Phn 1 NC NGT GII KHT YU CU V SINH V PHNG PHP TH

I/ YU CU V SINH: 1/ Ch tiu ho v sinh:

Mt s yu cu trong nc gii kht: _Khng s dng axit v c (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4,). _Hm lng kim loi nng (mg/l), theo quy ng cu B Y t (Q 505, 41992). _Cc cht ph gia trong nc gii kht ch c s dng theo danh mc hin hnh. _Cc ph gia mi, nguyn liu mi ch s dng khi c s cho php cu B Y t. _Cht ngt tng hp (Saccrin, dulsin, cyclamat,) khng c s dng pha ch nc gii kht. (Trng hp sn phm dnh cho ngi king ng phi xin php B Y t v ghi r tn ng + mc ch s dng).

2/Ch tiu vi sinh vt:

_i vi nc gii kht khng cn:

Mc Tn ch tiu Khng ng chai 5.104 ng chai 102

1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh, s khun lc/ml, khng ln hn

2. E. Coli, con/l, khng ln hn

Khng c c Khng c c Khng c c

3. Cl. Perfringers 4. Vi khun gy nhy, (Leuconotoc) 5. Nm Men-mc, s khn nm/ml. khng ln hn 103

Khng c c

6. St. aureus

Khng c c

_i vi nc gii kht c cn thp

Mc Tn ch tiu Khng ng chai 103 ng chai 102

1. Tng s vi khun hiu kh, s khun lc/ml, khng ln hn

2. E. Coli, con/l

Khng c c Khng c c Khng c c

3. Cl. Perfringers 4. Vi khun gy c, quan st bng mt 5. Nm Men-mc, s khn nm/ml. khng ln hn 6. St. aureus/vi khun gy bnh ng rut 102

Khng c c

Khng c c

II/ PHNG PHP TH: 1/ Ly mu:

_Mu phi nm trong thit b sch v kh. _Ly mu mt cch ngu nhin ( ly 4 gc v ly gia). _Cn lp bin bn khi ly mu ghi r s l hang, cng ty sn xut, khi lng, ngy thng, ni ly mu, ngi ly v giao mu (ghi r tnh trng ca mu).

2/Xc nh axit v c trong nc gii kht:

Nguyn tc: Cc nc gii kht nhn to pha ch t nc ng vi axit hu c (axit xitric, axit tactric hoc axit lactic) vi chua ton phn tnh ra axit xitric khong 1g/1000ml, pH trn 2. Nu cho thm axit v c nh HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 l nhng axit mnh, pH s gim. C th xc ng bng pH mt hoc ch th mu.

a/ Dng c, vt liu, thuc th:

_pH mt, +-0,1 pH _Cao lanh sch. _Dung dch axit xitric C 1% Axit xitric khan 1g Nc ct v 1000 ml _Dung dch Metyl tm 0,1% trong nc ct.

b/ tin hnh th:

_Sau khi thy xc nh chua ton phn cu nc gii kht, tnh v iu chnh sao cho chua bng 0,1% (tnh theo axit xitric). (Nu nc gii kht c mu, th bng cch lc 50 ml nc gii kht vi 1-2g cao lanh v lc, dch lc khng mu). _Sau khi lc cho vo ng nghim: ng 1 cha dch lc nc gii kht 20ml v cho 5 git dd metyl tm 0,1%. ng 2 cho 20ml dd axit xitric 0,1% v 5 git metyl tm 0,1%. *Ch : dd trong ng 1 khng c mu xanh lc hn hn axit xitric trong ng 2 C xc ng dung ch dd mu v i chng bng pH-mt .

3/ Xc nh hm lng kim lai nng:

Thc phm ni chung thng hay b nhim cht c t nhiu ngun khc nhau:

*Do thc phm sn xut, bo qun thc phm dng khng ng nguyn tc cc dng c cha ng cng nh v sinh cc dng c c l t, st, km, ng, v s lm thay i nhiu trong cc loi thc phm c tnh axit ln nh nc qu, sp ln men,. Nhi n phi thng nn ma, nhc u, ri lon tiu ho,Nu cht c mnh th s dn n t vong. *Sau y l hm lng ti a c cho php trong tiu chun thc phm, da vo ti liu Phn tch ho thc phm trang 242. Cu -> Ung th (0,05 mg/kg th trng trong 1 ngy). Pb -> Ng c cp tnh (0,05 mg/kg) V cc cht khc. *Mt s phng php xc nh Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn trong dd mu. +Cn v c ho mu (pp kh- t). +Bn cnh cn c s s phng php khc: _Zn, Pb dng pp so mu. _Sn dng phng php iot. _Axen dng pp so mu bng giy tm thu ngn (II) clorua. +Phng pp cc ph phn tch kim loi nng: Nguyn tc: o mt quang ca dung dch. Sau suy ra nng da vo nh lut hp th v hp ph nh sng ca Lambert Beer. +Ngoi ra cn nhiu ohng php khc: .K thut ph. .UV, Vis, hunh quang. .Hng ngoi. .Ph hp th nguyn t. .Ph khi (MS). .Sc k. .Sc k lng hiu nng cao (HPLC). .Sc k kh (GC).

4/ Xc nh phm mu:
_Phm mu food grade l iu bt buc trong nc ngt.

5/ Xc nh cht tng hp (Sacarin, dulsin, cyclamate):

y l nhng cht to ngt ha hc c nh hng x n sc khe c bt k sacarin.

a/ Phng php ha hc:

Nguyn tc: Da vo phn ng gia Sacarin vi FeCl2, gia Cyclamat vi BaSO4 trng mi trng axit, gia axit xitric vi dulcin nhn bit.

*Xc nh nh tnh Sacarin: Cch 1:

+Dng c v thuc th: _Phu chit (250ml). _ng ong (50ml,25ml). _Bt s. _Bp cch thy. _Ete etylic. _NaOH _FeCl3 2%. _H2SO4 10%. _HCl. + Tn hnh: Cho 50 ml mu vo phu 250ml + 5ml HCl v 50ml ete etylic chit sacarin. Phn ete etylic c gi li trong phu cht. Sau ra sch bng nc ct.Chuyn ete sau khi ra sch sang bt s v lm bay hi trn bp cch thy, khi gn cn th em ra ngai phi kh t nhin. Them vo cn thu c 1-2 vin natri hydroxit + vi got nc ri em nung 200-220oC ri lm ngui v ha tan bng 10ml nc ct. Sau 1o cho vo 15ml H2SO4 v 3-5 FeCl3 nu c mu tm th c sacarin.

Cch 2:
.Mu l dung dch lng, nh nc gii kht phi lc u chai trc khi ly mu phn tch. +Tin hnh: Cho vo becher dung tch 100ml, khong 50 100ml mu ( chun b phn 3.1 hoc 3.2), thm 5ml ch axetat 30%, lc u. Sau cho khong 0,5 10ml dung dch HCl m c kt ta lng ch thuc lc u v lc qua giy lc. Dung dch ny c trch 3 ln, mi ln vi 25ml ete etilic v 0,2ml axit HCl m c trong bnh lng. Ete sau mi ln trch c gi trong chn y trn bng s. Sau lm bay hi cho cn trn bp cch thy. Ha tan cn trong nc ct, lc li 2 ln vi ete etylic (mi ln khong 10ml ete), lm bay hi n cn, nm cn, nu c v ngt thc hin tip phn nh tnh saccarin. Ha tan cn trong chn vi 2ml nc ct v 4-5 git Natrihidroxit 30%. Lm bay hi cho cn, cho thm 2ml nc ct v lm bay hi n cn mt ln na. Sau nung chn nhit 170-200C trong 20 pht. ngui, ha tan

cn vi 2ml nc ct. Trung ha bng axit clohidric m c n khi i mu giy qu tm. Cho vi git clorua st III, 0,1N (c mu vng nht) nu c saccarin dung dch s c mu tm.

*Xc nh nh tnh cyclamate:

+Dng c v thuc th: _Cc c m 250ml. _ng ong 100ml. _BaCl2. _natri nitric. _HCl +Tin hnh: Cho 100ml mu vo cc 250ml + 2g BaCl2 + 1ml HCl sau lc u ri yn 5 sau lc. Thm 0,2g natri nitric vo dd lc, nu c mu trng th l cyclamate.

*Xc nh nh tnh dulsin:

+Dng c v thuc th: _T sy 110oC sai s 5oC. _Phu 250ml. _Bt s. _ng ong 100ml v 50ml. _Axit nitric. +Tin hnh: Cho 100ml mu th ( kim ha bng dd NaOH 10% nu cn) vo phu 250ml, tin hnh chit 3 ln mi ln 50ml ete etylic. Gp cc ete chit vo bt s sau chia lm 2 bay hi nhit phng ri sy kh nht 110oC. Ly cn ri ngui v lm m v HNO3 + vi git nc ct. Nu xut hin mu cam th trong mu c dulcin.

b/Phng php sc k bn mng: *Ni dung: Chit tch cht ngt trong nc gii kht bng etylaxetat. C c dung dch chit ri chm dung dch ny trn bn sc k lp mng. Cc vit chm s c nhn thy hoc di nh n t ngai vi bc song 254nm hoc bng cc cht hin mu. 6/ Xc nh cc ch tiu vi sinh vt:

a/ Pht hin trc khun E.Coli: Nguyn tc: Nui cy mu th trong mi trng canh thang, chn lc nhit 44oC trong 1 2 ngy (nhn nh E.Coli trong mu th qua cc c im hnh thi v c tnh sinh ha nh sinh hi hoc ln men lactoza. b/ Thit b v dng c:
Nhng dng c thng dng.

c/ Tin hnh: *Dng ng ht v khun, cy vo 2 ng nghim c cha mi trng canh thang chn lc; mi ng 1 ml. Tin hnh nui cy 1-2 ngy vi nhit 44oC. *c kt qu s b. Nu thy m tnh (khng sinh hi, trong sut, khng chuyn mu) th nui trong t m trong 1 ngy vi nhit 44oC. *nu mu sinh hi, c hay lm bin mu mi trng th ria cy ln b mt mi trng Endo sau a vo t m 18:24 gi vi nhit 37oC. * Trn b mt thch Endo nu xut hin khun lc in hnh ( hng, mu nh kim) th tin hnh nhum gram v soi tiu bn quan st hnh thi vi khun. Nhim php (IMVIC): Chn khng t hn 3 vi khun lc in hnh cy chuyn bng que cy ng hi sang mi trng : nc peptone kim tra tnh sinh indolm mi trng canh thang th phn ng MR v VP, mi trng thch ng nghing Simmon khim tra ng ha xitrat. Cc mu nui nhit 37oC. *Sau 24 gi, tin hnh th tnh sinh indol bng cch cho vo ng nc pepton cy mu khang 0,2 0,3 ml thuc th KOVACS. Nu phi ng c lp mu th dng tnh, cn c mu vng hay nu nht l m tnh. *Sau 48 gi th phn ng M.R v V.P bng cch: t ng canh thang nui cy. Ly 0,7 ml dch cy cho phin thy tinh + 0,1ml naphton 5% trong cn, 0,1 ml KOH 40% . trong 2 gi phn ng V.P dung tnh khi xut hin mu hng.

*Dch cy cn li trong ng nghim em th M.R + 5 git metyl , dd chuyn sang mu th dng tnh. *Sau 24-72 gi, quan st vt cy trn ng nghim Simmon nu khng thy vi khun mc khng lm chuyn mu mi trng th phn ng l m tnh (dng tnh khi c mu t lc nht sang xanh lam). d/ Nhn nh v bo co kt qu: Mu th c coi l c E.Coli nu pht hin trc khun ngn, gram m, khng sinh bo t, ln men lactoza, sinh hi v cho phn ng IMVIC lai (++--) hoc (-+--).

7/Phng php th ch tiu Natribenzoat trong NGK khng c cn: da trn 169/Q-UB 11/11/1986.
a/Ni dung: Chit axit benzoate bng dung mi hu c, lm ri cn cn cn li. b/Dng c, ha cht _Bp in. _T sy 105oC. _Gin chng ct. _Bnh cu 150ml v 250ml. _Bnh lng 250ml. _HCl 10%. _DD chloroform tinh khit. _Axit tartaric tinh th hay dd 10%. _Cn phn tch chnh xc n 0,0001g. c/Tin hnh th:
Ly chnh xc khong 50ml 100ml mu th cho vo bnh cu dung tch 150ml thm mt t axit tartric cho n khi mi trng lm i mu giy tho lam v vi vin bt. Lp bnh cu cho gin chng ct v tin hnh chng ct n cn khong 10ml, sau cho thm 50ml nc ct v tip tc chng ct cho n khi dung dch hng c khong 100ml. Chuyn dung dch ct c vo bnh lng dung tch 150ml, trch dung dch ct 3 ln, mi ln vi

50ml clroform v 5ml axit HCl 10%. Phn cloroform trch c cho vo bnh cu dung tch 250ml, cho vi vin bt v tin hnh chng ct thu hi cloroform cho n khi trong bnh cu cn khong 20ml, lm ngui v chuyn dung dch cn li trong bnh chng ct sang bnh cu khc dung tch 150ml ( bit khi lng), trng bnh chng ct bng cloroform 3 ln, mi ln vi 5ml v cho ht dch trng vo bnh cu 150ml. Lm bay hi cloroform n va cn, em sy 60 70C trong 15 pht, lm ngui bnh cu trong bnh ht m v cn +Tnh kt qu :
Hm lng Natribenzoat (X) tnh ra mg/l theo cng thc sau: X= (G1 G0) x 1000 x 1 x 144 122

G1:Khi lng bnh cu v axit benzoic sau khi lm ngui (g). G2: Khi lng bnh cu (g). 144: Phn t lng ca Natribenzoat (g). 122: Phn t lng axit benzoic (g). M: H s chuyn i ra lt. 1000:H s chuyn i ra mg.

8/ o th tch CO2 trong nc ngt:

Nguyn tc: dng 1 lng d Na2CO3 0,2N tc dng vi CO2 c trong mu NGK. Sau chun lng d bng dd HCl 0,1N vi ch th PP. T tnh ra hm lng C c trong mu th: CO2 + H2O + Na2CO3 = 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3(d) + HCl = NaCl + NaHCO3 Chun n khi mt mu hng ca pp Tin hnh

a/ Lm mu chnh
_Lm lnh nc gii kht trong 2-3 gi t nhit t 1-3oC (trnh cho CO2 bay hi) _Ht 15ml dd Na2CO3 0,2 N cho vo bnh tam gic. Sau dng pipet ht 10ml nc gii kht( lm lnh) cho vo bnh tam gic cha dd Na2CO3 0,2 N bng cch cm su u pipet vo dd Na2CO3 0,2 N ri th t t cho n khi nc gii kht trong pipet xung ht. Cho thm 3 git pp 1%. Lc ny dd c mu hng m. Chun dd trong bnh tam gic bng HCl 0,1N cho n khi mt mu hng th dng li, ghi th tch tiu tn ca HCl.

b/ lm mu trng
l mu loi ht CO2 ( cho vo cc thy tinh dng a khuy u cho CO2 bay i). Kt qu l:

9/Phng php xc nh ch v chit chun :

liu phn tch ho thc phm trang 247-249.

da vo ti

Trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim (Pb2+) to vi ditizon -> ditizonat mu tm trong dung mi hu c. Pb2+ + 2H2D2 -> Pb (HDZ) + 2 H+. Trong Cloroform, Pb(HDz)2 tng gp 17 ln tetraclorua. Do dng Cloroform ho tan. Ta c: X= 3,45a.V.100.V1-1.V0. Trong : a: Th tch ditizon chun . V1: Th tch ht ra bnh nh mc phn tch. (ml). Vo: Th tch lng v c ho mu. (ml). Ch : Phng php ny cn tin hnh cn thn v d mc sai s,do nh git ditizon d b d git cui. Dng pp so mu cng l mt phng php tt.

Phn 2 NC UNG TINH KHIT

*Bn cnh cc sn phm c ga th cc lai nc khang, nc ung tinh khit cng cn c quan tm. *Quy trnh chun sn xut nc ng chai:

S lc:
Gm 2-3 cp lc ha l ty theo cht lng nc ngun; c nhim v nng pH kh st, mangan v cc cht nhim kh mi hi, mi clo d kh khong, lm mm nc loi b cn ln.

Tinh lc: Gm 1-2 cp lc bng mng cartridge vi khe rng 5um-1um; c nhim v loi b cn nh kch thc ln hn 1um. Lc thm thu ngc: Dng mng lc theo cng ngh thm thu ngc (RO) ch cho ra thnh phm l H2O, cc vt th l khc b tch ra khi nc v thi b. y l cng on ch yu ca quy trnh sn xut nc tinh khit, cc cng on trc ch nhm h tr cho cng on RO hot ng tt v bn, v gi ca mng RO kh cao. Cn lu trnh nhm ln gia mng RO vi mng UF, NF v chng c "ngoi hnh" rt ging nhau, nhng cng dng ca 2 loi kia ch l siu lc, vi lc m thi. iu chnh pH v b sung vi lng khong cht:y l cng on tng cng dnh cho quy trnh sn xut nc ung ng ngha, bi v nc tinh khit sau RO ch c H2O nn thiu cc khong cht c li cho c th, pH c th nh hn 7 v c v lt. Cng on ny ch c s dng ha cht dnh cho cng ngh ch bin thc phm v phi c tinh lc li bng mng c kch thc khe h 0.1-0.2um. Tit trng: y l khu cui cng rt quan trng x l vi sinh cho nc thnh phm trc khi ng bnh ng chai. Tit trng qua 3 ln: ln 1 dng tia cc tm UV cho dng nc trc khi vo bn cha; ln 2 dng kh ozone sc thng vo bn cha; ln 3 - dng UV cho dng nc chit rt ngay trc khi v bnh ng chai. Ozone cng tit trng nh UV nhng c thm cng dng chng rong ru cho nc lu tr lu, gip tng thi hn bo qun sn phm. Lu : Cng on tit trng ny s v ngha nu nh phng chit rt khng t yu cu v v trng khng kh cng nh tnh trng v sinh v sc khe ca ngi tham gia sn xut khng m bo, v sinh v bnh v chai khng t. V th, ngoi cc cng on k thut ca quy trnh nu trn, cn cc yu t khc b cho l ph trong sn xut nhng li c th tc ng rt nhiu n cht lng nc:

iu kin v sinh ca nc ngun khai thc; iu kin mt bng kho xng sn xut; Cch thc vn hnh quy trnh x l nc; Tnh trng v sinh v sc khe ca ngi tham gia sn xut;

iu kin bo qun sn phm.

Tt c nhng yu t ny u c B Y T quy nh cht ch, vn cn li l mc tun th ca nh sn xut. *Ngai ra cn lu cc yu t t cc ngun nc lm nc tinh khit:

Cc yu t
1. Mi v
Nc ging ngm: mi trng thi l do c kh H2S, kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c trong lng t v ha tan vo mch nc ngm. Mi tanh ca st v mangan. Nc mt (sng, sui, ao h): mi tanh ca to l do s xut hin ca cc loi to v vi sinh vt. Trong trng hp ny nc thng c mu xanh. Nc my: mi ha cht kh trng (clo) cn d li trong nc. =>Mi v khc l s gy cm gic kh chu khi dng nc. Tu theo loi mi v m c cch x l ph hp nh dng ha cht dit to trong ao h, keo t lng lc, hp ph bng than hot tnh,..

2. Mu
Mu vng ca hp cht st v mangan. Mu xanh ca to, hp cht hu c. =>Nc c mu cao thng gy kh chu v mt cm quan. Vi cc quy trnh x l nh sc kh ozn, clo ha s b, keo t, lng lc c th lm gim mu ca nc. Cn lu , khi ngun nc c mu do hp cht hu c, vic s dng Clo c th to ra cht mi l trihalomethane c kh nng gy ung th.

3. pH
-Ngun nc c pH > 7 thng cha nhiu ion nhm carbonate v bicarbonate (do chy qua nhiu tng t ). Ngun nc c pH < 7 thng cha nhiu ion gc axit.
Bng chng d thy nht lin quan gia pH v sc khe ca ngi s dng l n lm hng men rng. =>pH ca nc c lin quan n tnh n mn thit b, ng ng dn nc v dng c cha nc. c bit, trong mi trng pH thp, kh nng kh trng ca Clo s mnh hn. Tuy nhin, khi pH > 8,5 nu trong nc c hp cht hu c th vic kh trng bng Clo d to thnh hp cht trihalomethane gy ung th. Theo tiu chun, pH ca nc s dng cho sinh hot l 6,0 8,5 v ca nc ung l 6,5 8,5.

4. c
c l i lng o hm lng cht l lng trong nc, thng do s hin din ca cht keo, st, to v vi sinh vt. Nc c gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi dng v c kh nng nhim vi sinh. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh c nh hn 5NTU, nhng gii hn ti a ca nc ung ch l 2 NTU. Cc quy trnh x l nh keo t, lng, lc gp phn lm gim c ca nc.

5. kim
kim ca nc l do cc ion bicarbonate, carbonate v hydroxide to nn. Trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc, kim c lin quan n cc ch

tiu khc nh pH, cng v tng hm lng khong. Vic xc nh kim ca nc gip cho vic nh lng ha cht trong qu trnh keo t, lm mm nc cng nh x l chng n mn. Hin nay, khng c bng chng c th no lin quan gia kim v sc khe ca ngi s dng. Thng thng, nc dng cho n ung nn c kim thp hn 100 mg/l.

6. cng
cng l i lng o tng cc cation a ha tr c trong nc, nhiu nht l ion canxi v magi. Nc mt thng khng c cng cao nh nc ngm. Ty theo cng ca nc ngi ta chia thnh cc loi sau: cng t 0 50mg/l -> Nc mm cng t 50 150mg/l -> Nc hi cng cng t 150 300mg/l -> Nc cng cng > 300mg/l -> Nc rt cng Nc cng thng cn nhiu x phng hn to bt, hoc gy hin tng ng cn trng trong thit b un, ng dn nc nng, thit b gii nhit hay l hi. Ngc li, nc cng thng khng gy hin tng n mn ng ng v thit b.Theo tiu chun nc sch, cng c quy nh nh hn 350 mg/l. i vi nc n ung, cng nh hn 300 mg/l. Tuy nhin, khi cng vt qu 50 mg/l, trong cc thit b un nu xut hin cn trng. Trong thnh phn ca cng, canxi v magi l 2 yu t quan trng thng c b sung cho c th qua ng thc n. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi c nguy c mc bnh si thn cn hn ch vic hp th canxi v magi hm lng cao. C th kh cng bng phng php trao i ion.

7. Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS)

TDS l i lng o tng cht rn ha tan c trong nc, hay cn gi l tng cht khong.

Tiu chun nc sch quy nh TDS nh hn 1.000 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh TDS nh hn 500 mg/l.

8. oxy ha (Cht hu c)
oxy ha c dng nh gi mc nhim ca ngun nc. C 2 phng php xc nh oxy ha ty theo ha cht s dng l phng php KMnO4 v K2CrO7. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh oxy ha theo KMnO4) nh hn 4 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh oxy ha (theo KMnO4) nh hn 2 mg/l.

9. Nhm
Nhm l thnh phn chnh trong cc loi khong, t st. Nhm c dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut cht bn dn, thuc nhum, sn v c bit l ha cht keo t trong x l nc. Nc khai thc t vng t nhim phn thng c pH thp v hm lng nhm cao. Nhm khng gy ri lon c ch trao i cht, tuy nhin c lin quan n cc bnh Alzheimei v gia tng qu trnh lo ha. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh hm lng nhm nh hn 0,2 mg/l.

10. St
Do ion st hai d b oxy ha thnh hydroxyt st ba, t kt ta v lng nn st t tn ti trong ngun nc mt. i vi nc ngm, trong iu kin thiu kh, st thng tn ti dng ion Fe2+ v ho tan trong nc. Khi c lm thong, st hai s chuyn ha thnh st ba, xut hin kt ta hydroxyt st ba c mu vng, d lng. Trong trng hp ngun nc c nhiu cht hu c, st c th tn ti dng keo (phc hu c) rt kh x l. Ngoi ra, nc c pH thp s gy hin tng n mn ng ng v dng c cha, lm tng hm lng st trong nc.

St khng gy c hi cho c th. Khi hm lng st cao s lm cho nc c v tanh, mu vng, c v mu tng nn kh s dng. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng st nh hn 0,5 mg/l.

11. Mangan
Mangan thng tn ti trong nc cng vi st nhng vi hm lng t hn. Khi trong nc c mangan thng to lp cn mu en ng bm vo thnh v y bn cha. Mangan c c tnh rt thp v khng gy ung th. hm lng cao hn 0,15 mg/l c th to ra v kh chu, lm hoen qun o. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng mangan nh hn 0,5 mg/l.

12. Asen (thch tn)

Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha asen nhiu hn nc mt. Ngoi ra asen c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi cng nghip, thuc tr su. Khi b nhim asen, c kh nng gy ung th da v phi. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh asen nh hn 0,05 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh asen nh hn 0,01 mg/l.

13. Cadimi
Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha hm lng cadimi nhiu hn nc mt. Ngoi ra Cadimi cn thy trong ngun nc b nhim nc thi cng nghip khai thc m, nc r bi rc. Cadimi c th xut hin trong ng ng thp trng km nu xy ra hin tng n mn. Cadimi c tc ng xu n thn. Khi b nhim c cao c kh nng gy i ma. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh Cadimi nh hn 0,003 mg/l.

14. Crm
Crm c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi cng nghip khai thc m, xi m, thuc da, thuc nhum, sn xut giy v gm s. Crm ha tr 6 c c tnh mnh hn Crm ha tr 3 v tc ng xu n cc b phn c th nh gan, thn, c quan h hp. Nhim c Crm cp tnh c th gy xut huyt, vim da, u nht. Crm c xp vo cht c nhm 1 (c kh nng gy ung th cho ngi v vt nui). Tiu chun nc ung quy nh crm nh hn 0,05 mg/l.

15. ng
ng hin din trong nc do hin tng n mn trn ng ng v cc dng c thit b lm bng ng hoc ng thau. Cc loi ha cht dit to c s dng rng ri trn ao h cng lm tng hm lng ng trong ngun nc. Nc thi t nh my luyn kim, xi m, thuc da, sn xut thuc tr su, dit c hay phim nh cng gp phn lm tng lng ng trong ngun nc. ng khng tch ly trong c th nhiu n mc gy c. hm lng 1 2 mg/l lm cho nc c v kh chu, v khng th ung c khi nng cao t 5 8 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng ng nh hn 2 mg/l.

16. Ch
Trong ngun nc thin nhin ch pht hin hm lng ch 0,4 0,8 mg/l. Tuy nhin do nhim nc thi cng nghip hoc hin tng n mn ng ng nn c th pht hin ch trong nc ung mc cao hn. Khi hm lng ch trong mu cao c th gy tn thng no, ri lon tiu ha, yu c, ph hy hng cu. Ch c th tch ly trong c th n mc cao v gy c. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng ch nh hn 0,01 mg/l.

17. Km
Km t khi c trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi ca cc khu khai thc qung. Cha pht hin km gy c cho c th ngi, nhng hm lng > 5 mg/l lm cho nc c mu trng sa. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng km < 3mg/l.

18. Niken
Niken t khi hin din trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi ca ngnh in t, gm s, c quy, sn xut thp. Niken c c tnh thp v khng tch ly trong cc m. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng niken nh hn 0,02mg/l.

19. Thy ngn

Thy ngn him khi tn ti trong nc. Tuy nhin cc mui thy ngn c dng trong cng ngh khai khong c kh nng lm nhim ngun nc. Khi nhim c thy ngn cc c quan nh thn v h thn kinh s b ri lon. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng thy ngn nh hn 0,001 mg/l.

20. Molybden
Molybden t khi c mt trong nc. Molybden thng c trong nc thi ngnh in, ha du, thy tinh, gm s v thuc nhum. Molybden d hp th theo ng tiu ha v tn cng cc c quan nh gan, thn. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh molybden nh hn 0,07 mg/l.

21. Clorua

Ngun nc c hm lng clorua cao thng do hin tng thm thu t nc bin hoc do nhim t cc lai nc thi nh m km, khai thc du, sn xut giy, sn xut nc t quy trnh lm mm. Clorua khng gy hi cho sc khe. Gii hn ti a ca clorua c la chn theo hm lng natri trong nc, khi kt hp vi clorua s gy v mn kh ung. Tiu chun nc sch quy nh Clorua nh hn 300 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh Clorua nh hn 250 mg/l.

22. Amni Nitrit - Nitrat

Cc dng thng gp trong nc ca hp cht nit l amni, nitrit, nitrat, l kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c hoc do nhim t nc thi. Trong nhm ny, amni l cht gy c nhiu nht cho c v cc loi thy sinh. Nitrit c hnh thnh t phn ng phn hy nit hu c v amni v vi s tham gia ca vi khun. Sau nitrit s c oxy ha thnh nitrat. Ngoi ra, nitrat cn c mt trong ngun nc l do nc thi t cc ngnh ha cht, t ng rung c s dng phn ha hc, nc r bi rc, nc ma chy trn. S c mt hp cht nit trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc cho thy du hiu nhim ngun nc.

23. Sunfat
Sunfat thng c mt trong nc l do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c c cha sunfua hoc do nhim t ngun nc thi ngnh dt nhum, thuc da, luyn kim, sn xut giy. Nc nhim phn thng cha hm lng sunfat cao. nng sunfat 200mg/l nc c v cht, hm lng cao hn c th gy bnh tiu chy. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh sunfat nh hn 250 mg/l.

24. Florua
Nc mt thng c hm lng flo thp khong 0,2 mg/l. i vi nc ngm, khi chy qua cc tng vi, dolomit, t st, hm lng flo trong nc c th cao n 8 9 mg/l.

Kt qu nghin cu cho thy khi hm lng flo t 2 mg/l lm en rng. Nu s dng thng xuyn ngun nc c hm lng Flo cao hn 4 mg/l c th lm mc xng. Flo khng c biu hin gy ung th. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh hm lng flo trong khong 0,7 1,5 mg/l.

25. Xyanua
Xyanua c mt trong ngun nc do nhim t cc loi nc thi ngnh nha, xi m, luyn kim, ha cht, si tng hp. Xyanua rt c, thng tn cng cc c quan nh phi, da, ng tiu ha. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng xuanua nh hn 0,07 mg/l.

26. Coliform
Vi khun Coliform (ph bin l Escherichia Coli) thng c trong h tiu ha ca ngi. S pht hin vi khun Coli cho thy ngun nc c du hiu nhim. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng E. Coliform bng 0. Ring Coliform tng s trong nc sch c cho php 50 vi khun / 100 ml.

Phn 3 Kt lun

Qua qu trnh thc hin bo co,nhm rt ra c nhiu vn quan tm trong nc gii kht nh cc lai ng ha hc trong nc gii kht cng nh benzeoat v CO2 c mt trong sn phm ny.

Nc gii kht l mt s la chn nhanh chng trong x hi hin i. Tuy nhin ng qu lm dng cc sn phm ny. Vi nhng phn trnh by trn,mong cc nh u t sn xut thc hin nhm em li mt sn phm tt cht lng v an tan khng ch cho ngi Vit m cn c cc quc gia. Bn cnh li khuyn y bi bo co ca nhm gp phn vo vc chia s mt phn kin thc trong sn phm nc gii kht. Nhng do thi gian cn hn ch v kin thc cn hn hp nn vic mc li l khng th trnh khi mong cc c gi b qua cho.

Ti liu tham kho: _TCVN 5042: 1994. _V nhiu ngun khc trn internet.