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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Lecture Notes 4a

Osteoporosis

Skeletal System
John Donnie A. Ramos, Ph.D.
Dept. of Biological Sciences College of Science University of Santo Tomas

condition characterized by the loss of the normal density of bone, resulting in fragile bone. Result from disease, dietary or hormonal deficiency or advanced age

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Avascular Necrosis

Genetic disorder resulting to imperfectly formed bones caused by inadequate amount of bone collagen

Death of bone tissue resulting from temporary or permanent loss of blood supply

Fibrous Dysplasia

Osteomyelitis

chronic disorder in which bone expands due to abnormal development of fibrous tissue resulting to uneven growth of bones and bone deformity

inflammation or swelling of bone tissue usually the result of an infection (bacteria) or traumatic injury

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Functions of Skeletons
Framework / support Form body shape Locomotion (together with muscles) Protection (encasement) Mineral deposit (reservoir) Blood cell formation Attachment of muscles

Skull determines shape of head

Triangular Face

Round Face

Square Face

Oblong Face

Skeleton
.any mineralized/hardened portion of the body (bone, dentin, cartilage, enamel)

Development of Skeleton
Mesoderm Epimere / Hypomere

Origin: mesoderm
Epimere (vertebral column) Hypomere (appendicular skeleton)

Sclerotome / Limb buds (Scleroblasts)

Osteoblast

Chondroblast

Odontoblast

Ameloblast

Bone

Cartilage Collagen

Dentin

Enamel

Bone Structure

Haversian System
Osteon Haversian canal

Diaphysis

Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate

Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Crystals

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Bone Structure
Periosteum Endosteum

Types of Bones
Compact bone
Found on shaft of long bones and flat bones Lamellae arranged in haversian system Without cavities except haversian canals

Spongy bone
Found in epiphysis (areas of stress) Made up of trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae) and bone marrow (connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, nerves, adipose and hematopoietic cells)

Dentin (Dermal bone)

Found in the skin Odontoblasts are not enclosed by lacunae Often covered by enamel

Aspidin (Acellular bone)

Bones without cells Enameloid substances

Bone Types (as to how they are formed):

Membrane Bones
Directly formed without passing the cartilage stage Intramembranous ossification

Other Skeletons
Cartilage
Collagenous matrix Chondrocytes Matrix with mucopolysaccharide No canaliculi and blood vessels

Tendons
Connects muscle with bones Made up of collagen

Replacement Bones
Originate first as cartilage Endochondral ossification

Ligaments
Connects bone to bones Made up of collagen

Aponeuroses
Flat tendons and ligaments

Sesamoid cartilage
Mineralized tendons or ligaments

Ligament Injury

Kinds of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage (Nose)
Translucent matrix Absence of fibers aside from collagen Precursor of replacement bones

Fibrocartilage (Intervertebral discs)

Presence of thick collagen fibers

Elastic cartilage (Ear, epiglottis)

Contains both collagenous and elastic fibers

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Calcified cartilage (jaws of sharks)

Deposition of calcium salts

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Arthrosis attachment of two bones by ligaments

Diarthrosis
Freely movable joint Surfaces with hyaline cartilage Enclosed by synovial membrane with synovial fluid

Joints

Amphiarthrosis
Limitedly movable With fibrocartilage Absence of synovial fluid

Synarthrosis
Immovable Sutured joints Ankylosis condition when sutures becomes obliterated

Symphysis
Special joint in the midline of the body Separation of bilateral bones

Joints
Suture (immovable) Pubic Symphysis (slightly movable) Hinge Joint (Moderate movement) Ball and Socket Joint (Moderate movement)

Skeletal Remodeling
Ability of bones undergo growth, repair and maintain homeostasis
Preskeletal mesenchymal blastemas Chondrogenesis Intramembranous Ossification Resorption Endochondral Ossification Replacement Bones Membrane Bones

Cartilage

Continual resorption and remodelling

Caring for your bones

Eat healthy Have a regular exercise Take bone supplements Have a bone density check-up Have a healthy mind and spirit - pray!

Vertebrate Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Notochord and vertebral column Ribs and sternum Skull and visceral skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdles Skeleton of paired fins and limbs Skeleton of median fins of fishes

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Heterotopic Bones
Developed on areas of stress Endochondral or intramembranous ossification Found in internal organs Examples:
Os cordis (interventricular septum of deer and bovine heart) Baculum or os penis (dog and primate penis) Os clitoridis (mammalian clitoris) Patella (human kneecap) Heterotopic bones in dove gizzard, bat tongue, camel diaphragm, bird syrinx etc.

Vertebral Column
Attachment of skull, limbs and ribs Encloses and protects the spinal cord Part of the cage that protect internal organs Attachment of muscles Formed as a cartilage around and within the notochord
Perichordal cartilage (around the notochord) Chordal cartilage (invade the notochord) Pulpy nucleus remnants of the notochord at the centrum

Typical Vertebrae Structure

Vertebrae Types based on shape of centra

Amphicelous (fish)
Concave on both ends

Apophyses (transverse processes)

Zygapophysis
Articulation between vertebrae
Prezygapophysis (cephalic) Postzygopophysis (caudal)

Procelous (frog)
Concave anterior, convex posterior

Basapophysis
Attachment of unicipital rib

Opisthocelous (turtle)
Convex anterior, concave posterior

Diapophysis
Attachment of tuberculum (upper head of bicipital rib)

Parapophysis
Attachment of capitulum (lower head of bicipital rib)

Heterocelous (birds)
Saddle shape of both ends

Pleuropophysis
Transverse process for muscle attachment

Amphiplatyan (man)
Flat on both ends

Hypapophysis
Midventral processes for muscle and tendon attachment

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Apophyses

Fish Vertebrae

Dorsals

Caudals

Diplospondyly - presence of 2 centra - increased flexibility for locomotion

Shark Vertebrae

Tetrapod Vertebrae
Regional Specialization Cervical - scan environment
Atlas (attachment with skull) Axis (2nd vertebra)

Thoracic attachment of ribs Lumbar area without ribs Sacral attachment of pelvic girdle
Sacrum (ankylosed sacral vertebrae in mammals) Synsacrum (ankylosed last thoracic, all lumbar all sacral and first few caudal vertebrae of birds)

Caudal

locomation, balancing Urostryle Pygostyle Coccyx

Necturus Vertebrae
Caudal vertebrae Trunk vertebrae

Frog Vertebrae

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Alligator Vertebrae

Turtle Vertebrae

Caudal

Thoracic

Cervical

Bird
Vertebrae

Pigeon Vertebral Column

Cat Vertebrae

Cat Vertebrae

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Sacrum and Synsacrum

Hen Synsacrum and Pelvic Girdle

Lateral View

Ventral View

Pelvis of Archeopteryx

Caudal Vertebrae
Urostyle

Lateral View

Lateral View

Lateral View Dorsal View Ventral View Coccyx Pygostyle

Ribs main case of visceral organs

Fishes (unicipital ribs)
Dorsal ribs (separates epaxial from hypaxial muscles Ventral ribs

Bicipital Ribs

Tetrapods
Bicipital ribs
Tuberculum (dorsal head) Capitulum (ventral head)

Parts of Amniote Thoracic Ribs

Costal ribs

Sternal ribs

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Tetrapod Sternum
o amniote skeleton o endochondral origin o found on the ventral side of the body o base of pectoral girdles and braces the ribs o modified into carina in birds o made up of sternebrae in mammals

Tetrapod Sterna

Development of Sternum
Origin: Mesenchymal bars
o Sternal bars sternebrae o Sternal ribs ventral ribs o Presternal blastema manubrium o Suprasternal blastema suprasternal ossicles (heterotopic bones)