Indus Basin Irrigation System

1. Introduction:
The waters of the Indus basin begin in the Himalayan Mountains in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. They flow from the hills through the arid states of Punjab and Sindh, converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi. Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres (110,000 km2) the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world. Pakistans economy is largely based on its agricultural produce. Water is therefore a critical resource for its sustained economic development. In order to fully utilize the river water resources, the IBIS has emerged as the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. The IBIS comprises of three large dams, eighty five small dams, nineteen barrages, twelve inter-river link canals, forty-five canal commands and 0.7 million tube wells in monetary terms, this network is the biggest infrastructure enterprise of Pakistan accounting for approximately US$ 300 billion of investment.

2. History:
Pakistan lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries. British started the barrage irrigation system during 1930s. However, before that the residents of Punjab, Sindh, and Frontier had constructed a number of inundation canals to irrigate their lands. In the Punjab, 38 such canals had been taken out of Sutlej, Indus, and Chenab rivers to irrigate areas around Bari Doab, Multan, Muzaffargarh, and Dera Ghazi Khan. In Sindh, water level of the Indus during summer had always been higher than the surrounding lands, thus, 16 inundation canals in this area had conveniently carried out the irrigation water during past century. However, British Army Engineers undertook construction and improvement of several irrigation canals in the sub-continent. Subsequently, construction works on Bari Doab Canal; Sidhnai Canal,Lower Sohag, Ramnagar Canal, Lower Jhelum Canal, Kabul Canal, and Lower Sawat were completed by the end of l9th century. However, at the time of independence country had 29canals to provide regulated supply to an area of about 11 million hectares, beside an area of about 3.2 million hectares irrigated through inundation canals leading from Indus and its tributaries. These main inundation canals included Upper Sutlej, Lower Sutlej, Shahpur, andChenab in Punjab; whereas, Rohri, Fuleli, Pinyari, and Kalri in Sindh. However, after theconstruction of barrages these canals are no more inundation canals but get regulated water supply and some of them have become perennial while few are nonperennial.

2.1 Indus Waters Treaty:

Indus Waters Treaty which is back bone of existing system. Soon after independence in 1947 a dispute arose between India and Pakistan regarding the sharing of the waters of the Indus Basin Rivers. Pakistan had a lot at stake including irrigation network of about 3.2 Mha of irrigated land depending entirely on the supply
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from three eastern Rivers of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan through good offices of World Bank in 1960. Basic provisions of the Treaty are: Awarding to India right to use water of three eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas and Ravi), whereas water of three western rivers (Chenab, Jhelum and Indus) was left for utilisation by Pakistan. Construction of a system of works in Pakistan popularly known as Indus Basin Project (IBP). This provided for building of two gigantic dams on rivers Jhelum and Indus, construction of barrages and one gated siphon to link the western with eastern rivers through eight inter river link canals. Pakistan is mainly depending on surface water supplies of western rivers and direct precipitation in the northern parts of the country. On the basis of 70 years record it has been calculated that the IRS brings 173 Bm3 annually. Additionally, precipitation over the Indus Plains and Peshawar valley contributes 49 Bm3 out of which 31 Bm3 falls in the Canal Commanded Area.

2.2 Accord on Apportionment of Indus Waters

Realising the need for an early resolution for inter provincial water disputes, Indus Water Apportionment Accord was signed between the provinces in March 1991. Water allocations are shown in Table. ALLOCATION OF INDUS WATERS (Bm3) AS PER 1991-ACCOR
Province Punjab Sindh including urban and industrial uses for Karachi KPK (a) Regular gauged canals (b) Civil un-gauged canals above Indus Rim Station Baluchistan Total Kharif 45.74 41.88 Rabi 23.29 18.29 Total 69.03 60.17

4.29 2.22 3.52 95.44+ 2.22

2.84 1.48 1.26 45.67+ 1.48

7.13 3.70 4.78 141.05+ 3.7

3. Water Resources:
Irrigated agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. The agriculture sector is the major user of water and its consumption will continue to dominate the water requirements. Direct rainfall contributes less than 15 percent of the water supplied to the crops. The major user of water for irrigation is the Indus Basin Irrigation System. About 105 Million Acres Feet (MAF) out of 155 MAF of surface water is being diverted annually for irrigation while around 48 MAF is pumped from groundwater.

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4. Silent Features of IBIS:

Pakistans Indus River Basin System comprises five main rivers, namely the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. These rivers have their origin in the higher altitudes and derive their flows mainly from snow-melt and monsoon rains. Catchment area of Indus is most unique in the sense that it contains seven (7) of the worlds highest peaks after Mount Everest. Among these include the K2 (28,253 ft), Nanga Parbat (26,600 ft), Rakaposhi (25,552 ft) etc.Further to above, seven(7) glaciers situated in the Indus catchment are among the largest in the world.The main tributaries of the system are: Hunza River Nagar River Astor River Balram River Gar River Ghizar River Gilgit River Gumal River Kabul River Panjnad River Shingo River Shigar River Shyok River Suru River Swaan River Tanubal River Zanskar Rive

The main features of the Indus Basin Irrigation system are: 3 Reservoirs 16 Barrages 2 Headworks 12 Inter-link Canals 44 Canal Systems 107,000 Watercourses Canals of the Length 56,073 km 1.6 million km Length of Watercourses 104.7 MAF Average Canal Water Diversions 41.6 MAF Groundwater Abstractions No. of Tubewells: > 550,000 36 million acres Irrigated Area 39.4 MAF Average Escapage to the Sea

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5. Barrages in Pakistan
Before the creation of the country, the areas now included in Pakistan were undergoing developments to build some gigantic and remarkable engineering works. In 1871, the weir across River Ravi was built at the head of Bari Doab canal in Punjab. The building of Khanki headworks was undertaken in 1890-92. The headworks of Rasul on Jhelum River were built in 1901. Between the period 1900-1950 the following were constructed: Marala weir on River Chenab, Balloki headworks on River Ravi and Ferozpur, Sulemanki, Islam and Panjnad on River Sutlej, Trimmu on River Jhelum and Sukkur and Kalabagh on River Indus. Between 1950-52, three barrages were constructed on the Indus River at Kotri, Taunsa and Guddu. Later, as part of the Indus Water Treaty, the following barrages were constructed between 1962-75: Sidhanai on Ravi, Qadirabad and Marala on Chenab and Chashma on Indus.

DAMS AND BARRAGES IN PAKISTAN

5.1 Chashma Barrage:

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Chashma Barrage is located on the Indus River near the village Chashma in Mianwali district. The project was built between 1967 and 1971. It is one of the many major engineering works that form a part of Indus basin treaty of 1960 between India and Pakistan. According to the project reports, 34 villages were displaced with the population of 22,400 people during the mid 60s. The installed capacity of power station is 184MW. Chashma Barrage is the 3rd largest water reservoir of Pakistan. It comprises a large barrage, a water storage reservoir and a series of embankments (serving as flood bounds) which divide the reservoir into five shallow lakes at low water levels. Maximum design discharge of Chashma Barrage is 1176000 cusecs. Its total length is 3556 feet. The barrage has 52 bays and 11 under sluices. Two canal originates from Chashma Barrage.

5.2 Guddu Barrage

Guddu Barrage is constructed near Sukkur in Pakistan. It is a barrage across river Indus. The project was completed in 1962. The maximum flood level height of this barrage is 26ft (8meters). Guddu Barrage supplies water for irrigation to 2.9million acres of agricultural lands in the Districts of Jacobabad, Larkana and Sukkur of Sindh and the Nasirabad District of Balouchistan. The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees. At the time of its construction it has maximum design discharge of 1.2 million cubic feet per second (34,000 m/s). It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock. The barrage has 64 bays, each 60 feet (18 m) wide. The maximum flood level height of Guddu barrage is 26 feet (8 m). The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees. It feeds Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder canals.

5.3 Sukkur Barrage

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Sukkur Barrage was constructed during the British Raj from 1923 to 1932 as the lioyd Barrage to help the alleviated famines caused by the lack of rains. Sukkur Barrage is built across the River Indus near the city of Sukkur. The barrage is useful irrigating more than 5million acres of land. The barrage enables water to flow through what was originally a 6166 mile long network of canals, feeding the largest irrigation system in the world, with more than 5 million acres (20,000 km) of irrigated land. The retaining wall has sixty-six spans, each 60 feet wide; each span has a gate which weighs 50 tons. Sukkur Barrage has the maximum design discharge of 1500000 cusecs. Its total length is 4490 feet. It has 54 Bays with 12 under sluices. Its crest level is 177 S.P.D. Seven canals originate from Sukkur Barage.

5.4 Tounsa Barrage

Taunsa Barrage is located 20 km southeast of Taunsa Sharif city on the Indus river in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Taunsa Barrage was designated a Ramsar site on March 22, 1996. The Taunsa Barrage was completed in 1958, and it has been identified as the barrage with the highest priority for rehabilitation. It requires urgent measures to avoid severe economic and social impacts on the lives of millions of poor farmers through interruption of irrigation on two million acres (8,000 km) and drinking water in the rural areas of southern Punjab, benefiting several million farmers. In 2003, $123 million used to rehabilitate the Taunsa Barrage on the River Indus whose structure had been damaged owing to soil erosions and old-age. The project was designed to ensure irrigation of the cultivated lands in the area of the Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil canals, and through the Taunsa-Panjnad Link Canal that supplements the water supply to Panjnad headworks canals The Design Discharge of Tounsa Barrage is 750000 cusecs. Length of the Barrage is 4346 feet. It has 53 Bays and 12 under sluices. 4 Canals originate from this barrage.

5.5 Kotri Barrage:

The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad provides additional supplies for Karachi. Kotri
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being the major fishing centres - all in the lower Sindh course. But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Located southeast of Karachi, the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. Here the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including pomfret and prawns. Kotri barrage is the last barrage on river indus as after this barrage the indus river goes to Arabian Sea through Delta. Kotri Barrage was completed in 1955. Kotri Barrage has the maximum desin discharge of 750000 cusecs. Barrage has 44 bays. Length of the barrage is 915 metres (3,000 ft). The crest level of Barrage is 48 S.P.D. There are total 4 canals which take off from kotri barrage 1 is from right of canal named as kalri canal while 3 are on the left side of barrage named as linned canal, Fuleli canal and Pinyari canal

5.6 Islam Barrage:

Islam Barrage is a barrage on the River Sutlej in Bahawalpur District of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Islam Barrage is used for irrigation and flood control.

Islam Barrage was completed in 1927. This barrage has the maximum design discharge of 300000 cusecs. The total length of the barrage is 1650 feet Barrage has 24 bays with 4 under sluices. Crest Level of the Islam Barrage is 435.5 S.P.D. Two canals originate from Islam Barrage.

5.7 Marala Barrage:

Marala Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab near the city of Sialkot in Punjab province. Marala weir situated at the confluence of the Chenab and Tawi was constructed in 1910-12 as a part of Triple Canals Project. It supplied water to Upper Chenab Canal of 16500 cusecs
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capacity. It was mainly a feeder canal supplying water to Balloki headworks. In 195456 Marala Ravi Link Canal was constructed to divert 22000 cusecs to the Ravi to be utilized to feed Balloki Suleimanki Link canal No.1. Due to defective pond it was not possible to feed both the canals. As remodeling of the old weir was not possible, it was decided to construct a new barrage about 1200 feet downstream of the old weir and two head regulators for Upper Chenab and Marala Ravi Link. Marala Headworks is a large hydro engineering project and is used to control water flow and flood control in the River Chenab. Head Marala is also a picnic spot, wildlife sanctuary and unprotected wetland. Many people come here and enjoy the landscape and natural beauty. After cutting across the Pir Panjal range, Chanab River enters the Sialkot District in Pakistan where the Marala Barrage was built across the river in 1968. It has a maximum discharge of 1.1 million ft/s (31,000 m/s). The total length of the Marala headworks is 4,472 feet. Marala headworks has 66 Bays and 13 under sluices. Crest Level of the Marala headworks is 800 S.P.D. Two major water channels originate at the Marala headworksthe MaralaRavi Link Canal and the Upper Chenab Canal. Proposals are under consideration to build Mangla Marala Link Canal to overcome any shortage of water in future.

5.8 Panjnad Barrage:

Head Panjnad is a river head in Punjab. Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence of the five rivers of Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad near Uch Sharif. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus continues into the Arabian Sea. A Barrage on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sind provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers. The construction of the barrage completed in 1932 on Chanab River. The barrage has the maximum design capacity of 700000 cusecs. The length of the barrage is 2856 feet. Barrage has 47 no of bays with 5 under sluices on left and 6 on the right side. Crest level of the barrage is 325 S.P.D. Two canals originate from Panjnad Barrage.

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5.9 Qadirabad Barrage:

Qadirabad Headworks is a barrage on the River Chenab in Mandi Bahauddin District of the Punjab province . This Barrage is situated about 20 miles below Khanki Headworks. It receives the supplies brought by Rasul Qadirabad Link.Qadirabad Headworks is used to control water flow in the River Chenab for irrigation and flood control purposes. Qadirabad Barrage was completed in 1967. It has the maximum design discharge of 900000 cusecs. The clear water way including under sluices is 3000 feet and The total length of the barrage is 3,373 feet. Qadirabad Barrage has 50 bays with 5 under sluices. Crest level of the barrage is 684.5 S.P.D. On its left side Qadirabad Balloki Link canal of 18600 cusecs takes off.

5.10 Rasul Barrage:

Rasul Barrage is a barrage on the River Jhelum in Mandi Bahauddin District of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated 72 km downstream of Mangla Dam. It is situated about 3 miles downstream of the old Rasul weir which is now a redundant structure.Rasul Barrage is used to control water flow in the River Jhelum for irrigation and flood control purposes. Water is drived from this point to Chenab River at Qadirabad through Rasul-Qadirabad link canal, then ultimately transferred to Sulemanki Barrage on the Sutlej River. RasulQadirabad link canal has the second largest water discharge capacity after Chashma-Jhelum link canal. It has 538-m/s discharge capacity while ChashmaJhelum link canal has 615-m/s capacity. Rasul Barrage was constructed in 1968 It has a discharge capacity of 24070 cubic meter per second. The barrage is 3209 feet long with 2800 feet of clear water way. Barrage has 42 Bays with 6 under sluices. The crest level of the Barrage is 703 S.P.D.

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 Two canals regulators are provided at the left and right of the barrage, to supply 19000 cusecs to Rasul Qadirabad Link Canal and to supply 3000 cusecs to Lower Jhelum Canal feeder.

5.11 Trimmu Barrage:

Trimmu Barrage is a barrage on the River Chenab in the Jhang District of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated downstream of the confluence of the River Jhelum and River Chenab. It is situated some 25 km from the city of Jhang near the village of Atharan Hazari where the River Jhelum flows into the River Chenab. Trimmu Barrage is used to control water flow in the River Chenab for irrigation and flood control purposes. Trimmu Barrage was constructed in the 1940s primarily as a flood control mechanism to protect the city of Jhang from floods. The barrage has the maximum design discharge of 645000 cusecs. The total length of trimmu barrage is 3025 feet. The barrage has 37 bays with 5 left side under sluices and 6 right side under sluices. Total three canals originate from trimmu barrage.

5.12 Sidhnai Barrage:

It is the last Headworks over Ravi River before its confluence into Chanab River about 15 KM ahead. It is situated about 2 KM from Abdul Hakeem. Sidhnai is the name given to about nine miles long reach of the Ravi which flows within almost straight banks. At the downstream end of this reach Sidhnai Headworks was constructed in 1886 to feed Sidhnai canal system. During the Indus Basin Works this headworks was to feed Sidhnai-Mailsi Link besides Sidhnai Feeder Canal and the Sidhnai canal. It was necessary to construct a new Barrage upstream of the old Sidhnai Headworks. The construction of the Barrage was completed in 1965. The maximum design discharge of the barrage is 167000 cusecs. Discharge higher than this capacity can be passed through a spill channel The barrage as constructed has a length of only 712 feet with 600 feet of clear water-way. Barrage has 15 bays with 4 under sluices.
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 Crest level of the Barrage is 454 S.P.D. Two canals originates from the Sidhnai Barrage

5.13 Sulemanki Barrage:

Sulemanki Headworks is a headworks on the River Sutlej in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Sulemanki Headworks is used for irrigation and flood control.

Barrage was constructed in 1927. It has a maximum design discharge of 309000 cusecs. The total length of the barrage is 2220 feet. Barrage has 24 Bays with 16 under sluices. The crest level of the barrage is 560 S.P.D. Three canals originate from this barrage.

5.14 Jinnah Barrage:

Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1946 on River Indus. Its maximum design discharge is 950,000 cusecs. The total designed withdrawal for canals is 7,500 cusecs. The maximum flood level height of Jinnah Barrage is 28 feet. The barrage has 42 bays, each 60 ft. wide. The length of the left bank is 4,099 ft and that of the right bank is 5,487 ft. One canal originates from Jinnah Barrage.

A low-head hydro power generation project is also planned at Jinnah Barrage costing Rs. 9,882 million which will be spent in 6 years of project duration. A feasibility study conducted with the assistance of ODA indicated the potential for 144 MW project through 16 pit type turbo-generators. WAPDA now envisages 96 MW of installed capacity. 8 units with a gross head of 16 feet will generate
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power.

5.15 Ghazi Barotha Barrage:

The Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project is a major run-of-river power project designed to meet the acute power shortage in Pakistan. The feasibility report was prepared during the first tenure of Nawaz Sharif's administration and the Government of Pakistan entered into an agreement for the financing and construction of the project on 7th March 1996. The main project elements include a barrage located on the Indus River, a power channel (designed to divert water from the barrage) and a power complex. Alternative locations for these elements were evaluated based on technical, economic, environmental and social constraints by an interdisciplinary project team and reviewed by an external environmental and resettlement panel. Initial assessment of five barrage sites identified by the project consultants resulted in two options being selected for detailed evaluation. The preferred option has less storage capacity than the main alternative, but was preferable in terms of environmental impact. The Design Discharge of this Barrage is 500000 cusecs. It is constructed on Indus River and it construction completed in 2004. Length of the Barrage is 170560 feet. It has 20 no of bays with 8 under sluices.

5.16 Mailsi Siphon:

It is located in Mailsi city in Multan region. Mailsi Siphon was constructed by Gamon construction company on 1964 is splendid piece of construction to contol water to manage between Sutlej river and Sindhnai link canal during flood. Mailsi Siphon has a maximum design discharge of 429000 cusecs. The total length of the Mailsi Siphon is 1,601 feet. It has 24 Bays. Crest level of Mailsi Siphon is 415.5 S.P.D.

5.17 Khanki Head Works:

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Khanki Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab in Gujranwala District and in Gujrat District of the Punjab province..Khanki Headworks is used for irrigation and flood control. Khanki controls water distribution over 3 million acres (12,000 km) of agricultural lands by one main distributary, the Lower Chenab Canal, and 59 minor distributaries.

Khanki Headworks was constructed in 1889 and is considered to be the oldest headworks in Pakistan. It has a maximum design discharge of 750000 cusecs. Total length of Khanki Headworks is 4000 feet. Khanki Headworks has 48 bays with 6 under sluices. The crest level of Khanki Headworks is 726.5-727 S.P.D Only one canal Lower Chenab Canal originates from Khanki Headworks.

5.18 Balloki Barrage:

Balloki Headworks is a headworks on the River Ravi in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Balloki Headworks is used for irrigation and flood control.

Balloki Barrage was completed in 1914. The barrage has a maximum design discharge of 140000 cusecs. The total length of the barrage is 1644 feet. Crest level of the barrage is 625.5 S.P.D. Two canals originate from Balloki Barrage.

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6.

Canals System

The construction of most of the link canals is a post-Indus Waters Treaty development. These link canals are ten in number and are constructed to transfer surface flows of Indus and Jhelum to the affected commands of Sutlej and Beas Rivers. Following is the brief description:

6.1 From River Indus:

Chashma-Jhelum (CJ) Link Canal. It is taken out from Chashma Barrage for a design discharge of 615 m3/s (21700 cfs). It feeds Jhelum River downstream Rasul Barrage. Taunsa-Panjnad (TP) Link Canal. It is taken out from Taunsa Barrage for a design discharge of 340 m3/s (12000 cfs). It feeds Chenab River down Trimmu below the confluence of Chenab and Ravi rivers. This water then flows downstream Chenab and joins Sutlej River at Panjnad barrage. Its distribution is then made through Panjnad and Abbasia canals for a total design capacity of 286 m3/s (10100 cfs).

6.2 From River Jhelum:

Upper-Jhelum Canal It is taken out from Mangla for a design discharge of 221 m3/s (7800 cfs). It feeds River Chenab up-stream Khanki Barrage. Rasul-Qadirabad (RQ) Link Canal. It is taken out from Jhelum at Rasul Barrage for a design discharge of 538 m 3/s (19000 cfs). It feeds Chenab upstream Qadirabad Barrage.

6.3 From River Chenab:

Marala-Ravi (MR) Link Canal. It is taken out from Chenab at Marala Barrage for a design discharge of 623 m3/s (22000 cfs) and falls into Ravi above Shahdara. Upper-Chenab (UC) Canal. It is also taken out from Chenab at Marala. It bifurcates into BRBD Link to feed Sutlej by 88 m3/s (3100 cfs) and Upper Chenab to feed Ravi up-stream Balloki by 221 m3/s (7800 cfs). The BRBD Link crosses Ravi Siphon and feeds Central Bari Doab (CBD) and Upper Depalpur (UD) canals. Qadirabad-Balloki (Q.B) Link Canal. It is extension of RQ link to transfer 14500 cfs water to Ravi at Balloki. The Ravi recovers 482 m 3/s (17000 cfs) from Marala Ravi (MR) link canal from Chenab and feeds 74 m 3/s (2600 cfs) to Central Bari Doab (CBD) and 60 m3/s (2100 cfs) to Upper Depalpur. Trimu-Sidhnai (TS) Link. It is taken from Chenab River at Trimmu for a design discharge of 312 m3/s (11000 cfs). It feeds Ravi at Sidhnai Barrage.

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6.4 From River Ravi :

Balloki-Suleimanki (BS) Link. It emanates from Ravi at Balloki with a design discharge of 524 m3/s (18500 cfs) and is divided on the way into BS-I for 453 m3/s (16000 cfs) and BS-II for184 m3/s (6500 cfs). The Lower Depalpur Canal takes off from BS-I for a design discharge of 113 m3/s (4000 cfs) after which BS-I, parallel to BS-II, out falls in the Sutlej River above Suleimanki. Sidhnai-Mailsi- (SM) Link. It passes through Mailsi Siphon downstream Islam Head Works. ANNUAL FLOW THROUGH LINK CANALS (Bm3) NAME CHASHMA-JHELUM (CJ) TAUNSA-PANJNAD (TP) RASUL-QADIRABAD (RQ) MARALA-RAVI (MR) QADIRABAD-BALLOKI (QB) BRBD BALLOKI-SULEIMANKI (BS)I BALLOKI-SULEIMANKI II TRIMU-SIDHNAI (TS) SIDHNAI-MAISI (S-M) 1985-90 KHARIF RABI TOTAL 1.81 2.47 4.28 1.49 0.60 2.10 4.31 4.08 7.00 1.79 7.28 2.42 3.38 3.92 5.95 0.73 6.38 1.00 4.28 0.51 1.95 2.36 10.25 4.81 13.38 12.79 11.56 2.92 5.33 6.28 1990-95 KHARIF RABI TOTAL 1.36 3.58 4.94 0.75 0.59 1.35 5.06 3.95 8.01 1.75 7.89 2.64 3.20 3.95 6.27 0.17 6.71 0.99 4.20 0.53 2.02 2.33 11.33 4.12 14.72 2.74 12.08 3.17 5.22

7.

Irrigation Canals:

Irrigation canals were constructed at different periods in the provinces of KPK, Punjab and Sindh from 1890 onwards. The area served by each canal is called the canal command. There are 44 total canal commands. There are 24 canal commands in the Punjab, 5 in KPK and 15 in Sind/Balochistan. The present diversion capacity of the canals of Pakistan is 258,600 cusecs. These canals can pass 11.69 million cubic feet per year. Due to insufficiency of water in rivers during winter months, the total cultivable commanded area (CCA) could not be served. Thus some portion of the area was planned to be served by ever flowing canals called perennial, and another portion was served only during summer (Kharif) season, called non perennial. In the selection of perennial and non perennial areas besides the insufficiency of river water many other factors particularly the nature of soil formation, depth of groundwater, surface salinity etc. were kept in view. The perennial and non-perennial areas served by these canals are 22 and 11.5 million acres respectively. In KPK the full CCA is perennial. In the Punjab out of 20.3 m.ac of CCA, 12.5 m.ac. are perennial and 7.8 m.ac receive non-perennial supplies. Similar in Sind/Balochistan with total CCA 13.5 m.ac, only 7.6 m.ac get perennial and 5.9 m.ac non-perennial
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supplies. Total Gross Commanded Area (GCA) of all the canals is 39.12 m.ac whereas the Cultureable Commanded Area (CCA) is 34.69 m.ac.

8. Distributaries and Minors

A typical canal system constitutes a barrage or a weir constructed in a river to divert river water into a canal. At a suitable point the canal is split up into branches. Both the main canal and the branches are not provided with an arrangement to distribute water for agricultural purposes. Distributaries are small canals which provide water for agriculture. Very small distributaries are called Minors. These posses means to supply water through structures called water-courses. The main canal and the branches have some sort of control to limit the distribution of water into the distributaries and minors. There is generally no control on these channels. When a proper quantity of water enters the head of these channels it is distributed to each outlet automatically according to its capacity. Automatic working of a distributary without a manual control requires that it be so designed and worked that at all times and at each point it will just carry as its full supply a discharge sufficient to supply all the outlets below that point so that when the proper quantity enters the head all the watercourses should just run their calculated allowance with no surplus at the tail of the distributary.

9. Watercourses
Watercourses carry water from the distributaries and minors to the fields. There are 107,000 watercourses in the irrigation system with an estimated length of 1.6 million Km. About 100,000 watercourses are in the canal irrigated areas. The largest percentage losses in the irrigation system occur below the level of canals on watercourses and fields. The lining of watercourses therefore is very important in conserving water especially in saline water areas. It is estimated that 15,500 watercourses are lined. An overview of Pakistans irrigation system has already been discussed above. This system is managed as per table 5below.

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SALIENT FEATURES OF OFF-TAKING CANALS FROM THE BARRAGES IN PAKISTAN S.No Barrage Names Amandra Munda Warsak Year of Area Rivers Completion Irrigated Canals 2 of Barrage in Km Above Rim Station
Swat Swat Kabul 1915 1885 /1917 1890 / 1962 1,557 1. Upper Swat Canal 1. Lower Swat Canal Warsak Canal (L&R) 2. Kabul River Canal

Year of Completion

Discharge at Head (cusecs)

96 55 14 13

1 2 3

1915 1885 1962 1890

Below Rim Station 4 5 Jinnah Chashma

Indus Indus 1947 1971 26,900 28,317 1. Thal Canal Chashma Jhelum Link 2. CRBC/Peharpur Taunsa Punjnad Link Muzaffargarh Canal 3. D.G. Khan Canal Ghotki Feeder 2a. Desert Pat Feeder 2b. Pat Feeder Canal 3. Begari Feeder Nara Canal Khairpur East Canal Rohri Canal Khairpur West Canal North West Canal 6. Rice Canal 4 Rice Canal Akram Wah (Link Canal) 1949 1970 1970 1959 1959 1962 1962 1962 1962 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1955 1955 1955 1955 311 614 142 340 235 249 241 365 235 439 379 76 317 54 144 289 91 116 391 408 255

Taunsa

Indus

1959

21,237

Guddu

Indus

1962

25,485

Sukkur

Indus

1932

42,475

Kotri

Indus

1954

25,485

Fuleli Canal Pinyari Canal 4. Kalri Canal

17

Nauman Raza

(2008-Civil-107)

10

Rasul

Jhelum

1967

24,069

Rasul- Qadirabad Link Lower Jhelum Canal LJC Feeder 4. Rasul Power Canal Marala Ravi Link

1967 1901

538 150 154 101

11 12 13

Marala Khanki

1956 1912 1892 1967 1965 1939 1939 1954 1913 1965 1965 1886 1927 1927 1927 1927 1927 1335 1338 2002

623 467 326 527 311 183 77 524 198 286 110 127 139 95 169 132 213 231 65 132

Chenab Chenab

1968 1892 1967

31,148 29,732 25,485

Qadirabad Chenab

2. Upper Chenab Canal 1. Lower Chenab Canal 1. Qadirabad Balloki Link and LCC Feeder Trimmu Sidhnai Link Haveli Canal 3. Rangpur Canal Balloki Sulemanki Link

14

Trimmu

Chenab

1939

18,406

15

Balloki

Ravi

1965

63,712

2. Lower Bari Doab Canal Sidhnai Mailsi Link

16

Sidhnai (New)

Ravi

1965

4,709

Mailsi Bahawal Link 3. Sidhnai Canal Eastern Sadiqia Canal Fodwah Canal 3. Upper Pakpattan Canal

17

Sulemanki

Sutlej

1928

9,911

18 19

Islam Punjnad Ghazi Barrage

Sutlej

1928

10,987

U & L Bahawal Canal 2. Qaim Canal Punjnad Canal

Chenab

1932

Abbasia Canal 1. Ghazi Bhotha Power Channel

20

Indus

2002

18

Nauman Raza

(2008-Civil-107)