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REPORT ON PRACTICAL TAKEN TRAINING AT

PLCC SECTION 220KV G.S.S., HEERAPURA POWER HOUSE JAIPUR SESSION 2010-2011

Submitted to:
Mr. Ravindra Kr. Garg (Assistant Engineer) PLCC-II, 220KV G.S.S. Heerapura, Jaipur

Submitted By.
Rajesh kumar III YEAR (E&C) Rajasthan Institute of Engg.& Technology, Bhankrota, Jaipur

PREFACE
The objective or main motive of this practical training is to getting a true practical knowledge about the industries, that how their industrial setups are held, and their communication techniques used in industry technologies to be made or used in the environment. This report is presented on the basis of practical training acquired at PLCC SECTION of 220KV, HEERAPURA G.S.S.(GRID SUBSTATION). This report is on PLCC with relevant diagrams & by their proper description & explanation. In spite of all my best efforts some unintentional errors might have eluded, it is requested toabrogated them.

ACKNOLEDGEMENT
I am very grateful to Mr. Ravindra Kr. Garg (Assistant Engineer) for his very useful guidance, technical & much advantageous lectures . I would also like to express my sincere thanks towards PLCC STAFF OF 220KV G.S.S HEERAPURA for their coordination & support in problem solving .

INTRODUCTION OF R.S.E.B.
Rajasthan state electricity board started working from 1 july 1957. This is a body of big organization and is to function under provision electricity act,like public limited companies. The board does not have article and memorandum of association.
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In order to carry out its function,it has rules and regulations ans has made other neccesaries administrative arrangement.After the action of RSEB six dimention along with 64 offices and about 300 employies were transferred to its control by the state government. The aim of RSEB is to supply electricity to entire rajasthan state in the most economical way. There is no possibility of staking or electricity so the target of board is to distribute the energy in new area as possible. The board has to carry the bussiness on profit without losses. After an efficient starting,as from last many years RSEB is not earning profit. So far for betterment,privatization of RSEB has been done recentely.it has been divided in 5 main parts,they are:1)Electricity production authority:RRVUNL 2)Electricity transmission authority:RRVPNL 3)Distribution authority for Jaipur:JVVNL 4)Distribution authority for Jodhpur:JDVVNL 5) Distribution authority forAjmer:AVVNL
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CONTENTS
S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 TOPIC Introduction to PLCC Modulation Requirement of PLCC Basis principle of PLCC Major component of PLCC Coupling devices Different call system & connection Description of panel cards Application Specification Circuit Description Fault analysis test equipment & test analysis Battery Charger Advantages & Disadvantage

INTRODUCTION
Power Line Carrier Communications (PLCC) is the use of existing electrical cables to transport data, and it has been around for a very long time. Power utilities have been using this technology for many years to send or receive data on the power grid using the existing infrastructure. For instance, the electrical power utility in London used PLCC to remotely control some of its equipment on the grid (such as high- voltage switches) in the 1920s. This technique is still employed by several utilities that use analog or digital devices to transfer 9.6 Kbits/s over many miles of electrical cable. In the 1920s at least two patents were issued to the American Telephone an Telegraph Company in the field of Carrier Transmission over Power Circuits. United States Patents numbers 1,607,668 and 1,672,940 filed in 1924 show systems for transmitting and receiving communication signals over three phase AC power wiring. Other have suggested that what was required for power line communication to move into the main stream was a commercialized version of military spread spectrum technology. It has been suggested that this is what was needed in order to overcome the harsh and unpredictable characteristics of the power line communication has been the focus of research and product development at a number of companies since the early 1980s.

Before proceeding further we have to take the knowledge about the basic concepts of transmitting the data from one place to another known as modulation. MODULATION:Modulation is a process/technique, in which we can superimposed the carrier wave on the modulating wave (signal ), in the process one of the parameter of the carrier wave only be varies while keeping remaining two as constant with respect to the modulating signal. This process is known as Modulation.

Types of modulation: Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation Phase modulation Amplitude Modulation:- In the amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier wave only varies, according to the modulating signal while keeping the remaining parameters are as constant, know as amplitude modulation.

Frequency Modulation:- In the Frequency modulation the Frequency of the carrier wave only varies, according to the modulating signal while keeping the remaining parameters are as constant, know as frequency modulation.

Phase Modulation:- In the phase modulation the phase of the carrier wave only varies, according to the modulating signal while keeping the remaining parameters are as constant, know as phase modulation. After modulating the signal by using one of these techniques the signal is now transmitting to another station, & before distributed at another station the signal is demodulated.

Demodulation:- As than name says its the inverse process than modulation in which we can separate out the carrier signal to modulating signal. PLCC technology is used for the following these places which are given below:1. Point to Point Communication (Hot line Communication) 2. Data telemetry purpose 3. Tele protection purpose

Point to Point Communication:- Point to Point Communication states that the communication in between two particular stations. Now the question is arises that why we go towards that communication when mobile and telephone are available. Two problems are arises in mobile communication. First is when we are using mobile that the networking problems may arises. Second thing is someone at any stations may busy talking with another person while/when you are try to call him.

Date Telemetry:- PLCC terminals can be used for sending and receiving data signal for telemetry etc . The input signals for this channel will be in between 2000-3000Hz. Tele Protection:-Protection coupler Equipments can be used along with PLCC terminals for telemetry purpose. During line fault other fault occurring between sub station trip signals can be transmitted or received by a protection coupler through PLCC terminal for activation distance protection Relaying Equipment. In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power line communication and lower attenuation over long distance. The idea is to use the power line as a transmission line for communication purpose. Basic principles of PLCC:- Telephone communication system can not be directly connected to the high voltage power line; therefore we have to suitably design the coupling devices. These usually consist of high voltage capacitor or capacitor with polaritical devices & used in the conjunction with the suitable line matching unit for matching the line impedance to that of the co axial cable connecting the PLCC Equipment. In PLCC system the following Equipments are used: PLCC Station Line matching Unit CVT/CC Earth Switch Lightening Arrestor Wave Trap Co axial cable
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PLCC Station:- It is the station where(modulation ) Transmitting, Receiving (Demodulation), Amplification, Filtration are performed.

Line Matching Unit:- The out-put of PLCC is connected to the line matching unit before to the power lines to achieve the proper impedance matching in between PLCC Equipments and power line.

CVT/CC (Control Voltage Transformer/ Coupling Capacitors):It is connected to the line matching unit to the line matching units and the power line this is used for blocking the high voltage entering to the PLCC Equipment. Earth Switch:- This is used at the time of maintenances of LMU. Lightening Arrestor:- This is used for arresting any A.C. high voltage spike entering to the L.M.U.PLCC unit. Co- Axial Cable:- This is used for inter connection between PLCC & L.M.U. for carrying the high frequency signal. THE BASIC ARRANGEMENT OF CONNECTING THE WAVE TRAP AND COUPLING CAACITOR IN PLCC AS SHOWN

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This type of coupling is more reliable than phase to phase coupling on the same circuit in that it permits operation with one of the two circuits opened out & founded for maintained purpose. Inter Phases or inter systems coupling are always employed on 220KV & 4e0kv lines where the interface levels & attenuation problem. This type of coupling permit higher reliability of operation under breaker conductors conditions & are always employed where carrier line protection are employed. Wave Trap:-Wave trap is constructed by taking the parallel combination of the inductor and the variable capacitor this will form the tank circuit. Which form the tuned circuit, which tuned the frequency at 50Hz known as power frequency. This is known as tuned frequency. The inductors which we use have the range of 0.5 mH to 500H. The capacitors are having the range of 4400pf to 5500pf. The choke coil having the main role in that. This coil may be a single layer or a multi layered coils made of special aluminum alloy and designed to carry the full load current.

Lightening Arrestor:-Ground wire over the tower provides an adequate protection against lightening and reduces the induced electrostatics or electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is inadequate to protect any traveling wave which reaches the terminal of the electrical equipments and such a wave can cause the following damage.

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1. The high peak of the surge may cause flash over in the internal wiring. Thus it may spoil the insulation of winding. 2. The steep wave font may cause internal flash over between their turns of the transformer. 3. The stop wave front resulting in to resonance and high voltages may cause internal & external flash over causing building up the oscillators is the electrical operation.

A Good Lighting arrestor must possess the following properties:It should not absorb any current during normal operation but during the over voltage surge it must provide an easy way to the earth. After the first discharge of the current has taken places through than must be capital of carrying the discharge current for same interval of time with out any damage to them. After the over voltages discharge it must be capable of interrupting the normal frequency of current from following to ground as soon as voltages reaches below the break down voltages. In addition to the tuning devices which usually consist of capacitors & inductor. A lighting arrestor is invariable connected across the choke coil of the wave trap. The lightening arrestor used may be as an vacuum type arrestor, over voltage of which lies below the rated value of the tuning capacitor but about the voltage which produce across the coil during the short circuit surge. The lightening arrestor therefore protects the tuning capacitors against the momentary over voltage cause by the travailing wave.

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1. The Tuning capacitor:For lower voltage class of tuning units polystyrene capacitors are used while for high voltage class tuning uit capacitor with mineral oil impregnated paper dielectric are used which are similar in construction of coupling capacitor. Signal frequency trap have a signal & double frequency trap have a double tuned parallel resonance circuit. All the elements belonging to tuning circuit are usually mounted in a common housing. 2. Transmission system:There are three different transmission methods, which can be employed for PLCC, they are given below: 1 Amplitude modulation with carrier and double side band transmission. 2 Amplitude modulation with a single side band suppressed carrier transmission. 3 Frequency modulation.

The earlier system used the first method. The speech frequencies transmitted were between 300 to 2400 Hz when the carrier modulated with this frequency, the resulting side band took up maximum band width of 4800 Hz thus the available HF band was divided into no. of channel each having the band of 5 KHz. Some countries allotted 8 KHZ for each channel. And these channels could naturally transmit the higher voice frequencies up to 3.4 KHZ instead of 2.4 KHz. This results in the better voice quality.
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Almost all the modern PLCC equipment is designed for the amplitude modulation with a single band suppressed carrier transmission. Single side band having following advantages over the double side band:1. The band width required per channel is exactly half of the double side band transmission. 2. As the receiver accepts only half band of frequency the noise input to the receiver is correspondingly reduced resulting in better S/N ration. 3. As the carrier one side band are not transmitted the power required for this also same. 3.TELEPHONE NETWORK:Telephony implies both way of communication that is the person at each end of line must able to speak and listen. The cheapest and simplest way of achieving this working is to have simplex working. Here only one frequency is allotted for given link. Both the terminals issue the same frequency for transmitted and receiving. But in that case only one person v\can talk or listen at a time. This is achieved by press to talk switch. For a duplex system two different carrier frequencies are allotted between two station. In the system both the parties/ persons can speak or listen simultaneously. This arrangement is costlier then simplex and it is almost used in present PLCC system.

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4. FIXED FREQUECY SYSTEM In the large network it may be necessary to provide the Point to Point Communication between a large no. of station. For this purpose each carrier link is designed a set send and receive frequency. For duplex working in carrier frequency section between all model points are separated on 4-wire basis. All inter modulate station required two set of equipment such as PLCC. 5. 4-WIRE GROUP SELECTORS OR ELECTRONICS SWICTHING DEVICES These are used to connect the PAX to PLCC equipment. A PAX can not be directly connected to PLCC terminals as the later work on 4-wire basis that is send and receive path are in same that is only two are use for each correction.

6. TRUNKING CONNECTION FOR TYPICAL CLASS OF THE NETWORK

The trucking connection between the heerapura and Ajmer are as shown above. For calling Ajmer from telephone no 23 at Heerapura the subscriber will lift the telephone & he will dial the direction no. for Ajmer that is 53 & if the line is not busy he will further dial the station no. that is 52. Now the subscriber at the Heerapura will receives the station tone of the Ajmer. Now on further dialing the telephone no 22 the link will be stabilized in between telephone no 23 of Heerapura and if
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the number 22 of Ajmer in a slimier manner the Ajmer can contact Heerapura by dialing the direction no 33. The station no 67 & subscriber no 23 all the direction are having different direction no. & all station are allotted different station no. 7. Priority Facility:If in the case of dialing the caller gate busy tone we can use the priority facility if he is provided with the same. This consist a button, which when posed really to send a priority pulse over the carrier link & get himself connected across the channel in use. He can than request the parties using the channel to hand up as he as an urgent call to make after the parties using the channel hand up. This can originate a call as usual to get the required party on phone. 8. CARRIER PROTECTION:Carrier protection is employed in large power network to trip or block circuit breakers of certain sections of line depending on the requirement for example when the protection relay is faulty section of a line fed form both ends of a section. But if high speed resoling is to he employed the breakers at the both end will have to trip simultaneously after a few cycle this co- ordination is best achieved by using a carrier protection scheme.

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9. IN CARRIER TRIPPING SCHEME: The form of carrier tripping scheme ensures near simultaneous tripping of breakers at a both ends of a line even when a fault occurs vary near one end of the line. In such a case at the station nearest to the fault the protective relay operate the first one end trip the circuit breaker. The relays at the other end with how ever sense this fault as the second one fault & the breaker at the end would normally trip at the end of definite time delay set by a timer unit which will be in series with M2 unit contact of distance relay. On the receipt of the power line carrier trip signal however a carrier relay short the by pass the timer unit conductor & as the M1 unit contacts trip the breakers as a iron a first zone is faulty that is without the trip delay. This once again ensures simultaneously tripping & later simultaneous reclosing. This type of protective scheme is called permissive carrier inter tripping or permissive under reading or accelerated distance protected scheme. In a carrier blocking scheme of an external fault occurs on a protected span the OM3 unit of the mho distance relay will sense the fault as on the external fault & will in conjunction with the carrier protection transmitter send the carrier signal to the other end of the protected span to block the breakers at the end from tripping. 10. CARRIER BLOCKING SCHEME:EXAMPLE:- Time line between two power stations the above line is fed from both end at A & D. A fault between sections B & C is sensed by the relays connected to the breakers 3 & 4. Which will trip these breakers to isolate
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them simultaneously? The OM3 unit of mho relay connected to breaker 2 & 5 will sense the fault as an external fault & start the breaker 1 & 6 respectively. Thus sections of the line between station A & B between the station C & D will be kept alive &their will be no interruption to any of the load.

CARRIER TELEMETRING:Telemetry of the information regarding voltage current and power reactive power etc of each generating the station line etc is absolutely essential for the load dispatch as the work. As the load dispatching office is usually located in the grade & generating station may be quite far. Quantities measured at these places had to be transmitted to the load dispatch office by the telemetry over PLCC network. For transmitting the information by telemetry all the measure ends have to be first converted in to the electrical quantities such as voltages, resistances, current, and frequencies pulse width etc by using suitable transducer. Than these electrical quantities will have to be transmitted by PLCC signal over the power line. DIGITAL TELEMETERING:Telemetry signals are send in the from of pulse train over PLCC channel measure ends are first converted from analog to digital form by suitable converters called encoders and than transmitted in the form of numbers in the binary system. The transmission of the binary pulses that is affecting by keying the transmitter between the fixed frequency shift keying.
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In one make of equipment an instrument with maximum of 256 scales division can measure the measured, any smaller number of division & transmitted the number. A maximum of 8 Pluses is required for remitting a number up to 255 in a binary system and ninth pulse is added as a priority bit to check the correctness of transmission. These digital techniques give better accuracy & more reliable transmission of information that simplex analog technique. As only presence or absence of pulse matter in this technique & not their magnitude in digital telementing system tolerate power signal to noise ratio & ideally suited for long distance transmission of telemetry data. TELECONTROL:By the same method of transmission on telegram transmission pulses over PLCC tone channels the remote circuit breaker can be closed or opened and the governor setting of turning can be altered to adjust voltages, power reactive towards the frequency etc. Of the system as desired by the load dispatcher. DESCRIPTION OF PANEL CARDS PLCC section contains different card which enable it to do its work properly. This card is specified by the some number and contains inbuilt circuit that performs accordingly. Different card have different specification these specification can be summed in following way:-

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E3EC N3FL P3EO E5EA B5EC B3EA B3EB P5EA O3EI P3EC E3ED P3ED P3EF O3EH O3EE O3EG E3EF O3EA O3ED O3EC O3ED P3EA E3EA P3EB E3EB

Receiver RF Filter Test matter RF hybrid Transmit filter Power supply 40 VOLT REGULATOR 24 VOLT REGULATOR POWER AMPLIFIER SUPERVISION RECEIVE IF DEMODULATOR RECEIVE IF FILTER RF & AGC AMPIFIER RECEIVE IF MODULATOR SIGNAL OUTPUT PIOLT TELEPHONE ADAPTOR VOICE AMPIFIER VOCE FILTER TELE OPERATIONAL INPUT EXPANDER OR COMPANDER SIGNAL ADAPTOR DIAL MODULE PIOLT TONE TRANSMIT IF MODULATOR TRASMIT IF FILTER TRANSMIT RADIO FREQUENCY MODULATOR TRANSMIT PER FILTER

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APPLICATIONS :The ETI series has been designed to cater for a Varity of application where by AF multiplexer section may be separated form the parent section PLCC equipment and operated remotely over a cable connection. As a rule the power line carrier equipment and associated protection signaling units are required to be situated ion the area of high voltage apparatus there by facilitating connection to the PLC line coupling equipment. SPECIFICATION OF PLCC 1. GENERAL Carrier frequency range: 40 KHz to 512 KHz Gross channel band width: 4 KHz Useful AF band: 300 to 3700 KHz 2. PERNISSIABLE FOOM TEMERPATURE CLIMATES Data guaranteed within reliable 0 to 45 degree C. Operation guarantees 20 to 45 degree C. Frequency stabile of RF oscillator 5 KHZ. 3. TRANSMITER (RF TRANSMITING POWER ) Peak envelop power 25 watt Side band power 15 watt Auxiliary carrier frequency Pilot tone 3600 Hz Test Tone 1000 Hz Synthesizer reference frequency 8 KHz Dummy load 20 ohm.
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IN

4. TRUNK DIALING Shifting the pilot oscillator frequency to 3600 Hz +/-30 Hz Transmit dialing criterion of a speed of normally 10 pulse per second 5. POWER SUPPLY DC supply 48 volt to 60 volt Capacity 800AH Battery AC Supply 220+/- 15%. 50 Hz Power consumption: <80 watt CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION GENERAL MODULATION PRINCIPLE The carrier frequency technique with single side band transmission is, due the high quality band filters and converter free from disturbing by products and spurious signals optimum selectivity is achieved only in the intermediate frequency (IF) stages by the filtering out of the required side band here, therefore, liesthe task of the carrier frequency section to move the AF intelligence from its low frequency position of 300 to 3700 Hz (respectively 300 to 2200 Hz) first to the IF stage and then into carrier frequency (HF) band the carrier frequencies are spaced on a 4KHz (respectively 2.5 KHz) raster. This arrangement requires the use of two conversions in each of the transmitting and receiving directions so that the intermediate frequency is at 16 KHz and the carrier channel

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has a variable frequency which can be programmed to provide a large number of HF carriers. Fig. shows the modulation principle of the single channel equipment (channel 1) and the twin channel equipment (channel 1 and 2) fig shows the loading of the 4KHz band and is valid for both send and receive directions. In the single channel equipment and channel 1 of the twin channel equipment the lower side band is used throughout all frequency conversions. The useful band is inverted IF stage and in the HF stage placed in the erect position. Contrary to this, channel 2 of the twin channel equipment is erect in the IF stage and inverted if HF stage. In the following pages the circuit function of the PLC equipment ETI 21 and 22 will be explained with the aid of the attached block diag. A part from the details for the wiring, level setting and control voltages, the diagram contains information of the type and position number of plug-in units for Ex: Telephone Adapter O3EE, tier P7EG-N10. In addition, details are given for isolating links, all measuring points, strapping information and attenuator network. Especially important plug-in element is shown in bold outline. AF MULTIPILEXER-TRANSMITTER Speech When the speech circuit of the PLC equipment is switched into a trunk circuit of the PAX or into PLC equipments the function of the control leads.

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2-WIRE TERMINAL WORKING/4-WIRE TRANSMIT WORKING THE TELEPHONE ADAPTER UNIT (O3EE) provides, via isolating links (8-13), the connection between the telephone PAX equipment and the PLC equipment. The so modulated pilot tone arrives at the output TX either over strap P or via the relay in the protection signaling equipment NSD40/41 various signaling arrangement are possible using the strapping e and f (transmit) and a, b, c and d (receive). 4-Wire service and emergency call telephone By inserting the service telephone plug in to the 4-wire jack HANDSET (voice filter E3EF/H/1), the microphone receives a dc energizing current from the voice amplifier (O3EG)11. The speech signal which is superimposed on the dc feed current is feed via the summating amplifier 3 into the main speech path the CALL button initiates a 1 KHZ continuous calling tone supplied by generation 12 in DIAL MODULE 03ED/Q and is also fed via amplifier 3 into the main speech path. The 2-wire send and receive speech traffic is separated by the hybrid into the send (via strap f) and receive paths. To adjust the input levels to the nominal values of the equipment, an adjustable attenuator (ENF-X156, potentiometer 2W) is fitted directly after the hybrid and is associated with the measuring jack 6 (-18dBr, print E3EF/h/1). The transmit 2-wire speech is fed via the normally closed contact of the level switching relay V1 to the amplifiers 2 and 3. Similarly, the transmit 4-wire speech
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is taken via the adjustable attenuator (ENF-X157 potentiometer 4W) and the normally open contact v1. Dial impulse from the the PAX are passed over amplifier 8 to the DIAL module 03ED for further processing.To avoid any interference with the auxiliary carrier the speech signals pass via the 300 Hz high pass filter 4 and similarly via the low pass filter 7 to avoid interference in the teleoperation band. Additionally, momentary peaks in the speech signals are symmetrically limited by limiter 6 also to reduce the sensitivity noise which may be picked up in the transmission path, the signal can be passed through COMPRESSOR 5 (O3EB) instead of via the strap NC1 .the clearly define speech band passed via the strap D (Disconnect able) and the normally closed contact ht of the BOSSTER relay or exceptionally via strap N (non- disconnect able) to the output of AF multiplexer. However, with the inclusion of the protection signaling equipment NSD 40/41, both straps are to be removed because the speech path is taken via external contacts of the protection signaling equipment. 4-wire terminal working/4-wire transit working: This method of working id different from that simply because the e strapping is soldered instead of F on the printed board) O3EE and that via the attenuator (ENF-X156, potentiometer 2w) the local 4-wire level is matched to the working level of the equipment. Signaling: The signaling impulses that serve to set up and release a telephone connection are fed to the signaling input the dc marking passes first to the fixed inverter stage 8 and is then amplified by the optional inverter stage 9. It is not, however

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, transmitted in this form but by the impulse keying of the pilot frequency in the DIAL module O3ED/Q. The 4-wire emergency call telephone set which may be used remotely from the PLC equipment is in practice, connected in the parallel with the service telephone and works in a similar manner. Due to the switch hook contacts the microphone is only energized after the handset is lifted. It can be used for ex; in emergencies as a direct end to end telephone independently from the PAX circuit. Teleoperation signals: For the most application the various teleoperation signals are connected separately and via isolating links to each of the 5 TELEOPERATION inputs (O3EA). Each input is fully decoupled, and adjustable for level setting in the SIGNAL ADATPTOR (O3EC),. A part from one resistor to be soldered in (ENF-X) and a potentiometer, each input contains a measuring jack (18dBr). On inputs 1 and 2 an additional network of resistors is provided for the adjustment of the boosting ration and includes a further measuring jack for the boost level. On all these measuring jacks a predetermined level will be set to achieve the correct modulation index. While disconnect able teleoperation channel are taken via contact D of the boosting relay HT, the non disconnected able channel as well as the boost channels are taken via contacts ND and B respectively. With all protection signaling equipments, including the NSD40/41 equipments. The input BOOSTER RELAY is used to operate relay HT during the trip condition. Never the less input criteria from the NSD40/41 is taken via separate terminals for ex; VP1/VP16.

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Carrier Frequency section- Transmitter AF-IF conversion The speech, teleoperation and pilot signals enter the carrier frequency section collectively, The summation amplifier 13 of the TRANSMIT IF MODULATOR (P3EA these together free of feedback before the multiplexed signal is transferred into the IF stage by AF-IF modulator 14. By its modulation with the 16 kHz IF frequency generated by the quarts controlled oscillator, two side band are created and the carrier is strongly suppressed. From the two side bands the IF filter 16 (TRANSMITT IF FILTER E3EA) SEPERATES OUT the lower one of 12.3 KHz to 15.7 KHz. The succeeding summation amplifier 17 (transmit 17 RF MODULATOR P3EB) pairs the IF signal with 16 KHZ auxiliary carrier which is used as reference frequency for synchronization at the receiver it should be noted with the channel equipment ET122, that channel 1 operates exactly as above. However , in the 2 channel the upper side band from 16.3kHz to 19.7 KHz is filtered out (TRANSMIT IF FILTER E3EP) AND VIA THE SECOND INP0UT ENTERS the transmit If MODULATOR (P3EB). With the attenuator strapping CH2(double channel equipment only) in place Ch1 (signal channel equipment ) the output level of the summation amplifier 17 is reduced by 6 Db. IF-HF conversion The resulting if signal 17 is mixed in the RF modulator 18 with synthesized HF carrier 19 to place it in the desired position of the HF band. Further more, the TRANSMIT PRE FILTER (E3EB/Q) filters out only the lower side band and
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gives it on to preamplifier 21. Here with the aid to the adjustable attenuator network (straps 1-2 and 3-4, potentiometer TX level) the output of the POWER AMPLIFIER (P5EA) can be set to the desired level from the output stage the signal goes via the TRANSMIT FILTER (E5EA) and the RF hybrid (P3EO) for connection to the RF line. Various tapping of the unbalanced output transformer (IMPEDANCE OF PLC TERMINALS) and optionally and additional balance transformer, ensures an optimum matching of the line. The transmit filter has the function of suppressing any spurious emissions and, above all through its output impedance characteristic, allows perfect working of several PLC equipments connected in parallel to the same line. On top of this, the filter will block by a factor of 40 Db any high voltage transients appearing on the line side which can be dangerous to equipment and persons. CARRIER FREQUECNY SECTION-RECEIVER HF-IF CONVERSION The incoming wide band line signal passed first over the RF hybrid 24 (P3EO) which serves to decouple the receiver section from the adjacent transmitter output. With the aid for associated attenuator network RF RX ATTENUATOR , (straps LP, HP1, HP2 and potentiometer Rx level) the working point for the level regulation circuit will be sat to 0.5 volt measured on jack AGC of the IF and AGC AMPLIFIER (P3ED). The receive RF FILTER (E3EEC/R) separates out the required HF band, and additionally the filter together with the adjacent attenuator will attenuate by
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40Db any high voltage peaks coming in the from the power line. In the RECEIVE RF DE-MODULATOR (P3EC) the programmed HF carrier 27 puts the pre filtered receive frequency HF carrier 27 puts the pre filtered receive frequency back into the IF stage, but, however, without carrier suppression. The main function of the RECEIVE IF FILTER (E3ED) 28 is to determine the receiver selectivity in channel 1 the lower side band 12.3 KHz to 16.05 kHz is filtered out whereas in channel 2 (Rx IF FILETER E3ES) of the double channel equipment the upper side band of 16.3KHz to 19.7Khz is extracted. Only in channel 1 is the 16 KHz carrier for synchronizing purpose allowed to pass through in channel 2 it is blocked.

IF-AF CONVERSION After the filter 28m the signal passes to the IF and AGC AMPLIFIER (P3ED) which has a uniform gain control. As soon as its nominal working point is set (-0.5v on measuring jack AGC), the circuit equalizes perfectly all level variations in the range +14Db/-26Db. In order to prevent any over controlling effect, the amplifier rapidly increase, conversely any suddenly drop in the level is restored slowly and uniformly, since any uncontrolled swings of the AGC regulation must not, for example, disturb further, a protection trip signal originated as a result of power line fault. After conversion by the IF DE-MODULATIOR (P3EF) and its associated pre filter 30, the upper side band is removed
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by the low pass filters 32 and 34 and then finally the transmitted intelligence is restored to its original frequency position. Never the less, it is recommended to compensate frequency dependent level variations caused by the characteristics of the line, by the PLC equalizing amplifier 33. Both speech and teleoperation output signals are taken to their respective terminals via a normally closed contact AF BLOCKING. This contact is opened by the SUPER VISION (O3E1/P) circuit if the receiver level is too low or distorted due to noise. Form the output of the equalizing amplifier 33, a feedback path is provided via the SIGNAL OUTPUT (O3EH/S) where the pilot frequency is separated out by filter 35 and passed to the if and AGC AMPLIFIER (P3ED). The pilot tone is rectified and simplifier 35 before being connected to the AGC amplifier 29. Straps and b server to make slight adjustment to the gain of amplifier 29. These are set in the factory test and normally do not require further adjustment. AF MULTIPLEXAR-RECEIVER Speech 2-WIRE TERMINAL / 4-WIRE TERNMINAL TRANSIT WORKINGThe multiplexed signal enters the AF section via the Rx lead and from here the the low pass filter(E3EF/H1) separates out the speech band .the potentiometer 12 together with amplifier 38(COMPANDER 03EB) .when the compander is not connected. This level is also measured at the output of the amplifier 40 on measuring jack 7, immediately before the attenuator network (strapping c, d potentiometer 2 watt
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and straps a, b potentiometer 4 watt). The attenuator network its self allow the 2 wire & 4 wire output levels to be set in dependently from each other. The received speech signal passes over the 2/4 wire selection relay output V2, amplifier 41, and contact GA of the hybrid switching relay to the 2 wire output. From here the speech passes via the connected PAX to the telephone subscriber. Relay V2 switches from 2 to 4 wires working according to the criteria signal given out by the PAX. Similarly the relay is operated from the PAX but only after the telephone call end to end has been setup. This arrangement prevents any danger or hybrid singing during the setting up of the call.

4-wire Terminal/4-wire Transit Working:This method of working is slightly different to that describe above because the hybrid switching criteria(GA) is missing & the attenuator network, (straps c, d potentiometer 2 watt) together with strap E is arrange for terminal or transit working. Signaling:The received dialing signals enters the AF Multiplexer via input R1 & Passes to detector 42(pilot/dial module O3ED) where it reforms the dialing impulses. The inverting stage 43 impulses output relay DL which has a potential free contact available (signaling output) for impulsing the PAX circuits. Various signals arrangements are possible using a

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combination of strapping A, B, C, & D (receive) & E, F transmit. If the incoming signal is disturbed due, for example, to serve noise on the power line, the supervision unit (O3EI/P) will block the signaling detector 42 via the R3 lead. 4-wire service & telephone is plugged into four wire jack handset. The handset is connected respectively to the output of the receive amplifier 40, & the output of the transmit amplifier 3, an incoming calling signal of 1000 Hz is delivered in the TELEPHONE ADAPTOR by the frequency selective amplifier 47 to sound the built in buzzer 48. A remote 4-wire telephone set connected to the PLCC equipment & is in effect connected in parallel with the service telephone. Its function is therefore, similar to that described above except that the buzzer is operated via that current amplifier 49. For a quick & simple check of the equipment an audio test circuit is provide. It is only necessary to patch input 11 of the audio test on the front side will be heard in the handset of the service telephone via amplifier 40. TELEOPERATION:The complete incoming 4 KHz AF band enters the AF multiplexer section via R2 lead & passes via amplifier 45 (signal output O3EH/S) to the teleoperation output two type of output impedances are available (low<50ohm) 600ohm. In certain cases it is require transmitting individual teleoperation channels in transit over the further transmission link. For this purpose a transit filter 46 (TRANSIT FILTER E3EE/M/T) is required which filters
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out the desired transit frequency the filter characteristics i.e. center frequency & the band width, may be chosen over the wide range. The level of all teleoperation output is adjusted via a common network (straps B1, B2 the potentiometer 7).

FAULT ANALYSIS , TEST EQUIPMENT AND TEST PROCEDURE:TEST EQUIPMENT:TEST OSCILATOR: Test oscillator enables the commissioning of the PLC network without aid of external signals , pressing the call button initiates a test tone of 1 KHz which is fed to the voice amplifier and passes through all transmit stages of the PLC equipment with the exception of telephone adaptor. It is possible to check any test point that db value printed in front side of the equipment is against the measures db reading.

DUMMY LOAD AND HF LOOP TEST : Fault finder is much easier when the HF o/p is connected to a definite resistive load of more or less ill defined characteristic of a power Line. The Ohmic load with additional with isolates the line , takes the form of 50 ohm artificial load , which is instead in place of P3EO at a time of testing . Connecting back to back transmitter and receiver can test the complete PLCC equipment . This is achieving by to feeding a reduced transmitting voltage. The dummy
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loads automatically adjust the receiver to accept the transmitter frequency. ADVANTAGE:1. This allows the equipment level to be set up. The received frequency response will be affected by the plc it equalization network and allowance must be made for this back to back testing. 2. The 1 kHz test tone originates in the transmitter transverses all stages of modulation and demodulation and appear at the output terminal.

AUDIO TEST:For a quick and simple check of equipment & audio test circuit is provided. The audio test (voice amplifier) is to patch on the front is of the equipment to any desired signal path and the received signal will heard in the headset of the service telephone via amplifier. The following signals can be checked in the AF section of the equipment:- speech, tale operation data dialing.

FAULT ANALYSIS :In fault analysis the faulty devices are checked in this serial or manner :1. Telephone or tele operation signals . 2. Cabling low frequency circuit or DC power supply. 3. PLC equipment. 4. HF transmission path .
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Competition with transmission level & working voltages measured under the healthy condition are voluble aids to fault analysis. The back to back testing of equipments using the dummy6 load is also a very useful aid. The presence of AF signals in the various stages of the equipments can be checked using telephone headset and test load connected between the associated measuring point and audio testing. BATTERY CHARGER:PLCC works on rectified AC or main , when supply goes off we make use of a device for proper functioning called battery charger . This is device that provide supply to the PLCC equipment for uninterrupted working . It provides DC to the panel by battery of 48 Volt. In this type 24 batteries are connected in series & individually every battery has 2 volt capacity . GENERAL DESCRIPTION :Battery charger mainly consist of four section 1. 2. 3. 4. Float charger Boost charger section Control section Alarm section

All the four section situated and mounted in steel sheet . The side and top of the frame are provided with the removable panel , suitable recess has been provided I n front panel to prevent the component to projecting out . All
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meters are indicating lamps . push button have been mounted on front panel . TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION :1. Normal input 415 V AC , 3 phase 2. Input variation - +/- 20 % of voltage FLOAT CHARGER :DC output - 50 V+/- 1% Output current 20 to 40 amps Line regulation & load regulation +/-1% individual Ripple 0.6 Vpp Efficiency - >70%

Boost charger :DC output 43.2 to 67.2 V Output current - 25 to 70 Amps Over load - 10% Efficiency - >80% FLOAT CHARGER The float charger is basically static type three phase charger with stabilized output DC voltage . The charger output dc voltage is constantly compared with standard DC reference voltage and error voltage is again amplified . This amplified voltage control the triggering signal of the 3 thyristor of 3 phase bridge control as the out put voltage tends to decrease
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than its selected value , it makes the trigging signal of each thyristor of all the three phase to advance for firing them, so that output voltage remains with in the specified accuracy. If the output voltage tends to increase more than the selected value the trigging pulse of this thyristor of all the three phases are delayed in the firing operation in such a way so that the output dc voltage is again bought back to the its stabilized value. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:The three phase AC input is applied through the three poles two way switch (RSI)& fuses F18 to F20 to the float input contactor (CON1).The AC input voltage is applied after CON1 to the float transformer TX1.The pilot lamp LED 4 to LED 6 indicates ON condition of the float charger. The secondary of the TX1 is connected to the 3 phases full wave half controlled bridge rectifier, which consists of a silicon diode D2 to D4 & SCR1 to SCR3,D1 is the freewheeling diode. Fuse F1 to F7 protects all the diodes & SCR special surge circuit has also been provided to protect SCR. The rectified output is the filtered by the choke XL1 to XL2 & The capacitor bank C1 to C2 which are protected by the HRC fuse F8. The filtered DC output is protected by HRC fuses F9. CONTROL CIRCUIT OF THE FLOAT CHARGER:The output of the charger is controlled through the electronic controller using phase control has of SCR feed back. The control circuit has plug in type card with hard type

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connector for external connection. The control circuit consists of following functional circuit. 1.Power supply 2. UJT firing for SCR phase control 3. Amplifier 4. DC under voltage lower voltage sensing 5. Auxillary circuit POWER SUPPLY:This card provides regulated power of 1 to 12% & unregulated 24v used of IC & relays respectively. Auxillary transformer TX1 gets supply from main transformer phase & neutral point. The two identical section circuit consisting of bridge rectifier, filter,& IC regulator provides 1 to 12 volts stabilized output & a 24 Volt unregulated DC output. The output of the bridge is filter using LC filter , compressing of filter chop CH1 & a capacitor C1. The capacitor is protected by HRC fuses. Dummy load connected across DC output the filtered output is than connected to the load circuit or to the battery through a rotary switch. Shunt SH1 is used for current limit control which is also used for measuring output current on ammeter. ADC indicates a DC output voltage & indicating DC ON condition. Blocking diodes are used to prevent the reverse current flowing through the battery to the charger. When the charger voltage goes below the battery voltage or charger is off. The DC voltmeter V2 read voltage across the load bus.
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UJT FIRING CARD:There are three identical firing cards , each for triggering one SCR in the main bridge . Zener diode DZ1 to DZ6 and the resistance R15,R16,R17 connected to the secondary of the TX2,TX3,and TX4 clamped the positive half of the input sine wave to the zener voltage. RV1 and RV2 are adjusted to equals the conduction angle of the SCRs resulting in low ripples. All SCR at the same conduction angle +1-10% input and output is adjusted to 5 volt. RV2 again adjusted in full load to keep conduction angle of SCRs equals. C1 begins charging at the start of the cycle through current supplied by the R2,RV2 and TR1 when the voltage across C1 reaches the threshold value, UJT fires and C1 discharge through the pulse transformer. This pulse fire the main SCR via auxiliary transistor. Output voltage control obtained by varying the base emitter bias of TR1. An increase or decrease in charging current leads to decrease or increase in firing angle and the corresponding increase or decrease in the output voltage. Zener OZI limits the gate voltage of the main SCR to the zener voltage. AMPLIFIER CARD:This card consists of two operational amplifier ICI and IC2 reference zener diode OZI, emitter follower TRJ and buffer amplifier TR3 and TR4, ICI is error detector amplifier.
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A negative reference by a zener diode OZI and voltage sensing signal are given to the inverting input of op-amp ICI the output is taken through diode OJ2 to the base of the transistor TRI from whose emitter, the output is taken to the UJT driver card. Ration of R$ and R5 determine the voltage gain of op-amp and RV1 is used for offset mulling. The voltage sensing input is supplied to the op-amp IC2 through an OR gate formed by diode OZ2 and OJ5 ;which ever signal is higher the amplifier will responded to the signal . OZ2 accepts the battery current signal while OIS accepts the float voltage limit signal at any time only one of the above signal will be commanding the amplifier .

FUSE FAIL ALARM:Fuse fail alarm is also available in float charger in event of any HRC fuse failure corresponding type fuse blows & trip corresponding relays . BOOST CHARGE SECTION:The battery can charge by using two rotary switches provided on the front panel for coarse and fine control and the charging current can be read by emitter A3 provided at the front panel. The operator must ensure that the rotary switches are in minimum position before switching on the boost charger.

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OPERATION OF CHARGER :The flow or the boost charger can be switched ON by means of selector switch RS1. thusat a time only charger only boost or float we can operate . When the charger is operated in the float mode the battery is on the float charge VDDs are bypassed through the connections of DC contractor. This enables complete voltage appearing on the load . In case of mains fails also the entire battery voltage is available on the load through contact of the DC contractor when charger is operated in boost mode , the contacts of DC contractor opens .

MAINTAINANCE PROCEDURE

AND

FAULT

TRACING

1. All connection should be checked . The control circuit board should be far from their socket before energizing the battery charger . 2. All mounting bolts should be checked before energizing as loose mounting will cause vibration. 3. The charger should be switched OFF. Once in every month connection &mounting should be checked . 4. The battery terminal should be connected first and the AC input after that.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PLCC ADVANTAGES :1. No separate wire is needed for communication purpose . As the power lines themselves carry power as well as carrier signal. Hence the cost of constructing separate telephone line is saved . 2. When compared with ordinary line the power line having higher mechanical strength so it is normally unaffected by the external conditions . 3. Power line generally provides the shortest path between the power stations . 4. Power line has less cross sectional area resulting in low resistance per unit length . 5. Largest spacing between conductor reduces capacitance which resulting smaller attenuation at high frequency . 6. Power line are insulated to provide only negligible leakage between conductor & ground even in adverse weather condition.

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DISADVANTAGES :1. Proper steps has to be taken to guard the carrier equipment and the person using them against the high voltages & current on line. 2. Reflection is produced on spur line connected to the high voltage line. This increases the attenuation of the other line. 3. High voltage line has transformer connections which attenuates the carrier signal. 4. Noise introduced by the power line is far more than in the case of telephone line. This is due to noise generated by discharge across the insulator and switch process. So it is obvious that an effective power line carrier system must overcome these& many other difficulties also.

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