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If you prefer the old one, click here. Have any thoughts? Leave us your feedback. inShare Embed Doc Copy Link Readcast Collections Comments Download Non-Ideal RF Front-End Models in 60 GHz Systems 83 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 generated phase-noisephase-noise model AWGNFFTtime f freqfreqIFFTtimePhase-noiseFrequency offset [Hz] P h a s e - n o i s e [ d B c / H z ] Figure 3.15 Time-domain phase-noise generation from the modelled phase-noise spec-tral densi ty. -

1 0.500.51 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.200.20.40.60.81 Q u a d r a In-Phase

t u r e

After phase-noiseBefore phase-noise Figure 3.16 Constellations of 16-QAM modulated signals before and after sufferingfrom phase noises. 84 60GHz Technology for Gbps WLAN and WPAN 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.200.20.40.60.81 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.200.20.40.60.81quantized outputinputquantization noiseInput Q u a n t i z e d o u t p u t , Q u a n t i t i o n n o i s e Figure 3.17 Quantized output and quantization noise of an analog-to-digital converter. wireless systems. In this section a brief introduction to the quantization inADCs is provided.Suppose that N is the number of bits in the ADC and V ref is the maximumreference voltage swing limited by ADC clipping. Figure 3.17 quantizedoutput and quantization noise for an ADC. The quantization error ven by e q = ?

z a

noise

shows is gi

2 , (3.26)where the quantization level, ? , is ? = V ref 2 N . (3.27)If an input signal is a zero-mean random variable, then average quantizati on noisepower, e 2 rms , can be expressed as e 2 rms = ? T/ 2 T/ 2 e 2 d t = ? T/ 2 T/ 2 ? 2 ? t T ? 2 d t = ? 2 12 . (3.28)In this sense, the peak signal power is given by P xPK = 2 2 (N

1 ) ? 2 . (3.29) Non-Ideal RF Front-End Models in 60 GHz Systems 85 The average signal power is P AVG = P xPK ? = 2 2 (N 1 ) ? 2 ?, (3.30)where ? is peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) de?ned in the Section 3.2.4. Thisyields th e average signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) of an ADC: SQNR AVG = P AVG s 2 e = 3 ( 2 2 N )? = 6 . 02 N + 4 . 77 10log 10 (?). (3.31)If the input signal is ideal sinusoidal, giving a PAPR of 2, this equation

becomes6 . 02 N + 1 . 76[dB], which is known as the maximum SQNR of an ideal ADC.Higher PAPR results i n lower SQNR, therefore it is necessary to have a largernumber of bits in the ca se of a higher PAPR input signal in order to avoid SQNRdegradation. This analysi s also implies that 6dB SNQR improvement is obtainedby an additional bit of reso lution in an ADC. The ADC requirements in terms of number of bits and clipping l evel are determined by SNR requirements given by theinput signals. Figure 3.18 s hows the output SNR after ADCs with different numberof bits. The simulation was done with SC 16-QAM transmission through 60GHzline-of-sight (LOS) of?ce channel, CM3 (See Chapter 2). At low input SNR, thetotal output noise is largely dominat ed by channel noise and almost independentof the number of bits in an ADC. On th e other hand, in the case of high inputSNR, the output SNR is severely limited b y quantization noise and improves with 810121416182022242681012141618202224263-bits4-bits5-bits6-bitsInput SNR [dB] O u t p u t S N R f r o m A D C [ d B ] single carrier 16-QAM60-GHz channel Figure 3.18 Output SNR after analog-to-digital converters with different numberof bits. 86 60GHz Technology for Gbps WLAN and WPAN increasing number of bits. It can be observed in Figure 3.18 that a 4-bit ADC is needed to support SC 16-QAM. 3.4.2 I/Q Mismatch I/Q mismatch is de?ned as the imbalances and offsets between the I and Q branche sin quadrature modulators/demodulators as shown in Figure 3.1. I/Q mismatch orig -inates mainly in the limited layout tolerance of active and passive elements in RFtransceivers. This problem is particularly serious in a direct-conversion tra nsceiverbecause its quadrature modulation/demodulation frequency is much higher thanthat of a super-heterodyne transceiver. In designing mobile 60GHz devices wh erea direct-conversion transceiver is most likely used, it is important to inclu de I/Qmismatch in any system simulation for precise performance evaluation.The I /Q mismatch can be divided into two parameters: gain mismatch ( e ) andphase mismatch ( ?? ). The complex baseband output signals, y(t) , suffering fromsuch I/Q mismatch can be expressed as y(t) = (cos( ?f) + j e sin( ?f)) x(t) + (e

cos( ?f) jsin( ?f)) x * (t), where x(t) is input signal and x * is the complex conjugate of x . 1 0.500.51 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.200.20.40.60.81 Q u a d r a t u r e In-PhaseI/Q mismatch After I/QBefore I/Q Figure 3.19 Constellations for 16-QAM signals before and after I/Q mismatch. Non-Ideal RF Front-End Models in 60 GHz Systems 87 Figure 3.19 shows the constellations of 16-QAM signals before and after sufferin gfrom I/Q mismatch for a gain imbalance of 1dB and a phase imbalance of 5 ? inI/Q branch. References [1] Reynolds, S.K., Floyd, B., Pfeiffer, U., Beukema, T., Grzyb, J., Haymes, C., Gaucher, B. andSoyuer, M. (2006) A silicon 60GHz receiver and transmitter chips et for broadband commu-nications. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits , 41 (12), 2820 2831.[2] Gilbert, J.M., Doan, C.H., Emami, S. and Shung, C.B. (2008) A 4-Gbps uncompressed wirelessHD A/V transceiver chipset, IEEE Micro , 28 (2), 56 64.[3] Choi, C.-S., Grass, E., Herzel, F., Piz, M., Schmalz, K., Sun, Y., et al. (2008) 60GHz OFDMhardware demonstrators in SiGe BiCMOS: state-of-the-art and future development. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication s

, Cannes,September.[4] Pinel, S., Sarkar, S., Sen, P., Perumana, B., Yeh, D., Da wn D. and Laskar, J. (2008) A90nm CMOS 60GHz radio. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference , San Fran-cisco, February.[5] Tomkins, A., Aroca, R.A., Yamamoto, T., Nicolson, S.T., Doi, Y. and Voinigescu, S.P. (2008)A zero-IF 60GHz transceiver in 65-nm C MOS with > 3.5-Gbps links. IEEE CustomIntegrated Circuits Conference , San Jose, CA, September.[6] IEEE 802.15.3c (2009) Part 15.3: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Speci?c ation for High Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs): Amendment 2: Millim eter-wave based Alternative Physical Layer Extension .[7] Glisic, S., Sun, Y., Herzel, F., Winkler, W., Piz, M., Grass, E., Scheytt, C. (2008) A fullyintegrated 60GHz transmitter front-end with a PLL, an image rej ection ?lter and a PA inSiGe. European Solid-State Circuits Conference , Edinburgh, September.[8] Saleh, A.A.M. (1981) Frequency-independent and freque ncy-dependent nonlinear models of TWT ampli?ers. IEEE Transactions on Communications , 29 , 1715 1720.[9] Rapp, C. (1991) Effects of HPA-nonlinearity on a 4-DPSK/OFDM-signa l for a digitial soundbroadcasting system. European Conference on Satellite Communications , Li`ege, October.[10] Choi, C.-S., Shoji, Y., Harada, H., Funada, R., Kato, S., Maruhashi, K. and Toyoda, I. (2006)RF impairment models for 60GHz band system s imulation. IEEE 802.15 06 0396 01 003c,IEEE 802.15.3c, 2006.[11] Choi, C.-S., Piz, M. an d Grass, E. (2009) Performance evaluation of Gbps OFDM PHY layersfor 60-GHz wire less LAN applications. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications , Tokyo, September.[12] Osmany, S.A., Herzel, F., Schmalz, K. and Winkler, W. (2 007) Phase noise and jitter modelingfor fractional-N PLLs. Advanced Radio Science , 4 , 313 320.[13] Herzel, F. and Piz, M. (2005) System-level simulation of noisy phas e-locked loop. EuropeanGallium Arsenide and Other Compound Semiconductors Symposium , Paris, October. Leave a Comment Submit Characters: 400 3.4.1 Quantization Noise in Data Converters for 0470747706GbpsWLAN Download or Print 522 Reads Saurav Bhasin Uploaded by Saurav Bhasin TIP Press Ctrl-F to quickly search anywhere in the document. Sections References 2.2 Modeling Approach and Classi?cation of Channel Model 2.3 Channel Characterization 2.3.1 Large-Scale Channel Characterization 2.3.2 Small-Scale Channel Characterization 2.3.3 Polarization 2.4 Industry Standard Channel Models 2.4.1 IEEE 802.15.3c

2.4.2 IEEE 802.11ad 2.5 Summary 3.1 RF Front-End Architecture 3.1.1 Super-Heterodyne Architecture 3.1.2 Direct-Conversion Architecture 3.1.3 Low-IF Architecture 3.2 Nonlinear Power Ampli?er 3.2.1 Tradeoff Between Linearity and Ef?ciency 3.2.2 Nonlinearity Modeling 3.2.3 Behavioral Models 3.2.4 Output Backoff Versus Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 3.2.5 Impact of Nonlinear Power Ampli?er 3.3 Phase Noise from Oscillators 3.3.1 Modeling of Phase Noise in Phase-Locked Loops 3.3.2 Behavioral Modeling for Phase Noise in Phase-Locked Loops 3.4 Other RF Non-Idealities 3.4.1 Quantization Noise in Data Converters 3.4.2 I/Q Mismatch Antenna Array Beamforming in 60GHz 4.1 Introduction 4.2 60GHz Channel Characteristics 4.2.1 Path Loss and Oxygen Absorption 4.2.2 Multipath Fading 4.3 Antenna Array Beamforming 4.3.1 Training for Adaptive Antenna Arrays 4.3.2 Training for Switched Antenna Arrays 4.3.3 Channel Access in 60GHz Wireless Networks 4.4 Summary Baseband Modulation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 OFDM Baseband Modulation 5.2.1 Principles of OFDM 5.2.2 OFDM Design Considerations 5.3 Case Study: IEEE 802.15.3c Audio Video OFDM 5.3.1 Uncompressed Video Communications 5.3.2 Equal and Unequal Error Protection 5.3.3 Bit Interleaving and Multiplexing 5.3.4 AV OFDM Modulation 5.4 SC with Frequency-Domain Equalization 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 Case Study: IEEE 802.15.3c SC PHY 5.5 SC Transceiver Design and System Aspects 5.5.1 Transmit and Receive Architecture 5.5.2 SC with Frequency-Domain Equalization 5.6 Digital Baseband Processing 5.6.1 Burst Detection and Rough Timing/CFO Acquisition 5.6.4 Time-Domain Equalization, Despreading and Tracking 60GHz Radio Implementation in Silicon 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of Semiconductor Technologies for 60GHz Radios 6.3 60GHz Front-End Components 6.3.1 60GHz LNAs in SiGe and CMOS 6.3.2 60GHz PAs in SiGe and CMOS 6.3.3 Process Variability in Silicon Millimeter-Wave Designs 6.4 Frequency Synthesis and Radio Architectures 6.5 Radio Baseband Interface 6.5.1 ADCs and DACs for Wide Bandwidth Signals Hardware Implementation for Single Carrier Systems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Advantages and Challenges of SC Systems

7.3 System Design with Non-Coherent Detection2 7.4 System Design with Differentially Coherent Detection3 7.5 Test and Evaluation4 7.7 Conclusion 8.1 OFDM Physical Layer Implemented on FPGA 8.1.1 Designed OFDM Physical Layer 8.2 OFDM Baseband Receiver Architecture 8.2.1 Receiver Front-End 8.2.2 Receiver Back-End 8.3 OFDM Baseband Transmitter Architecture 8.4 60GHz Link Demonstration 8.4.1 60GHz OFDM Demonstrator Architecture 8.4.2 Wireless Link Demonstration with 60GHz Radio 8.5.1 Channel Plan and RF Transceiver 8.5.2 Next-Generation Multi-Gbps OFDM Physical Layers Medium Access Control Design 9.1 Design Issues in the Use of Directional Antennas 9.2 IEEE 802.15.3c MAC for 60GHz 9.2.1 Neighbor Discovery 9.2.2 Aggregation and Block-ACK 9.3 Design Considerations for Supporting Uncompressed Video 9.3.1 Pixel Partitioning 9.3.2 Uncompressed Video ARQ 9.3.3 Unequal Error Protection 9.3.4 Error Concealment 9.4 Performance Study 9.4.1 Effect of UEP and EEP 9.4.2 Stability of UEP 9.4.3 VQM Scores 9.5 Conclusions and Future Directions Remaining Challenges and Future Directions Index 298 p. 0470747706GbpsWLAN Upload a Document Search Documents Follow Us! scribd.com/scribd twitter.com/scribd facebook.com/scribd About Press Blog Partners Scribd 101 Web Stuff Support FAQ Developers / API Jobs Terms Copyright Privacy Copyright 2012 Scribd Inc. Language: English