Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

S CHNH PHNG
I. NH NGHA: S chnh phng l s bng bnh phng ng ca mt s nguyn.
II. TNH CHT:

1. S chnh phng ch c th c ch s tn cng bng 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 ; khng th c

ch s tn cng bng 2, 3, 7, 8.
2. Khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t, s chnh phng ch cha cc tha s nguyn
t vi s m chn.
3. S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 4n hoc 4n + 1. Khng c s
chnh phng no c dng 4n + 2 hoc 4n + 3 (n N).
4. S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 3n hoc 3n + 1. Khng c s
chnh phng no c dng 3n + 2 (n N).
5. S chnh phng tn cng bng 1 hoc 9 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 5 th ch s hng chc l 2
S chnh phng tn cng bng 4 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 6 th ch s hng chc l ch s l.
6. S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 9.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 8 th chia ht cho 16.
III. MT S DNG BI TP V S CHNH PHNG

A. DNG1: CHNG MINH MT S L S CHNH PHNG

Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn x, y th
A = (x + y)(x + 2y)(x + 3y)(x + 4y) + y4 l s chnh phng.
Ta c A = (x + y)(x + 2y)(x + 3y)(x + 4y) + y4
= (x2 + 5xy + 4y2)( x2 + 5xy + 6y2) + y4
t x2 + 5xy + 5y2 = t ( t Z) th
A = (t - y2)( t + y2) + y4 = t2 y4 + y4 = t2 = (x2 + 5xy + 5y2)2
V x, y, z Z nn x2 Z, 5xy Z, 5y2 Z x2 + 5xy + 5y2 Z
Vy A l s chnh phng.
Bi 2: Chng minh tch ca 4 s t nhin lin tip cng 1 lun l s chnh phng.
Gi 4 s t nhin, lin tip l n, n + 1, n+ 2, n + 3 (n N). Ta c
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 = n.(n + 3(n + 1)(n + 2) + 1
= (n2 + 3n)( n2 + 3n + 2) + 1 (*)
t n2 + 3n = t (t N) th (*) = t( t + 2 ) + 1 = t2 + 2t + 1 = ( t + 1 )2
= (n2 + 3n + 1)2
V n N nn n2 + 3n + 1 N Vy n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) + 1 l s chnh phng.
Bi 3: Cho S = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + . . . + k(k+1)(k+2)
Chng minh rng 4S + 1 l s chnh phng .
1
1
k(k+1)(k+2).4 = k(k+1)(k+2).[(k+3) (k-1)]
4
4
1
1
=
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) - k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1)
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
S = .1.2.3.4 - .0.1.2.3 + .2.3.4.5 - .1.2.3.4 ++ k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) 4
4
4
4
4
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1) = k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
4

Ta c k(k+1)(k+2) =

4S + 1 = k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1
Theo kt qu bi 2 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1 l s chnh ph ng.
Bi 4: Cho dy s 49; 4489; 444889; 44448889;
Dy s trn c xy dng bng cch thm s 48 vo gia s ng trc n.
Chng minh rng tt c cc s ca dy trn u l s chnh phng.
Ta c 4448889 = 44488..8 + 1 = 444 . 10n + 8 . 111 + 1
n ch s 4 n-1 ch s 8 n ch s 4 n ch s 8

= 4.

n ch s 4

n ch s 1

10 n 1
10 n 1
4.10 2 n 4.10 n + 8.10 n 8 + 9
4.10 2 n + 4.10 n + 1
. 10n + 8.
+1=
=
9
9
9
9
2
n
2.10 + 1

=
3

Ta thy 2.10n +1=20001 c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3 nn n chia ht cho 3

n-1 ch s 0

2.10 + 1

Z hay cc s c dng 4448889 l s chnh phng.

Bi 5: Chng minh rng cc s sau y l s chnh phng:

A = 111 + 444 + 1
2n ch s 1

n ch s 4

B = 111 + 111 + 666 + 8

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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

2n ch s 1 n+1 ch s 1 n ch s 6

C = 444 + 222 + 888 + 7

2n ch s 4 n+1 ch s 2 n ch s 8

10 n + 2

Kt qu: A =
3

10 n + 8

B =
3

2.10 n + 7

C =
3

Bi 6: Chng minh rng cc s sau l s chnh phng:

a. A = 22499910009
n-2 ch s 9 n ch s 0

b. B = 1115556
n ch s 1 n-1 ch s 5

a. A = 224.102n + 999.10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9= 224.102n + ( 10n-2 1 ) . 10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9

= 224.102n + 102n 10n+2 + 10n+1 + 9= 225.102n 90.10n + 9
= ( 15.10n 3 ) 2 A l s chnh phng
b. B = 11115555 + 1 = 111.10n + 5.111 + 1
n ch s 1 n ch s 5

n ch s 1

n ch s 1

10 n 1
10 n 1
10 2 n 10 n + 5.10 n 5 + 9
n
=
. 10 + 5.
+1=
9
9
9
2

10

2n

10 n + 2
+ 4.10 + 4

=
9
3
n

l s chnh phng ( iu phi chng minh)

Bi 7: Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 5 s t nhin lin tip khng th
l mt s chnh phng
Gi 5 s t nhin lin tip l n-2, n-1, n , n+1 , n+2 (n N , n 2 ).
Ta c ( n-2)2 + (n-1)2 + n2 + ( n+1)2 + ( n+2)2 = 5.( n2+2)
V n2 khng th tn cng bi 3 hoc 8 do n2+2 khng th chia ht cho 5
5.( n2+2) khng l s chnh phng hay A khng l s chnh phng
Bi 8: Chng minh rng s c dng n6 n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 trong n N v n>1 khng
phi l s chnh phng
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

n n + 2n +2n = n .( n4 n2 + 2n +2 ) = n2.[ n2(n-1)(n+1) + 2(n+1) ]
= n2[ (n+1)(n3 n2 + 2) ] = n2(n+1).[ (n3+1) (n2-1) ]= n2( n+1 )2.( n22n+2)
Vi n N, n >1 th n2-2n+2 = (n - 1)2 + 1 > ( n 1 )2
v n2 2n + 2 = n2 2(n - 1) < n2
Vy ( n 1)2 < n2 2n + 2 < n2 n2 2n + 2 khng phi l mt s chnh phng.
Bi 9: Cho 5 s chnh phng bt k c ch s hng chc khc nhau cn ch s hng
n v u l 6. Chng minh rng tng cc ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng
l mt s chnh phng
Cch 1: Ta bit mt s chnh phng c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s hng
chc ca n l s l. V vy ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng cho l 1,3,5,7,9
khi tng ca chng bng 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng
Cch 2: Nu mt s chnh phng M = a2 c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s tn
cng ca a l 4 hoc 6 a 2 a2 4
Theo du hiu chia ht cho 4 th hai ch s tn cng ca M ch c th l 16, 36, 56,
76, 96 Ta c: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng.
Bi 10: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca hai s l bt k khng phi l mt s
chnh phng.
a v b l nn a = 2k+1, b = 2m+1 (Vi k, m N)
a2 + b2 = (2k+1)2 + (2m+1)2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 + 4m2 + 4m + 1
= 4(k2 + k + m2 + m) + 2 = 4t + 2 (Vi t N)
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 4t + 2 (t N) do a2 + b2 khng th l s
chnh phng.
Bi 11: Chng minh rng nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1
khng th l cc s chnh phng.
V p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin nn p 2 v p khng chia ht cho 4 (1)
a. Gi s p+1 l s chnh phng . t p+1 = m2 (m N)
V p chn nn p+1 l m2 l m l.
t m = 2k+1 (k N). Ta c m2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 p+1 = 4k2 + 4k + 1
p = 4k2 + 4k = 4k(k+1) 4 mu thun vi (1)
p+1 l s chnh phng
b. p = 2.3.5 l s chia ht cho 3 p-1 c dng 3k+2.
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 3k+2 p-1 khng l s chnh phng .
Vy nu p l tch n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng l s chnh phng
6

Trang 4

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Bi 12: Gi s N = 1.3.5.72007.
Chng minh rng trong 3 s nguyn lin tip 2N-1, 2N v 2N+1 khng c s no l s
chnh phng.
a. 2N-1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 1
C 2N 3 2N-1 khng chia ht cho 3 v 2N-1 = 3k+2 (k N)
2N-1 khng l s chnh phng.
b. 2N = 2.1.3.5.72007
V N l N khng chia ht cho 2 v 2N 2 nhng 2N khng chia ht cho 4.
2N chn nn 2N khng chia cho 4 d 1 2N khng l s chnh phng.
c. 2N+1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 + 1
2N+1 l nn 2N+1 khng chia ht cho 4
2N khng chia ht cho 4 nn 2N+1 khng chia cho 4 d 1
2N+1 khng l s chnh phng.
Bi 13: Cho a = 111 ; b = 10005
2008 ch s 1

2007 ch s 0

Chng minh

ab + 1 l s t nhin.
10 2008 1
Cch 1: Ta c a = 111 =
; b = 10005 = 1000 + 5 = 102008 + 5
9
2008 ch s 1

ab+1 =
ab + 1 =

Ta thy 10

2008

(10

2008

1)(10
9

2007 ch s 0
2008

+ 5)

+1=

(10

2008 ch s 0

) + 4.10
9

2008 2

2008

10 2008 + 2
5+9

=
3

10 2008 + 2 2
10 2008 + 2

=
3
3

10 2008 + 2
+ 2 = 10002 3 nn
3

N hay

ab + 1 l s t nhin.

2007 ch s 0

Cch 2: b = 10005 = 1000 1 + 6 = 999 + 6 = 9a +6

2007 ch s 0

2008 ch s 0

2008 ch s 9

ab+1 = a(9a +6) + 1 = 9a2 + 6a + 1 = (3a+1)2

ab + 1 = (3a + 1) 2 = 3a + 1 N

B. DNG 2: TM GI TR CA BIN BIU THC L S CHNH PHNG

Bi1: Tm s t nhin n sao cho cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n2 + 2n + 12
b. n ( n+3 )
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

c. 13n + 3
d. n2 + n + 1589
Gii
2
a. V n + 2n + 12 l s chnh phng nn t n2 + 2n + 12 = k2 (k N)
(n2 + 2n + 1) + 11 = k2 k2 (n+1)2 = 11 (k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11
Nhn xt thy k+n+1 > k-n-1 v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta c th vit
(k+n+1)(k-n-1) = 11.1
k+n+1 = 11 k = 6
kn-1=1
n=4
2
2
2
2
b. t n(n+3) = a (n N) n + 3n = a 4n + 12n = 4a2
(4n2 + 12n + 9) 9 = 4a2 (2n + 3) 2 - 4a2 = 9 (2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a)= 9
Nhn xt thy 2n + 3 + 2a > 2n + 3 2a v chng l nhng s nguyn dng, nn ta
c th vit (2n + 3 + 2a)(2n + 3 2a) = 9.1

2n + 3 + 2a = 9 n = 1
2n + 3 2a = 1
a=2
2
c. t 13n + 3 = y ( y N) 13(n 1) = y2 16 13(n 1) = (y + 4)(y 4)
(y + 4)(y 4) 13 m 13 l s nguyn t nn y + 4 13 hoc y 4 13
y = 13k 4 (Vi k N)
13(n 1) = (13k 4 )2 16 = 13k.(13k 8)
n = 13k2 8k + 1
Vy n = 13k2 8k + 1 (Vi k N) th 13n + 3 l s chnh phng.
d. t n2 + n + 1589 = m2 (m N) (4n2 + 1)2 + 6355 = 4m2
(2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355
Nhn xt thy 2m + 2n +1> 2m 2n -1 > 0 v chng l nhng s l, nn ta c th
vit (2m + 2n +1)(2m 2n -1) = 6355.1 = 1271.5 = 205.31 = 155.41
Suy ra n c th c cc gi tr sau: 1588; 316; 43; 28.
Bi 2: Tm a cc s sau l nhng s chnh phng:
a.
a2 + a + 43
b.
a2 + 81
c.
a2 + 31a + 1984
Kt qu: a. 2; 42; 13
b. 0; 12; 40
c. 12; 33; 48; 97; 176; 332; 565; 1728
Bi 3: Tm s t nhin n 1 sao cho tng 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! l mt s chnh
phng .
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Vi n = 1 th 1! = 1 = 12 l s chnh phng .
Vi n = 2 th 1! + 2! = 3 khng l s chnh phng
Vi n = 3 th 1! + 2! + 3! = 1+1.2+1.2.3 = 9 = 32 l s chnh phng
Vi n 4 ta c 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! = 1+1.2+1.2.3+1.2.3.4 = 33 cn 5!; 6!; ; n! u
tn cng bi 0 do 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! c tn cng bi ch s 3 nn n khng phi
l s chnh phng .
Vy c 2 s t nhin n tha mn bi l n = 1; n = 3.
Bi 4: Tm n N cc s sau l s chnh phng:
a. n2 + 2004
( Kt qu: 500; 164)
b. (23 n)(n 3)
( Kt qu: 3; 5; 7; 13; 19; 21; 23)
2
c. n + 4n + 97
d. 2n + 15
Bi 5: C hay khng s t nhin n 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng.
Gi s 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng th 2006 + n2 = m2 (m N)
T suy ra m2 n2 = 2006 (m + n)(m - n) = 2006
Nh vy trong 2 s m v n phi c t nht 1 s chn (1)
Mt khc m + n + m n = 2m 2 s m + n v m n cng tnh chn l (2)
T (1) v (2) m + n v m n l 2 s chn
(m + n)(m - n) 4 Nhng 2006 khng chia ht cho 4
iu gi s sai.
Vy khng tn ti s t nhin n 2006 + n2 l s chnh phng.
Bi 6: Bit x N v x>2. Tm x sao cho x(x-1).x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)
2

ng thc cho c vit li nh sau: x(x-1) = (x-2)xx(x-1)

Do v tri l mt s chnh phng nn v phi cng l mt s chnh phng .
Mt s chnh phng ch c th tn cng bi 1 trong cc ch s 0; 1; 4; 5; 6; 9 nn x
ch c th tn cng bi 1 trong cc ch s 1; 2; 5; 6; 7; 0 (1)
Do x l ch s nn x 9, kt hp vi iu kin bi ta c x N v 2 < x 9 (2)
T (1) v (2) x ch c th nhn 1 trong cc gi tr 5; 6; 7.
Bng php th ta thy ch c x = 7 tha mn bi, khi 762 = 5776
Bi 7: Tm s t nhin n c 2 ch s bit rng 2n+1 v 3n+1 u l cc s chnh
phng.
Ta c 10 n 99 nn 21 2n+1 199. Tm s chnh phng l trong khong trn ta
c 25; 49; 81; 121; 169 tng ng vi s n bng 12; 24; 40; 60; 84.
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

S 3n+1 bng 37; 73; 121; 181; 253. Ch c 121 l s chnh phng.
Vy n = 40
Bi 8: Chng minh rng nu n l s t nhin sao cho n+1 v 2n+1 u l cc s
chnh phng th n l bi s ca 24.
V n+1 v 2n+1 l cc s chnh phng nn t n+1 = k2 , 2n+1 = m2 (k, m N)
Ta c m l s l m = 2a+1 m2 = 4a (a+1) + 1
4a(a + 1)
m2 1
n=
=
= 2a(a+1)
2
2

n chn n+1 l k l t k = 2b+1 (Vi b

N) k2 = 4b(b+1) +1
n = 4b(b+1) n 8 (1)

Ta c k2 + m2 = 3n + 2 2 (mod3)
Mt khc k2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1, m2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1.
Nn k2 + m2 2 (mod3) th k2 1 (mod3)
m2 1 (mod3)
m2 k2 3 hay (2n+1) (n+1) 3 n 3 (2)
M (8; 3) = 1 (3)
T (1), (2), (3) n 24.
Bi 9: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n sao cho s 28 + 211 + 2n l s chnh phng .
Gi s 28 + 211 + 2n = a2 (a N) th
2n = a2 482 = (a+48)(a-48)
2p.2q = (a+48)(a-48)
Vi p, q N ; p+q = n v p > q

a+48 = 2p 2p 2q = 96 2q (2p-q -1) = 25.3

a- 48 = 2q
q = 5 v p-q = 2 p = 7 n = 5+7 = 12
Th li ta c: 28 + 211 + 2n = 802
C.DNG 3: TM S CHNH PHNG

Bi 1: Cho A l s chnh phng gm 4 ch s. Nu ta thm vo mi ch s ca A

mt n v th ta c s chnh phng B. Hy tm cc s A v B.
Gi A = abcd = k2. Nu thm vo mi ch s ca A mt n v th ta c s
B = (a+1)(b+1)(c+1)(d+1) = m2
vi k, m N v 32 < k < m < 100
a, b, c, d N ; 1 a 9 ; 0 b, c, d 9
Ta c
A = abcd = k2
B = abcd + 1111 = m2
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

m k = 1111 (m-k)(m+k) = 1111 (*)
Nhn xt thy tch (m-k)(m+k) > 0 nn m-k v m+k l 2 s nguyn dng.
V m-k < m+k < 200 nn (*) c th vit (m-k)(m+k) = 11.101
Do m k == 11 m = 56
A = 2025
m + k = 101
n = 45
B = 3136
Bi 2: Tm 1 s chnh phng gm 4 ch s bit rng s gm 2 ch s u ln hn s
gm 2 ch s sau 1 n v.
t abcd = k2 ta c ab cd = 1 v k N, 32 k < 100
Suy ra 101cd = k2 100 = (k-10)(k+10) k +10 101 hoc k-10 101
M (k-10; 101) = 1 k +10 101
V 32 k < 100 nn 42 k+10 < 110 k+10 = 101 k = 91
abcd = 912 = 8281
2

Bi 3: Tm s chnh phng c 4 ch s bit rng 2 ch s u ging nhau, 2 ch s

cui ging nhau.
Gi s chnh phng phi tm l aabb = n2 vi a, b N, 1 a 9; 0 b 9
Ta c n2 = aabb = 11.a0b = 11.(100a+b) = 11.(99a+a+b) (1)
Nhn xt thy aabb 11 a + b 11
M 1 a 9 ; 0 b 9 nn 1 a+b 18 a+b = 11
Thay a+b = 11 vo (1) c n2 = 112(9a+1) do 9a+1 l s chnh phng .
Bng php th vi a = 1; 2; ; 9 ta thy ch c a = 7 tha mn b = 4
S cn tm l 7744
Bi 4: Tm mt s c 4 ch s va l s chnh phng va l mt lp phng.
Gi s chnh phng l abcd . V abcd va l s chnh phng va l mt lp
phng nn t abcd = x2 = y3 Vi x, y N
V y3 = x2 nn y cng l mt s chnh phng .
Ta c 1000 abcd 9999 10 y 21 v y chnh phng y = 16
abcd = 4096
Bi 5: Tm mt s chnh phng gm 4 ch s sao cho ch s cui l s nguyn t,
cn bc hai ca s c tng cc ch s l mt s chnh phng.
Gi s phi tm l abcd vi a, b, c, d nguyn v 1 a 9 ; 0 b,c,d 9
abcd chnh phng d { 0,1,4,5,6,9}
d nguyn t d = 5
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

t abcd = k < 10000 32 k < 100
k l mt s c hai ch s m k2 c tn cng bng 5 k tn cng bng 5
Tng cc ch s ca k l mt s chnh phng k = 45
abcd = 2025
Vy s phi tm l 2025
Bi 6: Tm s t nhin c hai ch s bit rng hiu cc bnh phng ca s v vit
s bi hai ch s ca s nhng theo th t ngc li l mt s chnh phng
Gi s t nhin c hai ch s phi tm l ab ( a,b N, 1 a,b 9 )
S vit theo th t ngc li ba
2
2
Ta c ab - ba = ( 10a + b ) 2 ( 10b + a )2 = 99 ( a2 b2 ) 11 a2 - b2 11
Hay ( a-b )(a+b ) 11
V 0 < a - b 8 , 2 a+b 18 nn a+b 11 a + b = 11
2
2
Khi ab - ba = 32 . 112 . (a - b)
2
2
ab - ba l s chnh phng th a - b phi l s chnh phng do a-b = 1
hoc a - b = 4
Nu a-b = 1 kt hp vi a+b = 11 a = 6, b = 5, ab = 65
Khi 652 562 = 1089 = 332
Nu a - b = 4 kt hp vi a+b = 11 a = 7,5 ( loi )
Vy s phi tm l 65
Bi 7: Cho mt s chnh phng c 4 ch s. Nu thm 3 vo mi ch s ta cng
c mt s chnh phng. Tm s chnh phng ban u
( Kt qu: 1156 )
Bi 8: Tm s c 2 ch s m bnh phng ca s y bng lp phng ca tng cc
ch s ca n.
Gi s phi tm l ab vi a,b N v 1 a 9 , 0 b 9
2
Theo gi thit ta c : ab = ( a + b )3 (10a+b)2 = ( a + b )3
ab l mt lp phng v a+b l mt s chnh phng
t ab = t3 ( t N ) , a + b = l 2 ( l N )
V 10 ab 99 ab = 27 hoc ab = 64
Nu ab = 27 a + b = 9 l s chnh phng
Nu ab = 64 a + b = 10 khng l s chnh phng loi
Vy s cn tm l ab = 27
2

Trang 10

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Bi 9: Tm 3 s l lin tip m tng bnh phng l mt s c 4 ch s ging nhau.
Gi 3 s l lin tip l 2n-1, 2n+1, 2n+3 ( n N)
Ta c A= ( 2n-1 )2 + ( 2n+1)2 + ( 2n+3 )2 = 12n2 + 12n + 11
Theo bi ta t 12n2 + 12n + 11 = aaaa = 1111.a vi a l v 1 a 9
12n( n + 1 ) = 11(101a 1 )
101a 1 3 2a 1 3
V 1 a 9 nn 1 2a-1 17 v 2a-1 l nn 2a 1 { 3; 9; 15 }
a { 2; 5; 8 }
V a l a = 5 n = 21
3 s cn tm l 41; 43; 45
Bi 10: Tm s c 2 ch s sao cho tch ca s vi tng cc ch s ca n bng
tng lp phng cc ch s ca s .
ab (a + b ) = a3 + b3
10a + b = a2 ab + b2 = ( a + b )2 3ab
3a( 3 + b ) = ( a + b ) ( a + b 1 )
a + b v a + b 1 nguyn t cng nhau do
a + b = 3a
hoc
a + b 1 = 3a
a +b1=3+b
a+b=3+b
a=4,b=8
hoc
a=3,b=7
Vy ab = 48 hoc ab = 37.
... Ht .

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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

S nguyn t

I. Kin thc cn nh:

1. Dnh ngha:
* S nguyn t l s t nhin ln hn 1, ch c hai c l 1 v
chnh n.
* Hp s l s t nhin ln hn 1, c nhiu hn hai c.
2. Tnh cht:
* Nu s nguyn t p chia ht cho s nguyn t q th p = q.
* Nu tch abc chia ht cho s nguyn t p th t nht mt tha
s ca tch abc chia ht cho s nguyn t p.
* Nu a v b khng chia ht cho s nguyn t p th tch ab
khng chia ht cho s nguyn t p .
3. Cch nhn bit mt s nguyn t:
a) Chia s ln lt cho cc s nguyn t bit t nh n ln.
- Nu c mt php chia ht th s khng phi l s nguyn
t.
- Nu chia cho n lc s thng nh hn s chia m cc php
chia vn cn s d th ss l s nguyn t.
b) Mt s c 2 c s ln hn 1 th s khng phi l s nguyn
t.
4. Phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t:
* Phn tch mt s t nhin ln hn 1 ra tha s nguyn t l
vit s di dng mt tch cc tha s nguyn t.
- Dng phn tch ra tha s nguyn t ca mi s nguyn t l
chnh s .
- Mi hp s u phn tch c ra tha s nguyn t.
A = a .b .....c
V i a, b, c l nhng s nguyn t.
, , ..., N v , , ..., 1

5. S cc c s v tng cc c s ca mt s:
Gi s A = a .b .....c
V i a, b, c l nhng s nguyn t.
, , ..., N v , , ..., 1
1. S cc c s ca A l: (+1)(+1)...( +1).
2. Tng cc c s ca A l:

a +1 1 b+1 1 c+1 1
.
...
a 1 b 1
c1

6. S nguyn t cng nhau:

* Hai s nguyn t cng nhau l hai s c CLN bng 1.
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Hai s a v b nguyn t cng nhau CLN(a, b) = 1.
Cc s a, b, c nguyn t cng nhau CLN(a, b, c) = 1.
Cc s a, b, c i mt nguyn t cng nhau CLN(a, b) =
CLN(b, c) = CLN(c, a) =1.
II. Cc v d:
VD1: Ta bit rng c 25 s nguyn t nh hn 100. Tng ca 25 s
nguyn t l s chn hay s l.
HD:
Trong 25 s nguyn t nh hn 100 c cha mt s nguyn t chn
duy nht l 2, cn 24 s nguyn t cn li l s l. Do tng ca 25
s nguyn t l s chn.
VD2: Tng ca 3 s nguyn t bng 1012. Tm s nguyn t nh
nht trong ba s nguyn t .
HD:
V tng ca 3 s nguyn t bng 1012, nn trong 3 s nguyn t
tn ti t nht mt s nguyn t chn. M s nguyn t chn duy
nht l 2 v l s nguyn t nh nht. Vy s nguyn t nh nht
trong 3 s nguyn t l 2.
VD3: Tng ca 2 s nguyn t c th bng 2003 hay khng? V sao?
HD:
V tng ca 2 s nguyn t bng 2003, nn trong 2 s nguyn t
tn ti 1 s nguyn t chn. M s nguyn t chn duy nht l 2. Do
s nguyn t cn li l 2001. Do 2001 chia ht cho 3 v 2001 > 3.
Suy ra 2001 khng phi l s nguyn t.
VD4: Tm s nguyn t p, sao cho p + 2 v p + 4 cng l cc s
nguyn t.
HD:
Gi s p l s nguyn t.
- Nu p = 2 th p + 2 = 4 v p + 4 = 6 u khng phi l s
nguyn t.
- Nu p 3 th s nguyn t p c 1 trong 3 dng: 3k, 3k + 1, 3k +
2 vi k N*.
+) Nu p = 3k p = 3 p + 2 = 5 v p + 4 = 7 u l cc s
nguyn t.
+) Nu p = 3k +1 th p + 2 = 3k + 3 = 3(k + 1) p + 2 M3 v p
+ 2 > 3. Do
p + 2 l hp s.
+) Nu p = 3k + 2 th p + 4 = 3k + 6 = 3(k + 2) p + 4 M3 v p
+ 4 > 3. Do
p + 4 l hp s.
Vy vi p = 3 th p + 2 v p + 4 cng l cc s nguyn t.
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

VD5: Cho p v p + 4 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng p
+ 8 l hp s.
HD:
V p l s nguyn t v p > 3, nn s nguyn t p c 1 trong 2 dng:
3k + 1, 3k + 2 vi k N*.
- Nu p = 3k + 2 th p + 4 = 3k + 6 = 3(k + 2) p + 4 M3 v p +
4 > 3. Do
p + 4 l hp s ( Tri vi bi p + 4 l s nguyn t).
- Nu p = 3k + 1 th p + 8 = 3k + 9 = 3(k + 3) p + 8 M3 v p +
8 > 3. Do
p + 8 l hp s.
Vy s nguyn t p c dng: p = 3k + 1 th p + 8 l hp s.
VD6: Chng minh rng mi s nguyn t ln hn 2 u c dng 4n +
1 hoc 4n 1.
HD:
Mi s t nhin n khi chia cho 4 c th c 1 trong cc s d: 0; 1; 2; 3.
Do mi s t nhin n u c th vit c di 1 trong 4 dng: 4k,
4k + 1, 4k + 2, 4k + 3
vi k N*.
- Nu n = 4k n M4 n l hp s.
- Nu n = 4k + 2 n M2 n l hp s.
Vy mi s nguyn t ln hn 2 u c dng 4k + 1 hoc 4k 1. Hay
mi s nguyn t ln hn 2 u c dng 4n + 1 hoc 4n 1 vi n N*.
VD7: Tm ss nguyn t, bit rng s bng tng ca hai s
nguyn t v bng hiu ca hai s nguyn t.
HD:
Gi s a, b, c, d, e l cc s nguyn t v d >e.
Theo bi ra: a =b +c =d - e (*).
T (*) a >2 a l s nguyn t l .
b +c v d - e l s l .
Do b, d l cc s nguyn t b, d l s l c, e l s ch
n.
c =e =2 (do c, e l cc s nguyn t).
a =b +2 =d - 2 d =b +4.
Vy ta cn t
m s nguyn t b sao cho b +2 v b +4 cng l cc s nguyn t.

VD8: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t x, y sao cho: x2 6y2 = 1.

HD:

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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Ta c: x 6y = 1 x 1 = 6y2 (x 1)(x + 1) = 6y2
2

Do 6y2 M2 (x 1)(x + 1)M2

M x - 1 +x +1 =2x x - 1 v x +1 c c ng tnh ch
n l .
x - 1 v x +1 l hai s ch
n lin tip
(x 1)(x + 1)M
8 6y2 M
8 3y2 M4
y2 M2 yM2 y = 2 x = 5

VD9: Cho p v p + 2 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng p

+ 1 M6.
HD:
V p l s nguyn t v p > 3, nn s nguyn t p c 1 trong 2 dng:
3k + 1, 3k + 2 vi k N*.
- Nu p = 3k + 1 th p + 2 = 3k + 3 = 3(k + 1) p + 2 M3 v p +
2 > 3. Do
p + 2 l hp s ( Tri vi bi p + 2 l s nguyn t).
- Nu p = 3k + 2 th p + 1 = 3k + 3 = 3(k + 1) (1).
Do p l s nguyn t v p > 3 p l k l k + 1 chn k + 1 M2
(2)
T (1) v (2) p + 1 M6.
II. Bi tp vn dng:
Bi 1: Tm s nguyn t p sao cho cc s sau cng l s nguyn t:
a) p + 2 v p + 10.
b) p + 10 v p + 20.
c) p + 10 v p + 14.
d) p + 14 v p + 20.
e) p + 2v p + 8.
f) p + 2 v p + 14.
g) p + 4 v p + 10.
h) p + 8 v p + 10.
Bi 2: Tm s nguyn t p sao cho cc s sau cng l s nguyn t:
a) p + 2, p + 8, p + 12, p + 14.
b) p + 2, p + 6, p + 8, p + 14.
c) p + 6, p + 8, p + 12, p + 14.
d) p + 2, p + 6, p + 8, p + 12, p + 14.
e) p + 6, p + 12, p + 18, p + 24.
f) p + 18, p + 24, p + 26, p + 32.
g) p + 4, p + 6, p + 10, p + 12, p+16.
Bi 3:
a) Cho p v p + 4 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: p +
8 l hp s.
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

b) Cho p v 2p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng:
4p + 1 l hp s.
c) Cho p v 10p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng:
5p + 1 l hp s.
d) Cho p v p + 8 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: p +
4 l hp s.
e) Cho p v 4p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng:
2p + 1 l hp s.
f) Cho p v 5p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng:
10p + 1 l hp s.
g) Cho p v 8p + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng:
8p - 1 l hp s.
h) Cho p v 8p - 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng: 8p
+ 1 l hp s.
i) Cho p v 8p2 - 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng:
8p2 + 1 l hp s.
j) Cho p v 8p2 + 1 l cc s nguyn t (p > 3). Chng minh rng:
8p2 - 1 l hp s.
Bi 4: Chng minh rng:
a) Nu p v q l hai s nguyn t ln hn 3 th p2 q2 M24.
b) Nu a, a + k, a + 2k (a, k N*) l cc s nguyn t ln hn 3 th
k M6.
Bi 5:
a) Mt s nguyn t chia cho 42 c s d r l hp s. Tm s d r.
b) Mt s nguyn t chia cho 30 c s d r. Tm s d r bit rng r
khng l s nguyn t.
Bi 6: Hai s nguyn t gi l sinh i nu chng l hai s nguyn t
l lin tip. Chng minh rng mt s t nhin ln hn 3 nm gia hai
s nguyn t sinh i th chia ht cho 6.
Bi 7: Cho 3 s nguyn t ln hn 3, trong s sau ln hn s trc l
d n v. Chng minh rng d chia ht cho 6.
Bi 8: Tm s nguyn t c ba ch s, bit rng nu vit s theo
th t ngc li th ta c mt s l lp phng ca mt s t nhin.
Bi 9: Tm s t nhin c 4 ch s, ch s hng nghn bng ch s
hng n v, ch s hng trm bng ch s hng chc v s
vit c di dng tch ca 3 s nguyn t lin tip.
Bi 10: Tm 3 s nguyn t l lin tip u l cc s nguyn t.
Bi 11: Tm 3 s nguyn t lin tip p, q, r sao cho p2 + q2 + r2 cng
l s nguyn t.
Bi 12: Tm tt c cc b ba s nguyn t a, b, c sao cho a.b.c < a.b
+ b.c + c.a.
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Bi 13: Tm 3 s nguyn t p, q, r sao cho pq + qp = r.
Bi 14: Tm cc s nguyn t x, y, z tho mn xy + 1 = z.
Bi 15: Tm s nguyn t abcd sao cho ab, ac l cc s nguyn t v b2 = cd + b c.
Bi 16: Cho cc s p = bc + a, q = ab + c, r = ca + b (a, b, c N*) l
cc s nguyn t. Chng minh rng 3 s p, q, r c t nht hai s bng
nhau.
Bi 17: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t x, y sao cho:
a) x2 12y2 = 1.
b) 3x2 + 1 = 19y2.
c) 5x2 11y2 = 1.
d) 7x2 3y2 = 1.
e) 13x2 y2 = 3.
f) x2 = 8y + 1.
Bi 18: Tm 3 s nguyn t sao cho tch ca chng gp 5 ln tng
ca chng.
Bi 19: Chng minh rng iu kin cn v p v 8p2 + 1 l
cc s nguyn t l
p = 3.
Bi 20: Chng minh rng: Nu a2 b2 l mt s nguyn t th a2 b2
= a + b.
Bi 21: Chng minh rng mi s nguyn t ln hn 3 u c dng 6n
+ 1 hoc
6n 1.
Bi 22: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca 3 s nguyn t ln
hn 3 khng th l mt s nguyn t.
Bi 23: Cho s t nhin n 2. Gi p1, p2, ..., pn l nhng s nguyn t
sao cho
pn n + 1. t A = p1.p2 ...pn. Chng minh rng trong dy s cc s t
nhin lin tip: A + 2, A + 3, ..., A + (n + 1). Khng cha mt s
nguyn t no.
Bi 24: Chng minh rng: Nu p l s nguyn t th 2.3.4...(p 3)(p
2) - 1 Mp.
Bi 25: Chng minh rng: Nu p l s nguyn t th 2.3.4...(p 2)(p
1) + 1 Mp.

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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Chuyn tm ch s tn
cng
I. Tm mt ch s tn cng
Tnh cht 1: a) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 0, 1, 5, 6 khi nng ln ly tha bc bt k
th ch s tn cng vn khng thay i.
b) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 4, 9 khi nng ln ly tha bc l th ch s tn cng
vn khng thay i.
c) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 3, 7, 9 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n (n thuc N) th ch
s tn cng l 1.
d) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 2, 4, 8 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n (n thuc N) th ch
s tn cng l 6.
e) Tch ca mt s t nhin c ch s tn cng l 5 vi bt k s t nhin l no cng
cho ta s c ch s tn cng l 5.
Tnh cht 2: Mt s t nhin bt k, khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 1 (n thuc N) th ch
s tn cng vn khng thay i.
Tnh cht 3: a) S c ch s tn cng l 3 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s
tn cng l 7 ; s c ch s tn cng l 7 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s
tn cng l 3.
b) S c ch s tn cng l 2 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s tn cng l
8 ; s c ch s tn cng l 8 khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s c ch s tn cng l 2.
c) Cc s c ch s tn cng l 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, khi nng ln ly tha bc 4n + 3 s
khng thay i ch s tn cng.
Bi 1: Tm ch s tn cng ca cc s:
a) 799
b)
67
1414
5
c) 4
14
Gii: a) Trc ht, ta tm s d ca php chia 99 cho 4: 99 1 = (9 1)(98 + 97 + + 9
+ 1) chia ht cho 4 99 = 4k + 1 (k N) 799 = 74k + 1 = 74k.7
Do 74k c ch s tn cng l 1 799 c ch s tn cng l 7.
b) D thy 1414 = 4k (k N) 141414 = 144k c ch s tn cng l 6.
c) Ta c 567 1 M4 567 = 4k + 1 (k N) 4567 = 44k + 1 = 44k.4 44k c ch s tn
cng l 6 nn 4567 c ch s tn cng l 4.
Bi 2: Tm ch s tn cng ca cc s:
a) 71993
b) 21000
c) 31993
d) 4161
e) 234
g) 999
h) 1981945
i) 321930
Bi 3: Chng minh rng: a) 8102 2102 M10
b) 175 + 244 1321 M10
c) 4343 1717 M10
Bi 4: Tm cc s t nhin n n10 + 1 10
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Bi 5: C tn ti hay khng s t nhin n n2 + n + 2 chia ht cho 5?
Bi 6: Tm ch s tn cng ca C = 1.3.5.7..99
Ch s tn cng ca mt tng cc ly tha c xc nh bng cch tnh tng cc ch
s tn cng ca tng ly tha trong tng.
Bi 2: Tm ch s tn cng ca tng S = 21 + 35 + 49 + + 20048009.
Gii: Trc ht ta c nhn xt: Mi ly tha trong S u c s m khi chia cho 4 th d
1 (cc ly tha u c dng n4(n 2) + 1, n {2, 3, , 2004}).
Theo tnh cht 2, mi ly tha trong S v cc c s tng ng u c ch s tn cng
ging nhau, bng ch s tn cng ca tng:
(2 + 3 + + 9) + 199.(1 + 2 + + 9) + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 200(1 + 2 + + 9) + 9 =
9009.
Vy ch s tn cng ca tng S l 9.
Bi 3: Tm ch s tn cng ca tng T = 23 + 37 + 411 + + 20048011.
Gii: Trc ht ta c nhn xt: Mi ly tha trong T u c s m khi chia cho 4 th d
3 (cc ly tha u c dng n4(n 2) + 3, n thuc {2, 3, , 2004}).
Theo tnh cht 3 th 23 c ch s tn cng l 8 ; 37 c ch s tn cng l 7 ; 411 c ch
s tn cng l 4 ; Nh vy, tng T c ch s tn cng bng ch s tn cng ca tng:
(8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 199.(1 + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 1 + 8 + 7 + 4
= 200(1 + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 9) + 8 + 7 + 4 = 9019. Vy: ch s tn cng ca
tng T l 9.
Bi 4: Tn ti hay khng s t nhin n sao cho n2 + n + 1 chia ht cho 19952000.
Gii: 19952000 tn cng bi ch s 5 nn chia ht cho 5. V vy, ta t vn l liu n2 +
n + 1 c chia ht cho 5 khng? Ta c n2 + n = n(n + 1), l tch ca hai s t nhin lin
tip nn ch s tn cng ca n2 + n ch c th l 0; 2; 6 n2 + n + 1 ch c th tn cng
l 1; 3; 7 n2 + n + 1 khng chia ht cho 5.
Vy: khng tn ti s t nhin n sao cho n2 + n + 1 chia ht cho 19952000.
S dng tnh cht Mt s chnh phng ch c th tn cng bi cc ch s 0 ; 1 ; 4 ;
5 ; 6 ; 9, ta c th gii c Bi sau:
Bi 5: Chng minh rng cc tng sau khng th l s chnh phng:
a) M = 19k + 5k + 1995k + 1996k (vi k chn)
b) N = 20042004k + 2003
S dng tnh cht mt s nguyn t ln hn 5 ch c th tn cng bi cc ch s 1 ; 3
; 7 ; 9
Bi 6: Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 5. Chng minh rng: p8n +3.p4n 4 chia ht cho 5.
Bi 7: Tm s d ca cc php chia:
a) 21 + 35 + 49 + + 20038005 cho 5
b) 23 + 37 + 411 + + 20038007 cho 5
Bi 8: Tm ch s tn cng ca X, Y:
X = 22 + 36 + 410 + + 20048010
Y = 28 + 312 + 416 + + 20048016
Bi 9: Chng minh rng ch s tn cng ca hai tng sau ging nhau:
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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

U = 2 + 3 + 4 + + 20058013
V = 23 + 37 + 411 + + 20058015
Bi 10: Chng minh rng khng tn ti cc s t nhin x, y, z tha mn:
19x + 5y + 1980z = 1975430 + 2004.
II. Tm hai ch s tn cng
Nhn xt: Nu x N v x = 100k + y, trong k; y N th hai ch s tn cng ca x
cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca y.
Hin nhin l y x. Nh vy, n gin vic tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t
nhin x th thay vo ta i tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin y (nh hn).
R rng s y cng nh th vic tm cc ch s tn cng ca y cng n gin hn.
T nhn xt trn, ta xut phng php tm hai ch s tn cng ca s t nhin x =
m
a nh sau:
Trng hp 1: Nu a chn th x = am M2m. Gi n l s t nhin sao cho an 1 M25.
Vit m = pn + q (p ; q N), trong q l s nh nht aq M4 ta c:
x = am = aq(apn 1) + aq.
V an 1 M25 apn 1 M25. Mt khc, do (4, 25) = 1 nn aq(apn 1) M100.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca aq. Tip theo, ta
tm hai ch s tn cng ca aq.
Trng hp 2: Nu a l , gi n l s t nhin sao cho an 1 M100.
Vit m = un + v (u ; v N, 0 v < n) ta c: x = a m = av(aun 1) + av V an 1M100 aun
1M100.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca av. Tip theo, ta
tm hai ch s tn cng ca av.
Trong c hai trng hp trn, cha kha gii c Bi l chng ta phi tm c s t
nhin n. Nu n cng nh th q v v cng nh nn s d dng tm hai ch s tn cng ca
aq v av.
Bi 11: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca cc s: a) a2003 b) 799
Gii: a) Do 22003 l s chn, theo trng hp 1, ta tm s t nhin n nh nht sao cho 2n
1 M25.
Ta c 210 = 1024 210 + 1 = 1025 M25 220 1 = (210 + 1)(210 1) M25 23(220 1) M
100. Mt khc: 22003 = 23(22000 1) + 23 = 23((220)100 1) + 23 = 100k + 8 (k N).
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca 22003 l 08.
b) Do 799 l s l, theo trng hp 2, ta tm s t nhin n b nht sao cho 7n 1 M100.
Ta c 74 = 2401 => 74 1 M100. Mt khc: 99 1 M4 => 99 = 4k + 1 (k N)
Vy 799 = 74k + 1 = 7(74k 1) + 7 = 100q + 7 (q N) tn cng bi hai ch s 07.
Bi 12: Tm s d ca php chia 3517 cho 25.
Gii: Trc ht ta tm hai ch s tn cng ca 3517. Do s ny l nn theo trng hp 2,
ta phi tm s t nhin n nh nht sao cho 3n 1 M100.
Ta c 310 = 95 = 59049 310 + 1 M50 320 1 = (310 + 1) (310 1) M100.
1

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Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Mt khc: 5 1 M4 5(516 1) M20 517 = 5(516 1) + 5 = 20k + 5 3517 = 320k + 5 =
35(320k 1) + 35 = 35(320k 1) + 243, c hai ch s tn cng l 43.
Vy s d ca php chia 3517 cho 25 l 18.
Trong trng hp s cho chia ht cho 4 th ta c th tm theo cch gin tip.
Trc tin, ta tm s d ca php chia s cho 25, t suy ra cc kh nng ca hai
ch s tn cng. Cui cng, da vo gi thit chia ht cho 4 chn gi tr ng.
Cc th d trn cho thy rng, nu a = 2 hoc a = 3 th n = 20 ; nu a = 7 th n = 4.
Mt cu hi t ra l: Nu a bt k th n nh nht l bao nhiu ? Ta c tnh cht sau y:
Tnh cht 4: Nu a MN v (a, 5) = 1 th a20 1 M25.
Bi 13: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca cc tng:
a) S1 = 12002 + 22002 + 32002 + ... + 20042002
b) S2 = 12003 + 22003 + 32003 + ... + 20042003
Gii: a) D thy, nu a chn th a2 chia ht cho 4 ; nu a l th a100 1 chia ht cho 4 ;
nu a chia ht cho 5 th a2 chia ht cho 25.
Mt khc, t tnh cht 4 ta suy ra vi mi a N v (a, 5) = 1 ta c a 100 1 M25.
Vy vi mi a N ta c a2(a100 1) M100.
Do S1 = 12002 + 22(22000 1) + ... + 20042(20042000 1) + 22 + 32 + ... + 20042.
V th hai ch s tn cng ca tng S1 cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca tng
2
2
1 + 2 + 32 + ... + 20042. p dng cng thc: 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/6
12 + 22 + ... + 20042 = 2005 4009 334 = 2684707030, tn cng l 30.
Vy hai ch s tn cng ca tng S1 l 30.
b) Hon ton tng t nh cu a, S2 = 12003 + 23(22000 1) + ... + 2004 3(20042000 1) + 23
+ 33 + 20043. V th, hai ch s tn cng ca tng S2 cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng
ca 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + 20043. p dng cng thc:
16

n(n + 1)
13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n 3 = (1 + 2 + ... + n) 2 =
2
13 + 23 + ... + 20043 = (2005 1002)2 = 4036121180100, tn cng l 00.

Vy hai ch s tn cng ca tng S2 l 00.

Tnh cht 5: S t nhin A khng phi l s chnh phng nu:
+ A c ch s tn cng l 2, 3, 7, 8 ;
+ A c ch s tn cng l 6 m ch s hng chc l ch s chn ;
+ A c ch s hng n v khc 6 m ch s hng chc l l ;
+ A c ch s hng n v l 5 m ch s hng chc khc 2 ;
+ A c hai ch s tn cng l l.
Bi 14: Cho n N v n 1 khng chia ht cho 4. CMR: 7n + 2 khng th l s chnh
phng.
Gii: Do n 1 khng chia ht cho 4 nn n = 4k + r (r {0, 2, 3}). Ta c 74 1 = 2400 M
100. Ta vit 7n + 2 = 74k + r + 2 = 7r(74k 1) + 7r + 2. Vy hai ch s tn cng ca 7n + 2
cng chnh l hai ch s tn cng ca 7r + 2 (r = 0, 2, 3) nn ch c th l 03, 51, 45.
Trang 21

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Theo tnh cht 5 th r rng 7n + 2 khng th l s chnh phng khi n khng chia ht
cho 4.
III. Tm ba ch s tn cng
Nhn xt: Tng t nh trng hp tm hai ch s tn cng, vic tm ba ch s tn
cng ca s t nhin x chnh l vic tm s d ca php chia x cho 1000.
Nu x = 1000k + y, trong k ; y N th ba ch s tn cng ca x cng chnh l
ba ch s tn cng ca y (y x).
Do 1000 = 8 x 125 m (8, 125) = 1 nn ta xut phng php tm ba ch s tn
cng ca s t nhin x = am nh sau:
Trng hp 1: Nu a chn th x = am chia ht cho 2m. Gi n l s t nhin sao cho an 1
chia ht cho 125.
Vit m = pn + q (p ; q N), trong q l s nh nht aq chia ht cho 8 ta c:
x = am = aq(apn 1) + aq.
V an 1 chia ht cho 125 => apn 1 chia ht cho 125. Mt khc, do (8, 125) = 1
nn aq(apn 1) chia ht cho 1000.
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca aq. Tip theo,
ta tm ba ch s tn cng ca aq.
Trng hp 2: Nu a l , gi n l s t nhin sao cho an 1 chia ht cho 1000.
Vit m = un + v (u ; v N, 0 v < n) ta c: x = am = av(aun 1) + av.
V an 1 chia ht cho 1000 => aun 1 chia ht cho 1000.
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca am cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca av. Tip theo,
ta tm ba ch s tn cng ca av. Tnh cht sau c suy ra t tnh cht 4.
Tnh cht 6: Nu a N v (a, 5) = 1 th a100 1 chia ht cho 125.
Chng minh: Do a20 1 M25 nn a20, a40, a60, a80 khi chia cho 25 c cng s d l 1
a20 + a40 + a60 + a80 + 1 M5. Vy a100 1 = (a20 1)( a80 + a60 + a40 + a20 + 1) M
125.
Bi 15: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 123101.
Gii: Theo tnh cht 6, do (123, 5) = 1 123100 1 M125 (1).
Mt khc: 123100 1 = (12325 1)(12325 + 1)(12350 + 1) 123100 1 M8 (2).
V (8, 125) = 1, t (1) v (2) suy ra: 123100 1 M1000
123101 = 123(123100 1) + 123 = 1000k + 123 (k N). Vy 123101 c ba ch s tn
cng l 123.
Bi 12: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 3399...98.
Gii: Theo tnh cht 6, do (9, 5) = 1 => 9100 1 chi ht cho 125 (1).
Tng t bi 11, ta c 9100 1 chia ht cho 8 (2).
V (8, 125) = 1, t (1) v (2) suy ra: 9 100 1 chia ht cho 1000 3399...98 = 9199...9 =
9100p + 99 = 999(9100p 1) + 999 = 1000q + 999 (p, q N).
Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 3399...98 cng chnh l ba ch s tn cng ca 999. Li v
9100 1 chia ht cho 1000 ba ch s tn cng ca 9100 l 001 m 999 = 9100: 9 ba ch
Trang 22

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

s tn cng ca 9 l 889 (d kim tra ch s tn cng ca 999 l 9, sau da vo php
nhn ???9 9 = ...001 xc nh ??9 = 889 ). Vy ba ch s tn cng ca 3399...98 l 889.
Nu s cho chia ht cho 8 th ta cng c th tm ba ch s tn cng mt cch
gin tip theo cc bc: Tm d ca php chia s cho 125, t suy ra cc kh nng
ca ba ch s tn cng, cui cng kim tra iu kin chia ht cho 8 chn gi tr ng.
Bi 16: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca 2004200.
Gii: do (2004, 5) = 1 (tnh cht 6) 2004100 chia cho 125 d 1 2004200 = (2004100)2
chia cho 125 d 1 2004200 ch c th tn cng l 126, 251, 376, 501, 626, 751, 876. Do
2004200 M8 nn ch c th tn cng l 376.
Bi tp vn dng:
Bi 17: Chng minh 1n + 2n + 3n + 4n chia ht cho 5 khi v ch khi n khng chia ht cho
4.
Bi 18: Chng minh 920002003, 720002003 c ch s tn cng ging nhau.
Bi 19: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca:
a) 3999 b) 111213
Bi 20: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca:
S = 23 + 223 + ... + 240023
Bi 21: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca:
S = 12004 + 22004 + ... + 20032004
Bi 22: Cho (a, 10) = 1. Chng minh rng ba ch s tn cng ca a101 cng bng ba ch
s tn cng ca a.
Bi 23: Cho A l mt s chn khng chia ht cho 10. Hy tm ba ch s tn cng ca
A200.
Bi 24: Tm ba ch s tn cng ca s:
199319941995 ...2000
Bi 25: Tm su ch s tn cng ca 521.
99

Trang 23

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Dy s c qui lut
I > Phng php d on v quy np :

Trong mt s trng hp khi gp bi ton tnh tng hu hn

Sn = a1 + a2 + .... an (1)
Bng cch no ta bit c kt qu (d on , hoc bi ton
chng minh khi cho bit kt qu). Th ta nn s dng phng php
ny v hu nh th no cng chng minh c .
V d 1 : Tnh tng

Sn =1+3+5 +... + (2n -1 )

Th trc tip ta thy : S1 = 1

S2 = 1 + 3 =22
S3 = 1+ 3+ 5 = 9 = 32
...

...

...

Ta d on Sn = n2
Vi n = 1;2;3 ta thy kt qu ng
gi s vi n= k ( k 1) ta c Sk = k

(2)

ta cn phi chng minh Sk + 1 = ( k +1 ) 2 ( 3)

Tht vy cng 2 v ca ( 2) vi 2k +1 ta c
1+3+5 +... + (2k 1) + ( 2k +1) = k2 + (2k +1)
v k2 + ( 2k +1) = ( k +1)

nn ta c (3) tc l Sk+1 = ( k +1)

theo nguyn l quy np bi ton c chng minh

vy Sn = 1+3=5 + ... + ( 2n -1) = n2
Tng t ta c th chng minh cc kt qu sau y bng phng
php quy np ton hc .
1, 1 + 2+3 + .... + n =

n(n + 1)
2

Trang 24

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

2, 12 + 2 2 + ..... + n

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

n(n + 1)
3, 1 +2 + ..... + n =

2
3

4, 15 + 25 + .... + n5 =

1
.n2 (n + 1)
12

( 2n2 + 2n 1 )

II > Phng php kh lin tip :

Gi s ta cn tnh tng (1) m ta c th biu din ai , i =
1,2,3...,n , qua hiu hai s hng lin tip ca 1 dy s khc , chnh xc
hn , gi s : a1 = b1 - b2
a2 = b2 - b3
.... .... .....
an = bn bn+ 1
khi ta c ngay :
Sn = ( b1 b2 ) + ( b2 b3 ) + ...... + ( bn bn + 1 )
= b 1 bn + 1
V d 2 : tnh tng :
S=
Ta c :

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ....... +
10.11 11.12 12.13
99.100
1
1 1
=

10.11 10 11

1
1 1
=
11.12 11 12

Do :
S=

1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
9
+ + ....... +

=
10 11 11 12
99 100 10 100 100

Dng tng qut

1

Sn = 1.2 + 2.3 + ...... + n(n + 1) ( n > 1 )

= 1-

1
n
=
n +1 n +1

V d 3 : tnh tng
Trang 25

1
1
1
=

99.100 99 100

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

1
1
1
1
Sn = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ...... + n(n + 1)(n + 2)

Ta c Sn =
Sn =
Sn =

1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1

+
+ ........ +
2 1.2 2.3 2 2.3 3.4
2 n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)

1 1
1
1
1
1
1

+ ...... +

2 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.4

n( n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)

1 1
1
n(n + 3)

2 1.2 ( n + 1)(n + 2) 4(n + 1)(n + 2)

V d 4 : tnh tng
Sn = 1! +2.2 ! + 3.3 ! + ...... + n .n! ( n! = 1.2.3 ....n )
Ta c : 1! = 2! -1!
2.2! = 3 ! -2!
3.3! = 4! -3!
..... ..... .....
n.n! = (n + 1) n!
Vy Sn = 2! - 1! +3! 2 ! + 4! - 3! +...... + ( n+1) ! n!
= ( n+1) ! - 1! = ( n+ 1) ! - 1
V d 5 : tnh tng
3

2n + 1

Sn = (1.2) 2 + (2.3) 2 + ....... + [

2
n(n + 1)]
2i + 1

= 2
;
Ta c : [
2
i
(i + 1) 2
i (i + 1)]

Do

Sn = ( 1-

i = 1 ; 2 ; 3; ....; n

1
1
1
1 1

) + 2 2 + ..... + 2
2
2
(n + 1) 2
2 3
n
1

n( n + 2)

= 1- (n + 1) 2 = (n + 1) 2

III > Phng php gii phng trnh vi n l tng cn tnh:

Trang 26

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

V d 6 : Tnh tng

S = 1+2+22 +....... + 2100 ( 4)

ta vit li S nh sau :
S = 1+2 (1+2+22 +....... + 299 )
S = 1+2 ( 1 +2+22+ ...... + 299 + 2 100 - 2100 )
=> S= 1+2 ( S -2 100 )

( 5)

T (5) suy ra S = 1+ 2S -2101

S = 2101-1
V d 7 : tnh tng
2

Sn = 1+ p + p

+ p3 + ..... + pn ( p 1)

Ta vit li Sn di dng sau :

Sn = 1+p ( 1+p+p2 +.... + pn-1 )
Sn = 1 + p ( 1+p +p2 +..... + p

n-1

+p

p n )

Sn = 1+p ( Sn pn )
Sn = 1 +p.Sn p

n+1

Sn ( p -1 ) = pn+1 -1
P n +1 1
Sn =
p 1

V d 8 : Tnh tng
Sn = 1+ 2p +3p

+ .... + ( n+1 ) pn , ( p 1)

Ta c : p.Sn = p + 2p
= 2p p +3p

+ 3p3 + ..... + ( n+ 1) p

n +1

p2 + 4p3p3 + ...... + (n+1) pn - pn + (n+1)pn pn +

( n+1) pn+1
= ( 2p + 3p2 +4p3 + ...... +(n+1) pn ) ( p +p + p + .... pn ) + ( n+1)
pn+1
= ( 1+ 2p+ 3p2+4p3+ ....... + ( n+1) pn ) ( 1 + p+ p2 + .... + p n) +
( n +1 ) pn+1
Trang 27

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

p.Sn=Sn-

n +1

P 1
+ (n + 1) P n +1 ( theo VD 7 )
P 1

Li c (p-1)Sn = (n+1)pn+1 -

p n +1 1
P 1

(n + 1) P n +1 p n +1 1

Sn =
p 1
( P 1) 2

IV > Phng php tnh qua cc tng bit

Cc k hiu :

a
i =1

= a1 + a 2 + a3 + ...... + a n

Cc tnh cht :
1,

(a
i =1

i =1

i =1

+ bi ) = ai + bi

i =1

i =1

2, a.ai = a ai
V d 9 : Tnh tng :
Sn= 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ......... + n( n+1)
n

i =1

i =1

i =1

i =1

2
2
Ta c : Sn = i(i + 1) = (i + i ) = i + i

V :
n

i = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n =
i =1

n( n + 1)
2

n(n + 1)( 2n + 1)
i =

6
i =1
n

(Theo I )

n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)(n + 2)

+
=
2
6
3

cho nn : Sn =

V d 10 : Tnh tng :
Sn =1.2+2.5+3.8+.......+n(3n-1)
ta c : Sn =

i =1

i =1

i(3i 1) = (3i 2 i)
n

i =1

i = =1

2
= 3 i i

Trang 28

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

Theo (I) ta c :
Sn =

3n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)

= n 2 (n + 1)
6
2

V d 11 . Tnh tng
Sn = 13+ +23 +53 +... + (2n +1 )3
ta c :
Sn = [( 13 +2 3 +33 +43 +....+(2n+1)3 ] [23+43 +63 +....+(2n)3]
= [13+23 +33 +43 + ..... + (2n +1 )3] -8 (13 +23 +33 +43 +......+
n3 )
Sn =

(2n + 1) 2 (2n + 2) 2 8n 2 (n + 1) 2

4
4

=( n+1) 2(2n+1)

( theo (I) 3 )

2n2 (n+1)2

= (n +1 )2 (2n2 +4n +1)

V/ Vn dng trc tip cng thc tnh tng cc s hng ca dy s
cch u ( Hc sinh lp 6 )
C s l thuyt :
+ m s hng ca 1 dy s m 2 s hng lin tip ca dy cch
nhau cng 1 s n v , ta dng cng thc:
S s hng = ( s cui s u 0 : ( khong cch ) + 1
+ tnh tng cc s hng ca mt dy s m 2 s hng lin tip
cch nhau cng 1 s n v , ta dng cng thc:
Tng = ( s u s cui ) .( s s hng ) :2
V d 12 :
Tnh tng A = 19 +20 +21 +.... + 132
S s hng ca A l : ( 132 19 ) : 1 +1 = 114 ( s hng )m
A = 114 ( 132 +19 ) : 2 = 8607
V d 13 : Tnh tng
B = 1 +5 +9 +.......+ 2005 +2009
Trang 29

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

s s hng ca B l ( 2009 1 ) : 4 + 1 = 503
B = ( 2009 +1 ) .503 :2 = 505515
VI / Vn dng 1 s cng thc chng minh c vo lm ton
V d 14 : Chng minh rng : k ( k+1) (k+20 -9k-1)k(k+1) = 3k ( k +1
)
T tnh tng S = 1..2+2.3 + 3.4 +...... + n (n + 1)
Chng minh : cch 1 : VT = k(k+1)(k+2) (k-1) k(k+1)
= k( k+1) [ (k + 2) (k 1)] = k (k+1) .3 = 3k(k+1)
Cch 2 : Ta c k ( k +1) = k(k+1).
=

(k + 2) (k 1)
3

k (k + 1)(k + 2) k (k + 1)(k 1)

*
3
3

3k ( k-1) = k (k+1)(k+2) (k-1) k(k+1)

=> 1.2 =

1.2.3 0.1.2

3
3

2.3.4 1.2.3

3
3
...................................
n(n + 1)(n + 2) (n 1)n(n + 1)
n(n + 1) =

3
3
2.3 =

S=

1.2.0 (n + 2)n(n + 1) ( n + 1)n(n + 2)

+
=
3
3
3

V d 15 : Chng minh rng :

k (k+1) (k+2) (k+3) (k-1) k(k+1) (k+2) =4k (k+1) (k+2)
t tnh tng S = 1.2 .3 + 2.3 .4 +3.4.5 +.... + n(n+1) (n+2)
Chng minh : VT = k( k+1) (k+2) [ (k + 3) (k 1)]
= k( k+1) ( k +2 ) .4
Rt ra : k(k+1) (k+2) =
p dng : 1.2.3 =

k (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) (k 1)k (k + 1)(k + 2)

4
4

1.2.3.4 0.1.2.3

4
4

Trang 30

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

2.3.4.5 1.2.3.4

2.3.4 =
4
4

..........................................................
n(n+1) (n+2) =
Cng v vi v ta c S =

n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) (n 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2)

4
4
n (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
4

* Bi tp ngh :

Tnh cc tng sau

1, B = 2+ 6 +10 + 14 + ..... + 202
2, a, A = 1+2 +22 +23 +.....+ 26.2 + 2 6 3
b, S = 5 + 52 + 53 + ..... + 5 99 + 5100
c, C = 7 + 10 + 13 + .... + 76
3, D = 49 +64 + 81+ .... + 169
4, S = 1.4 + 2 .5 + 3.6 + 4.7 +.... + n( n +3 ) ,
5, S =

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ........ +
1.2 2.3 3.4
99.100

6, S =

4
4
4
+
+ .... +
5.7 7.9
59.61

7, A =

5
5
5
5
+
+
+ ...... +
11.16 16.21 21.26
61.66

8, M =

1 1 1
1
+ 1 + 2 + ..... + 2005
0
3 3 3
3
1

9, Sn = 1.2.3. + 2.3.4 + ..... + n(n + 1)(n + 2)

10, Sn =

2
2
2
+
+ ..... +
1.2.3 2.3.4
98.99.100
1

11, Sn = 1.2.3.4 + 2.3.4.5 + ...... + n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)

12, M = 9 + 99 + 999 +...... + 99..... .....9
50 ch s 9
13, Cho: S1 = 1+2
S3 = 6+7+8+9
Trang 31

n = 1,2,3 ,....

Chuyn Bi Dng HSG Ton 6

S2 = 3+4+5
S4 = 10 +11 +12 +13 + 14
Tnh S100 =?
Trong qu trnh bi dng hc sinh gii , ti kt hp cc dng ton
c lin quan n dng tnh tng rn luyn cho cc em , chng
hn dng ton tm x :
14, a, (x+1) + (x+2) + (x+3) +...... + ( x+100 ) = 5070
b, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +.............+ x = 820
1

1989

c, 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + ...... + x( x + 1) = 1 1991
Hay cc bi ton chng minh s chia ht lin quan
15, Chng minh : a, A = 4+ 22 +23 +24 +..... + 220 l lu tha ca 2
b, B =2 + 22 + 2 3 + ...... + 2 60 3 ; 7; 15
c, C = 3 + 33 +35 + ....+ 31991 13 ; 41
d, D = 119 + 118 +117 +......+ 11 +1 5

Trang 32