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L thuyt ha v c THPT CHNG I: CC HALOGEN

Lu hnh ni b

TM TT L THUYT: Nhm halogen gm flo (F), clo (Cl), brom (Br) v iot (I). c im chung ca nhm l v tr nhm VIIA trong bng tun hon, c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns 2np5. Cc halogen thiu mt electron na l bo ha lp electron ngoi cng, do chng c xu hng nhn electron, th hin tnh oxi ha mnh. Tr flo, cc nguyn t halogen khc u c cc obitan d trng, iu ny gip gii thch cc s oxi ha +1, +3, + 5, +7 ca cc halogen. Nguyn t in hnh, c nhiu ng dng nht ca nhm VIIA l clo. I. Clo 1. Tnh cht vt l: L cht kh mu vng lc, t tan trong nc. 2. Tnh cht ho hc: Clo l mt cht oxi ho mnh th hin cc phn ng sau: a) Tc dng vi kim loi Kim loi mnh: Kim loi yu: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Cu + Cl2 CuCl2
as Cl2 + H2 2HCl

Kim loi trung bnh: 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 b) Tc dng vi phi kim

c) Tc dng vi nc Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO Nu dung dch nc clo ngoi nh sng, HClO khng bn phn hu theo phng trnh: HClO HCl + O S to thnh oxi nguyn t lm cho nc clo c tnh ty mu v dit trng. d) Tc dng vi dung dch kim: 3Cl2 + 6KOH
t th ng Cl2 + 2KOH
0 0

KCl + KClO + H2O

> 75 C 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O

2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 long CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 huyn ph CaOCl2 + H2O e) Tc dng vi dung dch mui ca halogen ng sau: Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2 Cl2 + 2NaI 2NaCl + I2 f) Tc dng vi hp cht: 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 3. iu ch Nguyn tc: Oxi ho 6FeSO4 + 3Cl2 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2FeCl3 2Cl- Cl2 bng cc cht oxi ho mnh, chng hn nh:
0

SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4+ 2HCl H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4+ 8HCl
t MnO2 + 4HCl c MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O


pdd 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2 m nx

II. Axit HCl 1. Tc dng vi kim loi (ng trc H): 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 +3 H2 Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 2HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + H2O -12. Tc dng vi baz: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

L thuyt ha v c THPT 3. Tc dng vi oxit baz Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Lu hnh ni b CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O

4. Tc dng vi mui (to kt ta hoc cht bay hi) FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S 5. iu ch
as H2 + Cl2 2HCl

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O
0

AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3


t NaCl tinh th + H2SO4 c NaHSO4 + HCl
0

t (hoc 2NaCl tinh th + H2SO4 c 2Na2SO4 + HCl )

III. Nc Giaven Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O (Dung dch KCl + KClO + H2O hoc NaCl + NaClO+ H2O c gi l nc Giaven) IV. Clorua vi - iu ch: Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 sa vi CaOCl2 + 2H2O (Hp cht CaOCl2 c gi l clorua vi) CHNG II: OXI LU HUNH TM TT L THUYT: Nhm VIA gm oxi (O), lu hunh (S), selen (Se) v telu (Te). Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns np4, thiu hai electron na l bo ha. Oxi v lu hunh u th hin tnh oxi ha mnh, tnh oxi ha gim dn t oxi n telu. Trong nhm VIA hai nguyn t oxi v lu hunh c nhiu ng dng nht trong cng nghip v i sng con ngi.
2

I. Oxi ozon: 1. Tc dng vi kim loi oxit 2MgO 3Fe + 2O2 khng kh Fe3O4 2Mg + O2 2Cu + O2 2. Tc dng vi phi kim oxit - Tc dng vi hidro: 2H2 + O2 2H2O - Tc dng vi cacbon: C + O2 CO2 2C + O2 2CO - Tc dng vi lu hunh: S + O2 SO2 3. Tc dng vi hp cht: 2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O 2CO + O2 2CO2 4. iu ch oxi trong PTN: Nhit phn cc hp cht giu oxi v km bn nhit. Th d:
MnO2 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 t0

2CuO

5. Ozon: Tnh oxi ha mnh - Tc dng vi dung dch KI: O3 + 2KI + H2O O2 + 2KOH + I2 -2-

L thuyt ha v c THPT I2 to thnh lm xanh h tinh bt, phn ng trn dng nhn bit O3. II. Lu hunh v hp cht: 1. Tc dng vi kim loi mui sunfua
t Fe + S FeS
0

Lu hnh ni b

Zn + S

t ZnS

i vi ring thy ngn, phn ng c th xy ra ngay nhit phng: Hg + S HgS. V vy, ngi ta c th dng bt lu hunh x l thy ngn ri vi. 2. Tc dng vi phi kim:
t - Tc dng vi hiro: H2 + S H2S
0

- Tc dng vi oxi: III. Hirosunfua: 1. Tnh axit yu:

t S + O2 SO2

Vi cc phi kim khc, phn ng xy ra kh khn hn.

- Tc dng vi dung dch kim: H2S + 2NaOH Na2S + 2H2O H2S + NaOH NaHS + H2O - Tc dng vi dung dch mui (phn ng nhn bit kh H2S) H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS en + 2HNO3 H2S + Cu(NO3)2 CuS en + 2HNO3 2. Tnh kh mnh - Tc dng vi oxi:
t 2 H2S + 3 O2 2 SO2 + 2 H2O t 2 H2S + O2 oxi ho chm 2 S + 2 H2O
0 0

- Tc dng dung dch nc Cl2: H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HCl 3. iu ch FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S ZnS + H2SO4 long ZnSO4 + H2S IV- Lu hunh ioxit (kh sunfur) 1. Tnh oxit axit - Tc dng vi nc axit sunfur: SO2 + H2O H2SO3 - Tc dng vi dung dch baz Mui + H2O: SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O SO2 + NaOH NaHSO3 - Nu n NaOH 2 : To mui Na2SO3 n SO 2 -3-

L thuyt ha v c THPT - Nu 1 < n NaOH < 2 : To 2 mui NaHSO3 + Na2SO3 n SO 2

Lu hnh ni b

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O (SO2 lm vn c nc vi trong) - Tc dng vi oxit baz tan mui sunfit Na2O + SO2 Na2SO3 CaO + SO2 CaSO3 2. Tnh kh - Tc dng vi oxi:
V2O5 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 450 5000 C

- Tc dng vi dung dch nc clo, brom: SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr (phn ng lm mt mu dung dch brom) 3. Tnh oxi ha
-2 0 +4 +6

- Tc dng vi H2S: 4. iu ch: a) Trong PTN: - t qung sunfua:

SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O

2FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 3SO2 - Cho mui sunfit, hidrosunfit tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh: Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O b) Trong CN:
t - t chy lu hunh: S + O2 SO2
0

- Cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c, nng:


t Cu + 2H2SO4 c CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
0

V. Lu hunh trioxit: 1. Tnh oxit axit: - Tc dng vi nc axit sunfuric: SO2 + H2O H2SO4 - Tc dng vi dung dch baz Mui + H2O: SO3 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O SO3 + NaOH NaHSO4 - Tc dng vi oxit baz tan mui sunfat Na2O + SO3 Na2SO4 BaO + SO3 BaSO4 2. iu ch:
V2O5 SO2 + O2 2SO3 t0

VI. Axit Sunfuric: 1. Dung dch H2SO4 long (th hin tnh axit mnh) -4-

L thuyt ha v c THPT a) Tc dng vi kim loi (ng trc H) Mui + H2: Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4+ H2 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 b) Tc dng vi baz (tan v khng tan) Mui + H2O H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 + 2H2O c) Tc dng vi oxit baz Mui + H2O Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O d) Tc dng vi mui (to kt ta hoc cht bay hi) MgCO3 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O FeS + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2S K2SO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + SO2 + H2O BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl 2. Dung dch H2SO4 c: a) Tnh axit mnh - Tc dng vi hidroxit (tan v khng tan) Mui + H2O H2SO4 c + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O H2SO4 c + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 + H2O - Tc dng vi oxit baz Mui + H2O Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 c Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O CuO + H2SO4 c CuSO4 + H2O - y cc axit d bay hi ra khi mui H2SO4 c + NaCl tinh th NaHSO4 + HCl H2SO4 c + CaF2 tinh th CaSO4 + 2HF H2SO4 c + NaNO3 tinh th NaHSO4 + HNO3 2. Tnh oxi ho mnh

Lu hnh ni b

-2

+4

+6

- Tc dng vi nhiu kim loi, k c mt s kim loi ng sau H nh Cu, Ag:


t 2Fe + 6H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O t Cu + 2H2SO4 c CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O t 2Ag + 2H2SO4 c Ag2SO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
0 0 0

Mt s kim loi mnh nh Mg, Zn c th kh H2SO4 c n S hoc H2S:


t 3Zn + 4H2SO4 c 3ZnSO4 + S + 4H2O
0

-5-

L thuyt ha v c THPT
t 4Zn + 5H2SO4 c 4ZnSO4 + H2S + 4H2O
0

Lu hnh ni b

Cc kim loi Al, Fe khng tan trong dung dch H2SO4 c ngui! - Tc dng vi phi kim: C + 2H2SO4 c CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
t S + 2H2SO4 c 3SO2 + 2H2O
0

- Tc dng vi hp cht c tnh kh ( trng thi oxi ho thp) 2FeO + 4H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O 2FeCO3 + 4H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2CO2 + 4H2O 2Fe3O4 + 10H2SO4 c 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 2H2O 3. iu ch H2SO4 S iu ch: Qung prit st FeS2 hoc S SO2 SO3 H2SO4. 4. Nhn bit: Gc SO42- c nhn bit bng ion Ba2+, v to kt ta trng BaSO4 khng tan trong cc axit HNO3, HCl. CHNG III: NIT - PHOTPHO TM TT L THUYT: Nit v photpho thuc nhm VA ca bng tun hon. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca chng 2 l ns np3. Mc d nit c tnh cht phi kim mnh hn photpho, tuy nhin, n cht photpho hot ng ha hc vi oxi mnh hn nit. Tnh cht km hot ng ha hc ca nit c l gii bi lin kt ba bn vng gia hai nguyn t nit: N N . Nit chim khong 78% th tch khng kh, khng c, nhng khng duy tr s sng. Nguyn t N c vai tr rt quan trng trong cuc sng, l thnh phn ha hc khng th thiu c ca cc cht protit. I. Nit: 1. Tc dng vi hidro: N2 + 3H2 2. Tc dng vi oxi:
3000 C N2 + O2 2NO
0

t , xt 2NH3 P

3. iu ch:
t - Trong phng th nghim: NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O
0

- Trong cng nghip: Chng ct phn on khng kh lng thu c N2 v O2. II. Amoniac: 1. Kh amoniac a) Tnh baz: b) Tnh kh:
t - Tc dng vi oxi: 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O
0

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

2 NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4


850 C 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O Pt
0

- Tc dng vi clo: 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl -6-

L thuyt ha v c THPT - Kh mt s oxit kim loi: 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O 2. Dung dch amoniac a) Tc dng ca NH3 vi H2O: b) Tnh cht ca dung dch NH3: - Tnh baz: tc dng vi axit to ra mui amoni NH3 + H+ NH4+ - Lm i mu ch th: qu tm xanh ; phenolphtalein hng. - Tc dng vi dung dch mui hiroxit kt ta, th d: AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl Hay: Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+ NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Lu hnh ni b

Phn ng cng xy ra tng t vi cc dung dch mui FeCl3 ; FeSO4 - Kh nng to phc (Th hin tnh baz theo Liuyt): Amoniac c kh nng to phc vi nhiu cation kim loi, c bit cation ca cc nguyn t nhm ph. Chng hn: Cu(OH)2 + 4 NH3 (dd) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (dd) + 2OH- (dd) Hoc: AgCl + 2 NH3 (dd) [Ag(NH3)2]+ (dd) + Cl- (dd) 3. iu ch amoniac: * Trong phng th nghim: Hay * Trong cng nghip: - Nguyn liu: N2 c iu ch bng phng php chng ct phn on khng kh lng. H2 c iu ch bng cch nhit phn metan khng c khng kh:
450-500 C - Phn ng tng hp: N2 + 3H2 200-300 (atm), Fe
0

Ki (r m n) NH4+ + OH- NH3 +H2O


t 2NH4Cl (r) + CaO 2NH3 + CaCl2
0

t CH4 C + 2H2

2NH3

(Xc tc Fe c hot ho bi hn hp oxit Al2O3 v K2O) III. Mui amoni: 1. Phn ng trao i ion: NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O (phn ng nhn bit mui amoni) Hay: NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O 2. Phn ng phn hu (th hin tnh km bn nhit): Phn ng tng qut: (NH4)nX NH3 + HnX (trong X l gc axit c ho tr n)
0

t Th d: NH4Cl NH3 + HCl

t NH4HCO3 NH3 + CO2 + H2O


0

Nhng vi mui to bi axit c tnh oxi ho th: Do NH3 th hin tnh kh mnh, nn sn phm ca phn ng s khng dng li giai on trn.
t Th d: NH4NO2 N2 + 2 H2O
0

Hoc:

t NH4NO3 N2O + 2 H2O

IV. Axit nitric: 1. Tnh axit mnh - Tc dng vi hidroxit (tan v khng tan) Mui + H2O HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O - Tc dng vi oxit baz Mui + H2O 2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O CuO + 2 HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O -7-

Fe2O3 + 6 HNO3 2 Fe(NO3)3 + 3 H2O

L thuyt ha v c THPT 2. Tnh oxi ho mnh:


-3 HNO3 0 NH4NO3 N2 +1 +2 N2O +4 NO +5 NO2

Lu hnh ni b

a) Tc dng vi hu ht kim loi, k c mt s kim loi ng sau H nh Cu, Ag:


t Fe + 6HNO3 c Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
0

Fe + 4HNO3 long Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O Ag + 2HNO3 AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O Lu : + Sn phm ca phn ng th thuc vo: Bn cht kim loi; Nng axit: axit c, ch yu NO2 ; axit long, ch yu NO; Nhit phn ng. + Mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 to ra nhiu sn phm kh, mi sn phm vit 1 phng trnh phn ng, th d: 10Al + 36HNO3 10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 18H2O 8Al + 30HNO3 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O + Cc kim loi mnh c th kh HNO3 thnh NH3 v sau NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3, c ngha l trong dung dch tn ti NH4+ v NO3-. Chng hn nh: 4Mg + 10HNO3 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O + Cc kim loi Al, Fe b th ng trong dung dch HNO3 c ngui! + Dung dch cha mui nitrat (KNO3) trong mi trng axit cng c tnh cht tng t nh dung dch HNO3, v trong dung dch tn ti H+ v NO3-. Cch gii: Vit cc phng trnh in li ca mui nitrat v axit. Vit phng trnh dng ion: M + + H + NO3- sn phm Th d: Cho Cu vo dung dch cha KNO3 v H2SO4 long: Phng trnh in li: KNO3 K+ + NO3- v H2SO4 2H+ + SO42Phng trnh phn ng: 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O b) Tc dng vi phi kim: C + 4HNO3 CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O S + 6HNO3 H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O c) Tc dng vi hp cht c tnh kh ( trng thi oxi ho thp): 3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O Fe3O4 + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O FeCO3 + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + CO2 + 2H2O 3Fe2+ + NO3- + 4H+ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O FeS2 + 18HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O 3. iu ch NaNO3 tinh th + H2SO4 c NaHSO4 + HNO3 - Trong cng nghip: S iu ch: Khng kh N2 NH3 NO NO2 HNO3. - Trong PTN:
850 C 4NH3 + 5O2 4 NO + 6H2O Pt
0

2NO + O2 2NO2

4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3

V. Mui nitrat 1. Tnh tan: Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan trong nc. -8-

L thuyt ha v c THPT

Lu hnh ni b

2. Phn ng nhit phn (th hin tnh km bn nhit): - Mui nitrat ca kim loi hot ng mnh (thng l cc kim loi t Mg tr v trc trong dy hot ng ho hc) b phn hu bi nhit tao ra mui nitrit v oxi:
t Th d: 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
0

- Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi hot ng trung bnh (sau Mg n Cu) b phn hu bi nhit to ra oxit, nit ioxit v oxi:
t Th d: 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
0

t 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

- Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi km hot ng (sau Cu) b phn hu bi nhit to ra kim loi, nit ioxit v oxi.
t Th d: 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
0

CHNG IV: CACBON V SILIC TM TT L THUYT: Cacbon - silic thuc nhm IVA ca bng h thng tun hon. Trong nhm c cc nguyn t cacbon C, silic Si, gemani Ge, thic Sn v ch Pb. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 4 electron lp ngoi cng, c cu hnh ns2np2. Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh cht ca cc nguyn t bin i nh sau: cacbon C v silic Si l cc phi kim r rt, thic Sn v ch Pb l cc kim loi, gemani Ge l nguyn t trung gian. Ta ch tm hiu hai nguyn t c nhiu ng dng nht l cacbon C, silic Si. I. n cht cacbon: 1. Tnh cht vt l: Cacbon l cht rn, tn ti nhiu dng th hnh: - Kim cng: tinh th trong sut, l vt liu cng nht trong t nhin, dn nhit km, khng dn in. - Than ch: mu xm, c nh kim, mm, dn in tt thng c dng lm in cc. - Than v nh hnh: than , than g, m hng. 2. Tnh cht ha hc: iu kin thng, cacbon l phi kim hot ng ho hc km. Nhng khi un nng, n cht cacbon kh hot ng. a. Th hin tnh kh i vi cc cht oxi ho, chng hn: - Chy vi oxi: nhit cao (trn 9000C) th sn phm to thnh ch yu l CO. nhit thp hn (di 5000C) th sn phm to thnh ch yu l CO2: C + O2 CO2 2C + O2 2 CO Ngoi ra th cn c phn ng: C + CO2 2 CO - Phn ng vi cht oxi ho khc:
t 3 C + 2KClO3 2KCl + 3CO2 t C + 2CuO 2Cu + CO2 t C + ZnO Zn + CO
0 0 0

b. Th hin tnh oxi ha vi cc cht kh khc, chng hn: Phn ng vi kim loi mnh nhit cao to thnh cacbua kim loi: -9-

L thuyt ha v c THPT
t Ca + 2 C CaC2 t 4 Al + 3 C Al4C3
0 0

Lu hnh ni b

Cc cacbua kim loi ny tc dng vi nc hoc axit to ra hirocacbon v hiroxit kim loi, chng hn: Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4. II. Hp cht: 1. Cacbon oxit (CO): l kh c, th hin tnh kh mnh. - Chy vi oxi:
t 2 CO + O2 2 CO2
0

- Kt hp vi clo (5000C v trong bng ti), to thnh photgen:


t CO + Cl2 COCl2
0

Nu c chiu sng, phn ng c th xy ra nhit thng. (Photgen l cht rt c, trong chin tranh th gii th nht c dng lm bom hi ngt. Ngy nay, ngi ta dng n trong cc phn ng tng hp hu c). - Kh oxit kim loi nhit cao:
t 3CO + Fe2O3 3 CO2 + 2 Fe
0

- Trong dung dch, CO cng c th kh c mt s mui ca kim loi qu, nh vng, platin, paladi n kim loi t do: PdCl2 + H2O + CO Pd + 2 HCl + CO2 - Phn ng vi kim (un nng): to thnh fomiat. CO + NaOH HCOONa 2. Cacbon ioxit (CO2): kh khng mu, khng duy tr s chy. - Tan trong nc to thnh axit cacbonic, l mt axit yu hai ln axit. CO2 + 2H2O H3O+ + HCO3 - L mt oxit axit, nn tc dng c vi baz v oxit baz: Nu d kim: Nu thiu kim: CO2 + 2 NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3
0

- iu ch: CO2 c iu ch bng cch t than hoc i t mui cacbonat:


1000 C CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Trong phng th nghim:

CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

3. Mui cacbonat: Axit cacbonic to ra hai mui l cacbonat v hirocacbonat. - Mui cacbonat: ch c cc mui ca kim loi kim v amoni l tan tt trong nc (ring Li 2CO3 tan va phi trong nc ngui v tan t hn trong nc nng). Dung dch ca cc mui ny trong nc c xy ra qu trnh thy phn, nn mi trng c tnh kim (i vi mui amoni cacbonat cng vy). CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH- Mui hirocacbonat: a s cc mui ny tan c kh nhiu trong nc, nhng km bn, c th b phn hy ngay c khi un nng dung dch:
t 2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
0

- 10 -

L thuyt ha v c THPT Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Lu hnh ni b

III. Trng thi thin nhin: Cacbon tn ti c dng n cht v hp cht trong t nhin. n cht nh: than , kim cng, than ch. Hp cht nh: CaCO3 ( vi, phn, hoa), MgCO3 (manhzit), CaCO3.MgCO3 (lmit), FeCO3 (xirit), CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 (malakit). Ngoi ra cacbon cn tn ti mt lng ln trong cc hp cht hu c (du m, kh t, ...) IV. Silic v cng nghip silicat 1. Silic l mt trong nhng nguyn t ph bin nht trong v Tri t (ng hng th hai sau nguyn t oxi) - Silic c hai dng th hnh, dng v nh hnh v dng tinh th. Dng tinh th c cu trc tng t kim cng, gin v cng, c nh kim dn in v dn nhit km. - Silic l nguyn t t hot ng ho hc. Si + F2 SiF4
t Si + O2 SiO2 t Si + 2NaOH + H2O Na2SiO3 + 2H2
o o

- iu ch Si trong phng th nghim:


t 2Mg + SiO2 Si + 2MgO
o

- iu ch Si trong cng nghip:


t 2C + SiO2 Si + 2CO
o

2. Hp cht ca silic a. Silic ioxit (SiO2) - SiO2 l cht rn khng tan trong nc, kh nng chy (1610 0), c tn gi l thch anh. Ct trng l nhng ht thch anh nh. - SiO2 l oxit axit. nhit cao, SiO2 tc dng vi oxit baz, kim, cacbonat kim loi kim to ra silicat: SiO2 + SiO2 + SiO2 + CaO 2NaOH K2CO3
t t t
o o o

CaSiO3 (canxi silicat) Na2SiO3 + H2O K2SiO3 + CO2

- SiO2 c tnh cht ho hc c trng l tan c trong dung dch axit flohiric HF: SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + H2O - V vy ngi ta dng axit flohiric khc hnh trn thu tinh. - SiO2 c dng rng ri trong xy dng, sn xut thu tinh, mi... b. Axit silicic v mui silicat Axit silicic c cng thc ho hc l H2SiO3, l axit yu, t tan trong nc. - 11 -

L thuyt ha v c THPT

Lu hnh ni b

iu ch axit silicic bng cch cho axit clohiric tc dng vi dung dch silicat, c dung dch H2SiO3 di dng keo: 2HCl + Na2SiO3 H2SiO3 + 2NaCl Mui ca axit silicic c tn l silicat. Natri v kali silicat trng b ngoi ging thu tinh, nhng tan c trong nc, v vy chng c tn l thu tinh tan. Dung dch ca chng tan trong nc gi l thu tinh lng. Thu tinh tan dng ch to xi mng v btng chu axit, dng lm lp bo v g khng chy, sn xut silicagen. Silicagen l mt polime v c c cng thc (SiO2)n l mt cht chng m rt tt, dng trong bo qun phim nh, bng a hnh, thc phm cao cp ... 3. Cng nghip silicat a. Sn xut thy tinh: knh, chai l, cc, chn b. Sn xut gm: gch, ngi, chum, vi, bt a...

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