Near Field Communication

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

The current state of the consumer electronics can be characterized by moving from a single purpose device to a multifunctional device and by moving from isolated devices to a networked device. In this last respect, it is important that people are not faced with the complexities of setting up network connections between devices explicitly. Cumbersome network settings can be possibly dealt with in the computer world but certainly not in the consumer electronics world. This is the origin of the Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1) protocol. The protocol is targeted towards the consumer electronics users that will be able to use the secure means of communication between various devices without exerting much intellectual effort in configuring their network. The concept is strikingly simple: in order to make two devices communicate, bring them together or touch them to each other. This will engage the NFCIP-1 wireless devices interfaces between the devices and configure them to link up in a peer-to-peer network. The devices can also set up communication for longer range and faster protocols like Bluetooth or Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) once the configuration data has been exchanged using NFC. Near Field Communication (NFC) is a new, short-range wireless connectivity technology that evolved from a combination of existing contactless identification and interconnection technologies. Products with built-in NFC will dramatically simplify the way consumer devices interact with one another, helping people speed connections, receive and share information and even make fast and secure payments.

Operating at 13.56 MHz and transferring data at up to 424 Kbits/second, NFC provides intuitive, simple, and safe communication between electronic devices. NFC is both a read and write technology. Communication between two NFC-compatible devices occurs when they are brought within four centimeters of one another: a simple
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wave or touch can establish an NFC connection which is then compatible with other known wireless technologies such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. The underlying layers of NFC technology follow ISO, ECMA, and ETSI standards. Because the transmission range is so short, NFCenabled transactions are inherently secure. Also, physical proximity of the device to the reader gives users the reassurance of being in control of the process. NFC can be used with a variety of devices, from mobile phones that enable payment or transfer information to digital cameras that send their photos to a TV set with just a touch. The possibilities are endless, and NFC is sure to take the complexities out of todays increasingly sophisticated consumer devices and make them simpler to use.

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a standard-based, short-range wireless connectivity technology that enables simple and safe two-way interactions among electronic devices, allowing consumers to perform contactless transactions, access digital content and connect devices with a single touch.

Contact less smart cards and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) System are already widely spread in different industries and get even more and more important, as we can read in the news every day. These systems are a combination of a read/write device for a smart card and a transponder. There is always a clear functional separation between these two items. Often this kind of system architecture is not very helpful and causes limitations.

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CHAPTER 2: WHAT IS NFC?

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless connectivity standard (Ecma-340, ISO/IEC 18092) that uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between devices when they're touched together, or brought within a few centimeters of each other. Jointly developed by Philips and Sony, the standard specifies a way for the devices to establish a peer-to-peer (P2P) network to exchange data. After the P2P network has been configured, another wireless communication technology, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, can be used for longer range communication or for transferring larger amounts of data. Near Field Communication (NFC) technology evolved from a combination of contactless identification and interconnection technologies. NFC operates in the 13.56 MHz frequency range, over a typical distance of a few centimeters. The underlying layers of NFC technology are ISO, ECMA, and ETSI standards.

NFC (Near Field Communication) is for very short range two-way wireless connectivity, and is a short-range radio frequency (RF) technology that allows a reader to read small amounts of data from other devices or tags when brought next to each other. In this solution, the reading distance is a few centimeters. NFC technology evolved from a combination of contactless identification or RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and interconnection technologies. Touch-based interactions offer mobile phone users an intuitive and easy way to connect, collect and share with more devices.

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2.1 HOW DOES NFC WORKS?

NFC is based on contactless and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) solutions, which consist of a tag and a reader. The reader, when activated, emits a short-range radio signal that powers up a microchip on the tag, and allows for reading a small amount of data that can be stored on the tag. NFC is different from other contactless or RFID technologies in that it has a very short operating distance and also allows two devices to interconnect. The effective distance of an NFC solution depends on the tag design and the reader, but is only a few centimeters in NFC solutions. NFC integrates read/write devices and the transponder in one integrated circuit. By software the different functions of this chip can be controlled and activated. In combination with mobile devices like PDAs or handsets. NFC, either acts as a reader/writer device or as a RFID-Tag, simulated thru the transponder. This is a very interesting combination, especially for mobile applications. The high flexibility of NFC but also the integration into portable devices by manufacturers likes Nokia and Samsung.

2.2 ABOUT NFC

NFC technology is supported by all leading mobile device manufacturers and is compatible with millions of contactless cards already in use worldwide. NFC also simplifies setup of longer-range wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. With an NFC enabled mobile device, its user can easily access services or operate his/her device functions, e.g. different connectivity options. The user just needs to touch a tag or share information or an object by bringing two devices close to each other. When the user touches the tag, his/her device reads the content of the tag and executes it into action. The user only accepts the execution, e.g. opening a web page, calling a favorite number, or sending an SMS. Similarly, by touching an enabled device such as a TV, the mobile device can send a picture to it simply as a result of the touch.

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Here are some examples of how NFC can be used:

You could take pictures with a cell phone with a built in camera, and touch an enabled computer or television set to transmit the images for display; You could download applications or games to a handheld device by touching the computer;

In conjunction with another wireless technology, you could transfer large files between two devices, such as a laptop and a desktop, simply by touching the two together

2.3 NFC BENEFITS

NFC gets an emerging technology, which will have a dramatic impact on mobile systems. The Near Field Communication technology evolved from a combination of contactless identification (RFID) and interconnection technologies.

Improved usability and a better user experience Easy access to services and content from physical objects Access Control and Ticketing Convenient sharing of digital items between devices by bringing them next to each other Local payment and ticketing capabilities.

2.4 The STAGE

Lets start off with some examples of use of devices that support NFC to illustrate the concept better within the intended use framework. The examples presented here are for direct transfer of data between devices and setting up of communication between devices in conjunction with another wireless protocol.

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Transfer of content.
Lets say you went somewhere on a trip and you took lots of pictures with your PDA with a built-in camera and you want to show them to your friends on a big screen TV.

We take a picture and show it on the TV by touching the hot spot of the TV with the PDA.

Lets say you want to see the world from the point of view of our Aibo here:

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Here is the Aibo: And here is what it sees

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Lets take another example. If you have a PC and a mobile phone equipped with NFC, you can easily download a new game from a website directly onto this mobile phone.

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And this same principle will work for any sort of data transfer between two pieces of equipment when they support NFC. There is no need to set up communication manually provided that the applications are capable of handling the communication. This opens countless possibilities for content transfer and management of personal data stored within different types of consumer electronics equipment.

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CHAPTER 3: SET UP OF COMMUNICATION FOR OTHER

PROTOCOLS
Imagine that you would like to transfer a large amount of information between two computers a desktop and a laptop. Lets say you want to transfer a presentation file. Using NFC may be slow and we want to use something with more bandwidth. Lets say for this example we use Bluetooth. Now, to set up Bluetooth communication between two computers we would need to set it up manually with a password to protect the communication. Using NFC we can set up this communication by simply touching the two computers.

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The same procedure can be used to establish a wireless (Bluetooth, WI-Fi etc.) link between two pieces of computer or consumer electronics equipment like TVs, laptop computers, PDAs, mobile phones and so on.

CHAPTER 4: THE PROTOCOL

The protocol is based on a wireless interface. There are always two participating parties to the communication; hence the protocol is also known as peer-to-peer communication protocol. The protocol is designed to establish wireless network connections between computer peripherals and consumer electronic. The interfaces operate in the unregulated RF band of 13.56 MHz this means that no restrictions are applied and no licenses are required for the use of this RF band. Of course, each country imposes certain limitations on the electromagnetic emissions in this RF band. The limitations mean that in practice the distance at which the devices can connect to each other is restricted and this distance may vary from country to country. Generally speaking, we consider the operating distances of 0~20 cm. As is often the case with the devices sharing a single RF band, the communication is half-duplex. The devices implement the listen before talk policy any device must first listen on the carrier and start transmitting a signal only if no other device can be detected
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transmitting. NFC protocol distinguishes between the Initiator and the Target of the communication. Any device may be either an Initiator or a Target. The Initiator, as follows from the name, is the device that initiates and controls the exchange of data. The Target is the device that answers the request from the Initiator.

NFC protocol distinguishes between the Initiator and the Target of the communication. Any device may be either an Initiator or a Target. The Initiator, as follows from the name, is the device that initiates and controls the exchange of data. The Target is the device that answers the request from the Initiator. NFC protocol also distinguishes between two modes of operation: Active mode and Passive mode. All devices support both communication modes. The distinction is as follows: 1. In the Active mode of communication both devices generate their own RF field to carry the data. 2. In the Passive mode of communication only one device generates the RF field while the other device uses load modulation to transfer the data. The protocol specifies that the Initiator is the device responsible to generate the RF field. The application chooses the initial communication speed from the set of 106, 212 and 424 Kbit/s. Subsequently the application and/or the communication environment may require speed adaptation, which can be done during communication. NFCIP-1 uses different modulation and bit encoding schemes depending on the speed. While establishing the communication, the Initiator starts the communication in a particular mode at a particular speed. The Target determines the current speed and the associated low-level protocol automatically and answers accordingly. The communication is terminated either on the command from the application or when devices move out of range.

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CHAPTER 5: UNIQUE FEATURES

What makes the communication between the devices so easy is that the NFC protocol provides some features not found in other general-purpose protocols. First of all, it is a very short-range protocol. It supports communication at distances measured in centimeters. The devices have to be literally almost touched to establish the link between them. This has two important consequences: (1) The devices can rely on the protocol to be inherently secured since the devices must be placed very close to each other. It is easy to control whether the two devices communicate by simply placing them next to each other or keeping them apart. (2) The procedure of establishing the protocol is inherently familiar to people: you want something to communicate touch it. This allows for the establishment of the network connection between the devices be completely automated and happen in a transparent manner. The whole process feels then like if devices recognize each other by touch and connect to each other once touched.

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Another important feature of this protocol is the support for the passive mode of communication. This is very important for the battery-powered devices since they have to place conservation of the energy as the first priority. The protocol allows such a device, like a mobile phone, to operate in a power-saving mode the passive mode of NFC communication. This mode does not require both devices to generate the RF field and allows the complete communication to be powered from one side only. Of course, the device itself will still need to be powered internally but it does not have to waste the battery on powering the RF communication interface. Also, the protocol can be used easily in conjunction with other protocols to select devices and automate connection set-up. As was demonstrated in the examples of use above, the parameters of other wireless protocols can be exchanged allowing for automated set-up of other, longer-range, connections. The difficulty in using long-range protocols like Bluetooth or Wireless Ethernet is in selecting the correct device out of the multitude of devices in the range and providing the right parameters to the connection. Using NFC the whole procedure is simplified to a mere touch of one device to another.

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Near Field Communication Technology or NFC is a short-range wireless technology mainly aimed at usage in mobile phones. It is jointly developed by Sony and NXP. It was approved as an ISO/IEC standard on December 8, 2003. It was approved as an ECMA standard earlier on. On March 18, 2004 Nokia, Sony and NXP formed NFC-forum to advance NFC development. Near Field Communication Technology holds the promise of bringing true mobility to consumer electronics in an intuitive and psychologically comfortable way since the devices can "hand-shake" (talk to each other) only when brought literally into touching distance. A patent licensing program for NFC is currently under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories. So far fourteen mobile network operators, who together represent 40% of the global mobile market back NFC and are working together to develop NFC applications. They are Bouygues Telecom, China Mobile, Cingular Wireless, KPN, Mobilkom Austria, Orange, SFR, SK Telecom, Telefonica Moville Espaa, Telenor, TeliaSonera, Telecom Italia Mobile (TIM), Vodafone and 3. These 14 firms are part of the GSM Association, which represents 700 mobile operators around the world. 2007/02/13: They published a whitepaper on NFC

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5.1 ESSENTIAL SPECIFICATION

Works by magnetic field induction. It operates within the globally available and unregulated RF band of 13.56 MHz Working distance: 0-20 centimeters Speed: 106 Kbit/s, 212 Kbit/s or 424 Kbit/s Passive Communication Mode: The Initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating existing field. In this mode, the Target device may draw its operating power from the Initiator-provided electromagnetic field. Active Communication Mode: Both Initiator and Target device communicate by generating their own field. In this mode, both devices typically need to have a power supply. NFC can be used to configure and initiate other wireless network connections such as Bluetooth, WI-Fi or Ultra-wideband.

5.2 STANDARDS
NFC is an open platform technology standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization-for both passive and active NFC modes. Furthermore, they also define the transport protocol, including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. Air interface for NFC is standardized in: ISO/IEC 18092/ECMA-340 : Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol1(NFCIP-1) ISO/IEC 21481/ECMA-352 : Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2)

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CHAPTER 6: CURRENT TESTING

Cingular Wireless announced in December 2006 that it's teaming with cell phone maker Nokia and financial institutions Citigroup and MasterCard Worldwide to trial new phones that have MasterCard Pay Pass contactless payment capability. The participants in the trial will receive a Nokia handset with "near-field communication" (NFC) technology and the MasterCard Pay Pass payment function built in. Using the phone, trial participants will be able to make purchases wherever MasterCard's Pay Pass is accepted by simply holding their phone near the card reader. The payment is then deducted from the cell phone subscriber's account. This trial is due to last three to six months.

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CHAPTER 7: NFC TECHNOLOGY

7.1 TARGET DEVICES

- NFC in all DVDs, TVs, and cameras

Mobile Business -NFC in the mobile phones.

Consumer Electronics

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Bluetooth configure and initialize And 802.11

Entertainment, logistics and retail

7.2 COMPUTING
- NFC in all laptops, printer

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7.3 TRANSACTION

Payments, Transit, Ticketing, Top-up, Toll-gate, and Access control

SERVICE DISCOVERY

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7.4 CONNECTIVITY
Peer to peer data transfer Device association, setup & configuration

Evolving from a combination of contactless identification and networking technologies, Near Field Communication (NFC) is a wireless connectivity technology that enables convenient short-range communication between electronic devices. NFC offers the ultimate in convenience for connecting all types of consumer devices and enables rapid and easy communications. It is the perfect solution for controlling data in our increasingly complex and connected world. NFC is central to NXP's vision of a world where everyone can always connect to information, entertainment and services - anytime and anywhere. Its intuitive operation makes it particularly easy for consumers to use, while its built-in security makes it ideal for payment and financial applications.

7.5 ADVANTAGES
Acting as a secure gateway to the connected world, tomorrow's NFC-enabled mobile devices will allow consumers to store and access all kinds of personal data - at home or on the move. Simply by bringing two NFC-enabled devices close together, they automatically initiate network communications without requiring the user to configure the setup. NFCenhanced consumer devices can easily exchange and store your personal data - messages, pictures, MP3 files, etc. Delivering ease of use, instant intuitive connectivity, zero

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configurations and smart key access, NFC meets all the needs of today's connected consumer and creates opportunities for new mobile services.

7.6 SMART KEY ACCESS

NFC is fully compatible with both NXP's MIFARE and Sony's Felicia contactless smart card platforms. These proven systems provide a solid foundation for the introduction of NFC-enabled devices. This enables NFC devices, like your mobile phone or PDA, to act as an electronic key to access your home, office, or car, or to pay for - as well as to act as - your transport ticket

CHAPTER 8: USES AND APPLICATIONS

NFC technology is currently mainly aimed at being used with mobile phones. This could mean many new applications and uses for a mobile phone thanks to NFC such as the ability to be used as:

Electronic keys car keys, house/office keys, hotel room keys, etc Electronic money Electronic wallet/smart wallet
Electronic tickets plane tickets, concert/event tickets, other tickets etc

Travel cards Identity documents Mobile commerce

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APPLICATION

NFC applications can be split into four basic categories.

1. Touch and Go
Applications such as access control or transport/event ticketing, where the user only needs to bring the device storing the ticket or access code close to the reader. Also, for simple data capture applications, such as picking up an Internet URL from a smart label on a poster.

2. Touch and Confirm

Applications such as mobile payment where the user has to confirm the interaction by entering a password or just accepting the transaction.

3. Touch and Connect

linking two NFC-enabled devices to enable peer to peer transfer of data such as downloading music, exchanging images or synchronizing address books.

4. Touch and Explore

NFC devices may offer more than one possible function. The consumer will be able to explore a device's capabilities to find out which functionalities and services are offered.

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8.1 PUTTING THE USER IN CONTROL

NFC provides secure storage for your confidential personal data, such as credit card numbers, coupons, membership data or digital rights. And by providing a fast and easy connection between your PC and mobile phone or your TV and PDA, it allows you to easily update and align your appointments or any other data. NFC provides access to information, anywhere and at any time. You can load the departure times of the bus into your mobile device by simply holding it close to the NFC-enabled timetable, or access the latest film news and reviews at the cinema by walking up to an NFC enabled poster. More than just a wireless connection, it's a basic tool that allows you to interact intuitively with our increasingly electronic environment.

CHAPTER 9: NFC TRANSMISSION MODULES

Fully integrated ICs allow for easy integration of NFC functionality into your electronic devices. Equipped with a variety of interfaces, NFC transmission module ICs can easily be linked to other microcontrollers within the system.

9.1 PN511 TRANSMISSION MODULE

The PN511 is a highly integrated transmission module for contactless communication at 13.56 MHz This transmission module utilizes an outstanding modulation and demodulation concept completely integrated for a variety of passive contactless communication methods and protocols at 13.56 MHz It also supports ISO 18092, MIFARE and Felicia reader/writer modes and can act as a contactless smart card in combination with a security controller IC.

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9.2 KEY FEATURES

1. Supports ECMA 340 with transfer speeds up to 424 Kbit/s 2. Supports ISO 14443A, MIFARE and Felicia reader/writer mode can act as a smart card in combination with a security controller IC 3. Hard reset with low power function, software power down mode i. SPI interface up to 5 Mbit/s ii. IC interface up to 400kBit/s iii. serial UART interface to 1.2Mbit/s, framing according to the RS232 interface iv. 8bit parallel interface with Address Latch Enable 4. Host interfaces: 2.5 - 3.3 V power supply

9.3 PN531 SMART TRANSMISSION MODULE

The PN531 IC uses a 80C51 processor with 32 Kbytes ROM and 1 Kbytes RAM. It fully supports ISO 18092, MIFARE and Felicia read/write modes. It can also act as a smart card in combination with a security controller IC. Furthermore the embedded firmware and the internal hardware support the handling and the host protocols for USB 2.0, I2C, SPI and serial UART interfaces.

9.4 KEY FEATURES

1. 80C51 microcontroller core with 32 KB ROM and 1 KB RAM 2. Highly integrated analog circuitry to demodulate and decode card response 3. Buffered output drivers to connect an antenna with minimum number of external components 4. Integrated RF level detector
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5. Integrated card mode detector 6. Integrated hardware and embedded firmware support for: i. ISO 14443A reader/writer mode ii. MIFARE Classic encryption and MIFARE higher baud rate communication up to 424 Kbit/s iii. contactless communication according to the Felicia scheme at 212 Kbit/s and 424 Kbit/s iv. NFC standard ECMA 340: NFC IP-1 interface and protocol 7.Supported host interfaces i. USB 2.0 full speed device ii.SPI interface iii.IC interface 8. 2.5 - 3.3 V power supply

CHAPTER 10: PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS

(Near-field intrabody communication)

As electronic devices become smaller, lower in power requirements, and less expensive, we have begun to adorn our bodies with personal information and communication appliances. Such devices include cellular phones, personal digital assistants (pdas), pocket video games, and pagers. Currently there is no method for these devices to share data. Networking these devices can reduce functional I/O redundancies and allow new conveniences and services. The concept of personal area networks (pans) is presented to demonstrate how electronic devices on and near the human body can exchange digital information by capacitively coupling picoamp currents through the body. A low-frequency carrier (less than 1 megahertz) is used so no energy is propagated, minimizing remote Eavesdropping and interference by neighboring pans. A prototype pan system allows users to exchange electronic business cards by shaking hands We are heading toward an electronic future where information will be accessible at our fingertips, whenever and wherever needed. Some of the computing and communication
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equipment required to provide this intimate and immediate access to information will be incorporated into our attire. Just as a glance at Todays wristwatch saves a trip to the nearest clock, a glance at tomorrows Wristwatch will replace finding a terminal to check e-mail. A person who carries a watch, pager, cellular phone, personal stereo, personal digital assistant (pda), and notebook computer is carrying five displays, three keyboards, two speakers, two microphones, and three communication devices. [1] The duplication of I/O components is in part a result of the inability of the devices to exchange data. With proper networking these devices can share I/O, storage, and computational resources. The ability to share data increases the usefulness of personal information devices, providing features not possible with independent isolated devices. Imagine the following scenario: i am at home preparing for the day and want to find the time of my first meeting. i call out "when is my first meeting?" the microphone in my watch transmits my voice through a series of transponders distributed throughout my house to a voice recognition computer that searches my calendar and sends back a response to a speaker or visual display in my watch. When i leave my house the door senses my departure and sends a data.

CHAPTER 11: NEAR-FIELD COMMUNICATIONS

Could a new technology from the creators of compact discs turn Bluetooth into the wireless equivalent of eight-track tapes? As so often happens, depends on who is talking. Hoping to duplicate their success in the 1980s when Sony and Philips introduced audio compact disc recording technology, the two companies recently unveiled what they have dubbed Near Field Communications (NFC). While Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have a range anywhere between 33 feet and 300 feet, NFC deals in inches -- eight inches, to be precise. NFC "is designed for shorter distances and lighter content," says Karsten Ottenberg, General Manager of Philips Semiconductors' Identification unit.
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11.1 ALL-PURPOSE SMARTCARDS

The companies envision the technology will be used in smartcards to be added to everything from mobile phones to digital cameras to game consoles. An NFC chip would then make these devices ready for e-commerce, digital rights management or ordering online entertainment. "I don't think 'near field' really steps on Bluetooth or Wi-Fi," says Allen Nogee, senior wireless component analyst for In-Stat/MDR. Nogee says he doesn't see NFC "being used to download pictures from digital cameras, or as a WLAN. It's just too slow." At 212 kilobits per second, NFC's data rate is nearer a 55k modem than the 1Mbps or 7Mbps speeds of either Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Both Sony and Philips have 802.11 and Bluetooth products, so they take pains to insist their NFC standard would complement the more established wireless networks. Still, the companies believe there is room for a simple, less-expensive solution.

11.2 COST BECOMES IMPORTANT

John Jackson, an analyst with the Yankee Group, believes with the ever-increasing complexity and cost of adding Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, price could become a major deciding factor for OEMs. NFC reportedly would cost 20 cents per chip. Bluetooth is expected to drop to $4 or $5 per radio. If the promise of affordable chips is realized, NFC technology "could become useful for ecommerce and security applications," says Nogee. Along with affordability, power drain has become of utmost importance to 802.11 and Bluetooth. By using a chip, rather than a battery, NFC hopes to make its mark. As a result, Philips sees NFC enabled devices connecting myriad un-powered items such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags and smartcards.

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NFC could use smart card technology from both Philips and Sony. Visa International uses Philips' Mifare smart card system for credit card and transit card applications. Sony's Felicia is used in transit systems in China, Singapore and Japan. Sony technology is also used as electronic money in Japan. RFID is a postage stamp wireless device used to track vast inventories, monitor delivery routing and even notify shopkeepers when they need to restock items. Analysts see this machine-to-machine communication growing beyond the limited world of people gabbing on cell phones or Wi-Fi networks. Yet, Ottenberg and others are quick to dismiss any notion of NFC being a giant killer. NFC "is designed for shorter distances and lighter content," says the Philips spokesperson.

CHAPTER 12: UNLOCKING E-COMMERCE

Able to inexpensively transfer data between laptops, game consoles, computer peripherals, PDAs and digital cameras, the new technology, proponents say NFC would provide yet another way to put new products and services in front of consumers. Philips says by building smart card features into the NFC chip, a wide variety of consumer electronic devices could use such identification chips, not just intelligent credit cards of pass keys. Nogee questions whether NFC chips can maintain their inexpensive price while containing the horsepower for e-commerce and other services. "These applications typically require a fair bit of processing power, and that can spell higher prices." Although Nogee believes there is always room for more wireless technology, Jackson says introducing a new standard alongside 802.11 and Bluetooth will be an up-hill battle.

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Near Field Communication in a mobile phone makes many day-to-day tasks more convenient for consumers. Based on a short-range wireless connectivity, Near Field Communication is designed for intuitive, simple and safe interaction between electronic devices. NFC communication is enabled by bringing two NFC compatible devices within a few centimeters of one another or for the two devices to literally touch one another. Handsets like the Nokia 6131 NFC change the way consumers interact with devices and services in their surroundings. NFC-based communication between the phone and another device allow consumers to use a phone as travel card, contactless credit card or for loyalty programs.

CHAPTER 13: NOKIA 6131 NFC EXPERIENCE

TOUCH TO CONNECT

With NFC we will be able to pick up information from our environment. NFC allows mobile devices to read information stored in NFC-tags on everyday objects. For example posters, bus stop signs, street

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TOUCH TO PAY

NFC provides for contactless tickets and cards to be held in handsets like the Nokia 6131 NFC. Instead of carrying transport tickets, loyalty and credit cards separately, consumers can choose to store several cards in their NFC-enabled mobile phone. The Nokia 6131 NFC holds a similar functionality found in standard contactless smart cards that are used worldwide in credit cards and tickets for public transit systems. Once an application, for example a credit card, has been securely provisioned to the NFC enabled phone, customers can pay by simply waving their phone at a point-of-sale reader. At the same time the NFC-handset offers enhanced security as each transaction requires a separate user confirmation. For additional convenience a transaction history is easily at hand and consumers can take part in several loyalty programs without sacrificing space in their wallet. Payment and ticketing applications will be stored in a secure element in the NFC device. The secure element is a smart card chip capable of storing multiple applications, e.g. SIM card, secure memory card or an additional embedded smart card chip in the NFC device

TOUCH TO TICKET

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Contactless tickets start a new era for transport and event ticketing with their speed and flexibility. With NFC-enabled mobile phones, consumers can buy tickets, receive them on their handset and then go through fast track turnstiles while others wait. A balance can be checked online or tickets can be updated remotely. Additional information can be made readily available for consumers for instance by bringing an NFC-enabled phone close to a sign with NFC-tag to quickly download a public transport timetable.

NFC TECHNOLOGY

Near Field Communication (NFC) is an evolution of contactless and short range RFID technologies. NFC enables easy and intuitive ways of using mobile phones with touchbased technology operating at a distance of only a few centimeters. NFC is based on pre-existing contactless payment and ticketing standards that are used on a daily basis by millions of people and devices worldwide. Nokia participates actively in developing NFC standards further through the open NFC Forum, where Nokia is a founding member together with Philips and Sony. Nokia aims to create an interoperable environment with other members of the NFC Forum, in which the tags within smart objects and devices can communicate with each other using clearly defined and published interfaces and tag formats. Nokia and Giesecke & Devrient have completed the foundation of a new company called Venyon to provide services to the NFC ecosystem to manage over-the-air (OTA) the consumers applications in the NFC devices. The OTA services from Venyon will be open and available for all stakeholders in the NFC ecosystem, including all NFC device vendors.

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CHAPTER 14: CONCLUSION

Near field communication (NFC) is an evolution of contactless and short range RFID technologies.

NFC enables easy and intuitive ways of using mobile phones with touch based technology-operating at a distance of only a few centimeters.

NFC is based on pre-existing contactless payment and ticketing standards that are used on a daily basis by millions of people and devices worldwide.

Department of EEE, VVCE, Mysore

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Near Field Communication

CHAPTER 15: REFERENCES

1. Information technologies- telecommunications and information exchange between systems- Near field communication- interface and protocol (NFCIP-1, ISO/IEC 18092, First Edition.) 2. www.nokia.com/nfc 3. Supporting mobile service usage through physical mobile interaction, IEEE computer. 4. Social networking in mobility through IMS and NFC, near field communication, international workshop.

Department of EEE, VVCE, Mysore

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