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Richard Schreier
Richard.Schreier@analog.com
ANALOG DEVICES
R. SCHREIER
Catalog
1 2nd-Order Lowpass
Architecture: Single-bit, switched-capacitor Application: General-purpose, low-frequency ADC Architecture: Multi-bit switched-capacitor Application: Audio Architecture: (Multibit MOD2, pipeline) Cascade Application: Wideband communications Architecture: Single-loop with LC, Active-RC and switchedcapacitor resonators Application: High-dynamic-range radio receiver
5th-Order Lowpass
2-0 Cascade
6th-Order Bandpass
R. SCHREIER
1. MOD2
Specications
Parameter Bandwidth Sampling Frequency Signal-to-Noise Ratio Supply Voltage Symbol fB fs SNR VDD Value ~1 1 100 3 Units kHz MHz dB V
Assumptions
Single-bit switched-capacitor realization Input voltage range is 0-VDD (single-ended) Reference voltage is VDD Op-amp swing is 2 Vpp (differential)
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Toolbox Design
OSR = 500; H = synthesizeNTF(2,OSR,0,2); [snr amp] = simulateSNR(H,OSR); plot(amp,snr,'bd',amp,snr,'b-'); 120 100 Very high SQNR Quantization noise will be negligible. Maximum input signal 1 dBFS Lets not worry about instability.
SQNR (dB)
80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
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1 X1 z1
a1
c1
1 X2 z1
a2
form = 'CIFB'; [a,g,b,c] = realizeNTF(H,form); b(2:end) = 0; ABCD = stuffABCD(a,g,b,c,form); [ABCDs umax] = scaleABCD(ABCD); [a,g,b,c] = mapABCD(ABCDs,form);
R. SCHREIER
Simulated Spectrum
0
NTF
(scaled)
= 2.2 .
R. SCHREIER
Simplied Schematic
2 1 1 2 1 x1 2 2 1 x2 L 2 1 D Q C v
Difference Equations x 1(n + 1) = x 1(n) + b 1 u(n) a 1 v(n) x 2(n + 1) = x 2(n) + c 1 x 1(n) a 2 v(n) v(n) = Q( x 2(n))
Timing
1 2
x1(n) x2(n)
x1(n+1)
x2(n+1) v(n)
Verify that the circuit follows the difference equations. Check the quantizer and feedback timing carefully!
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First Integrator
VDD VSS
1Vd 1Vd
C2
Vin
C1
1 2 2
Vx1
0, 1
1 2Vd
1 2Vd
VDD VSS
Want input (full-scale) range = [0,3] V and want op-amp swing = [1,+1] Vdifferential
x1 = Vx1/1 V, u = (Vin1.5 V)/1.5 V
C 1 C 2 = b 1 3 = 1 12
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Since thermal noise is white, we get a factor of OSR reduction in the in-band noise vn = 10 Vrms C1 = 83 fF C2 = 1 pF
These capacitor values are quite reasonable! C2 gets smaller if the output swing of the op-amp is increased. kT 1 2 i.e. v n = ----------- -----OSR C 1
R. SCHREIER
Second Integrator
VSS VDD
1 2Vd 2Vd
C 4C
2 1
12C
Vx1
1
1 2
Vx2
In-band noise of second integrator is greatly attenuated Capacitor sizes dictated by charge injection errors and desired ratio accuracy
10 ( OSR ) 3 By a factor of ------------------- 10 6 (approximately). 12 2
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bias3 VON vocm bias1 1 1 2 2 2x VIP bias2 VIN VOP 2 2 1 1 vocm bias1
R. SCHREIER
Op-Amp Specications
50% of T/2 = 0.25 s; Q max = C 1 VDD = 0.25 pC Islew = 1 A is sufcient T/2 = 10; = C 1 g m ; C1 = 0.1 pF gm = 2 A/V
Power consumption can be very low!
In this implementation, the integrator gain factors are 1/3 and 1/12, and the gain requirements are relaxed
For example, A = 40 dB is sufcient for 110 dB SQNR and the width of the deadband around 0 V is only 4 V if A = 40 dB.
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2 R S
To DFF
R 2 VSS 2
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* = Delay Control
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2. MOD5
Specications
Parameter Signal Bandwidth Sampling Frequency Signal-to-Noise Ratio Supply Voltage Symbol fB fs SNR VDD Value 50 8 110 3 Units kHz MHz dB V
Assumptions
Single-bit switched-capacitor realization Input voltage range is 2 V (differential) Reference voltage is 2 V (differential) and Op amp swing is 4 Vpp (differential)
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Toolbox Design
OSR = 8e6/(2*50e3); % OSR = 80 H = synthesizeNTF(5,OSR,1,1.5); amp = [-140:5:-15 -12 -10:0]; snr = simulateSNR(H,OSR,amp); plot(amp,snr,'bd',amp,snr,'b-'); 140 120 Very high peak SQNR Quantization noise will be negligible. Maximum input signal 4 dBFS Scale such that input range is 50% of full-scale.
SQNR (dB)
R. SCHREIER
First Integrator
C1
VREFP VREFN
C2 C1 Vx1
Vin
VREFN VREFP
kT Input-referred differential noise power is P n = 8 -----C1 2 2 = 2 V2 Peak signal power is P s = ( 2 V ) 8kT SNR 110 dB SNR requires C 1 = ---------------------------- = 21 pF OSR P s
This is a big capacitor! 17
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Simulated Spectrum
10 dBFS input
0
STF
PSD (dBFS/NBW)
SQNR = 122 dB
R. SCHREIER
Block Diagram
b6 c1, c2, g1 c3, c4, g2
u(n)
Integrator
b1 a1
Resonator
a2 a3
Resonator
a4 a5
v(n)
R. SCHREIER
Timing Check
2 1 1 2 1 x1 2 2 1 x2 2 1 1 2 1 x5 S 1
Timing
x 1(n + 1) = x 1(n) + b 1 u(n) c 1 v(n) 2 1 2 1 2 x 2(n + 1) = c 2 x 1(n) + x 2(n) g 1 x 3(n) x1(n) x1(n+1) x 3(n + 1) = c 3 x 2(n + 1) + x 3(n) x2(n) x2(n+1) x 4(n + 1) = c 4 x 3(n) + x 4(n) g 2 x 5(n) x3(n) x3(n+1) x 5(n + 1) = c 5 x 4(n + 1) + x 5(n) y(n) = a 1 x 1(n) + a 2 x 2(n + 1) + a 3 x 3(n) x4(n) x4(n+1) + a 4 x 4(n + 1) + a 5 x 5(n) + b 6 u(n) x5(n) x5(n+1) y a(n) = ( a 1 + a 2 c 2 )x 1(n) + a 2 x 2(n) + ( a 3 a 2 g 1 + a 4 c 4 )x 3(n) y(n) + a 4 x 4(n) + ( a 5 a 4 g 2 )x 5(n) + b 6 u(n 1) v(n) v(n) = Q [ y(n) ] [ y a = y + b 6 ( u(n 1) u(n) ) STF a(z) = STF (z) ( 1 z 1 )NTF (z) ] 21
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Behavioral Schematic
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Potential Improvements
Clock faster
Reduces modulator order. Reduces the size of all capacitors whose values are dictated by noise.
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3. 2-0 Cascade
Specications
Parameter Bandwidth Sampling Frequency Signal-to-Noise Ratio Supply Voltage Symbol fB fs SNR VDD Value 1.25 20 90 5 Units MHz MHz dB V
5-bit MOD2
5 E1
Pipeline ADC
25
V2 7
(1z -1) 2
R. SCHREIER
Toolbox Evaluation
BW = 1.25e6; Fs = 20e6; OSR = Fs/(2*BW); M = 32; nlev = M+1; nb = 7; kpipe = 2^nb; Ha = zpk([1 1],[0 0],1,1); amp = [-120:5:-15 -12:2:-6 -5:0]; sqnr = zeros(2,length(amp)); N = 8192; ftest = round(0.16/OSR*N); u1 = M*sin(2*pi*ftest/N*[0:N-1]); for i = 1:length(amp) [v1 junk1 junk2 y1] = simulateDSM(undbv(amp(i))*u1,Ha,nlev); v2 = ds_quantize(kpipe*(v1-y1),kpipe+1); v = v1 - filter([1 -2 1],1, v2/kpipe); spec1 = fft(v1.*hann(N))/(M*N/4); sqnr(1,i) = calculateSNR(spec1(1:ceil(N/2/OSR)),ftest); spec = fft(v.*ds_hann(N))/(M*N/4); sqnr(2,i) = calculateSNR(spec(1:ceil(N/2/OSR)),ftest); end plot(amp,sqnr(1,:),'m^','MarkerSize',10,'LineWidth',2); hold on; plot(amp,sqnr(1,:),'m--','LineWidth',3); plot(amp,sqnr(2,:),'bs','MarkerSize',10,'LineWidth',2); plot(amp,sqnr(2,:),'b-','LineWidth',3); figureMagic([-120 0],10,2, [0 120],10,2);
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SQNR (dB)
80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
40 dB
SQNR of MOD2
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Gain Mismatch
(Capacitor Ratio Error)
v2 = ds_quantize(kpipe*(v1-y1)*(1+gain_mismatch),kpipe+1);
110
100
90 103
102
101
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110
100
90 50
60
70
80
90
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z z -1
DAC1 DAC2
1 z -1
5-b 5
16 3-b 3
4 3-b 3
4 4-b 4
R. SCHREIER
An Integrator Stage
Vip Vrefp
1 2b0 2b0 1 2b31 2b31 2b31 2b31 1 2b0 2b0 1
C1P,0 C2 C1P,31
2 1 1
Vx1
C1N,31
C1N,0
31
Vin
Vrefn
R. SCHREIER
4. Bandpass Modulator
Vin 3 MHz IF 300 kHz BW LO BP ADC 24 MHz CLK
Want high dynamic range (~90 dB) with low power consumption (~50 mW) Desire a continuous-time architecture for its inherent anti-aliasing properties Toolbox indicates we should use a 6th-order, 8-level modulator
Use a FB topology to get a clean STF. 32
R. SCHREIER
Simplied Architecture
LC Tank Feedback DAC More Resonators and Feedback DACs
Flash ADC
LO
IF
V-I Converter
LNA+Mixer
Bandpass ADC
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The rst feedback DAC cancels the bulk of the in-band portion of the mixer output, effectively passing only a residue to the ADC backend
Large signal-handling capability is not compromised. Only the LNA, Mixer and ADC front end have to deal with the full dynamic range of the signal.
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A second LC tank would require the least power, but would also need more pins Active-RC:2 mA for 50 nV/ Hz i.r. noise Switched-C:Estimate >10 mA for same i.r.n. gm-C:Tough to get linearity and stability Use Active-RC Tuning implemented with 8-bit capacitor arrays
2:1 tuning range, regardless of process. 35
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Active-RC:Q and drift are uncertain; might need a fourth resonator Switched-C:Q is high (>100) and drift is low Use Switched-C Consumes 1 mA and has an i.r.n of 300 nV/ Hz .
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SC Resonator
9C 1 7C 2 2 1 2 3C 1 1 2 4C
1 2
7C
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AGC
For a 18 dBm input, the mixer output is 2 mApp, so DAC1 needs to sink 2 mA Power consumption can be reduced at low signal levels (the usual case) by reducing DAC1s full-scale
Reduces the FS of the ADC and thus gives the ADC more gain.
Lowering DAC1s full-scale also reduces the output current noise of the DAC
Includes mismatch-induced and dynamic errors as well as thermal noise.
Placing a variable-gain element after the LC tank compensates for the reduced signal level and also saves current by minimizing the i.r.n. of the ADCs backend
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Full ADC
External LC Tank Tunable Elements fCLK = 13-26 MHz RC Reson. SC Reson. 9-level Flash
LO
DAC1
V-I Converter
Full-Scale Adjust
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Noise Density
10
Total
LNA/Mixer
1M DAC
30
RC atch ism
erm DAC1 Th
al
Q tiz uan
atio
28
26
24
22
C Sckend a B 20 18
Full-Scale (dBm)
40
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dBFS/NBW
40 60 80 100 0
Frequency (MHz)
41
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dBFS/NBW
40 60 80 No signal INF = 87 dBFS 18 dBm input @ 103.25 MHz + 25 kHz 1 dBFS output INF = -83 dBFS
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dBFS/NBW
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Measured SNR
fIF = 273 MHz, fLO = 269 MHz, fCLK = 32 MHz
100 90 80 OSR =900
SNR (dB)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -110 -90 -70 -50 AGC range -30 -10 OSR =48
P in (dBm)
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Summary
Design MOD2 MOD5 2-0 Cascade OSR DR (dB) 500 80 8 100 110 90 Lessons
High OSR is helpful. can yield a very robust design. FF topology has lower cap. area than FB. Multi-bit quantization is needed to get high SNR at low OSR. Must be watchful of gain mismatch and NTF zero error in a cascaded system. An LC tank enables a power-efcient bandpass Mixer+ADC. The loop lter can use both continuoustime and discrete-time resonators.
CT BP (LC)
48
85