Chng 5. HIDROCACBON NO A.

L THUYT ANKAN
I. NG NG, NG PHN, DANH PHP: 1. Dy ng ng ankan: - Ankan (hay parafin) l nhng hidrocabon no khng c mch vng. - CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10lp thnh dy ng ng ankan (hay parafin). - CTC: CnH2n+2 (n 1) 2. ng phn: Ankan t C4H10 tr ln mi c ng phn mch cacbon VD: Vit CTCT cc ng phn ca ankan C4H10,C5H12 *C4H10: CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH3 - CH(CH3)CH3 *C5H12: CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH3 - CH(CH3)CH2 - CH3 CH3 - C(CH3)2CH3 * Cc nguyn t cacbon trong phn t ankan (tr C2H6) khng cng nm trn mt ng thng *Bc ca cacbon: Bc ca mt nguyn t C phn t ankan bng s nguyn t cacbon lin kt trc tip vi n. C C I II III IV C C C C C C 3. Danh php: a) Ankan khng phn nhnh Mch cacbon chnh 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 8C 9C 10C Cch c met et prop but pent hex hept oct non dec -H CnH2n + 2 CnH2n+1 Ankan gc ankyl Tn ankan = tn mch cacbon chnh + an Tn gc ankyl = tn mch cacbon chnh + yl b) Ankan phn nhnh: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch chnh + an * Cch gi tn: - Chn mch cacbon di nht v c nhiu nhnh hn lm mch chnh. - nh s th t cacbon mch chnh bt t pha gn nhnh hn. - Gi tn: s ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch chnh + an. VD: CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)2: 2-mtyl pentan * Ch : - Nu c nhiu nhnh ging nhau ta thm tip u ng: i (2 nhnh), tri (3 nhnh), tetra (4 nhnh), trc tn nhnh - Nu c halogen th u tin gi halogen trc - Nu c nhiu nhnh ankyl khc nhau ta gi theo trnh t: a,b,c VD: CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3 : 2,3-imtyl pentan CH3CH(CH3)CH(C2H5)CH2CH3: 3-tyl-2-mtyl petan II- TNH CHT VT L - Nhit nng chy, nhit si v khi lng ring ca ankan tng theo khi lng phn t. -Trng thi: iu kin thng,cc ankan: + T C1 n C4 trng thi kh + T C5 n khong C17 trng thi lng + T C18 tr ln trng thi rn - Ankan nh hn nc, khng tan tan nc. III. TNH CHT HA HC: Khi un nng hay chiu sng, cc ankan d tham gia cc phn ng th, phn ng tch hidro v phn ng chy. 1. Phn ng th ca halogen (phn ng halogen ha): *Th clo vo metan: clo c th thay th ln lt tng nguyn t H trong phn t metan.
as CH 4 + Cl2 CH3 Cl

+ HCl

Clometan(metyl clorua)

Chng 5. HIDROCACBON NO
as CH 3Cl + Cl2 CH 2Cl 2 + HCl Diclometan (metylen clorua) as CH 2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl 3 +HCl Triclometan (clorofom) as CHCl3 + Cl 2 CCl 4 + HCl Tetraclometa(cacbon tetraclorua) *Th clo vo cc ankan khc: Th d:

CH3 -CH2 -CH3 + Cl ask t 2

CH 2 ClCHCH2 CH3 +H3HCl CH 3 Cl CH + Cl (

spc ( spp )

Nhn xt: Nguyn t hidro lin kt vi nguyn t cacbon bc cao hn d b th hn nguyn t hidro lin kt vi nguyn t cacbon bc thp hn. 2. Phn ng tch: ( gy lin kt C-C v C-H).
500 C ,xt CH 3 - CH 3 CH 2 = CH 2 + H 2
0

H3C

CH3CH2CH2CH3

500 ,xt

0C

H3C H2C

C CH CH3 + H2 H C CH2 + CH4 H CH2 + CH3 CH3

3. Phn ng oxi ha: t0 CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2 H2O 890kJ

Cn H 2n + 2 +

3n + 1 t0 O2 nCO 2 + ( n + 1) H 2O 2

* nH 2O > nCO2 , nH 2O nCO2 = nankan

Khi c xc tc v t0 thch hp, ankan b oxi ha khng hon ton to thnh dn xut cha oxi. t 0 ,xt CH4 + O2 HCH=O + H2O Fomanehit II- IU CH V NG DNG 1. iu ch: a. Trong cng nghip: Metan v cc ng ng c tch t kh thin nhin v du m. b. Trong phng th nghim: CaO,t CH3COONa+NaOH CH4+ Na2CO3 Al4C3 + 12 H2O 3 CH4 + 4Al(OH)3 2. ng dng: Lm nhin liu, vt liu : + Kh t, kh ha lng (t C1 - C4). + Xng du cho ng c. Du thp sng v un nu. Dung mi ( t C5 - C20 ). + Du m bi trn, chng g. Sp pha thuc m. Nn, giy nn, giy du ( > C20 ).
0

XICLOANKAN
I/Cu to: 1/ Cu trc phn t ca mt s mono xicloankan Cng thc phn t v cu trc mt s mono xicloankan khng nhnh nh sau: C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12

* xicloankan l nhng hir cacbon no mch vng. * Xicloankan c 1 vng ( n vng ) gi l mono xicloankan * Cng thc chung l CnH2n ( n 3 ) 2/ ng phn v cch gi tn monoxicloankan : a/ Quy tc : S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + Xiclo + tn ankan - Mch chnh l mch vng. - nh s sao cho cc s ch v tr cc mch nhnh l nh nht b/ Th d : Mt s xicloankan ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C6H12

Chng 5. HIDROCACBON NO

II/ Tnh cht ho hc: b/ Phn ng th : tng t ankan + Cl2

as
cloxiclopentan

+ HCl

t + Br
Bromxiclohexan 2/ Phn ng cng m vng : + H2

+ HBr

C Ni ,80 CH -CH - CH 3 2 3

Propan + Br2 BrCH2 CH2 CH2Br (1,3 dibrompropan ) + HBr CH3 CH2 CH2Br (1Brompropan ) Xiclobutan ch cng vi hydro :

+H2 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 butan Xicloankan vng 5,6 cnh tr ln khng c phn ng cng m vng trong nhng iu kin trn 3/ phn ng tch:cc xicloankan b tch hidro (ehidro ho)ging nh ankan
CH3 CH3

Ni,1200 C

3H2

4/ Phn ng oxyho: CnH2n + 32n o 2 nCO2 + nH2O H< 0 C6H12 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O H = -3947,5kj III- iu ch v ng dng 1- iu ch: CH3-(CH2)4-CH3
t0

+ H2

2-ng dng: Lm nhin liu, dung mi , lm nguyn liu iu ch cc cht khc

t
0

+ 3H2

B. BI TP T LUN
Cu 1 B tc phn ng : a) Al Al4C3 metan metylclorua metylenclorua clorofom tetraclometan. b) Axit axetic natraxetat metan metylclorua etan etilen. c) butan etan etylclorua butan propen propan. Cu 2 c tn _ vit CTCT _ ng phn. a) Vit cc cng thc cc cht sau: 1) 4_ etyl_3,3_ dimetylhexan 2) 1_brom_2_clo_ 3_metylpentan 3) 1,2_ diclo_1_metylxiclohexan 4) 1_brm_2_metyl xiclopentan b) c tn quc t cc cht sau: 1) CH3 CH(CH3) CH2 CH3 2) CH3 CH2 C(CH3)3 3) CH3 CHBr CH2 CH(C2H5 ) CH3 4) CH3CH2CH(C2H5)CBr(CH3)CH(CH3)2 Cu 3 A l C5H12, khi cho A tc dng vi Cl2 (askt) th ch thu c mt sn phm mt ln th B. Xc nh CTCT ng ca A, B. Gi tn A, B.

Chng 5. HIDROCACBON NO
Cu 4 A l C6H14, khi cho A tc dng vi Cl 2 (askt) th ch thu c hai sn phm mt ln th B, C. Xc nh CTCT ng ca A, B, C. Gi tn A, B, C. Cu 5 Vit CTCT cc ng phn v c tn quc t cc cht c CTPT sau y: 1. C5H12 2. C6H143. C7H16 4. C3H7Cl 5. C3H6Cl2 Cu 6 Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to c th c v gi tn theo danh php quc t cc ankan trong mi trng hp sau: a) T khi hi so vi hiro bng 36 b) Cng thc n gin nht l C2H5 c) t chy hon ton 1 lit ankan sinh ra 2 lit CO2 d) t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon (A) thu c 17,6 gam CO2 v 9 gam H2O. e) t chy hon ton mt ankan (B) vi lng O 2 va th thy tng s mol trc v sau phn ng bng nhau. Xc nh CTPT ca B. f) t chy hon ton 0,86 gam ankan E th cn va 3,04 gam oxi g) Mt ankan F c C% = 80%. h) t chy hon ton hirocacbon G sn phm ln lc cho qua bnh ng P2O5 v Ca(OH)2 lm khi lng cc bnh ny ln lc tng 0,9 gam v 1,76 gam. i) C 3 ankan A, B, C lin tip nhau. Tng s phn t khi ca chng l 132. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B, C Cu 7 Mt hidrocacbon (X) c thnh phn nguyn t : %C = 84,21 ; %H = 15,79 ; t khi hi i vi khng kh bng 3,93 a) Xc nh cng thc phn t ca (X). b) Vit cng thc cu to v gi tn (X). c) Tnh thnh phn th tch ca hn hp gm hi (X) v khng kh c kh nng n mnh nht. d) Nu cho n 100 lit hn hp trn th c bao nhiu lt CO2 (cc th tch kh c o cng k) Cu 8 Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 12. Tm cng thc phn t ca X. Cu 9 t chy hon ton 5,6 lt xicloankan Y thu c 16,8 lt kh CO2. Tm CTPT ca Y, cc kh o ktc. Cu 10 t chy hon ton 0,58 gam ankan Y, sn phm sinh ra cho vo dung dch KOH d thu c 200ml dung dch mui 0,2M. Tm CTPT ca Y. Cu 11 t chy hon ton 1,16g mt ankan (Y). Dn ton b sn phm chy i qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thu c 8 gam kt ta. Xc nh CTPT ca ankan . Cu 12 t chy hon ton 19,2 gam hn hp hai ankan k cn thu c 14,56 lit CO2 o 00C v 2 atm. a) Tnh th tch ca hn hp hai ankan . b) Xc nh CTPTv CTCT ca hai ankan. Cu 13 Mt hn hp A gm hai ankan l ng ng k tip nhau c khi lng 10,2 gam. t chy hon ton hn hp A cn 36,8 gam oxi . a) Tnh khi lng CO2 v H2O to thnh b) Tm CTPT ca hai ankan. Cu 14 t chy hon ton 5cm3 hn hp X gm hai ankan k tip nhau thu c 12cm 3 kh cacbonic (trong cng iu kin). Xc nh cng thc mi ankan v tnh t khi ca hn hp X i vi khng kh. Cu 15 t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X gm hai hidrocacbon k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng thu c 7,84 lt kh cacbonic (ktc) v 9 gam H2O. a) Xc nh gi tr ca a b) Xc nh cng thc tnh thnh phn % khi s mol mi cht trong hn hp X. Cu 16 t chy 3 lt (ktc) hn hp 2 ankan l ng ng k tip nhau cho sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh 1 ng CaCl2 khan v bnh 2 ng KOH c. Sau khi kt thc phn ng thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 6,43 gam, bnh 2 tng 9,82 gam. Xc nh CTPT ca cc ankan v tnh % th tch ca mi kh Cu 17 t chy ht 1,152 g mt hidrocacbon mch h ri cho sn phm vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 thu c 3,94 g kt ta v dung dch B. un nng dd B li thy kt ta xut hin, lc ly kt ta ln 2 em nung n khi lng khng i thu c 4,59 g cht rn. Xc nh cng thc ca hidrocacbon? Cu 18 t chy hon ton 29,2 gam hn hp hai ankan. hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng Ba(OH)2 thy khi lng bnh tng 134,8 gam. Nu hai ankan l ng ng k tip nhau, lp CTPT ca hai ankan. Cu 19 t chy hon ton mt hn hp kh gm 2 hidrocacbon thuc cng mt dy ng ng c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 .v.C thu c CO2 v H2O theo t l s mol tng ng l 24:31. l cc hidrocacbon no? Cu 20 Cho 35 lt butan nhit phn trong iu kin thch hp th thu c hn hp kh A c th tch l 67 lt gm: H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 v mt phn butan cn d. Cho hn hp A qua dung dch Br2 (d) th thu c hn hp kh B. Sau khi tch hn hp kh B gm cc cht ring l theo th t khi lng phn t tng dn ri t chy ht cc hidrocacbon ny th thu c CO2 ln lt theo t l: 1:3:1 v th tch. a) Vit ptp xy ra. b) Tnh thnh phn % th tch cc kh trong A. c) Tnh hiu sut phn ng.

C. BI TP TRC NGHIM
4

Chng 5. HIDROCACBON NO
Cu 21 Dy no sau y ch gm cc cht thuc dy ng ng ca metan. A. C2H2, C3H4, C4H6, C5H8 B. CH4, C2H2, C3H4, C4H10 C. CH4, C2H6, C4H10, C5H12 D. C2H6, C3H8, C5H10, C6H12 Cu 22 Cu no ng khi ni v hidrocacbon no: Hidrocacbon no l: A. l hidrocacbon m trong phn t ch c lin kt n. B. L hp cht hu c m trong phn t ch c lin kt n. C. L hidrocacbon m trong phn t ch cha 1 ni i. D. L hp cht hu c trong phn t ch c hai nguyn t C v H. Cu 23 Ankan c nhng loi ng phn no? A. ng phn nhm chc B. ng phn cu to C. ng phn v tr nhm chc. D. C c 3 loi ng phn trn. Cu 24 Ankan c CTPT C5H12 c bao nhiu ng phn? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Cu 25 Cho ankan c CTCT l CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 Tn gi ca A theo IUPAC l: A. 2 etyl 4 metylpentan. B. 3,5 imetylhexan C. 4 etyl 2 metylpentan. D. 2,4 imetylhexan. Cu 26 Cho ankan A c tn gi: 3 etyl 2,4 imetylhexan. CTPT ca A l: A. C11H24 B. C9H20 C. C8H18 D. C10H22 Cu 27 Cho ankan A c CTPT l C6H14, bit rng khi cho A tc dng vi clo theo t l mol 1:1 thu c 2 sn phm th monoclo. CTCT ng ca A l: A. 2,3 dimetylbutan B. Hexan C. 2 metylpentan D. 2,2 dimetylbutan. Cu 28 t chy hon ton m g hn hp gm CH4, C2H6 v C4H10 thu c 3,3g CO2 v 4,5 g H2O. Gi tr ca m l: A. 1g B. 1,4 g C. 2 g D. 1,8 g Cu 29 t chy hon ton 3,6 g mt ankan A thu c 11g CO2 v 5,4g nc. Khi clo ha A theo t l mol 1:1 to thnh dn xut monoclo duy nht . CTCT ca A l: A. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 B. (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 C. (CH3)3CCH2CH3 D. (CH3)4C Cu 30 ng vi CTPT C6H14 c bao nhiu ng phn mch cacbon? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 Cu 31 Cht c CTCT sau: CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3 c tn gi l: CH3 CH3 A. 2,2 imetylpentan B. 2,3 imetylpentan C. 2,2,3 trimetylpentan D. 2,2,3 trimetylbutan Cu 32 Khi thc hin phn ng ehidro ha hp cht X c CTPT l C5H12 thu c hn hp 3 anken ng phn cu to ca nhau. Vy tn ca X l: A. 2,2 imetylpentan B. 2,2 imetylpropan C. 2- metylbutan D. Pentan Cu 33 Dn hn hp X gm propan v xiclopropan vo dd Br2 th s quan st c hin tng no sau y? A. Mu ca dd Br2 b nht dn, khng c kh thot ra. B. Mu ca dd Br2 khng i. C. Mu ca dd Br2 b nht dn v c kh thot ra. D. Mu ca dd Br2 mt hn v khng c kh thot ra. Cu 34 Khi clo ha mt ankan thu c hn hp 2 dn xut monoclo v bn dn xut iclo. Cng thc cu to ca ankan l: A. CH3CH2CH3 B. (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 C. (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 D. CH3CH2CH2CH3 Cu 35 Cho cc ankan C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, C6H14, C7H16, C8H18, ankan no tn ti mt ng phn tc dng vi Cl2 (theo t l mol 1:1) to ra monocloankan duy nht. A. C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C6H14. B. C2H6, C5H12, C6H14. C. C2H6, C5H12, C8H18. D. C3H8, C4H10, C6H14. Cu 36 Cho isohexan v brm theo t l mol 1:1 ngoi nh sng th thu c sn phm chnh monobrom c CTCT l: A. CH3CH2CH2CBr(CH3)2 B. CH3CH2CHBrCH(CH3)2 C. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Br D. CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2Br Cu 37 Mt hn hp X gm etan v propan. t chy mt lng hn hp X ta thu c CO2 v hi H2O theo t l th tch l 11:15. Thnh phn % theo th tch ca etan trong X l: A. 45% B. 18,52% C. 25% D. 20% Cu 38 Hp cht X c cng thc phn t l C3H6Cl2. Vy X l: A. hp cht no, 6 ng phn . B. hp cht no, 5 ng phn . C. hp cht khng no, 4 ng phn. D. hp cht no, 4 ng phn Cu 39 Mt ankan to c mt dn xut monoclo c %Cl l 55,04%. Ankan ny c CTPT l:

Chng 5. HIDROCACBON NO
A. CH4 B. C2H6 C. C3H8 D. C4H10 Cu 40 t chy han ton mt hidrocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt CO2 ( ktc) v 7,2 g H2O. CTPT ca X l: A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. Khng th xc nh c. Cu 41 A-08) Cho iso-pentan tc dng vi Cl2 theo t l s mol 1 : 1, s sn phm monoclo ti a thu c l A. 5. B. 4. C. 3. D. 2. Cu 42 (B-08) Hirocacbon mch h X trong phn t ch cha lin kt v c hai nguyn t cacbon bc ba trong mt phn t. t chy hon ton 1 th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch CO 2 ( cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Khi cho X tc dng vi Cl2 (theo t l s mol 1 : 1), s dn xut monoclo ti a sinh ra l A. 3. B. 2. C. 5. D. 4. Cu 43 (A-10) t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 (d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng gim 19,35 gam so vi dung dch Ba(OH) 2 ban u. Cng thc phn t ca X l A. C3H8. B. C2H6. C. C3H4. D. C3H6. Cu 44 (C-08) t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO2 v 0,132 mol H2O. Khi X tc dng vi kh clo (theo t l s mol 1:1) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Tn gi ca X l A. 2-Metylbutan. B. etan. C. 2,2-imetylpropan. D. 2-Metylpropan as Cu 45 Xc nh sn phm chnh ca phn ng sau:CH3 CH CH2 CH3 + Cl2 1:1 CH3 A. (CH3)2CHCH(Cl)CH3 B. (CH3)2C(Cl)CH2CH3 C. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2Cl D. CH2ClCH(CH3)CH2CH3 Cu 46 Tn gi ca cht c CTCT sau l: C2H5 CH3 C CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 C2H5 A. 2 metyl 2,4-dietylhexan B. 2,4-dietyl-2-metylhexan C. 5-etyl-3,3-dimetylheptan D. 3-etyl-5,5-dimetylheptan

Cu 47 Phn trm khi lng cacbon trong phn t ankan Y bng 83,33% . Cng thc phn t ca Y l : A. C2H6 B. C3H8 C. C4H10 D. C5H12 Cu 48 (B-07) Khi brom ha mt ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht c t khi hi i vi hiro l 75,5. Tn ca ankan l (cho H = 1, C = 12, Br = 80) A. 3,3-imetylhecxan. B. isopentan. C. 2,2,3-trimetylpentan. D. 2,2-imetylpropan Cu 49 Tin hnh clo ha 3-metylpentan t l 1:1, c th thu c bao nhiu dn xut monoclo l ng phn ca nhau? A. 4 B. 5 C. 2 D. 3 Cu 50 Ankan X c cng thc phn t C5H12, khi tc dng vi clo to c 4 dn xut monoclo. Tn ca X l A. pentan B. iso pentan C. neo pentan D.2,2- imetylpropan Cu 51 t chy ht 2,24 lt ankan X (ktc), dn ton b sn phm chy vo dd nc vi trong d thy c 40g kt ta. CTPT X A. C2H6 B. C4H10 C. C3H6 D. C3H8 Cu 52 t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng kh (trong khng kh, oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 9,9 gam H2O. Th tch khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt. Cu 53 t chy hon ton 0,15 mol hn hp 2 ankan thu c 9,45g H2O. Cho sn phm chy qua bnh ng Ca(OH)2 d th khi lng kt ta thu c l bao nhiu ? A.37,5g B. 52,5g C. 15g D.42,5g