Chng 3: S t nhin (tt)

M cl c
1 T p h p s t nhin v quan h th t 2 Cc php ton trn s t nhin 3 Cc h th ng ghi s 3.1 H ghi s g-phn . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 nh l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 nh ngha: . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Bi u di n s t nhin trong h 3.1.4 i c s . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 So snh cc s trong h g-phn . . . 3.3 Cc php tnh trong h g-phn . . . 3.3.1 Php c ng . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Php tr . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Php nhn . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.4 Php chia . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Cc d u hi u chia h t cho . . . . . . 3.4.1 D u hi u chia h t cho 2 v 5 . 3.4.2 D u hi u chia h t cho 4 v 25 3.4.3 D u hi u chia h t cho 3 v 9 . 3.4.4 D u hi u chia h t cho 11 . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7

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1 2 3
3.1
3.1.1

T p h p s t nhin v quan h th t Cc php ton trn s t nhin Cc h th ng ghi s

H ghi s g-phn
nh l

nh l 1 Gi s g l m t s t nhin l n hn 1. Khi , m i s t nhin a > 0 u bi u di n duy nh t d i d ng: a = cn g n + cn1 g n1 + + c1 g + c0 V i n 0, 0 ci g 1, i = 0, 1, . . . , n v cn > 0 1

2 3.1.2 nh ngha:

Gi s a l s t nhin khc 0, g l s t nhin l n hn 1. N u a = cn g n + cn1 g n1 + + c1 g + c0 (v i n 0, 0 ci g 1, i = 0, 1, . . . , n v cn > 0) th ta vi t a = cn cn1 . . . c1 c0 g v ni l s bi u di n s t nhin a trong h g-phn. Ch : V 0 ci g 1 nn bi u di n cc s t nhin trong h g-phn ta dng g k hi u, g i l cc ch s . Do ta quen thu c v i cc ch s trong h th p phn nn ta c qui c sau: N u g 10 th ta l y g ch s u tin c a h th p phn lm cc ch s c a h g-phn. Ch ng h n, cc ch s c a h 7-phn l: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 N u g > 10 th ngoi 10 ch s c a h th p phn ta c n b sung thm g 10 ch s n a. Ch ng h n, trong h 12-phn l: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, , 3.1.3 Bi u di n s t nhin trong h g-phn:

bi u di n s t nhin a trong h g-phn, ta th c hi n lin ti p php chia s v cc thng cho g cho n khi c thng b ng 0 th d ng l i. Vi t cc s d theo th t t d i ln, ta c bi u di n c a s trong h g-phn. V d : Bi u di n s 3791 trong h 7-phn (h th t phn)

V y 3791 = 140247 V d : Bi u di n s 19975 trong h 12-phn. Ta th c hi n lin ti p cc php chia nh sau: Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 5 2

t = 11, nh v y 19975 = 68712 3.1.4 i c s

Trn th c t , nhi u khi ta c n chuy n m t s t h ghi c s ny sang h ghi c s khc. Ch ng h n, ta quen v i vi c ghi cc s trong h th p phn cn my tnh lm vi c v i cc s trong h nh phn. Cc s li u a vo my ghi trong h th p phn v my c n i chng sang h nh phn, th c hi n cc tnh ton c n thi t, r i l i i k t qu nh n c t h nh phn sang h th p phn. Bi ton t ng qut: Cho m t s a trong h g1 -phn, hy vi t s trong h g2 -phn. i m t s t h g1 -phn sang h g2 -phn, ta lm nh sau: i s trong h g1 -phn sang h th p phn. i s trong h th p phn v a tm c sang h g2 -phn. V d : Cho a = 432518 , hy vi t a trong h ng phn (h c s 5) Tr c h t ta vi t a trong h th p phn a = 4.84 + 3.83 + 2.82 + 5.8 + 1 = 18257 Ti p theo, i s 18257 sang h 5-phn

Do 18257 = 10410125 V y 432518 = 10410125 Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 5 3

3.2

So snh cc s trong h g-phn

B : N u trong h g-phn s t nhin a c d ng: a = cn cn1 . . . c1 c0 g th a < g n+1 . Qui t c so snh: Cho hai s t nhin cng vi t trong h ghi c s g: N u s no c nhi u ch s hn, th s l n hn. N u hai s c cng s ch s , th s no c ch s u tin k t tri sang ph i l n hn s l n hn. V d : 13246 > 5436 132456 < 135436

3.3
3.3.1

Cc php tnh trong h g-phn

Php c ng

th c hi n c php c ng trong cc s t nhin ghi trong h g-phn, tr c h t ta ph i xy d ng b ng c ng cc s t nhin nh hn g (c ng cc ch s ). Sau c ng cc s t nhin l n hn g s a v vi c c ng cc ch s . 1. B ng c ng B ng c ng cc ch s nh hn g (c ng cc ch s ) c l p thng qua b ng c ng trong h th p phn. V d : L p b ng c ng trong h bt phn:

Ta gi i thch cch l p b ng nh sau. Ch ng h n: 68 + 78 . Ta th c hi n php c ng trong h th p phn 6 + 7 = 13 nhng 13 = 1.8 + 5 = 158 Ni chung ta th c hi n php c ng trong h th p phn r i i sang h bt phn. Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 5 4

2. C ng cc s l n hn g V d : Trong h 6-phn, tnh 1446 + 4436

144 L y 4 + 3 = 7 m 7 = 1.6 + 1 = 116 do ta vi t 1 nh 1. + 443 L y 4 + 4 = 8 c ng 1 nh bn trn ta c 9, m 9 = 136 , do vi t 3 nh 1. trn, ta c 6, m 6 = 106 , do ta vi t 10. 1031 L y 1 + 4 = 5 c ng thm 1 nh 3.3.2 Php tr

B ng tr cc s c suy ra t b ng c ng cc s v php tr l php tnh ng c c a php c ng. V d : Trong h 7-phn, tnh 14247 + 4437 1424 . L y 4 3 = 1 vi t 1 hi u. - 443 . L y 2 tr 4 khng c, m n 1 hng pha tr c c 127 , 651 127 47 = 5, vi t 5 hi u . Ti p theo, ch s 4 s b tr m n 1 nn cn 3, 3 tr 4 khng c m n 1 c a hng pha tr c c 137 , l y 137 47 = 67 , vi t 6 hi u. . V m n 1 s b tr nn s 1 cn 0. Ta k t thc php ton. 3.3.3 Php nhn

1. B ng nhn i v i php nhn cc s nh hn g, ta l p b ng nhn. V d : B ng nhn trong h bt phn

Ta gi i thch cch l p b ng nhn. Ch ng h n, 48 58 . Ta l y 4 5 = 20 m 20 = 2.8 + 4 = 248 , do 48 58 = 248 2. Php nhn cc s l n hn g, ta th c hi n tng t v d sau. V d : Trong h bt phn, tnh 143 72 Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 5 5

143 72 306 1265 13156

. L y 2 3 = 6, vi t 6; 2 4 = 8 = 108 , vi t 0 nh 1; 2 1 = 2 c ng thm 1 (nh ) l 3, vi t 3. Tch ring th nh t l 306 . L y 7 3 = 21 = 258 , vi t 5 nh 2; 7 4 = 28, c ng 2 (nh ) l 30 m 30 = 368 , vi t 6 nh 3; 7 1 = 7 c ng 3 (nh ) l 10 m 10 = 128 , vi t 12. Tch ring th 2 l 1265 (vi t l ch sang bn tri 1 ch s so v i tch ring th nh t) C ng hai tch ring theo cc c t vi t. Ta c 131568 .

3.3.4

Php chia

Ta th c hi n tng t v d sau. V d : Trong h bt phn, tnh 53421 : 47 53421 47 44 0 442 421 211 165 24 47 1073 . L y 538 = 478 .18 + 48 , vi t 1 . 538 478 = 48 , h 4 xu ng, ta 44 chia 47 c 0 . H 2 xu ng, ta c 4428 chia . H 1 xu ng, ta c 2118 chia thng c 448 478 c thng l 78 , d 218 478 c thng l 38 v d 248

V y 534218 : 478 = 10738 d 248

3.4

Cc d u hi u chia h t cho

Cho a l m t s t nhin, gi s a bi u di n d i d ng th p phn nh sau: a = cn cn1 . . . c1 c0 Hay ta c: a = cn .10n + cn1 .10n1 + + c1 .10 + c0 D a vo s phn tch c a m t s t nhin trong h th p phn ta c cc d u hi u chia h t nh sau: 3.4.1 D u hi u chia h t cho 2 v 5

M t s t nhin chia h t cho 2 (ho c 5) n u ch s hng n v c a ni chia h t cho 2 (ho c 5). C th M t s chia h t cho 2 khi v ch khi n c ch s hng n v l 0, 2, 4, 6 ho c 8 M t s chia h t cho 5 khi v ch khi ch s hng n v c a n l 0 ho c 5. V d : S 2012 chia h t cho 2 m khng chia h t cho 5, v c ch s hng n v l 2. 3.4.2 D u hi u chia h t cho 4 v 25

M t s t nhin chia h t cho 4 (ho c 25) khi v ch khi s t o b i 2 ch s t n cng c a n chia h t cho 4 (ho c 25). V d : S 2012 chia h t cho 4 m khng chia h t cho 25, v s 12 chia h t cho 4 m khng chia h t cho 25. Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 5 6

3.4.3

D u hi u chia h t cho 3 v 9

M t s t nhin chia h t cho 3 (ho c 9) khi v ch khi t ng cc ch s c a n chia h t cho 3 (ho c 9). V d : S 1320 chia h t cho 3 m khng chia h t cho 9, v 1 + 2 + 3 + 0 = 6 chia h t cho 3 m khng chia h t cho 9. 3.4.4 D u hi u chia h t cho 11

M t s chia h t cho 11 khi v ch khi t ng cc ch s hng ch n tr t ng cc ch s hng l l m t s chia h t cho 11. V d : S 37291 chia h t cho 11 v [(7 + 9)(3 + 2 + 1)] = 0 chia h t cho 11.

Bi gi ng CC T P H P S

- tu n 5