nht ca nh qun tr. Thng tin logistics cung
cp c s cho cc quyt nh lp k hoch, thc thi v kim tra logistics hiu qu. Nu
khng qun l tt thng tin, cc nh qun tr logistics khng th bit c khch hng
mun g, cn d tr bao nhiu, khi no cn sn xut v vn chuynThng tin gip doanh
nghip thy c cc hot ng logistics mt cch r nt, nh nh qun tr c th ci
tin tt hn trong qu trnh thc hin. H thng thng tin logistics l mt b phn ca h
thng thng tin ton doanh nghip v n hng ti nhng vn c th ca qu trnh ra
cc quyt nh logistics v s lng v qui m ca mng li c s logistics, v hot ng
mua v d tr hng ho, v vic la chn phng thc vn chuyn v n v vn ti ph
hp, v.v.
H thng thng tin Logistics(LIS) c hiu l mt cu trc tng tc gia con
ngi, thit b, cc phng php v quy trnh nhm cung cp cc thng tin thch hp cho
cc nh qun tr logistics vi mc tiu lp k hoch, thc thi v kim sot logistics hiu
qu.
LIS gip nm vng thng tin v bin ng ca nhu cu, th trng v ngun cung
ng, iip cho cc nh qun tr ch ng c k hoch mua hng, giao hng, d tr, thu
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D tr nguyn
vt liu
D tr bn
thnh phm
D tr thnh
phm ca nh sx
D tr sn phm
trong phn phi
D tr ca nh
cung cp
D tr ca nh
bn l
D tr trong
tiu dng
Ti to v ng
gi li
Ph liu ph
thi
Loi b ph
thi
dch v vn ti mt cch hp l tho mn yu cu ca khch hng vi mc chi ph thp
nht. LIS gp phn m bo vic s dng linh hot cc ngun lc logistics, xy dng
chng trnh logistics hiu qu, ch r thi gian, khng gian v phng php vn hnh cc
chu k hot ng trong logistics. Ti cc doanh nghip pht trin, m hnh cu trc ca
LIS c chuyn mn ha theo mt s hot ng ch o (hnh 5.6).

Hnh 5.5: H thng thng tin Logistics
Hnh 5.6 cho thy mi quan h trong h thng thng tin logistics bao gm cc yu
t v mi trng Logictisc, qu trnh ra quyt nh Logictisc, 4 h thng con ch yu cu
to nn h thng thng tin Logictisc l h thng hoch nh, h thng thc thi, h thng
nghin cu v thu thp tin tc, h thng bo co kt qu. Cc h thng s phi hp cung
cp cho nh qun l logistics nhng thng tin chnh xc v kp thi ln k hoch, thc
thi v iu chnh cc hot ng logistics ca doanh nghip.
H thng lp k hoch: Bao gm mt lot cc k thut lin quan n vic thit k
cc k hoch tm chin lc nh thit k mng li, lp k hoch v d on nhu cu,
phi hp cc ngun lc, k hoch ha cung ng, sp xp v ln k hoch sn xut, k
hoch phn phi, cc k hoch tm chin thut nh qun tr d tr, vn ti, v cc tc
nghip nh nghip v kho, qu trnh t hng v cc s kin xy ra hng ngy
H thng thc thi: H thng thc thi logistics bao gm cc k thut m nhim
cc chc nng trin khai logistics trong thi gian ngn hoc hng ngy v qun l nh kho,
vn ti, mua sm, d tr, qun l hiu qu cc n hng ca khch.
H thng nghin cu v thu thp thng tin: thch nghi vi cc nhn t mi
trng v m, mi trng knh v ngun lc bn trong cng ty. H thng nghin cu v
thu thp thng tin c vai tr quan st mi trng, thu thp thng tin bn ngoi, thng tin c
sn trong lnh vc logistics v trong ni b cng ty
H thng bo co kt qu: H thng bo co l thnh phn cui cng trong LIS.
Nu cc bo co v kt qu khng c truyn t hiu qu th cc t tng, nghin cu
hu ch v gii php qun l s khng th t c. Cc bo co h tr quyt nh qun tr
logistics tp trung vo 3 loai. (1) Bo co lp k hoch gm cc thng tin c tnh lch s
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Mua
hng
K hoch
mua
Vn
chuyn
K hoch
Sn xut
K hoch
Logistics
K hoch
ngun lc
Hot ng
phn phi
p ng
n hng
H thng thng tin Logistics
H lp k
hoch
H nghin
cu v tnh
bo
H bo co
v kt qu H thc thi
Mi trng
logistics
- Hot ng
kinh doanh
- Qun tr
logistics
- Hot ng
logistics
Cc chc nng
qun tr
logistics
- Lp k hoch
- Thc thi
- Kim sot
v thng tin trong tng lai nh thng tin v xu hng bn, khuynh hng d bo, cc
thng tin th trng, cc yu t chi ph ca d n kinh doanh. (2) Bo co hot ng cung
cp nhng thng tin sn c cho nh qun l v ngi gim st v hot ng thc t nh
vic nm gi hng tn kho, thu mua, n hng vn ti, k hoch sn xut v kim sot, vn
chuyn; (3) Bo co kim sot c th tng kt chi phi v thng tin hat ng cc giai
on thch hp, so snh ngn sch v chi ph hin ti, chng to ra nn tng cho vic tip
cn chin lc hat ng v cc sch lc.
5.4.2. Chc nng v tc dng ca LIS
LIS l si ch lin kt cc hot ng logistics vo mt qu trnh thng nht. S phi
hp ny c xy dng da trn 4 mc chc nng: tc nghip, kim tra qun tr, phn tch
quyt nh, v h thng k hoch ho chin lc.
5.4.2.1. Chc nng tc nghip
c c trng bng cc lut l chnh thc, cc th tc v nhng giao tip chun ha
mt s ln cc tc nghip v nghip v hng ngy.Vic phi hp cc qu trnh trong cu
trc v mt s lng ln cc tc nghip cho thy tm quan trng ca h thng thng tin
mc thp nht ny. H thng thng tin tc nghip khi xng v ghi li cc hot ng
v chc nng logistics ring bit nh: Nhn n hng, x l, gii quyt yu cu, khiu ni.
Nh vy qu trnh thc hin n hng phi thc hin da trn mt lot cc thng tin tc
nghip.Trin khai LIS m bo ci tin hiu sut h thng tc nghip, l c s ca li th
cnh tranh: gim chi ph tc nghip gim gi; tuy c tng chi ph u t cho h thng
thng tin, nhng hiu sut tc nghip tng nhanh, do gim chi ph tng i hot ng
tc nghip.
5.4.2.2. Chc nng kim sot
Nhm vo vic o lng hot ng nghip v v bo co, vic o lng l cn thit
c c s quan tm iu chnh ngc, cng nh tit kim cc ngun lc hu ch. N
cng cn thit nhn ra nhng hot ng ngoi l v cung cp thng tin x l cc
trng hp ny. Chc nng kim sot ca LIS gip pht hin kp thi nhng vng mc v
cht lng dch v trong mi tng quan vi cc ngun lc hin c phc v khch
hng, t c nhng gii php iu chnh ph hp.
5.4.2.3. Chc nng phn tch v ra quyt nh
Tp trung vo cc cng c phn mm nhm h tr cc nh qun tr nhn ra, nh gi
v so snh cc phng n chin lc v chin thut logistics c kh nng thay th, cho
php gia tng hiu qu hot ng. Chc nng phn tch v ra quyt nh th hin mc
x l cao v phc tp ca LIS. Vi nhng thng tin c tnh tng hp v di hn, vi nhng
d bo v th trng v cc ngun cung ng, LIS h tr nh qun tr vi cc quyt nh
quan trng nh vic qui hoch mng li c s logistics, trong vic la chn h thng
qun tr d tr hng ho, trong vic la chn cc ngun hng n nh v cht lng, v.v.
5.4.2.4. Chc nng hoch nh chin lc
Tp trung vo cc thng tin h tr vic xy dng v ti lp cc chin lc logistics.
Cc quyt nh ny l s m rng cc quyt nh phn tch mc khi qut v tru
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Mua
hng
K hoch
mua
Vn
chuyn
K hoch
Sn xut
K hoch
Logistics
K hoch
ngun lc
Hot ng
phn phi
p ng
n hng
tng thm ch khng c cu trc chi tit v thc hin trong thi gian di. Chc nng
hoch nh chin lc ca LIS c kt hp vi cc h thng thng tin khc (Marketing,
k ton-ti chnh) r sot cc c hi v thch thc ca mi trng kinh doanh. T ,
doanh nghip s chun b ngun lc khai thc cc tim nng th trng v vt qua
nhng kh khn, da vo nhng th mnh sn c ca mnh.
Mt h thng thng tin hiu qu, h tr c lc cho qu trnh ra cc quyt nh
logistics phi m bo c cht lng thng tin. C th, LIS phi m bo cc yu cu:
y , sn sng (Availability); chn lc (Selective); chnh xc (Accuracy); linh hot
(Flexibility); kp thi (Timeliness); d s dng (Appropriate format).
Vic truyn t thng tin phi c thc hin di ngn ng ca ngi nhn nu
khng vic tip nhn thng tin s tr nn rt kh khn. Hn na, vic truyn t thng tin
i khi cng b gin on khi ngi tip nhn b qua nhng thng tin m h thy khng
cn thit c coi l s tip nhn c la chn. Cui cng vic truyn t thng tin ch
din ra khi thng tin ph hp vi ngi nhn v gn lin vi nhng quyt nh qun tr
m ngi tip nhn cn a ra.
5.4.3. Dng thng tin logistics trong doanh nghip
H thng thng tin logistics bao gm 2 dng chnh, l s kt hp cht ch ca
cc hot ng k hoch - phi hp v cc hot ng tc nghip. Nhng hot ng chnh
ca hai dng c th hin trong hnh 5.7. Dng phi hp bao gm nhng thng tin lin
quan ti vic lp k hoch v xuyn sut qu trnh hot ng ca cng ty.
Hnh 5.6: Lin kt ca LIS hai mc hoch nh v tc nghip.
Dng tc nghip lin quan ti nhng nghip v c bn lin quan n thc hin cc
n hng nhn c nh n nh d tr, vn chuyn, cc n hng b sung v nhng n
hng ca khch hng. n hng b sung l vic cung cp hng cho nhng trung tm phn
phi t ni sn xut; cn n hng ca khch hng lin quan ti vic cung cp hng t cc
trung tm phn phi ti a im ca khch hng. Vai tr ca b phn qun tr d tr l
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Mua
hng
K hoch
mua
Vn
chuyn
K hoch
Sn xut
K hoch
Logistics
K hoch
ngun lc
Hot ng
phn phi
p ng
n hng
Qun l
n hng
K hoch
chin lc
Qun tr d tr
i tc
m bo rng cc hot ng ca dng tc nghip c ch o trong s thng nht ph hp
vi cc hot ng ca dng phi hp. iu ny i hi s ng b ho ca c sn phm v
dng thng tin 2 chiu trong chu trnh n hng hon chnh.
5.4.3.1. Dng thng tin hoch nh-phi hp
5.4.3.1.1. K hoch chin lc:
K hoch chin lc l kim ch nam, l thng tin nh hng cho cc nh doanh
nghip xy dng k hoch & t chc thc thi cc b phn chc nng. K hoch chin
lc tp trung vo hai mc tiu marketing v ti chnh.
- Mc tiu marketing: Cc chnh sch, mc tiu marketing v chnh sch dch
v khch hng quyt nh cc hot ng ca logistics: Tiu chun m bo hng ho (mc
thiu hng, t l tho mn, tng hp l hng); Tiu chun vn hnh nghip v (tc ,
n nh, linh hot, x l bt trc); Tiu chun tin cy.v.v.
- Mc tiu ti chnh: Th hin cc ch s v doanh thu, chi ph, kh nng thu
hi vn u t & li nhun. Mc tiu ti chnh c nh hng trc tip n cht lng dch
v & tng chi ph logistics.
Nh vy, c 2 mc tiu chin lc s cung cp thng tin v th trng (khch hng),
mt hng kinh doanh, dch v v trnh hot ng logistics m cc nh qun tr logistics
(kinh doanh) phi m bo trong phm vi k hoch ho.
5.4.3.1.2. K hoch ngun lc:
y l bc khi u xc nh kh nng cc ngun lc p ng logistics. K hoch
ngun lc cn c xc nh cc yu t bao gm ngun hng, kho hng, vn d tr,
phng tin vn chuyn & nhn s. K hoch ny gip qun tr cc ngun lc c hiu qu
p ng nhu cu th trng. Vi mi mt hng kinh doanh, k hoch ngun lc phi xc
nh c v tr ( u?) thi gian (khi no?) v s lng (bao nhiu?) thu mua, d tr
v vn chuyn.
5.4.3.1.3. K hoch logistics:
K hoch ny phi hp c s vt cht, thit b, lao ng, v ngun d tr cn thit
thc hin nhim v logistics. K hoch logistics b rng buc bi k hoch ngun lc,
thng tin d bo v nhu cu th trng. K hoch ny bao gm vic xc nh r mc tiu &
qu trnh tc nghip cho cc hot ng c bn (d tr, vn chuyn) & hot ng b tr
(kho, bao b, LIS).
5.4.3.1.4. Qun tr d tr:
y l giao im gia dng hoch nh - phi hp v dng nghip v, ch r thi
im v v tr to nn d tr. T iu kin thng tin, hnh thnh d tr ch r ci g, u
v khi no ca qu trnh logistics tng th.
5.4.3.2. Dng thng tin nghip v
5.4.3.2.1. Qun l n t hng v thc hin n hng:
Hot ng ny lin quan n vic chuyn thng tin v nhu cu gia cc thnh vin
tham gia phn phi hng ho. Hot ng ch yu ca qun tr n t hng l tip nhn
chnh xc v p ng yu cu n t hng ca khch hng. Cng c chuyn tin: in
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i tc
thoi, fax, Internet,...X l n hng l cc cng vic chun b thc hin n t hng
ca khch. Thi gian p ng n hng chu nh hng nhiu ca nng lc x l thng tin
ca LIS. Trn c s nhng thng tin v tnh nhu cu v d bo bn, quyt nh v trnh
dch v khch hng, doanh nghip a ra nhng quyt nh v d tr, bao gm quyt nh
v h thng d tr, m hnh kim tra d tr, l hng nhp, v d tr bo him.
5.4.3.2.2. Hot ng phn phi:
Qu trnh ny to iu kin tin hnh cung cp hng ho v dch v cho khch
hng. Qu trnh ny i hi cung cp thng tin to thun li v phi hp cc hot ng
kho cung ng hng ho tho mn n hng. Vn l phi tho mn yu cu ca
khch hng trong iu kin d tr kho phi thp.
5.4.3.2.3. Nghip v vn chuyn & giao hng:
Kh nng tch hp h thng thng tin trong cng tc vn chuyn & giao hng em li
tin ch ng k & nng cao kh nng kim sot hnh trnh l hng cho c doanh nghip &
khch hng.
5.4.3.2.4. Nghip v mua v nhp hng:
Trn c s nhng thng tin v k hoch mua, v nhu cu ca khch hng v tnh hnh
d tr hng ho, doanh nghip a ra nhng quyt nh mua v nhp hng vo c s
logistics (kho hoc c s sn xut).
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, my vi tnh ngy cng c nhiu tin
ch, Internet ngy cng lan rng v bao ph khp ton cu, cc phn mm chuyn dng
ngy cng nhiu thm Cc cng ty logistics tp trung u t xy dng h thng thng tin
hin i, hiu qu, h tr c lc hot ng ca h. Hnh 5.8 cho thy s kt ni thng tin
Internet gia cc thnh vin tham gia vo hot ng logistics ca doanh nghip.
Hnh 5.7: Mng thng tin internet lin kt cc thnh vin trong chui cung ng
----------------------------------------------------------------
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i tc
Sn xut
Trung tm
phn phi
Ti chnh
Dch v
khch hng
Khch hng
Thng mi
in t
Nh cung cp dv
logistics
Nh
sn
xut
Nh cung
cp dch v
VC
Nh
cung
cp
N/Liu
Tm tt chng 5
Chng ny tp trung gii quyt ni dung ca cc hot ng logistics h tr bao
gm hot ng mua, hot ng kho, qu trnh chu chuyn bao b v h thng thng tin
logistics .
Hot ng mua l hot ng quan trng do gi tr sn phm mua chim t 40% n
60% doanh thu, rt nhiu quyt nh trong mua nh hng n hiu qu hot ng kinh
doanh ca doanh nghip v cung ng trong knh phn phi. Chng ny cp ch yu
ti ni dung hoch nh ngun hng, cc quyt nh mua c bn v cch thc ra nhng
quyt nh trn.
Tip theo l hot ng kho hng, kho hng ha trong h thng logistics c mc ch
p ng yu cu ca d tr v kinh doanh. Kho bao gm cc khng gian thch hp cho
vic cha ng, bo qun hng ha v to lp cc l hng cung ng. Do cc yu cu ny
ti cc v tr khc nhau trong knh cung ng l khc nhau nn c rt nhiu loi hnh kho
c b tr v s dng thich hp. Mi loi hnh kho c nhng li ch v tc nghip c th,
nhng v c bn qu trnh nghip v nh kho u gm 3 khu l Nhp hng Tc nghip
kho Pht hng. Trong phn ny, cc quyt nh c bn nht ca mt doanh nghip v
hot ng kho hng cng c m t theo mt trnh t logic v thng nht.
Hot ng bao b l mt phn khng th thiu trong cc knh phn phi hon chnh,
c bit l knh phn phi hng tiu dng. Vi vai tr h tr c lc cho qu trnh vn
ng ca hng ha, bao b c xem nh l mt thit b cha ng, chuyn ch v bo
qun hu ch. Trong cc knh phn phi hin i, pht huy ti a li ch ca bao b v
t c mc tiu chi ph, tiu chun ha v thng nht ha l gii php tt yu dn ti s
ra i ca hai loi thit b bao b vn chuyn c bit l mm ti v hm ti. Cuc cch
mng v contenner v pallet gp phn khng nh vo s pht trin ca ngnh logistics
th gii. ti u ha cc chi ph v s dng hiu qu cc loi bao b, vic thc hin cc
tc nghip bao b theo mt quy trnh cn c ch phi hp vi s vn ng ca hng
ha. Khi qun l cc lung vn ng ca hng ha, bao b trong knh phn phi t cc
ngun cung cp n cc v tr tiu dng nh mt dng lu chuyn thun, cc nh logistics
nhn thy xut hin mt s v tr trong knh dng vn ng ngc chiu ca cc sn
phm sai hng, khuyt tt, tha, mt s loi bao b chu chuyn nhiu ln hoc bao b ti
chNu khng qun l tt cc dng vn ng ny c th gy ch tc v lm gim hiu
qu vn ng cu dng logistics thun trong knh.
N lc qun tr thng tin logistics c trnh by cui cng nh l s kt ni mi
hot ng qun tr logistics trong mt t chc. Phn ny tp trung gii thiu v khi nim,
m hnh cu trc v chc nng ca h thng thng tin logistics. Khi qu ha s dng
thng tin ca LIS trong mt doanh nghip v trnh by mt s ng dng cng ngh thng
tin my tnh vo qun l cc hot ng logistics.
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CHNG 6 . T CHC V KIM SOT LOGISTIC
6.1. T chc logistics
6.1.1 S cn thit phi thit lp t chc logistics
T chc Logistics l ni dung c bn u tin thc thi Logistics.
T chc Logistics c th hiu l s hnh thc cc mi quan h chc nng, mt tp
hp v hnh cc mi quan h c cc thnh vin ca doanh nghip ngm hiu.
Logistics l hot ng m mi doanh nghip u phi thc hin m bo cho s
dch chuyn ca hng ha v dch v. iu ny c ngha mi doanh nghip lun cn mt
cu trc chc nng nht inh d c tnh hnh thc hay khng, thc hin hot ng ny.
Tuy nhin c th thy rng khi c cu t chc logistics ra i s mang li mt s li ch
thit thc.
6.1.1.1.Gii quyt mu thun.
Hnh thc t chc truyn thng ca nhiu doanh nghip l to nhm cc hot ng
theo chc nng ch yu: Ti chnh, Sn xut v Marketing (hnh 6.1).
Theo quan im Logistics, s sp xp ny l do phn tn cc hot ng Logistics vo
trong 3 chc nng vi mc ch ch yu c phn no khc vi Logistics. iu ny c
ngha, trch nhim vn chuyn c th b coi nh, d tr b phn tn 3 chc nng, v qu
trnh cung ng (thc hin n t hng) hng ho cho khch hng xp sau marketing hoc
ti chnh. Tuy nhin, trch nhim ch yu ca marketing c th l ti a ho doanh thu, ca
nghip v c th l gim n mc thp nht chi ph bnh qun, cn ca ti chnh c th l
ti a ho chi ph vn sao cho ti a ho mc thu hi u t ca doanh nghip. Tuy nhin,
nhng mu thunv mc ch c th lm cho h thng Logistics hot ng di mc ti
u, v do hiu qu kinh doanh ca doanh nghip b gim st. V d, marketing c th
yu cu cung ng nhanh h tr cho bn, trong khi cc hot ng nghip v li mong
mun chi ph vn chuyn thp nht. Tr phi c s phi hp cht ch gia cc tuyn chc
nng, cn trong a s mi trng hp, khng m bo c s cn i chi ph- dch v
Logistics. Nh vy cn thit phi c cu trc t chc phi hp cc hot ng Logistics
phn tn.
6.1.1.2.Tng cng hiu qu cng tc qun tr.
Thit lp cu trc t chc cho cc hot ng Logistics cng c ngha xc nh tuyn
quyn lc v trch nhim cn thit tin chc rng, hng ho c di chuynph hp vi
k hoch v vic k hoch ho li c th c tin hnh khi cn thit. Nu nh cn i
gia dch v khch hng v chi ph l cp thit cho cc hot ng ca doanh nghip th mt
s ngi s c giao nhim v theo di s chuyn dch ca hng ho, tc l qun tr
Logistics. . . Yu cu chuyn mn ho qun tr Logistics i hi phi c cu trc t chc
Logistics thch ng.
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Trch
nhim
* Bn hng * Chi ph m bo d tr * My mc, thit b
* Qung co * X l thng tin * Lp k hoch sn xut
* Dch v KH * Li nhun t u t * Cht lng hng ha
* Tp hp n hng * Mua hng
* Knh phn phi * Vn chuyn
ng
c
* D tr ln * D tr nh * D tr ln
* Sn xut hng lot
nh, thng xuyn
* Sn xut hng lot ln,
khng thng xuyn
* X l
h nhanh chng
* X l
h vi chi ph thp
* Qu trnh giao hng
nhanh chng
* Gi hng ho theo n
hng vi CF thp nht
* Trnh
dch v cao
* Trnh dch v
cn i chi ph
* Trnh
dch v thp
* S lng mua nh * S lng mua ln
Hnh 6.1: T chc vi yu cu khc nhau i vi cc hot ng Logistics.
6.1.1.3. Tm quan trng ca t chc i vi qun tr Logistics
Cc ngnh kinh doanh khc nhau th tm quan trng ca t chc i vi Logistics
cng khc nhau:
Ngnh khai thc: y l ngnh sn xut vt liu th v do , mua v vn
chuyn l cc hot ng Logistics ch yu. Cc doanh nghip thuc ngnh ny thng c
b phn (phng)qun tr vt liu.
Ngnh dch v: Gm cc lnh vc nh bnh vin, cng ty bo him, cng ty vn
ti. Cc ngnh ny bin i vic cung cp hu hnh thnh qu trnh cung cp dch v - tiu
th mt s sn phm hu hnh sn xut ra dch v. Mua v qun tr d tr l nhng hot
ng Logistics ch yu, t quan tm n vn chuyn do nhiu hot ng cung ng c
chp nhn theo mc gi cung ng. T chc Logistics ch yu tp trung cho qun tr vt t,
nguyn liu v hng ha phc v cho qu trnh cung cp dch v.
Ngnh thng mi: Kinh doanh thng mi l kinh doanh dch v phn phi
nn hu ht cc hot ng mua, bn v d tr ti doanh nghip u s dng dch v ngnh
logistics, hoc doanh nghip t t chc thc hin cc hot ng logistics cho mnh. Ti cc
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Gim c
Ti chnh
Marketing Sn xut
quc gia ang pht trin, do ngnh logistics ra i sau, pht trin chm nn cc doanh
nghip c nhu cu logistics thng t thc hin ly cc hot ng logistics cho mnh.
Chnh v vy ti cc doanh nghip thng mi, hu ht cc hot ng cng nh c cu t
chc b my doanh nghip thng tp trung cho hot ng Logistics.
Ngnh sn xut hng ho: c c trng bi vic cc doanh nghip mua nhiu
vt t nguyn liu t nhiu nh cung ng sn xut ra nhng mt hng hu hnh c gi
tr cao. Cc doanh nghip ny phi trin khai cc hot ng Logistics quan trng, c kha
cnh cung ng v phn phi. Thit k t chc trong cc doanh nghip ny bao gm c
qun tr vt t v phn phi vt l.
6.1.2. S pht trin ca t chc Logistics
C th chia qu trnh pht trin ca t chc Logistics thnh 3 giai on
Giai on 1 t trc nhng nm 70 th hin mt tp hp cc hot ng quan trng
m bo s ph hp chi ph vn thuc v qun tr Logistics. Cc hot ng vn chuyn
c qun tr phi hp vi cc hot ng d tr v thc hin n t hng nhm t c
mc ch chi ph phn phi vt l v dch v. Cc hot ng Logistics nh: mua, vn
chuyn, d tr hng ho c tp hp trong mt b phn t chc phi hp. Nhn thc
cc hot ng Logistics thch ng vi phn phi v cung ng vt l, v trc nhng nm
70 c nhu cu phi hp chng, nhng cu trc t chc t ra yu km, v do cn
phi thay i cu trc t chc cho tht ph hp.
Giai on 2 trong t chc c iu khin mc cu trc chnh thc hn v
qun tr thng nh coi trng cc hot ng Logistics thch ng, thng l cung ng
vt l hoc phn phi vt l, nhng khng phi c hai. iu ny em li vic kim sot
trc tip hn s phi hp cc hot ng Logistics. y l mt bc pht trin ca t chc
Logistics th hin s nhn thc v nh gi c gi tr ca qun tr Logistics trong cc
doanh nghip. Tuy nhin vo nm 1985, a s cc doanh nghip c qui m ln hn(42%)
vn duy tr giai on 1 hoc chuyn sang giai on 3(20%).
Giai on 3 trong , cu trc t chc gn lin vi vic thng nht hon ton cc hot
ng Logistics bao gm c cung ng v phn phi vt l. S thng nht ton b cc hot
ng Logistics v cu trc t chc phi hp chng s tr nn ph bin. Thng nht ton
b ang c nh hng bi vic p ng nhanh chng v kp thi, v quan im rt
ngn thi gian i hi phi phi hp chnh xc mi hot ng trong c doanh nghip. Cng
vy, nhng ti sn chung nh phng tin vn ti hoc kho c s dng trong c qu
trnh cung ng v phn phi vt l cng i hi phi hp cn thn nhm s dng chng
mt cch ti a.
6.1.3. La chn loi hnh t chc Logistics
Khi cn phi thit lp mt s hnh thc cu trc t chc, doanh nghip c th c 3
cch la chn: Hnh thc cu trc khng chnh tc (informal); Hnh thc cu trc na
chnh tc (semiformal); Hnh thc cu trc chnh tc (formal). Khng c loi hnh no ni
tri hn i vi cc doanh nghip, cng nh khng c loi hnh no ph bin hn loi hnh
khc i vi cc doanh nghip c cc c im ging nhau. La chn loi hnh t chc i
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vi bt k mt doanh nghip no bao gi cng l do cc lc lng pht trin din ra bn
trong doanh nghip. iu ny c ngha, hnh thc t chc Logistics thng nhy cm vi
nhng bn sc ring c trong hng, vi truyn thng t chc, v vi tm quan trng ca
cc hot ng Logistics.
6.1.3.1. Hnh thc t chc khng chnh tc
Mc tiu ch yu ca t chc Logistics l phi hp cc hot ng Logistics k
hoch ho v kim sot. C th t c iu ny bng cc cch khng chnh tc. V c
bn, cc cch ny khng i hi bt k mt s thay i no trong cu trc t chc hin ti,
nhng da vo bt buc hoc thuyt phc to nn s phi hp gia cc hot ng v s
hp tc gia nhng ngi c trch nhim.
i vi nhng doanh nghip thit k phn tn cc hot ng nh vn chuyn, kim
sot d tr, thc hin n t hng, i khi c th to ra mt h thng khuyn khch
phi hp chng. Ngn sch- l phng sch kim sot ch yu i vi nhiu doanh nghip
-thng li khng khuyn khch s hp tc, i khi n l c ch phi hp khng hiu qu.
Ngn sch c th khng khuyn khch bi nh qun tr vn chuyn s pht hin ra s v l
do phi chu nhng chi ph vn chuyn cao hn mc cn thit t c chi ph d tr
thp hn. Chi ph d tr khng thuc vo trch nhim ngn sch ca nh qun tr vn
chuyn. Kt qu ca nh qun tr vn chuyn c o bng chi ph vn chuyn so vi ngn
sch.
Mt h thng c th khuyn khch s hp tc l tin hnh hch ton ni b gia cc
hot ng Logistics khc nhau. Phi cn nhc vic la chn phng tin vn ti khi n
gin tip nh hng n mc ph d tr, ng thi ngi ra quyt nh vn chuyn s
khng c ng c khc hn l tm cch cho chi ph vn chuyn thp nht.
Mt cch khuyn khch khc l thit lp hnh thc chia s tit kim chi ph. Tt c cc
nh qun tr cc hot ng Logistics phn tn a ra nhng m hnh chi ph mu thun c
th lm gim s tit kim chi ph ca h. C th nh trc chng trnh phn chia tit
kim nhm phn phi li tin lng. C s khuyn khch s hp tc tit kim tim nng
ln nht xy ra khi m s hp tc l cn i nhng hot ng c m hnh chi ph mu
thun. Nhng k hoch chia s li nhun ny hn ch thnh cng ca mt s doanh nghip,
nhng mt s doanh nghip s dng chng li c hiu qu.
Mt cch tip cn khng chnh tc khc na t chc Logistics l s dng u ban
kt hp. U ban ny tp hp cc thnh vin t mi lnh vc Logistics quan trng. Bng
cch cung cp cc phng tin truyn tin, vic kt hp c th em li kt qu. i vp
nhng cng ty c truyn thng u ban kt hp, hnh thc u ban c th rt tho ng. Du
rng cc u ban xem ra l gii php n gin, khng phc tp cho vn kt hp, nhng
chng c thiu st l thng t sc mnh thc thi nhng ngh ca mnh.
Mt cch thc y s kt hp kh hiu qu l vic trng phng xem xt li cc
quyt nh v nghip v Logistics. Qun tr thng nh c v tr thit yu trong cu trc t
chc d dng nhn ra vic a ra quyt nh km ti u trong t chc. Do cc nh qun
tr cp di trong cc lnh vc hot ng Logistics chu trch nhim trc cc nh qun tr
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thng nh, nn vic ng vin v h tr ca qun tr thng nh trong phi hp v hip
tc gia cc hot mg chc nng ny l gii php lu di theo hng t c cc mc
ch t chc m khng cn c cu trc t chc chnh thc.
6.1.3.2.Hnh thc t chc na chnh tc
Hnh thc t chc na chnh tc nhn ra rng, k hoch ho v nghip v Logistics
lun lun an cho qua cc chc nng khc nhau bn trong cu trc t chc ca doanh
nghip. Cc nh qun tr Logistics c phn cng phi hp cc d n bao gm
Logistics v mt s lnh vc. Kiu cu trc ny thng c gi l t chc ma trn, v c
bit ph bin trong lnh vc hng khng. Quan im p ng qun tr h thng Logistics
c trnh by hnh 6.2.
Hnh 6.2: T chc ma trn ca Logistics
Trong t chc ma trn, nh qun tr Logistics c trch nhim i vi ton b h thng
Logistics, nhng khng c quyn lc trc tip i vi cc hot ng tng phn. Cu trc t
chc truyn thng ca doanh nghip vn gi nguyn. Nh qun tr Logistics chia s quyn
quyt nh v gii quyt cc vn vi nh qun tr khu vc hot ng. Chi ph cho cc
hot ng phi c iu chnh bi mi phng chc nng cng nh mi chng trnh
Logistics, ay l c s hip tc v phi hp. Tuy t chc ma trn c th l hnh thc t
chc hu ch, nhng chng ta cng nhn ra rng, tuyn quyn lc v trch nhim tr nn
khng r rng. Nhng mu thun c th xut hin khng d gii quyt. Tuy nhin, i vi
mt s DN, cch la chn ny l s dung ho gia hnh thc hon ton khng chnh tc v
hnh thc cu trc bc cao.
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Gim c iu hnh
Marketing Ti chnh Sn xut
V.chuyn &
lu kho ra
Dch v
khch hng
Tnh ton &
x l h
D bo
bn hng
Qun tr
d tr
Mua & q.l
nguyn v.liu
V.chuyn &
lu kho vo
m bo
cht lng
Logistics
Thm quyn
theo d n
T
h
m

q
u
y
n

t
h
e
o

c
h
c

n
n
g
Qun tr HT
thng tin
6.1.3.3.Hnh thc t chc chnh tc
y l hnh thc t chc to nn cc tuyn quyn lc v trch nhim r rng i vi
Logistics. V c bn loi hnh ny bao gm
(1) b tr nh qun tr vo v tr cp cao i vi cc hot ng Logistics;
(2) xc nh quyn lc ca nh qun tr mc cu trc ca t chc cho php iu
ho hiu qu vi cc lnh vc chc nng quan trng khc (ti chnh, nghip v, v
marketing). iu ny tng cng v t chc nhn s Logistics vo trong hnh thc thc
y s phi hp hot ng.
Cc doanh nghip la chn hnh thc t chc ny trong trng hp cc loi hnh
khc khng hiu qu hoc khi cn phi tp trung mi n lc cho cc hot ng Logistics.
Cu trc t chc loi hnh ny c trnh by hnh 6.3.
Hnh 6.3: Cu trc t chc Logistics chnh tc
Thit k cu trc loi hnh t chc ny em li mt s kt qu quan trng.
Th nht, v tr ca Logistics c nng cao ngang tm vi cc lnh vc chc nng
khc, v quyn lc ca nh qun tr Logistics cng ngang bng vi cc nh qun tr chc
nng quan trng khc. Khi chc nng Logistics ngang bng vi cc chc nng khc, th s
to nn sc mnh kinh doanh ca doanh nghip;
Th hai, to ra mt s lng hn ch lnh vc qun tr di quyn trng phng
Logistics, c ngha to kh nng chuyn mn ho v tp trung ho qun tr Logistics. Hnh
6.3 th hin vic ta nn 5 lnh vc vi nh qun tr phn tn cho tng lnh vc v c
qun tr nh mt thc th phn bit. Nh vy, cu trc t chc chnh tc l s cn i gia
ti thiu ho s lng cc nhm hot ng nhm khuyn khch s phi hp trong khi vn
chuyn mn ho chng t c hiu qu trong qun tr cc yu t k thut Logistics.
Hin nay, loi hnh cu trc t chc chnh tc c s dng ph bin trong cc
ngnh. y l cu trc thng nht c Logistics u vo- to ngun lc d tr hng ho - v
Logistics u ra- cung ng hng ho cho khch hng nhm mc ch ring ca h thng
Logistics.
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Gim c iu hnh
Marketing Sn xut Ti chnh Logistics
Qun tr
mua hng
X l h
& dv KH
Bao gi &
vn chuyn
Kho & q.l
nguyn v.liu
Q. tr d tr
& lp k hoch
6.1.4. Cc chin lc nh hng n nh hng t chc logistics
Nghin cu nhiu doanh nghip, vic la chn loi hnh cu trc t chc cn c vo
chin lc m doanh nghip theo ui. Thit k t chc nhm theo ui 3 chin lc cng
ty: chin lc qu trnh (process strategy), chin lc th trng (market strategy), v chin
lc thng tin (information strategy).
6.1.4.1.Chin lc qu trnh.
y l chin lc trong , mc tiu nhm t c hiu qu ti a trong vn ng
hng ho t ngun hng (mua) cho n khi cung ng hng ho cho khch hng. Thit k t
chc nhm vo cc hot ng c chi ph ln, iu ny c ngha, cc hot ng nh: mua,
d tr, vn chuyn, v thc hin n t hng s c kt hp li vi nhau v qun tr tp
trung. Chin lc ny thng p dng i vi nhng cng ty sn xut hoc bn bun c
qui m v phm vi hot ng ln.
6.1.4.2.Chin lc th trng.
Cc doanh nghip theo ui chin lc th trng nh hng mnh cho dch v
khch hng. C bn v Logistics u c kt hp. Cu trc t chc khng ph hp
thng nht cc hot ng Logistics nh trong chin lc qu trnh. Thay vo , nhng
hot ng no trc tip lin quan n dch v khch hng i vi c bn hng v Logistics
u c tp hp vi nhau v thng bo co cho cng mt ngi ph trch. Cu trc ny
thch hp i vi cc n v kinh doanh c trnh dch v khch hng cao. Tuy nhin, s
khng t c chi ph Logistics mc thp nht.
6.1.4.3.Chin lc thng tin.
Theo ui chin lc thng tin l nhng doanh nghip c mng li phn phi quan
trng vi mc d tr ln. S phi hp cc hot ng Logistics thng qua mng li phn
tn ny l mc tiu ch yu, v thng tin l cu thnh ct li qun tr tt. Vi mc ch
m bo thng tin, cu trc t chc c xu hng gn lin cc chc nng, cc b phn, v
cc n v kinh doanh. Khi cc hot ng Logistics ni lin cc ranh gii qui nh ca cc
thnh vin knh, chng hn nh khi hng ho c a vo bn cc ca hng hoc hng
ho gi tr li c bo qun bi cc doanh nghip mua, th thng tin phi c ni lin
vi cc ranh gii t chc ny. Do vy, cu trc t chc phi bc cu qua cc ranh gii qui
nh truyn thng ca bn thn doanh nghip.
Chng ta nhn thy rng, khng c doanh nghip no th hin kiu thit k t chc
duy nht. Do cc chin lc hn hp thng tn ti trong cng mt doanh nghip, nn i
vi cc doanh nghip tng t nhau, cu trc t chc cng rt phong ph. Bi vy, cc
doanh nghip tng t nhau c th nhng giai on pht trin t chc khc nhau.
6.2. Kim sot hot ng logistics
Kim sot l qu trnh so snh kt qu hin hu vi k hoch v thit lp hnh ng
iu chnh cho chng ph hp cht ch hn.
Yu cu kim sot tp trung vo nhng iu khng chc chn lm bin i nhng d
tnh k hoch. S xy ra nhng sai khc so vi cc tiu chun thit k bi c nhiu iu
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kin khng th no d on mt cch n nh. Ngoi ra, cn c th c nhng thay i c
bn din ra trong mi trng Logistics lm bin i k hoch. Chng hn, nhng thay i
v iu kin kinh t, cng ngh v nhng bin i thi khch hng khng th thy trc
c lc hoch nh, nhng c th lm nh hng n k hoch.
Qu trnh kim sot bao gm cc hot ng kim tra nhng iu kin thay i v tin
hnh iu chnh. Qu trnh hoch nh v thc thi hon ho th khng cn phi kim sot.
Do iu ny rt him gp, nn cc nh qun tr Logistics phi trin khai b my kim sot
m bo thc hin cc mc tiu mong mun.
6.2.1. M hnh kim sot Logistics
Qu trnh kim sot Logistics din ra gn nh hng ngy. Trong h thng Logistics,
cc nh qun tr kim sot cc hot ng Logistics k hoch (vn chuyn, kho, d
tr, . . . ) theo hng dch v k hoch v chi ph hot ng. B my kim sot gm hch
ton v bo co kt qu v h thng, cc mc tiu hot ng, mt s thng s thit lp
hnh ng iu chnh. H thng kim sot c th hin hnh 6.4
6.2.1.1. u vo, qu trnh, v u ra.
Tp trung ca h thng kim sot l cc qu trnh c iu tit. Qu trnh ny c th
l hat ng n l nh thc hin n t hng v ti cung ng d tr, hoc c th l s
kt hp ca ton b cc hot ng trong chc nng Logistics. C nhng u vo qu trnh
dng k hoch. Cc k hoch ch ra cch thc thit k qu trnh.
nh hng ca mi trng l loi u vo th hai ca qu trnh. Mi trng bao
gm mi nhn t c th nh hng n cc qu trnh v khng c d tnh trong k
hoch. iu ny gii thch s khng n nh lm bin i u ra qu trnh so vi k hoch.
Hnh 6.4: H thng kim sot logistics
u ra ca qu trnh l ci m chng ta thng gi l kt qu. Kt qu l tnh trng
ca qu trnh bt k mt thi im no. Kt qu c th c o lng theo chi ph trc
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Qui tc ra q.nh:
Khi D
k
D
b,
, t Q*
Mc tiu hoc
tiu chun
Bo co
thc hin
Gim st &
nh gi
Hnh ng
iu chnh
U RA
U VO
Qu trnh logistics
Thay i bn trong
& bn ngoi
Chi ph hot ng
v dch v khch
hng
Cung ng sn xut,
phn phi hng ha
v trnh dch v
khch hng
tip nh cc ph vn chuyn. . . , chi ph gin tip nh hao ht v tn tht do tai ho, hoc
kt qu cung ng.
Cc qu trnh vi cc k hoch u vo v kt qu thc hin l i tng ca qu
trnh kim sot. Cc nhn t ny l kt qu ca qu trnh k hoch ho v thc thi.
6.2.1.2. Cc tiu chun v mc ch.
Chc nng kim sot yu cu cn phi c cc tiu chun so snh vi kt qu hot
ng. Cc nh qun tr c gng lm cho kt qu hot ng ph hp vi tiu chun. C rt
nhiu loi tiu chun khc nhau nh: ngn sch chi tiu, trnh dch v khch hng,
ng gp li nhun. . .
6.2.1.3.Kim tra.
Kim tra l trung tm u no ca h thng kim sot. N nhn thng tin v kt qu
ca qu trnh, so snh vi cc mc tiu, tiu chun, v thit lp cc hot ng iu chnh.
a s nhng thng tin nhn c t cc bo co nh k v cc ti liu hch ton nh: bo
co tnh trng d tr, tnh trng s dng ngun lc, chi ph hot ng, trnh dch v
khch hng v.v. Nhng ngi kim tra l cc nh qun tr, c vn hoc my in ton.
6.2.2. Cc h thng kim sot
6.2.2.1. H thng m.
C th m t mt cch n gin h thng m nh hnh 6.5. c im quan trng ca
h thng ny l s can thip ca con ngi gia hot ng so snh kt qu hin hu v
mong mun vi hnh ng gim sai st ca qu trnh. Nh qun tr phi can thip tch cc
trc bt k hnh ng iu chnh no c th din ra v do gi l h thng m.
Li ch ca h thng kim sot khung m l tnh linh hot v chi ph ban u thp.
Cc nh qun tr theo mnh, yu cu loi thng tin cn kim sot, chp nhn sai lm
thi im nht nh v thit lp hnh ng iu chnh. Tnh linh hot l li ch ch yu
Hnh 6.5: V d v h thng kim sot m trong qun tr d tr
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Qui tc ra q.nh:
Khi D
k
D
b,
, t Q*
Tiu chun dch
v v chi ph
Bo co
c.lng dv
& CF d tr
Nh qun tr logistics
H.ng iu chnh:
Thay i lch cung ng
U RA
U VO Qu trnh:
Nghip v kho
Nhu cu
Ti cung ng
Tnh trng v
chi ph d tr
Qui tc ra q.nh:
Khi D
k
D
b,
, t Q*
thi im nht nh v thit lp hnh ng iu chnh. Tnh linh hot l li ch ch yu
ca h thng ny khi m mc tiu, k hoch v nh hng ca mi trng l nhng i
tng thay i thng xuyn, v khi m cc qu trnh kim sot t ng b hn ch v tn
km.
6.2.2.2.H thng ng.
Khi kim sot cc hot ng Logistics, cc qui tc quyt nh c coi nh l i
din qun tr trong h thng ng. Cc qui tc quyt nh hnh ng c coi nh nh
qun tr nu h ch quan st cc kt qu. Do nh qun tr tch xa qu trnh kim sot nn h
thng ny gi l h thng ng. V d v h thng ng trong qun tr Logistics l h
thng kim sot d tr (Hnh 6.6).
Ngc li vi h thng kim sot m, h thng kim sot ng c kh nng to ln
kim sot khi lng cc hot ng Logistics vi tc v chnh xc cao. Tuy nhin,
h thng ng c xu hng cng nhc trong vic p ng vi nhng iu kin thay i
nm ngoi cc thng s thit k. N cng ch c th kim sot mt phn ca ton b qu
trnh v do , c th thiu mt s lnh vc ca h thng m. Do vy, t ng ho c th
lm gim tnh linh hot, lnh vc kim sot b hn ch nhiu hn, v chi ph ban u cao
hn, nhng n em li cho kim sot tc v chnh xc cao hn.
Hnh 6.6: V d v h thng kim sot ng trong qun tr d tr
6.2.2.3. H thng kim sot hn hp
y l h thng kim sot ng- m kt hp c s dng nhiu nht kim sot
cc hot ng Logistics (Hnh 6.7). Nh qun tr trong h thng ny khng ch lm tng
tnh linh hot v phm vi h thng m cn hnh ng nh chic van an ton khi h thng
t ng b ri lon. H thng kim sot bin dng m bo kim sot cc hot ng phc
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T.chun DT:
Q* & D
Bo co
my tnh v D
k
Qui tc ra q.nh:
Khi D
k
D
b,
, t Q*
H.ng iu chnh:
t hng
U RA
U VO
Qu trnh:
Nghip v kho
Nhu cu
Ti cung ng: Q
*
D tr ti kho
D
k
Qui tc ra q.nh:
Khi D
k
D
b,
, t Q*
tp m khng yu cu nh qun tr phi ri b quyn qun tr h thng. y c l l l do
ch yu s dng h thng kim sot bin dng ph bin.
6.3. Cc ch tiu o lng kt qu hot ng Logistics
kim sot Logistics, cn phi o lng cc kt qu Logistics. Cc ch tiu o
lng Logistics bao gm: o lng kt qu bn trong, o lng kt qu bn ngoi, o
lng ton din chui cung ng.
6.3.1.o lng kt qu bn trong.
o lng kt qu bn trong tp trung vo cc hot ng v qu trnh so snh i vi
cc hot ng v mc ch t ra trc y.
Hnh 6.7: V d v h thng kim sot hn hp trong qun tr d tr
Ni chung, c th phn loi cc ch tiu o lng kt qu Logistics thnh: (1) chi ph,
(2) dch v khch hng, (3) nng sut, (4) qun tr ti sn, v (5) cht lng.
-Chi ph: Chi ph thc hin cc mc tiu hot ng xc nh l ch tiu phn nh
trc tip nht kt qu Logistics. Kt qu chi ph Logistics ch yu c o bng tng s
tin, t l phn trm trn doanh s, hoc chi ph trn mt n v qui m. Bng 6.1 trnh by
nhng ch tiu o lng kt qu chi ph Logistics ch yu v thng k t l phn trm cc
nh sn xut, bn bun, bn l s dng tng ch tiu ny.
Bng 6.1: Cc ch tiu o lng chi ph Logistics
S
T.T
Ch tiu o lng
Phn trm theo loi hnh kinh doanh
Ngi sn
xut
Ngi bn
bun
Ngi
bn l
1 Phn tch tng chi ph 87,6 74,8 82,1
2 Chi ph trn n v 79,7 63,8 78,6
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T.chun d tr:
Q, D
, dch v &
chi ph
Bo co
my tnh v D
k
Qui tc ra q.nh:
Khi D
k
D
b,
, t Q*
H.ng iu chnh:
t hng
Qu trnh:
Nghip v kho
Nhu cu
u vo:
Ti cung ng, Q
*
u ra:
Tnh trng v chi
ph d tr
Nh qun tr
logistics
Bo co v CF, dv,
k hoch sx
3 T sut ph 83,3 81,2 79,5
4 Chi ph vn chuyn vo 86,0 80,0 87,5
5 Chi ph vn chuyn ra 94,4 88,3 90,6
6 Chi ph kho 89,0 85,7 89,9
7 Chi ph hnh chnh 80,0 79,1 76,7
8 X l n t hng 52,0 45,8 45,7
9 Lao ng trc tip 78,6 71,4 86,2
10 Phn tch xu hng chi ph 76,9 59,1 61,4
11 Kh nng thu li sn phm trc tip 59,2 46,8 27,8
-Dch v khch hng: Loi ch tiu o lng kt qu Logistics th hai l dch v
khch hng. Bng 6. 2 trnh by cc ch tiu dch v khch hng v thng k t l phn
trm cc nh sn xut, bn bun, bn l s dng tng ch tiu ny.
Bng 6.2: Cc ch tiu o lng kt qu dch v khch hng
S
T.T
Ch tiu o lng
Ngi sn xut Ngi bn bun Ngi bn l
1 T l y 78,2 71,0 66,2
2 Thiu kho 80,6 72,9 71,6
3 Li giao hng 83,0 78,9 81,9
4 Cung ng ng thi gian 82,7 70,5 76,9
5 n hng tr li 77,1 69,2 58,7
6 Thi gian chu k t hng 69,9 34,7 56,4
7 Hng ng ca khch hng 90,3 85,6 84,1
8 Hng ng ca lc bn 87,9 85,0 84,1
-Nng sut: Nng sut l ch tiu khc o lng kt qu ca t chc. Nng sut l
mi quan h(thng l t l hoc ch s) gia u ra(hng ho hoc dch v ) c to ra
v s lng u vo(cc ngun lc) c h thng s dng to nn u ra ny. Do vy,
nng sut l khi nim rt n gin. Nu h thng c cc u ra c th o lng r rng v
cc u vo c th o lng v xc nh c ph hp vi u ra, th ch tiu o lng
nng sut l bnh thng. Tuy nhin n c th kh khn v khng s dng c (tht bi)
nu (1) u ra kh o v vic s dng u vo kh c th ph hp vi thi k cho,
(2)hn hp u vo v u ra lun lun thay i, hoc(3) khng th c hoc kh thu thp
d liu.
V mt l lun, c 3 loi ch tiu o lng nng sut c bn: thng k, ng thi, v
i din. Nu mi u vo v u ra ca h thng bao gm trong biu thc nng sut, th
n s l tng t s nng sut thng k nhn t. T s l thng k do n ch da vo mt s
o.
Mt khc, ch tiu ng thi c tng hp theo thi gian. Nu cc u vo v u ra
trong h thng so snh cc t l nng sut thng k ca mt thi k na vi thi k khc
th kt qu l ch s nng sut ng thi.
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V d:
u ra 2007/u vo 2007
u ra 2005/u vo 2005
Loi th 3 c gi l ch tiu nng sut i din. Loi ny th hin cc nhn t ch
yu khng bao gm trong khi nim nng sut nhng c tng quan cao vi n(s tho
mn khch hng, li nhun, hiu qu, cht lng, hiu sut, . . v. . v). a s cc nh qun
tr tnh nng sut theo cch ny.
Bng 6.3 trnh by cc ch tiu o lng nng sut Logistics v thng k t l phn
trm cc nh sn xut, bn bun, bn l s dng tng ch tiu ny.
Bng 6.3: Cc ch tiu o lng nng sut Logistics
S
T.T
Ch tiu o lng
Ngi sn
xut
Ngi bn
bun
Ngi bn l
1 Doanh s trn mt nhn vin 54,8 53,1 61,4
2 Doanh s trn tin lng 51,9 43,7 63,9
3 S n t hng trn i din bn 38,7 51,7 15,5
4 So snh vi tiu chun lch s 76,3 74,6 86,4
5 Cc chng trnh ch 76,2 69,2 82,1
6 Ch s nng sut 55,8 44,9 56,3
- Ch tiu o lng ti sn: Ch tiu o lng ti sn tp trung vo vic s dng
u t vn vo c s vt cht v thit b, cng nh s dng vn vo d tr t c cc
mc ch ca Logistics. C s vt cht, thit b Logistics, v d tr c th coi nh l b
phn ti sn quan trng ca doanh nghip. i vi cc nh bn bun, tng s ti sn ny
chim hn 90%. Cc ch tiu o lng qun tr ti sn tp trung vo ch ti sn quay vng
c nhanh khng, nh tc chu chuyn d tr v mc thu hi vn t u t.
Bng 6.4 trnh by nhng ch tiu o lng qun tr ti sn Logistics ch yu v
thng k t l phn trm cc nh sn xut, bn bun, bn l s dng tng ch tiu ny.
Bng 6.4: Cc ch tiu o lng qun tr Logistics
S
T.T
Ch tiu o lng
1 Chu chuyn d tr 81,9 85,2 82,6
2 Chi ph m bo d tr 68,6 68,3 55,6
3 Mc d tr, s ngy cung ng 86,9 80,7 74,1
4 D tr tha 85,7 79,7 73,1
5 Thu hi trn ti sn thun 66,9 65,9 55,0
6 Thu hi trn u t 74,6 74,8 67,9
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- Cht lng: Cc ch tiu o lng cht lng - nhng nh gi nh hng qu
trnh- c thit k xc nh hiu qu ca mt lot cc hot ng thay v mt hot ng
ring l. Tuy nhin, cht lng lun lun kh o lng do phm vi rng ln ca n.
Bng 6.5 trnh by cc ch tiu o lng cht lng Logistics ch yu v thng k t
l phn trm cc nh sn xut, bn bun, bn l s dng tng ch tiu.
Bng 6.5: Cc ch tiu o lng cht lng Logistics
S
T.T
Ch tiu o lng
1 Tn s h hng 67,4 44,7 60,8
2 Tng gi tr h hng 74,6 55,6 67,1
3 S ln khiu ni 75,7 68,9 67,5
4 S ln khch hng tr li 77,1 69,0 63,9
5 Chi ph hng b tr li 68,0 57,7 54,2
Quan im o lng hin i ang c quan tm l " n t hng hon ho". Vic
cung ng n t hng hon ho l ch tiu o lng cht lng c bn nht cc nghip v
Logistics; iu ny c ngha, n t hng hon ho gn lin vi hiu qu ca ton b kt
qu Logistics thng nht ca doanh nghip thay v cc chc nng tng phn. N o lng
xem cc bc qu trnh qun tr n t hng c trin khai c tt v khng li khng
n t hng hon ho th hin kt qu l tng. Xut pht t quan im tc nghip,
n dt hng hon ho phi p ng tt c nhng tiu chun sau: (1) cung ng tng hp tt
c cc mt hng theo yu cu; (2) cung ng theo thi gian yu cu ca khch hng; (3)
tng hp v lm chnh xc ti liu h tr n t hng; v (4) iu kin hon ho, c ngha,
lp t khng sai, to dng chnh xc, sn sng cho khch hng m khng nguy him. Tuy
nhin, c nhiu tr ngi t c mc hon ho.
6.3.2. o lng kt qu bn ngoi
Trong khi cc ch tiu bn trong l quan trng kim tra theo di t chc chi tit, th
cc ch tiu o lng kt qu bn ngoi l cn thit theo di, hiu, v pht trin khch
hng, v hiu su sc nhng i mi t nhng ngnh khc. o lng kt qu bn ngoi
bao gm: Ch tiu o lng mong i khch hng, xc nh chun mc thc tin tt nht,
o lng ton din chui cung ng, tho mn khch hng /cht lng.
- Ch tiu o lng mong i khch hng: Cu thnh quan trng kt qu Logistics
l o lng chnh xc nhng mong i ca khch hng. Nhng ch tiu o lng ny c
th thu thp c thng qua iu tra h tr cng ty hoc ngnh, hoc nh vo dng n t
hng h thng. Nhng cu hi iu tra theo hng kt qu ni chung ca doanh nghip v
i th cnh tranh hoc i vi n t hng xc nh. Vic iu tra c bn kt hp cc ch
tiu o lng nhng mong i ca khch hng v mt kh nng y hng ho, thi gian
thc hin n t hng, kh nng m bo thng tin, gii quyt kh khn, v h tr sn
phm. Vic iu tra c trin khai v iu hnh bi bn thn doanh nghip hoc cc c
vn, cc i l cung ng, hoc cc t chc ngnh.
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- Xc nh chun mc thc tin tt nht: Chun mc cng l kha cnh quan trng
ca cc ch tiu o lng ton din kt qu. Ngy cng c nhiu doanh nghip coi chun
mc nh l k thut so snh cc nghip v ca mnh vi cc nghip v ca c i th
cnh tranh v doanh nghip dn u trong nhng ngnh c v khng c quan h.
Bng 6.6 ch ra nhng lnh vc ch cht v t l cc doanh nghip xc nh chun
mc trong tng lnh vc.
Bng 6.6: Thc tin xc nh chun mc theo lnh vc v loi hnh kinh
doanh
S
T.T
Ch tiu o lng
1 Qun tr ti sn 36,6 30,3 24,3
2 Chi ph 78,1 59,7 56,4
3 Dch v khch hng 84,8 53,7 40,3
4 Nng sut 57,5 41,5 46,8
5 Cht lng 79,1 46,2 38,2
6 Chin lc 53,0 27,8 39,2
7 Cng ngh 47,2 36,4 34,8
8 Vn chuyn 56,3 44,4 60,5
9 Qu trnhkho 51,1 51,5 57,9
10 X l n t hng 51,9 39,5 28,8
11 Tng hp 59,6 43,1 43,4
Nghin cu chun mc thc tin tt nht tp trung vo cc s o, thc tin, v cc
qu trnh t chc so snh. Vic nghin cu xc nh nhng ch tiu o lng kt qu ct li
v, nu c th, theo di cc mc kt qu lch s v hin ti.
Cc doanh nghip c th s dng 3 phng php xc nh chun mc. Phng php
u to d liu Logistics c th t cc c vn, cc tp ch nh k, v nhng nghin cu
ca cc trng i hc. Phng php ny d thu thp d liu, nhng kh em li li th
cnh tranh. Phng php th hai nhm xc nh chun mc ring tng phn vi nhng
doanh nghip khng cnh tranh trong ngnh cng s hu hoc c quan h. Ti y, mi t
chc nghin cu cc ch tiu o lng, thc tin v qu trnh ca cc t chc khc pht
trin nhng hiu bit nhm ci thin kt qu. Phng php th ba bao gm thng nht cc
t chc chia s nhng d liu nh chun trn c s cn i. Nhng s thng nht ny i
hi nhng n lc nhiu hn, nhng lun cung cp thng tin tt hn nhng phng php
khc.
6.3.3. o lng ton din chui cung ng
Tp trung kt qu v hiu qu ca ton b chui cung ng yu cu cc ch tiu o
lng phn nh ton cnh thng nht. Ton cnh ny phi so snh c v ph hp cho c
cc chc nng ca doanh nghip v tnh trng thit k knh.
Nhm mc ch trin khai cc ch tiu o lng thng nht c th c s dng
thng qua chui cung ng, cc doanh nghip, trng i hc, v cc c vn yu cu mt
ci khung chung. Khung thng nht kt hp 4 loi thc o v theo di c kt qu v
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nguyn nhn. Bng 6.7 minh ho khung ny. Cc loi hnh thc o phn nh cc kha
cnh kt qu phi c kim tra, theo di qun tr chui cung ng hiu qu. Nhng loi
hnh nh r l s tho mn/chin lc, thi gian, chi ph, v ti sn. Mi thc o c
kim tra c v kt qu v nguyn nhn. Cc ch tiu o lng kt qu tp trung cho kt qu
ca ton b qu trnh nh: qu trnh tho mn khch hng v qu trnh qun tr thi gian.
Cc ch tiu o lng nguyn nhn tp trung vo cc hot ng xc nh bn trong qu
trnh. Sau y s xem xt cc loi ch tiu o lng ch yu.
Bng 6.7: Khung o lng chui cung ng thng nht
Kt qu Biu hin
Tho mn khch hng /cht lng
Hon thin n t hng hon ho Thi gian cung ng
Tha mn khch hng Chi ph bo hnh, tr li hng, v tin thng
Cht lng sn phm Thi gian p ng yu cu khch hng
Thi gian
Thi gian thc hin n t hng
Thi gian chu k xc nh ngun/thc hin
Thi gian p ng chui cung ng
Chi ph
Tng chi ph chui cung ng Nng sut gi tr gia tng
Ti sn
Thi gian chu k tin- tin chnh xc ca d bo
S ngy d tr Hao mn v hnh
Kt qu ti sn S dng cng sut
- Tho mn khch hng /cht lng: Cc ch tiu tho mn khch hng /cht lng
o lng kh nng ca doanh nghip cung cp ton b s tho mn cho khch hng. Cc
ch tiu tho mn khch hng/cht lng da trn kt qu bao gm thc hin tt n t
hng hon ho, tho mn khch hng, v cht lng sn phm. n t hng hon ho c
ngha cung ng trn vn hng ho cho khch hng vi thi gian theo yu cu, ti liu
chng t chnh xc, v iu kin hon ho. S tho mn khch hng c o lng bi
nhng cm nhn v thi gian thc hin n t hng, cc cu thnh thc hin n t hng
hon ho, v kh nng p ng vi nhng yu cu v tnh trng n t hng v cc cu
hi cht vn ca khch hng.
ng thi vi vic o lng hiu qu ca ton b qu trnh, cc ch tiu o lng kt
qu cng thng c s dng o lng cc hot ng ring l. Bng 6.7 trnh by v
xc nh nhng biu hin tho mn khch hng ch yu.
- Thi gian: Ch tiu thi gian o lng kh nng ca doanh nghip trong vic p
ng nhng nhu cu ca khch hng. Ni cch khc, mt bao nhiu thi gian k t khi
khch hng t mua cho n khi sn phm sn sng cho khch hng s dng? Vic kim
tra kt qu thi gian i hi phi o lng ton b qu trnh theo quan im khch hng v
tng nhn t ring bit. Bng 6. 7 trnh by v xc nh nhng biu hin thi gian ch yu.
- Chi ph: y l loi thc o th ba. Yu t chi ph n thun bao gm ton b
chi tiu ca chui cung ng.
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Bng 6.7 trnh by nhng cu thnh chui cung ng ch yu c s dng kim
tra ton b chi ph kt qu. Thc o chi ph nguyn nhn tp trung vo nng sut ngun
lc bng cch kim tra gi tr gia tng trn mt lao ng. Nng sut gi tr gia tng c
xc nh bng tng doanh thu ca cng ty tr i gi tr vt t, hng ho c cung ng t
ngun bn ngoi.
- Ti sn: y l thc o tp trung vo vic s dng ti sn. Do qun tr Logistics
c trch nhim i vi nhng ti sn ch yu bao gm d tr, c s vt cht v thit b,
nn vic o lng kt qu thng nht phi kt hp kha cnh ti sn. Cc thc o ti sn
ch yu tp trung vo mc doanh s c h tr vi mc ti sn xc nh. Cc thc o
ti sn da vo kt qu l thi gian chu k tin- tin, s ngy d tr, v kt qu ti sn.
Thi gian chu k tin- tin-o lng hiu qu s dng tin mt- l thi gian l thuyt tnh
trung bnh chuyn i tin mua hng ho thnh tin cho hng ho chun b bn ra. Thi
gian chu k tin- tin ph thuc vo vic mua hoc thanh ton tin mua hng cho n khi
khch hng thanh ton. S ngy d tr o lng tc hoc s ln d tr.
Thc o cui cng tp trung vo vic s dng tng s ti sn. Kt qu ti sn c
xc nh theo t l doanh s trn tng ti sn. N chu nh hng ca c vic s dng v
s hu nhng ti sn hin ti.
6.3.4. c im ca h thng o lng l tng.
Mt h thng o lng kt qu l tng hp nht 3 c im em li phng hng
kp thi v chnh xc qun tr: iu ho li chi ph /dch v, bo co s hiu bit ng
thi, v bo co c cht lc.
- iu ho chi ph /dch v: Do kh tp hp cc loi d liu v kh kt hp cc
mi quan h nhn qu, nn a s cc bo co trnh by nhng chi ph Logistics ch trong
mt thi k xc nh. Cc bo co khng phn nh nhng cn i chi ph /dch v i vi
doanh thu pht sinh. iu quan trng l xc nh v kt hp nhng chi ph xc ng v
doanh thu cho cc nh qun tr a ra cc quyt nh hp l. Tr phi chi ph tng quan
hp l vi doanh thu, nh qun tr c th hiu sai kt qu ca h thng Logistics. Li ch
quan trng do k hoch tc nghip em li l ch mi trnh hot ng ph hp vi cc
mc chi ph d tnh. Khi cc hot ng to nn chi ph lin quan n doanh s tng lai,
phi iu ho chi ph vi doanh thu tng ng.
- Bo co hiu bit ng thi: Thch thc ln nht trong bo co Logistics l trnh
by c ng thi, ch khng phi l trng thi tnh, tc l trnh by c bc tranh kt
qu hot ng trong c thi k m rng. Ni chung, a s cc bo co nghip v Logistics
u cung cp tnh trng cc hot ng quan trng nh v tr d tr hin ti, chi ph vn
chuyn, chi ph kho, v cc ch tiu chi ph khc hoc trnh hot ng i vi tng thi
k bo co. Cc bo co ny cung cp nhng s liu thng k quan trng c th so snh
vi cc thi k hot ng trc y xc nh xem kt qu c din ra nh k hoch
khng. Thiu nhng bo co trng thi tnh kh c th a ra c bc tranh cho c thi
k qu kh v khng th nghin cu c nhng khuynh hng quan trng trong tng
lai. Cc nh qun tr Logistics i hi mt h thng bo co c th d tnh nhng khuynh
hng tri nghch trc khi h khng th kim sot ni. Mt h thng bo co l tng c
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th a ra nhng d liu Logistics v thng tin chnh xc gip iu chnh hnh ng qun
tr. Do , mt h thng bo co phi c kh nng phn on nhm d tnh xem khuynh
hng nghip v ang ni tri l u v nhm vch ra nhng hnh ng iu chnh thch
hp.
- Bo co tm tt: o lng Logistics phi c cht lc. Do , mt h thng bo
co l tng s gip cho cc nh qun tr tch ra c nhng hot ng v qu trnh cn
ch . Nhng s ch ny c th xc nh cc lnh vc i hi nhng n lc gii quyt
hoc cn phi nh gi su sc hn qu trnh hoc chc nng xc nh.
6.4. Cu trc bo co
C 3 loi bo co c s dng trong h thng kim sot Logistics: bo co trng
thi, bo co khuynh hng, v bo co chuyn bit.
6.4.1.Cc bo co trng thi
Bo co trng thi cung cp thng tin chi tit v mt s kha cnh hot ng
Logistics. Ph bin nht l bo co trng thi tn kho nhm theo di d tr nhiu im
kho. Tuy nhin bo co trng thi c trin khai cho tt c mi trung tm Logistics. Mt
s lin quan n vic kim sot tng n v hoc kim sot thng v; mt s khc c bn
cht ti chnh. Mc ch ca bo co trng thi l nhm cung cp cho cc nh qun tr
thng tin hp l hon thnh chc trch trong ton b h thng Logistics.
6.4.2.Cc bo co khuynh hng
Cc bo co khuynh hng do cc nh qun tr hnh chnh s dng mc kim sot
cao hn nh qun tr theo tuyn. Bo co khuynh hng c tnh chn lc ni dung hn bo
co khuynh hng. Do thng tin c tnh chn lc v rt sc tch nn nhng bo co ny
thng c ring.
6.4.3. Cc bo co chuyn bit
Cc bo co chuyn bit c to ra bt k mc iu hnh Logistics v do rt nhiu
l do. Thng th chng c trin khai lm chi tit cc lnh vc kt qu. C 3 loi hnh
bo co chuyn bit ph bin trong qun tr.
Loi th 1 l bo co hin tng, chng cung cp chi tit v giai on xc nh ca
cc hot ng. V d, c th yu cu bo co c chi tit v cc n hng hin gi tr li
v hnh ng iu chnh tip theo. Nu doanh nghip trin khai h thng x l n t
hng theo thi gian c th, th cc bo co hin tng nht nh c th c cung cp t
sao chp th hoc phng vn trc tip.
Loi bo co chuyn bit th 2 l trang nh v (position paper). Gp vn hin ti
hoc bit trc, cn c bo co phc tho din bin hnh ng v cc kt qu c th xy ra.
Cc trang giy nh v thng do cc nh qun tr theo tuyn trin khai cp trng s
dng khi ra cc quyt nh t chc. Nhng trang giy nh v ny s yu cu cc ngun lc
b sung. Nu yu cu c chp nhn, k hoch nghip v s c bin i. Trong trng
hp kim sot hnh chnh, cc trang giy nh v v hnh ng lin quan c th bao gm
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vic b tr nhiu hn cc ngun lc, nhng chng s khng i hi thay i cc mc tiu
kt qu.
Loi bo co chuyn bit cui cng c lin quan n bin i chnh sch. Cc bo
co chnh sch thng xuyn c lnh o hoc thit lp bi cc gim c iu hnh
doanh nghip. Ni dung ca chng thng nhng lnh vc hot ng vt qu ni dung
Logistics.
Ni dung ca cc bo co phn ln c nh hng khch hng i vi tng doanh
nghip, t chc, v s phc tp ca h thng thng tin qun tr. Ni dung phi tng ng
vi cc mc kim sot hnh chnh: mc kim sot cng cao th bn cht thng tin cha
ng trong bo co cng chn lc.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Tm tt chng 6
Ni dung ca chng 6 trc ht l phn tch yu cu i vi c cu t chc cho hot
ng qun tr logistics, n tr li cho cu hi, ti sao vic t chc b phn logistics li cn
thit? T chc to nn cc iu kin thun li ti u ha cc hot ng logistics. ti
mt doanh nghip t chc c nhn nhn theo 3 cp : Khng chnh thc, bn chnh
thc v chnh thc. Nhm cc hot ng c lin quan v qun l chng tp trung trong b
phn logistics c quan tm nhiu nht. Tuy nhin cn phi nm c cc cn c la
chn cc cu trc ny mt cch ph hp.
Kim sot logistics gip m bo rng nhng mc tiu lp theo k hoch s c
thc hin. Trong thc t nhng bin ng v bt nh ca mi trng s tc ng to ra
nhng sai lch gia k hach v thc hin. H thng kim sot s gip hn ch v trit tiu
cc sai lch ny vi mt quy trnh kim sot thng nht. Doanh nghip c th s dng cc
h thng kim sot ng, m hoc phi hp c hai, tt c u c p dng trong thc t.
Mt tp hp cc ch tiu o lng Logistics bao gm: o lng kt qu bn trong, o
lng kt qu bn ngoi, o lng ton din chui cung ng. v cc loi bo co s gip
ngi hc nhn thc y v hot ng ny.

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GIÁO TRÌNH QUẢN TRỊ LOGISTISC

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GIÁO TRÌNH QUẢN TRỊ LOGISTISC

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C nhiu quyt nh trong d tr, cc quyt nh c bn l: H thng d tr; Cc

- Qui m l hng t (ang thc hin)

C th vit cng thc tng qut xc nh Q

Trn c s xc nh lch ca nhu cu v chu k nhp hng, c th xc nh c

3.5.2 Cc gii php nhm ci tin qun tr d tr

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