FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Growing demand for high speed internet is the primary driver for the new access technologies which enable experiencing true broadband. Traditionally telecom companies have been offering T1 lines and DSL to small businesses, houses for applications such as voice services, high speed data, internet and video services. T1 lines are often expensive and DSLs performance issues limit availability of these services. DSL Copper networks do not allow sufficient data rates due to signal distortion and cross talk. Cable modem is another competing technology for broadband services. In cable modems only few RF channels are assigned for data and most of the bandwidth is dedicated to video channels.

FTTH offers triple play services with data speeds ranging from 155 Mbps to 2.5Gbps Downstream (Network to User) and 155 Mbps to 1Gbps Up stream (User to Network) range of services due to high bandwidth and Though the field trials and technology development for fiber in the access loop started in late 1980s, real deployments did not happen as the deployment costs were very high at that time. In the last 20 years enormous progress is made in optical networking equipment and production of high quality optical fibers associated with falling prices are driving forces for fiber to the home(FTTH). The recent telecom bubble burst also had hard hit on the big telecom players and the revenue generation from the long haul core networks are falling. This lead to shift in the business strategy for maximizing the revenue generation from access loop and wireless. While there is no standard definition for broadband, definition of broadband has become country specific. In Japan more than 1 Mbps is defined as broadband and in India bandwidth more than 256kbps is specified as broadband.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

1.1 WHY FTTH

FTTH is a true multi service communications access which simultaneously handles several phone calls, TV/Video streams and Internet users in the home/office. There are several advantages of deploying FTTH over other traditional access technologies as given below: FTTH provides end-users with a broad range of communications and entertainment services, and faster activation of new services. Competition is beginning to offer a multi-play (i.e. voice, video, data etc.) bundle. FTTH provides service providers with the ability to provide cutting edge technology and best-in-class services. Deploying a fiber optic cable to each premise will provide an extraordinary amount of bandwidth for future services. FTTH provides the community in which its located with superior communications which enhance the efficiency of local business and thus deliver economic advantage for the community. Around the world FTTH is viewed as strategic national infrastructure similar to roads, railways, and telephone networks. FTTH provides carriers with an opportunity to increase the Average Revenues Per User (ARPU), to reduce the capital

1.2 FIBER IN THE LOOP

Fiber In The Loop (FITL) is a system implementing or upgrading portions of the POTS local loop with fiber optic technology from the central office of a telephone carrier to a remote Serving area interface (SAI) located in a neighborhood or to an Optical Network Unit (ONU) located at the customer premises (residential and/or business). Generally, fiber is used in either all or part of the local loop distribution

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) network. FITL includes various architectures, such as fiber to the curb (FTTC), fiber to the home (FTTH) and fiber to the premises (FTTP).
Residential areas already served by balanced pair distribution plant call for a trade-off between cost and capacity. The closer the fiber head, the higher the cost of construction and the higher the channel capacity. In places not served by metallic facilities, little cost is saved by not running fiber to the home.

Fiber to the x (FTTX) is a generic term for any network architecture that uses optical fiber to replace all or part of the usual copper local loop used for telecommunications. The four technologies, in order of an decreasingly fiber loop length are: Fiber to the node / neighborhood (FTTN) / Fiber to the cabinet (FTTCab) Fiber to the curb (FTTC) / Fiber to the kerb (FTTK) Fiber to the building (FTTB) Fiber to the home (FTTH)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 2

BASICS OF OFC
2.1 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

Optical fiber has a number of advantages over the copper wire used to make connections electrically. For example, optical fiber, being made of glass or plastic, is immune to electromagnetic interference which is caused by thunderstorms. Also, because light has a much higher frequency than any radio signal we can generate, fiber has a wider bandwidth and can therefore carry more information at one time. Most telephone company long-distance lines are now of optical fiber. Transmission on optical fiber wire requires repeaters at distance intervals. The glass fiber requires more protection within an outer cable than copper. For these reasons and because the installation of any new wiring is labor-intensive, few communities yet have optical fiber wires or cables from the phone company's branch office to local customers.

FIG 1. Optical System Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 4

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

2.1.1 TRANSMITTERS

Fiber optic transmitters are devices that include an LED or laser source, and signal conditioning electronics, to inject a signal into fiber. The modulated light may be turned on or off, or may be linearly varied in intensity between two predetermined levels. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have relatively large

emitting areas and as a result are not as good light sources as laser diodes. However, they are widely used for short to moderate transmission distances because they are much more economical. Laser diodes can couple many times more power to optical fiber than LEDs. They are primarily used for applications that require the transmission of signals over long distances. Important performance specifications to consider when searching for fiber optic transmitters include data rate, transmitter rise time, wavelength, spectral width, and maximum optical output power. Data rate is the number of data bits transmitted in bits per second. Data rate is a way of expressing the speed of the transceiver. In the approximation of a step function, the transmitter rise time is the time required for a signal to change from a specified 10% to 90% of full power. Rise time is a way of expressing the speed of the transmitter. Wavelength refers to the output wavelength of the transceiver. The spectral width refers to the spectral width of the output signal.

2.1.2 RECEIVERS
Fiber optic receivers are instruments that convert light into electrical signals. They contain a photodiode semiconductor, signal conditioning circuitry, and an amplifier. Fiber optic receivers use three types of photodiodes: positivenegative (PN) junctions, positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodiodes, and avalanche photodiodes (APD). PIN photodiodes have a large, neutrally-doped region between the p-doped and n-doped regions. APDs are PIN photodiodes that operate with high reverse-bias voltages. In short wavelength fiber optic receivers (400 nm to 1100 nm), the photodiode is made of silicon (Si). Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 5

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) In long wavelength systems (900 nm to 1700 nm), the photodiode is made of indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs). With low-impedance amplifiers, bandwidth and receiver noise decrease with resistance. With trans-impedance amplifiers, the bandwidth of the receiver is affected by the gain of the amplifier. Typically, fiber optic receivers include a removable adaptor for connections to other devices. Data outputs include transistor-transistor logic (TTL), emitter-coupled logic (ECL), video, radio frequency (RF), and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) signals. Also, it uses many types of connectors.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW.

Todays standard optical fiber is the product of precision manufacturing techniques and exacting standards. Even though it is found in almost any data or communications link, optical fiber is a finely tuned instrument requiring care in its production, handling, and installation. As shown in Figure, a typical optical fiber comprises three main components: the core, which carries the light; the cladding, which surrounds the core with a lower refractive index and contains the light; and the coating, which protects the fragile fiber within.

FIG 2.Crosssection Of OFC Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 6

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

2.2.1 CORE

The core, which carries the light, is the smallest and most fragile part of the optical fiber. The optical fiber core is usually made of glass, although some are made of plastic. The glass used in the core is extremely pure silicon dioxide (SiO2). In the manufacturing process, the glass used in the core has impurities such as germanium or phosphorous added to raise the refractive index under controlled conditions. Optical fiber cores are manufactured in different diameters for different applications. Typical glass cores range from as small as 3.7 m up to 200m. Core sizes commonly used in telecommunications are 9m, 50m and 62.5m. Plastic optical fiber cores can be much larger than glass. A popular plastic core size is about 1000m.

2.2.2 CLADDING

Surrounding and protecting the core, and providing the lower refractive index to make the optical fiber work, is the cladding. When glass cladding is used, the cladding and the core are manufactured together from the same silicon dioxidebased material in a permanently fused state. The manufacturing process adds different amounts of impurities to the core and the cladding to maintain a difference in refractive indices between them of about 1 percent. Typically, the core will have a refractive index of 1.48, while the cladding will have a refractive index of 1.46. Like the core, cladding is manufactured in standard diameters. The two most commonly used diameters are 125 m and 140 m. The 125m cladding typically supports core sizes of 9, 50, 62.5, and 85. The 140cladding typically has a 100 core.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

2.2.3 COATING

The coating is the true protective layer of the optical fiber. Generally made of plastic or acrylate, the coating absorbs the shocks, nicks, scrapes, and even moisture that could damage the cladding. Without the coating, the optical fiber is very fragile. A single microscopic nick in the cladding could cause the optical fiber to break when its bent. Coating is essential for all-glass fibers, and they are not sold without it. The coating is solely protective. It does not contribute to the light-carrying ability of the optical fiber in any way. The outside diameter of the coating is typically either 250m or 500 m. The coating is typically colorless. In some communication applications, however, the coating is colored so that individual optical fibers in a group of optical fibers can be identified.

2.3 FIBER

Fiber is the medium to guide the light form the transmitter to the receiver. It is classified into two types depending on the way the light is transmitted: multimode fiber and single-mode fiber.

2.3.1 MULTIMODE FIBER

Multimode fiber designed to transmit more than one light at a time. Fiber diameter ranges from 50-to-100 micron. Multimode fibers can be divided in to two categories Multimode Step-index Fiber and Multimode Graded-index FiberIn Multimode Step-index Fiber the lights are sent at angles lower than the critical angle or straight (or simply the angle is zero). Any light angle exceed the critical angle will cause it to penetrate through cladding (refracted) and being lost as shown in Figure 1.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Obviously light with lower angle which has less number of reflection, reach the end faster than those with larger angle and this will result in unstable wave light. To avoid this problem there should be spacing between the light pulses, but this will limit the bandwidth and because of that it is used for very short distance.

FIG 3.Multimode Step-index Fiber

The Multimode Graded-index Fiber designed to reduce the problem in Multimode Step-Index fiber by making all the beams reaching the receiver at the same time. This can be done by slowing down the ones with shorter distance and increasing the speed for ones with longer distance, see Figure 2. This is done in fiber implementation by increasing its refractive index at the center and gradually decreases it toward the edges. In the Figure 2 we can see the light near the edges is curved until it is reflected, this is due to the refraction caused by the change in density.

FIG 4. Multimode Graded-Index Fiber

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

2.3.2 SINGLE-MODE FIBER

In single-mode, only one light is transmitted in the fiber which diameter ranges from 8.3 to 10 microns, see Figure 3. Since there is only one light the problem associated with the multimode fiber does not exist and by this we can have a higher transmission rate and also it can be used for longer distance. To utilize the fiber a Wave-Division-Multiplexing (WDM) is used as it will be described later. This type of fiber has been improved over years and that result in three types of single-mode fiber. The first is Non Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (NDSF) which was used to transmit light with wave length 1310 nm, but some systems use it with a wave length of 1550 nm and this wave length causes dispersion (losing pulse mode) with this type of fibers. The second type is Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF), in this type the dispersion is shifted so that the dispersion at the wave length 1550 nm is zero and in this way we could solve the problem of the first. But system with DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) found to be nonlinear with this type of fiber. The term Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) came from the tremendously increase in use of WDM. The third type is Non Zero-Dispersion-Shifted Fibers (NZ-DSF) which is designed to solve the problems with the previous two.

FIG 5. Single-Mode Fiber

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

10

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 3 FTTH SYSTEM OVERVIEW

3.1 FTTH ARCHITECTURE
Active and passive are two commonly used FTTH architectures for FTTH deployment. Active Architecture is also called as Point 2 Point(P2P) and Passive Optical Network (PON) architecture is called Point to Multi Point(P2M). Choice of active or passive architectures for deployment depends on the type of services to be delivered, cost of the infrastructure, current infrastructure and future plans for migrating to new technology. ACTIVE Technology Active Ethernet also called Ethernet Switched Optical Network (ESON) or Point to Point(P2P) Network architecture provides a dedicated fiber to the side from the central office exchange shown in the figure 2.1. A P2P architecture is a very simple network design. Since the fiber is dedicated, Operation, administration and maintenance of the content and trouble shooting become easy. Active FTTH solutions are implemented in many different ways, through both standard and proprietary methods. Since the distances of the central node and remote sites are known, estimation of power budget, trouble shooting the faults in the network would be easier. Transmission in P2P configuration, is more secure, since all transmissions are physically separated by fiber. Only the end points will transmit and receive information, which is not mixed with that of any other customer.

3.1.1 ACTIVE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Core switch, Aggregation switch and Optical Network Terminal (ONT) are main building blocks of an P2P network. The Core Switch is a high capacity Ethernet switch that communicates to Aggregator Switches using standard GbE optical signals. The Aggregator Switch interfaces this data stream to multiple Premises Gateways called Optical Network Terminals(ONT). Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 11

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

FIG 6. Point to Point Network

The Core Switch interfaces multiple content and service providers over an MPLS-based Metro or Regional network to deliver data, video, and voice services to the users on the access network. Aggregator Switch resides in both standard CO and in building entrance and in outside plant cabinets to meet the environmental needs of the network provider. The Aggregator Switch delivers traffic to the subscriber in accordance with the specific bandwidth requirements from 1 Mb/s to 100 Mb/s (symmetrical) per subscriber.

3.1.2 PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK (PON) TECHNOLOGY

PON is a point to multipoint (P2M) network . Each customer is connected into the optical network via a passive optical splitter, therefore, no active electronics in the distribution network and bandwidth is shared from the feeder to the drop.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

12

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

FIG 7. Point To Multipoint Network

The advantage of FTTH PON is the fact that they use purely optical passive components that can withstand severe and demanding outside plant environment conditions without the need to consumer energy between in the central office exchange and the customer premises. The benefit to telecom operators is that low maintenance requirements of these passive optical components will significantly reduce of the cost of upgrades and operating expenditures. Passive systems utilize a common shared connection with the centralized electronics. PON architecture uses unidirectional splitters. PON FTTH solutions are driven by two key standards: FSAN/ITU and EFMA/IEEE, and solutions can be built with either standard. The PON architecture can reduce the cable cost as it enables sharing of each fiber by many users. There are different PON Technologies available today.

APON / BPON ATM Passive Optical Network APON was initiated in 1995 by ITU/FSAN and standardized as ITU-T G.983. In 1999, ITU adopted FSANs APON standard. APON was the first PON based technology developed for FTTH deployment as most of the legacy network infrastructure was ATM based. There are different PON Technologies available today. Since the services offered by this architecture are not only the ATM based serviced but also video distribution, leased line

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

13

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) services and Ethernet access and to express the broadband capability of PON systems APON is renamed as BPON. Broadband Passive Optical

Network(BPON) was standardized by ITU recommendations G.983.1, G.983.2, G.983.2. BPON has two key advantages, first it provides 3rd wavelength for video services, second it is stable standard that re-uses ATM infrastructure. ITU-T recommendation G.983.1 defines three clauses of performance namely Class A, Class B, Class C.

GPON The progress in the technology, the need for larger bandwidths and the complexity of ATM forced the FSAN group to look for better technology. Gigabit Passive Optical Network(GPON) standardization work was initiated by FSAN in the year 2001 for designing networks over 1Gbps. GPON architecture offers converged data and voice services at upto 2.5 Gbps. GPON enables transport of multiple services in their native format, specifically TDM and data. In order to enable easy transition from BPON to GPON, many function of BPON are reused for GPON. In January 2003, the GPON standards were ratified by ITU-T and are known as ITU-T Recommendations G.984.1, G.984.2 and G.984.3. The GPONs uses Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) protocol to provide support for both voice and data oriented services. A big advantage of GPON over other schemes is that interfaces to all the main services are provided and in GFP enabled networks packets belonging to different protocols can be transmitted in their native formats.

EPON Ethernet equipment vendors formed Ethernet in the First Mile Alliance (EFMA) to work on architecture for FTTH as Ethernet is a dominant protocol in Local Area Network. EPON based FTTH was adopted by IEEE standard IEEE802.3ah in September 2004.Adopting Ethernet technology in the access network would make uniform protocol at the customer end simplifying the network management. Single protocol in Local Area Network, Access Network and Backbone network enables easy rollout of FTTH. EPON standards Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 14

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) networking community renamed the term last mileto first mile to symbolize its importance and significance access part of the network. EFMA introduced the concept of Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs), in which a point to multipoint (P2MP) network topology is implemented with passive optical splitters. EPON, is largely vendor-driven standard and it is fundamentally similar to ATM-PON but transports Ethernet frames/packets instead of ATM cells. It specified minimum standardization and product differentiation, also it has decided not to standardize the Bandwidth allocation algorithm, TDM and ATM support, Security, Authentication, WDM Overlay Plan, support for Analog Video Protection, Diagnostics, Monitoring etc.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Figure 2.3 Block diagram of FTTH

FIG 8.Proposed System

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

15

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Here the network used is PON .It is the passive optical network and is used in FTTX solutions. The most important characteristics of this network is that only the end components are active and others are passive. The different types of PON flavours are APON , EPON and GPON. They are ATM cells(533 byte cells).A PON is also called as B PON(broadband PON).Their speed is about 622Mbps.It is the Ethernet PON. It is also known as GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet PON).Their speed is about 1.25Gbps.Here we are spending Ethernet packets. It is the gigabit PON. This support TDM traffic as well as Ethernet packet. Their speed is about 2.5Gpbs. In this system, we use GE PON and it uses CDMA (code division multiple access) technology for processing the data. Here we are sending Ethernet packets. The downstream wavelength is about 1310nm.PON consist of optical line terminal (OLT),optical network unit(ONU) and optical distribution

network(ODN).

3.4 WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM)

With WDM it is possible to send multiple optical signals from deferent source at the same time on one optical fiber. The data stream from each Source is assigned an optical wavelength. The multiplexer modulates each data stream from each Source. After the modulation process the resulting optical signal generated for each Source data stream is placed on its assigned wavelength. The resulted signals are simultaneously sent through the fiber. At the User end the multiplexer receives a composite signal. It separates the signal into the original signals according to their different wavelengths by

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

16

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) using prisms. These signals are further demodulated. The resulting separated data streams are then provided to the respective Users. The difficult part of the multiplexing process is at the receiver side (demultiplexing). The designers have to put into their considerations for the crosstalk and channel separation in the demultiplexing. The crosstalk specification expresses how well the demultiplexer maintains port-to-port separation. That is each channel should appear only at its intended port. Channel separation describes ability for the demultiplexer to distinguish different wavelengths. In most demultiplexer, the wavelengths must be widely separated allowing light to travel in either direction without the penalty found in splitters.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

17

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 4 COMPONENTS
4.1 OLT (OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL)
It is the central office equipment providing PON with the various network interfaces , basically an Ethernet switch or media Controller .it is used in the transmitter as well as in the receiver side. It convert the electrical signal into optical signal in the transmitting side and at the receiver, this optical signal is converted into corresponding electrical signal. The other uses of OLT are code conversion and maintenance OLT is a carrier class large capacity GEPON (Gega bit Ethernet passive optical network) access device for installation in a standard chasis. Here we use BBS4000. BBS4000 have 44 GEPON ports. Optical switch module is configured to protect lines leading e up to optical splitters for up to 4 GEPON ports . Table 2.1 Power Range for OLT Range Worst case OLT TX Power PX20-D +2.5 to +6.7 dBm OLT RX Sensitivity PX20-U -29 to -30 dBm -29 dBm 10dBm 2.5 dBm Receiver saturation

ONU TX Power PX10-U

0 to +3.7 dBm

0 dBm -5dBm

ONU RX Sensitivity PX10-D -25 to -25.7 dBm -25 dBm

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

18

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

4.2 FDF (FRAME DISTRIBUTION FRAME)

Fiber Distribution Frame rear fiber storage panel provides cable management and service loop storage for fiber optic patch cord that terminate in modules located in the rear of the frame. The patch cord are typically routed between an FDF and fiber optic terminal[FOT] equipment in cross connect application An Optical Fiber Distribution Frame is the interface between the transmission equipment and the optical network. At the point in the network where the fiber from the transmission equipment meets the fiber from the subscriber/trunk network, there must be some type of cross-connection to facilitate cable rearrangements, measurements and fault location of optical lines. The main function of a FDF/ODF is to organize and terminate fiber at this point

FIG 9. Frame Distribution Frame

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

19

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

4.3 SINGLE MODE FIBER (G.652)

A single mode fiber is coated with dual layers of UV-cured Acrylate and the diameter with coating is 245 m. The effective group index of refraction is 1.465 at 1550 nm. Table 2.2 Parameters of G.652 fiber

Parameter Mode field diameter (MFD) Cladding Diameter Outer coating diameter Non circularity of

Value
9.6 0.4m at 1550 nm 125 m 245 5m

the Not more than 1%.

cladding Mode error Core Silica (SiO2) doped with Germanium dioxide (GeO2). Cladding Coating Chromatic dispersion Cut off wavelength Silica (SiO2) Dual layers of UV-cured Acrylate. 18 ps/nm*km (1530 nm to 1570nm) <1480 nm. field concentricity Not more than 0.6m

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

20

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Parameters and dimensions of the fiber Item Description 1.Fiber optic cable {a}1310 nm {b}1490 nm {c}1550 nm 0.19 db/km 0.21 db/km Attenuation 0.33 Units db/km

4.4 PON SPLITTER

Passive Optical Network (PON) splitters play an important role in Fiber to the Home networks by allowing a single PON network interface to be shared among many subscribers. Splitters contain no electronics and use no power. They are the network elements that put the passive in Passive Optical Network and are available in a variety of split ratios, including 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32. Splitters are installed in each optical network between the PON Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and the Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) that the OLT serves. Networks implementing BPON,GPON, EPON,10G GPON, and 10G GPON technologies all use these simple optical splitters. In place of an optical splitter, a WDM PON network will use an Arrayed WaveGuide (AWG).

A PON network may be designed with a single optical splitter, or it can have two or more splitters cascaded together. Since each optical connection adds attenuation, a single splitter is superior to multiple cascaded splitters. One net additional coupling (and source of attenuation) is introduced in connecting two splitters together.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

21

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) A single splitter is shown in the GPON network diagram below. Note that the splitter can be deployed in the Central Office (CO) alongside the OLT, or it may be deployed in an OutSidePlant (OSP) cabinet closer to the subscribers. A splitter can also be deployed in the basement of a building for a Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU) installation.

1*2splitter 1*4splitter 1*8splitter 1*16splitter 1*32splitter

3.5 7.4 11 14.3 17.8

db db db db db

Table 2.3 Splitter attenuation

FIG 10. PON Splitter

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

22

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

4.5 ONT (OPTICAL NETWORK TERMINAL)

An ONT is a media converter that is installed by Verizon either outside or inside your premises. An ONT is a media converter that is installed by Verizon either outside or inside your premises The ONT converts fiber-optic light signals to copper/electric signals. Three wavelengths of light are used between the ONT and the OLT: 1310 nm voice/data transmit 1490 nm voice/data receive 1550 nm video receive Each ONT is capable of delivering: Multiple POTS (plain old telephone service) lines Internet data Video

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

23

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENTS

5.1 VERIFICATION OF INSERTION LOSS CHECK OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPLITTERS

TYPES OF SPLITTERS : 1. 1x4 Splitter 2. 2x4 Splitter 3. 1x32 Splitter

5.1.1 1X4 SPLITTER

Downstream: Path loss Sending level at +1.40 dBm for wavelength at 1490nm at Com Port 1 COM PORT 1 Measured at Port Rx Level (dBm) Insertion Loss(dB) Limit (dB) Theorectical Value (10 log 1/ N) 1 2 3 4 -5.25 -5.06 -5.65 -5.27 6.65 6.46 7.05 6.67 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.02 6.02 6.02 6.02

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

24

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Upstream: Path loss Sending level at -3.20 dBm for wavelength at 1310nm at individual ports COM PORT 1 Feeding at Port Rx Level (dBm) Insertion Loss(dB) Limit (dB) Theorectical Value (10 log 1/ N) 1 2 3 4 -10.00 -10.10 -10.25 -10.05 6.80 6.90 7.05 6.85 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.02 6.02 6.02 6.02

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

25

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

5.1.2. 2X4 SPLITTER

Downstream: Path loss (1490 nm)

COM PORT 1 Sending level: +1.40 dBm Measured at Port (dBm) 1 2 3 4 -5.40 -5.41 -5.72 -5.52 6.80 6.81 7.12 6.92 Rx Level Insertion Loss(dB)

COM PORT 2 Sending level: +1.40 dBm Rx Level(dBm) Insertion Loss(dB)

Limit (dB)

-5.32 -5.30 -5.85 -5.35

6.72 6.70 7.25 6.75

7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4

Sending level at +1.40 dBm for wavelength at 1490 nm at Individual ports

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

26

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

COM PORT 1 Feeding at Port Rx Level(dBm) 1 2 3 4 -10.00 -10.05 -10.55 -10.35 Insertion Loss(dB) 6.85 6.80 7.35 7.15

COM PORT 2 Rx Level(dBm) -10.10 -10.00 -10.50 -10.50 Insertion Loss(dB) 6.90 6.80 7.30 7.30

Limit (dB)

7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4

Upstream: Path loss (1310 nm) Sending level at -3.20 dBm for wavelength at 1310nm at Individual ports

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

27

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

5.1.3 1X32 SPLITTER

Downstream: Path loss Sending level at +3.70 dBm for wavelength at 1490nm at Com Port 1 COM PORT 1 Measured at Port Rx Level (dBm) Insertion Loss(dB) Limit (dB) Theorectical Value (10 log 1/ N) 1 2 3 -12.95 -12.55 -12.45 16.65 16.25 16.15 17.8 17.8 17.8 15.05 15.05 15.05

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

28

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 -12.50 -12.90 -12.60 -13.10 -13.35 -13.15 -13.25 -13.05 -12.85 -12.90 -13.30 -12.90 -13.15 -13.30 -13.15 -13.20 -12.90 -13.35 -12.80 -13.10 -12.90 16.20 16.80 16.30 16.80 17.05 16.85 16.95 16.75 16.55 16.60 17.00 16.60 16.85 17.00 16.85 16.90 16.60 17.05 16.50 16.80 16.60 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

29

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 -13.25 -13.05 -13.55 -12.85 -12.90 -13.00 -13.10 -13.05 16.95 16.75 17.25 16.55 16.60 16.70 16.80 16.75 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05

Upstream: Path loss Sending level at -3.20 dBm for wavelength at 1310nm at individual ports

COM PORT 1 Feeding at Port Rx Level(dBm) Insertion Loss(dB) Limit (dB) Theorectical Value (10 log 1/ N) 1 2 3 4 5 6 -20.05 -20.30 -20.15 -19.95 -19.95 -20.55 16.85 17.10 16.95 16.75 16.75 17.35 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

30

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 -19.80 -20.45 -20.10 -20.05 -20.00 -19.95 -20.10 -20.05 -20.45 -19.90 -20.55 -20.15 -20.30 -20.40 -20.15 -20.15 -20.25 -20.10 -20.25 -20.20 -20.25 16.60 17.25 16.90 16.85 16.80 16.75 16.90 16.85 17.25 16.70 17.35 16.95 17.10 17.20 16.95 16.95 17.05 16.90 17.05 17.00 17.05 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

31

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

28 29 30 31 32 -20.20 -20.10 -20.00 -20.15 -20.10 17.00 16.90 16.80 16.95 16.90 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05 15.05

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

32

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

5.2 SPLITTER ANALYSIS

Splitter Analysis is carried out by varying the Variable Optical Attenuator, which is placed before and after the splitter. By varying the attenuation, link length can be varied.

5.2.1 1 X 4 SPLITTER
Case 1: Attenuator placed before Splitter
CONNECTION DIAGRAM: 2.5Gbps

STM-16+99

Tx

Tx Rx

2.5Gbps

VOA

EQUIPMENT

1X 4 SPLITTER RR

PROCEDURE: 1. Power meter is set to 1550nm wavelength. 2. Attenuator is set to low value. 3. 2.5 Gbps input data stream is given to attenuator from STM-16 equipment. 4. The attenuator is connected to 1x4 splitter. 5. The output port of the splitter is connected back to the Rx of the STM-16 equipment. 6. Vary the attenuator value, until UAS (Unavailable Seconds) 0.

Attenuation (dB) Distance (Km) 1 5 10 11 11.4 4 20 40 44 45.6

UAS 0 0 0 0 0

BBER 0 0 0 0 7.13x10-7

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

33

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) 12.1 13.4 14

14.1

48.4 53.6 56 56.4

0 0 0 11

6.34x10-7 1.92x10-5 0.0002 0

Case 2: Attenuator placed after Splitter

CONNECTION DIAGRAM: 2.5Gbps STM-16 Tx 2.5Gbps 1X 4 SPLITTER VOA VOA

EQUIPMENT Rx

PROCEDURE: 1. Power meter is set to 1550nm wavelength. 2. Attenuator is set to low value. 3. 2.5 Gbps input data stream is given to1x4 splitter from STM-16 equipment. 4. The splitter is connected to attenuator.

Attenuation (dB) 1 5 10 11.5 12

Distance (Km) 4 20 40 46 48

UAS 0 0 0 0 0

BBER 0 0 0 0 0

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

34

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) 14.2 14.8 15.4 16.2 16.7 56.8 59.2 61.6 64.8 66.8 0 0 0 0 23 4.42X10-7 8.74X10-6 2.68X10-5 0.008 0

5. The output of the attenuator is connected back to the Rx of the STM-16 equipment. 6. Vary the attenuator value, until UAS (Unavailable Seconds) 0. CONCLUSION: In case1, when attenuator is placed before splitter, error free transmission distance limit is 44km and Maximum reachable distance is 56 km. In case2, when attenuator is placed after splitter, error free transmission distance limit is 48km and Maximum reachable distance is 66.8km. From this, it is found that sending data to the fiber after splitting is better.

5.2.2 1X 8 SPLITTER
Case 1: Attenuator placed before Splitter

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

2.5Gbps

STM-16

Tx

2.5Gbps

VOA

EQUIPMENT
Rx

1X 8 SPLITTER

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

35

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) PROCEDURE: 1. Power meter is set to 1550nm wavelength. 2. Attenuator is set to low value. 3. 2.5 Gbps input data stream is given to attenuator from STM-16 equipment. 4. The attenuator is connected to 1x8 splitter. 5. The output port of the splitter is connected back to the Rx of the STM-16 equipment. 6. Vary the attenuator value, until UAS (Unavailable Seconds) 0. Attenuation (dB) 1 5 10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.2 11.4 12 12.8 Distance (Km) 4 20 40 40.8 41.6 42.4 43.2 44.8 45.6 48 51.2 UAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 BBER 0 0 0 0 9.05x10-7 1.58x10-5 0.00015 0.0008 0.005 0.009 0

Case 2: Attenuator placed after Splitter

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

STM-16
2.5Gbps

EQUIPMENT

1X8 Tx 2.5Gbps SPLITTER

VOA

VOA

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

36

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) PROCEDURE:

1. Power meter is set to 1550nm wavelength. 2. Attenuator is set to low value. 3. 2.5Gbps input data stream is given to1x8 splitter from STM-16 equipment. 4. The splitter is connected to attenuator. 5. The output of the attenuator is connected back to the Rx of the STM-16 equipment. 6. Vary the attenuator value, until UAS (Unavailable Seconds) 0.

Attenuation (dB) 1 5 10 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 14 14.2

Distance (Km) 4 20 40 44 46 48 50 52 56 56.8

UAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

BBER 0 0 0 0 8.74X10-6 2.68X10-5 0.0001 0.0003 0.013 0

CONCLUSION: In case1, when attenuator is placed before splitter, error free transmission distance limit is 40.8km and Maximum reachable distance is 51.2km. In case2, when attenuator is placed after splitter, error free transmission distance limit is 44km and Maximum reachable distance is 56.8km. From this, it is found that sending data to the fiber after splitting is better.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

37

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

5. 3 EFFECT OF DOUBLE SPLITTING

Case1:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

STM-16
STM-16

VOA

1X4 SPLITTER

1X8 SPLITTER

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT

PROCEDURE: 1. Power meter is set to 1550nm wavelength. 2. Attenuator is set to low value. 3. 2.5Gbps input data stream is given to an attenuator from STM-16 equipment. 4. The attenuator is connected to 1x4 splitter. 5. The output of the 1x4 splitter is connected to 1x8 splitter. 6. The output from 1x8 splitter is connected to the Rx of the STM-16 equipment. 7. Vary the attenuator value, until UAS (Unavailable Seconds) 0.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

38

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Attenuation (dB) 1 2 2.1 2.4 2.6 3 3.4 3.6 3.8 Case 2

Distance (Km) 4 8 8.2 9.6 10.4 12 13.6 14.4 15.2

UAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

BBER 0 0 9.39x10-7 4.56x10-6 3.84x10-5 0.0003 0.0019 0.004 0

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

STM-16
STM-16

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT

1X4 SPLITTER

VOA

1X8 SPLITTER

PROCEDURE: 1. Power meter is set to 1550nm wavelength. 2. Attenuator is set to low value. 3. 2.5Gbps input data stream is given to 1x4 splitter from STM-16 equipment.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

39

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) 4. The 1x4 splitter is connected to attenuator . 5. The output of the attenuator is connected to 1x8 splitter. 6. The output from 1x8 splitter is connected to the Rx of the STM-16

equipment. 7. Vary the attenuator value, until UAS (Unavailable Seconds) 0.

Attenuation (dB) 1 2 5 6.5 6.8 7.1 7.5 7.8 8.2 8.4

Case 3: CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Distance (Km) 4 8 10 26 27.2 28.4 30 31.2 32.8 33.6

UAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

BBER 0 0 0 0 7.86x10-7 1.05x10-5 0.00012 0.0007 0.002 0

STM-16
STM-16

EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT

1X4 SPLITTER

1X8 SPLITTER

VOA

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

40

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) PROCEDURE:

1. Power meter is set to 1550nm wavelength. 2. Attenuator is set to low value. 3. 2.5Gbps input data stream is given to 1x4 splitter from STM-16 equipment. 4. The 1x4 splitter is connected to 1x8 splitter. 5. The output of the 1x8 splitter is connected to an attenuator. 6. The output from the attenuator is connected to the Rx of the STM-16

equipment. 7. Vary the attenuator value, until UAS (Unavailable Seconds) 0.

Attenuation (dB) 1 5 6 6.3 6.8 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.1

Distance (Km) 4 20 24 25.2 27.2 29.6 30.4 31.2 32 32.4

UAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15

BBER 0 0 0 1.53x10-6 8.5x10-6 0.0002 0.001 0.002 0.004 0

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

41

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) CONCLUSION:

Case 1: When attenuator is placed before two splitters, the distance limit for error free transmission is 8km and maximum reachable distance is 15.2km. Case 2: When attenuator is placed between two splitters, the distance limit for error free transmission is 26km and maximum reachable distance is 33.6km. Case 3: When attenuator is placed after two splitters, the distance limit for error free transmission is 24km and maximum reachable distance is 32.4km. In the above three cases, second case is better. Here first 1x4 splitting is done and after a long distance, again each of them splitted into 8.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

42

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 6 LINK DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION

6.1 FIBER OPTICAL LINK DESIGN
Basically a telecommunication system contains a transmitter, a receiver, and an information channel (media). A laser source (infrared), which is modulated by information signals acts as the transmitter. The modulated pulses from the transmitter are launched into an optical fiber. The optical pulses will undergo total internal reflection within the fiber and is detected at the receiving end. The receiver (APD or PIN) converts back the optical pulses into electrical information signal. The block diagram of a fiber optic link is shown in Figure.

Transmitter

Amplifier

Network-Medium

Amplifier

Receiver

Fiber Links FIG 11.Link Design Model

Fiber Links

The satisfactoriness of the transmission in a fiber optic link can be defined in terms of some characteristic parameters. The user generally specifies the distance over which the information is to be sent and the data rate to be transmitted. The Designer has to find the specification of the system components. The designer generally has to define some additional criteria either as per the standards or as per the user specifications.The Design criteria are given in the following:

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

43

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) 1. Primary Design Criteria Data Rate Link Length 2. Additional Design Parameters Modulation format System fidelity Cost involved in components, installation and maintenance Upgradeability Commercial availability

A SIMPLE POINT TO POINT OPTICAL LINK DESIGN

The link has primarily three components to design: Optical Transmitter Optical Fiber Optical Receiver

Considering the cost, speed etc, first choose the laser and the detector. Also the type of fiber is chosen. The design of an optical link involves many interrelated variables among the fiber, source, and photodetector operating characteristics, so that the actual link design and analysis may require several iterations before they are completed satisfactorily. Since performance and cost constraints are very important factors in fiber optic communication links, the designer must carefully choose the components to ensure that the desired performance level can be maintained over the expected system lifetime without overspecifying the component characteristics.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

44

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) The key system requirements needed in analyzing a link are: 1. The desired ( or possible ) transmission distance 2. The data rate or channel bandwidth 3. The bit error rate To fulfill these requirements the designer has a choice of components and their associated characteristics: 1. Multimode or single- mode optical fiber. Core size Core refractive-index profile Bandwidth or dispersion Attenuation Numerical aperture or mode-field diameter 2. LED or laser diode optical source Emission wavelength Spectral line width Output power Effective radiating area Emission pattern Number of emitting modes the following

3. PIN or avalanche photodiode Responsivity Operating wavelength Speed Sensitivity

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

45

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Two analysis are usually carried out to ensure that the desired system performance can be met; these are the link power budget and the system rise-time budget analysis. In the link power budget analysis, one first determines the power margin between the optical transmitter output and the minimum receiver sensitivity needed to establish a specified BER. This margin can then be allocated to connector , splice, and fiber losses, plus any additional margins required for expected component degradation or temperature effects. If the choice of components did not allow the desired transmission distance to be achieved, the components might have to be changed or repeaters might have to be incorporated into the link. Once the link power budget has been established, the designer can perform a system rise-time analysis to ensure that the desired overall system performance has been met.In carrying out a link power budget, we first decide at which wavelength to transmit and then choose components operating in this region. If the distance over which the data are to be transmitted is not too far, we may decide to operate in the 800nm to 900nm region. On the other hand, if the transmission distance is relatively long, we may want to take advantage of the lower attenuation and dispersion that occurs at around 1310 or 1550nm. Having decided on a wavelength, we next interrelate the system performances of the three major optical link building blocks, that is , the receiver, transmitter, and optical fiber. Normally the designer chooses the characteristics of two of these elements and then computes those of the third to see if the system performance requirements are met. We first select the photodetector and then an optical source and see how far data can be transmitted over a particular fiber before a repeater is needed in the line to boost up the power level of the optical signal. In choosing a particular photodetector, we mainly need to determine the minimum optical power that must fall on the photodetector to satisfy the BER requirement at the specified data rate. In making this choice, the designer also Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 46

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) needs to take into account any design cost and complexity constraints. A pin photodiode receiver is simpler, more stable with changes in temperature, and less expensive than an avalanche photodiode receiver. In addition, pin photodiode bias voltages are normally less than 50V, whereas those of avalanche photodiode are several hundred volts. However, the advantages of pin photodiodes may be overruled by the increased sensitivity of the avalanche photodiode if very low optical power levels are to be detected. The system parameters involved in deciding between the use of an LED and a laser diode are signal dispersion, data rate, transmission distance, and cost. The spectral width of the laser output is much narrower than that of an LED. This is of importance in the 800nm to 900nm region, where the spectral width of an LED and dispersion characteristics of silica fibers limit the data rate-distance product to around 150(Mbps)km. For higher values(upto 2500(Mbps)km) a laser must be used at these wavelengths. At wavelengths around 1.3um, where signal dispersion is very low, bit-rate-distance products of atleast 1500(Mbps)km are achievable with LEDs. Since laser diodes typically couple from 10 to 15dB more optical power into a fiber than an LED, greater repeaterless transmission distances are possible with laser. This advantage and the lower dispersion capability of laser diodes may be offset by cost constraints. Not only is a laser diode itself more expensive than an LED, but also the laser transmitter circuitry is much more complex, since the lasing threshold has to be dynamically controlled as a function of temperature and device aging. For the optical fiber we have a choice between single-mode and multimode fiber, either of which could have a step- or a graded index core. This choice depends on the type of light source used and on the amount of dispersion that can be tolerated. LEDs tend to be used with multimode fibers, although edgeemittihg LEDs can launch sufficient optical power into a single mode fiber for transmission at data rates upto 560Mbps over several kilometers. Either a single mode or multimode fiber can be used with a laser diode. A single mode fiber can

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

47

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) provide the ultimate bit-rate-distance product, with values of 30(Gbps)km being achievable. A disadvantage of single mode fibers is that the small core size makes fiber splicing more difficult and critical than for multimode fibers. When choosing the attenuation characteristics of a cabled fiber, the excess loss that results from the cabling process must also be considered in addition to the attenuation of the fiber itself. This must also include connector and splice losses as well as environmental-induced losses that could arise from temperature variations, radiation effects, dust and moisture on the connectors.An optical power loss model for a point-to-point link is shown in the Figure

FIG 12. Link Network The optical power received at the photodetector depends on the amount of light coupled into the fiber and the losses occurring in the fiber and at the connectors and splices. The link loss budget is derived from the sequential loss contributions of each element in the link. Each of these loss elements is expressed in decibels as

Where Pin and Pout are the optical powers emanating into and out of the loss element, respectively.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

48

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) In addition to the link loss contributors as in figure, a link power margin is normally provided in the analysis to allow for component aging, temperature fluctuations, and losses arising from components that might be added at future dates. A link margin of 6 to 8dB is generally used for systems that are not expected to have additional components incorporated into the link in the future. The link loss budget simply considers the total optical power loss PT that is allowed between the light source and the photodetector, and allocates this loss to cable attenuation, connector loss, splice loss, and system margin. Thus if PS is the optical power emerging from the end of a fiberflylead attached to the light source, and if PR is the receiver sensitivity, then

Here lc is the connector loss, L is the transmission distance, and the system margin is nominally taken as 6dB. Here we assume that the cable of length L has connectors only on the ends and none in between. The splice loss is incorporated into the cable loss for simplicity.The fiber loss depends upon the wavelength and also the physical conditions of the fiber. The fiber loss is generally higher than that specified by the manufacturers. Typical loss at 1550nm may lie in the range 0.2-0.5dB/km.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

49

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

6.2 FTTH PON LINK ENGINEERING

Case1: Considering the below FTTH link with one 1x8 splitter and the design procedure is as follows.

Figure 13.1x8 Double Splitter

Power Range for OLT: Range Worst case Receiver saturation OLT TX Power PX20-D OLT RX Sensitivity PX20-U +2.5 to +6.7 dBm -29 to -30 dBm 2.5 dBm -29 dBm 10dBm

ONU TX Power PX10-U

0 to +3.7 dBm

0 dBm

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

50

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) ONU RX Sensitivity PX10-D -25 to -25.7 dBm -25 dBm -5dBm

Item Description 1.Fiber optic cable {a}1310 nm

Attenuation 0.33

Units db/km

{b}1490 nm {c}1550 nm

0.21 0.19

db/km db/km

1*2splitter 1*4splitter 1*8splitter 1*16splitter 1*32splitter

3.5 db 7.4 db 11 db 14.3 db 17.8 db

Splitter losses Downstream Power Budget = +2.5dbm-(-25dbm) = 27.5dB Upstream Power Budget = 0 dbm-(-29dbm) = 29 dB

Downstream Design (10 Km) Downstream is done in 1490nm wavelength. The main equation is Tx =Rx +CL +Ms +Pd Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 51

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Tx= transmitted power Rx=Receiver sensitivity CL=Channel loss Ms=System margin Pd=Dispersion penalty Tx =2.5dBm , Rx =-25dBm CL=Spice loss+ fiber loss+ connector loss+ splitter loss

Splice loss Splice loss= (L/2 +1)*0.1 Where 0.1dB is splice loss per splice ,L=Length of the fiber Splice loss= (10/2 + 1) *0.1 =6*0.1=0.6 dBm

Fiber loss Fiber loss= 0.21dB*L (0.21 dB is fiber loss per kilometer) =0.21*10 =2.1 dBm

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

52

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Connector loss Connector loss = 0.4 dB * no of connectors (0.4 dB is the connector loss in a SC connector) =0.4 * 7 =2.8 dB

Splitter loss Splitter loss =11 dB = 11 dB(for 1x8 splitter)

CL = splice loss + fiber loss + connector loss + splitter loss = .6 + 2.1 + 2.8 + 11 Channel Loss =16.5 dB

System margin Extra allowance given to the system for compensating channel loss. System margin = 2 dB Which is given in the system parameters

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

53

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Dispersion penalty Extra power required by the system to compensate the dispersion.

Dispersion penalty, Pd = -10 log (1- (3.14B)^2 * dt^2) Where B is the Band width dt is the total dispersion dt = spectral width * link length *Dc where spectral width = .5 nm at 1490 nm Dc = 18 ps/ nm* km (constant) dt = .5 * 10 * 18 dt =90 ps pd = -10 log (1-1/2 *(3.14 * 1.25 *10^9)^2 * (90 * 10^-12)^2) = -10 log (1- 0.5 * ( 1.540 * 10^19) * 8.1 * 10 ^ -21 = -10 log ( 1- 0.06237) = -10 log 0.93763 Dispersion penalty = 0.281 dB Tx = -25 + 16.5 + 2 + 0.281 = -6.219 dB Tx>= -6.219 dB 2.5 >= -6.219 dB Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 54

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Transmitter power is greater than the power received at the receiver. so

transmitter power is enough for the working of system. so the downstream link works. UP Stream design (10 Km) Upstream is done in the wave length 1330 nm. Tx = Rx + CL + Ms + Pd Tx = 0 dBm, Rx = -29dBm CL = Splice loss + splitter loss + connector los + fiber loss Splice loss = (10/2 + 1 ) * .1 =6 * 0.1 = 0.6 Splitter loss = 11 db Connector loss = 0.4 * 7 = 2.8 dB Fiber loss = .33 * 10 = 3.3 dB Channel Loss = 0.6 + 11 + 2.8 + 3.3 = 17.7dBm System margin system margin =2 dB Dispersion penalty Dispersion penalty, Pd = 10log (1- (3.14*B)^2 * dt^2) dt= spectral width * link length*Dc Where spectral width =1 nm at 1330 nm, B is Bandwidth dt = 1* 10 * 18

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

55

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) dt = 180 ps Pd = -10 log (1-.5(1.540*10^9) (3.24*10^-20)) =-10 log (1-.24948) = -10 log .7505 Dispersion penalty, Pd= 1.246 dB Tx= -29+ 17.7+ 2 +1.246 = -8.054 0>=- 8.054 Transmitter power is greater than the power at the receiver.The transmitting power is enough for the system to work.

Case2:Considering the below FTTH link with one 1x8 splitter and the output port from that is again fed to a 1x4 splitter and the design procedure is as follows. Figure 14. 1x8 And 1x4 Splitters Using Double Splitting

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

56

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Downstream Power Budget = +2.5dbm-(-25dbm) = 27.5dB Upstream Power Budget = 0 dbm-(-29dbm) = 29 dB Downstream Design (10 Km) Downstream is done in 1490nm wavelength. The main equation is Tx =Rx +CL +Ms +Pd

Tx= transmitted power Rx=Receiver sensitivity CL=Channel loss Ms=System margin Pd=Dispersion penalty Tx =2.5dBm , Rx =-25dBm CL=Spice loss+ fiber loss+ connector loss+ splitter loss Splice loss Splice loss= (L/2 +1)*0.1 Where 0.1dB is splice loss per splice ,L=Length of the fiber Splice loss= (10/2 + 1) *0.1 =6*0.1=0.6 dBm Fiber loss Fiber loss= 0.21dB*L Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 57

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) (0.21 dB is fiber loss per kilometer) =0.21*10 =2.1 dBm Connector loss Connector loss = 0.4 dB * no of connectors (0.4 dB is the connector loss in a SC connector) =0.4 * 8 =3.2 dB Splitter loss Splitter loss =11 dB = 11 +7.4 = 18.4 dB (11dB for 1x8 splitter, 7.4dB for 1x4 splitter) CL = splice loss + fiber loss + connector loss + splitter loss = .6 + 2.1 + 2.8 + 11 Channel Loss =12.41 dB System margin Extra allowance given to the system for compensating channel loss. System margin = 2 dB Which is given in the system parameters

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

58

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Dispersion penalty Extra power required by the system to compensate the dispersion.

Dispersion penalty, Pd = -10 log (1- (3.14B)^2 * dt^2) Where B is the Band width dt is the total dispersion dt = spectral width * link length *Dc where spectral width = .5 nm at 1490 nm Dc = 18 ps/ nm* km (constant) dt = .5 * 10 * 18 dt =90 ps pd = -10 log (1-1/2 *(3.14 * 1.25 *10^9)^2 * (90 * 10^-12)^2) = -10 log (1- 0.5 * ( 1.540 * 10^19) * 8.1 * 10 ^ -21 = -10 log ( 1- 0.06237) = -10 log 0.93763

Dispersion penalty = 0.281 dB Tx = -25 + 12.41 + 2 + 0.281 = -10.309 dB Tx>= -10.309 dB 2.5 >= -10.309 dB Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 59

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) Transmitter power is greater than the power received at the receiver. so

transmitter power is enough for the working of system. so the downstream link works. UP Stream design (10 Km) Upstream is done in the wave length 1330 nm. Tx = Rx + CL + Ms + Pd Tx = 0 dBm, Rx = -29dBm CL = Splice loss + splitter loss + connector los + fiber loss Splice loss = (10/2 + 1 ) * .1 =6 * 0.1 = 0.6 Splitter loss = 18.4 db Connector loss = 0.4 * 8 = 3.2 dB Fiber loss = .33 * 10 = 3.3 dB Channel Loss = 0.6 + 18.4 + 3.2 + 3.3 = 25.5 dBm System margin system margin =2 dB Dispersion penalty Dispersion penalty, Pd = 10log (1- (3.14*B)^2 * dt^2) dt= spectral width * link length*Dc Where spectral width =1 nm at 1330 nm, B is Bandwidth dt = 1* 10 * 18

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

60

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME) dt = 180 ps Pd = -10 log (1-.5(1.540*10^9) (3.24*10^-20)) =-10 log (1-.24948) = -10 log .7505 Dispersion penalty, Pd= 1.246 dB Tx= -29+ 25.5+ 2 +1.246 = -0.254 0>=- 0.254 Transmitter power is greater than the power at the receiver.The transmitting power is enough for the system to work.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

61

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 7

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT.

Figure 15(A). Implementation

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

62

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Figure 15(B). Implementation

Figure 15(C). Implementation Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar. 63

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 8

ADVANTAGES
Unlimited Band width No consumption of energy Low cost of upgrade and operating expenditures Reduced cable cost, as it enables sharing of each fiber by many users High quality of service

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

64

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 9

APPLICATIONS
Distance Learning Telemedicine Tele working Peer to peer file sharing Distributed computing Online Gaming HDTV

Home Monitoring and home automation.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

65

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

One of the major hurdles for the mass deployment of FTTH is the relatively high cost of ONT. Equipment vendors efforts to integrate various functions into a single IC would bring down the cost of ONTs. Carriers have a large installed base of TDM based legacy infrastructure. There is no right or wrong FTTH technology, rather the technology choice primarily depends on the existing network operator infrastructure. With ambitious plans of Govt. of India to increase the broadband availability, making a parallel start of FTTH would only make achieve the targets set by the Govt. Both the architectures of FTTH: P2P and P2MP offer scalability and flexibility for FTTH, though ultimately, the choice of network architecture is typically driven by the demand for that which offers the greatest service capabilities at the lowest costs.

Future scope

Connectivity from the optical network unit to the computer can be implemented through the fiber.

Number of service can be increased by virtual LAN network . Along with the frame VLAN is send which will indicate the particular service.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

66

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

CHAPTER 11 REFERENCES

1. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=6095214 2. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesrchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6095214 3. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5970861 4. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesrchabstract.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5604408 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10G-PON 7. Physical Layer Monitoring in 8-branched PON-based i-FTTH - Ng Boon Chuan, Aswir Premadi, Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, and Kasmiran Jumari, IEEE 2010. 8. Simulation of 1.25 Gb/s Downstream Transmission Performance of GPON-FTTx - Hesham A. Bakarman, Sahbudin Shaari, Member, IEEE, and Mahamod Ismail, Member, IEEE 2010. 9. Fiber Optic Subscriber Systems - Kenji Okada and Hiromichi Shinohara,IEEE LTS November 1998.

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

67

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

APPENDIX

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

68

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

69

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

70

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

71

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

72

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

73

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

74

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

75

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

76

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

OPTIC FIBER CONNECTORS

SC Connectors

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

77

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

LC connector and Pig Tail

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

78

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

79

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

80

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

81

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

82

FTTH (FIBER TO THE HOME)

ONT (OPTICAL NETWORK TERMINAL)

Dept. Of ECE, College of Engg. Poonjar.

83