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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

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TIU LUN MN H PHN TN

ti 24: Bi ton bi u xe t v vn ng b gia cc tin trnh

HC VIN : T TH I NHI LP : KHMT K12 CBHD : PGS.TS. L VN SN

NNG, 06/2010

LI M U

H tin hc phn tn hay ni ngn gn l h phn tn l h thng x l thng tin bao gm nhiu b x l hoc b vi x l nm ti cc v tr khc nhau v c lin kt vi nhau thng qua phng tin vin thng di s iu khin thng nht ca mt h iu hnh. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh hin nay, h tin hc phn tn ra i nhm p ng s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cng ngh thng tin cng nh p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin trong x hi. H tin hc phn tn l h thng rt a dng, a din, phc tp v mt cu trc, v l vng tri thc hin i ang c cc chuyn gia cng ngh thng tin c bit quan tm. Trong cc h thng tin hc ni chung v h phn tn ni ring, vic gii quyt vn ng b ha cc tin trnh l mt trong nhng vn c bn. Trong gii hn ca tiu lun kt thc mn hc ny, ti Bi ton bi u xe t v vn ng b gia cc tin trnh ch tp trung nghin cu cc vn v ng b ha gia cc tin trnh thng qua bi ton bi u xe t v cch gii quyt vn da vo phng php sp xp cc ng h logic so vi cc thut ton lin quan n ng b ca Lamport v gii thut loi tr tng h. Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio PGS.TS. L Vn Sn cung cp kin thc v ti liu em c th hon thnh tiu lun ny. Trong tiu lun khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s gp kin ca Thy v cc bn. Hc vin T Th i Nhi

Tiu lun Mn: H Phn Tn CHNG 1

C S L THUYT
.I t vn
Trong tt c cc h thng tin hc, ta cn phi nghin cu cc cng c mnh v hiu qu c th ng b ha cc tin trnh. Tnh cp thit v mt nguyn l v k thut ca vn th hin hai nguyn l c bn sau: 1) Nhn chung, cc tin trnh k c cc tin trnh xut pht t cc ng dng c lp mun truy cp vo cc ti nguyn vi s lng vn rt hn ch hay truy cp vo thng tin dng chung cng mt lc. Trng hp ny gi l truy cp tng tranh. Tng tranh chnh l nguyn nhn chnh ca cc xung t ca gia cc tin trnh mun truy cp vo ti nguyn dng chung. 2) Cc tin trnh ca cng mt h ng dng hot ng theo kiu hp lc gii quyt cc bi ton t ra v cho kt qu nhanh chng nht. iu ny cho php tng hiu nng s dng thit b v hiu qu hot ng ca chng trnh. Hp lc l nguyn nhn chnh ca s tc ng tng h c lp trnh gia cc tin trnh nhm cho php chng tham gia vo cc hnh ng chung. V vy, s tng tranh v hp lc gia cc tin trnh i hi phi c trao i thng ip qua li vi nhau. Trong cc h thng tp trung, iu c thc hin nh thut ton loi tr tng h thng qua cc bin cng tc ng trong mt vng nh chung. Trong h tin hc phn tn, cc thng tin cn trao i thng qua cc knh thuc h thng vin thng.

.II Bi ton bi xe t
.II.1. Bi ton bi xe t
nghin cu vn ng b ha gia cc tin trnh trong h phn tn, ta hy nghin cu mt v d kinh in, l bi ton bi xe t, vi ni dung c nu ra nh sau : Hnh II-1 m phng bi xe t hin i. Trong BV (ngi bo v) c nhim v phn phi ch cho cc xe t, VT(v tr) cho tng xe t c th. Cc mi tn hai chiu c s dng m t dng vo ra ca t.

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Hnh II-1. M phng bi u xe t Bi ton bi xe c pht biu nh sau: Tnh hung th 1: Ta gi s bi xe t l loi bi ln c mt cng vo di s kim sot ca mt ngi bo v (NBV) duy nht. NBV ch bit c mt phn trng thi ca bi xe. Trong khi anh ta ngh rng bi xe b y, khi li c nhiu li xe ang cho xe chy ra cng. V suy ngh nh vy, trong trng hp ny, anh ta khng gii quyt cho cc xe tip tc vo bi na, mc d lc ny trong bi ang c ch trng. Nh vy, NBV khng nm c trng thi hin hnh ca bi. Tnh hung th 2: Nu ta c bi xe vi nhiu cng v ti mi cng c mt NBV th mi NBV ch c th bit trng thi vi tr nht nh v iu dn n tnh hung th 2. l tnh hung c nhiu trung tm ra quyt nh (hp lc) nh hnh bn trn. Trn thc t, mt ngi bo v no tin rng khng cn ch trng na, trong khi mt ngi bo v khc li va mi cho ra khi bi mt s xe m anh ta cha kp bo cho cc ngi bo v khc. Cng c th din ra trng hp l cng mt lc cc NBV gii quyt cc xe vo cng mt v tr trong bi (tng tranh) do v h thiu thng tin. Tnh hung th 2, t ra y lin quan trc tip n vn cung cp ti nguyn ca h, chc nng cung cp c phn tn trn nhiu trm ca h. Trong mt ngi bo v c vai tr nh l chng trnh cung cp ca bi xe. y ch xe c xem l ti nguyn ca h, cc t vo bi l cc tin trnh ca h . Nh vy, cc NBV phi hp lc vi nhau phn phi chnh xc cc ch trng trong bi, c bit l s lng ch cn trng cng t (ti nguyn hn ch) th vai tr ca hp lc cng quan trng.
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S hot ng gn b vi nhau gia cc chng trnh cung cp l rt cn thit m bo cho hot ng cung cp c hon ton chnh xc.

.II.2. V d v tnh khng gn b

hiu c tm quan trng mang tnh quyt nh ca trnh t x l thng ip i vi yu cu gn b ca h, ta hy tip tc xt bi ton bi xe trong trng hp v khng gn b. Gi s rng thi im cho trc ta c 4 ngi bo v v c 100 ch cn trng. Tt c cc NBV c thng tin , trng thi ca h lc ny l gn b. Ba trong s h pht i thng tin cho Bng II-1 sau:

STT 1 2 3

K hiu M1 M2 M3

Thng tin pht i Thm 20 ch trng c 10 ch b chim Dnh 10% ch trng qut dn bi

Bng II-2 cho thy, nu ta khng c rng buc no i vi trnh t x l cc thng ip nhn c ca cc ngi bo v th cc NBV s c thng tin v s lng ch trng khc nhau. bo m cc bn cp nht ging nhau th trnh t cp nht nht thit phi ging nhau trn tt c cc trm. Trt t x l 1 2 3 Bo v 1 Thng Gi ip M1 M3 M2 tr 100 120 108 98 Bo v 2 Thng Gi tr ip M1 M2 M3 100 120 110 99 Bo v 3 Thng Gi ip M3 M1 M2 tr 100 90 110 100 Bo v 4 Thng Gi ip M2 M3 M1 tr 100 90 81 101

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Bng II-2: S khng gn b gia bn ngi bo v M hnh ha bng II-2 thng qua vic x l cc tin trnh nh hnh v sau:
1 100 2 100 3 100 4 100

M1 M2

M3

98

99

100

101

.II.3. Quy tc cc thut ton cung cp cho h phn tn

Mt s hot ng gn b ca cc chng trnh cung cp phn tn qun l trn cng mt tp hp cc ti nguyn ch t c nu tun th cc quy tc sau: STT 1 2 3 Quy tc Cc b cung cp bt buc phi thc hin cng mt gii thut. Cc b cung cp u nhn tt c cc thng ip pht i t cc tin trnh. Cc thng ip phi c x l cng mt trt t nh nhau trong cc chng trnh cung cp. Quy tc sau cng nhn mnh n s thit yu phi c mt trt t duy nht trn tp hp cc thng ip ca h. Trt t ny c th c thc hin thng qua vic hp lc ca cc tin trnh cung cp.

.IIIVn ng b ha gia cc tin trnh

Trong cc h tin hc tp trung, vn ng b ha c gii quyt thng qua c ch loi tr tng h. C ch ny cho php xc lp trt t hon ton cc s kin. Trong h phn tn, vic ng b ha ch yu yu cu thit lp mt trt t gia cc s kin. Gia cc trm khc nhau, trt t c th th hin thng qua vic trao i cc thng ip vi nhau. Mt tin trnh no cn s dng ti nguyn pht trin cng vic ca mnh, phi yu cu b cung cp mt cch hp thc bng cch gi thng ip yu cu. Nh th, mt tin trnh c nhu cu ti nguyn s b treo chng no ti nguyn cn cha c gii phng hay cha c cung cp cho n.
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.III.1. Min gng

- Min gng l on chng trnh m truy cp vo ti nguyn dng chung. - Vn min gng: cc s truy cp chng ln nhau c th dn n cc kt qu khc vi truy cp tun t. Do lm th no bo m rng cc tin trnh thi hnh min gng mt cch tun t ch khng phi l ng thi hay ni cch khc l lm th no n tun theo gii thut loi tr tng h.

.III.2. Phn nhm cc thut ton truy cp loi tr tng h

- Truy cp vo min gng da trn s xc nhn: Mi tin trnh xc nhn yu cu ca n truy cp vo min gng. Hay ni cch khc, cc tin trnh cnh tranh hay tranh ginh nhau quyn truy cp vo min gng. - Truy cp vo min gng da trn token: Vic truy cp vo min gng c iu khin bi mt token v ngi gi token c quyn thi hnh on gng ca n. - Tng qut Mt trm bt k trong h thng c th (1) yu cu min gng CS (critical section), (2) thi hnh CS, hoc (3) khng lm g c i vi CS (thi hnh trong on khng phi min gng.)
Cc thut ton nn tha mn cc yu cu: khng b tc, khng thiu, cc yu

cu c thi hnh theo th t chng c to v c th vn hot ng khi c s c ti mt hoc nhiu trm. - Mt s thng s:
S thng ip/yu cu min gng Tr ng b sd l thi gian gia thi im kt thc mt min gng v bt

u min gng tip theo. Thi gian p ng, c o t khi thng ip yu cu min gng c gi i cho n khi min gng c thi hnh.
Thng lng h thng: t l m h thng thi hnh cc min gng. Thng lng = 1/(sd + thi gian thi hnh trung bnh E ca mt min gng).

- Hot ng vi ti Vi ti thp, mt s min gng c thi hnh. Khi mt tin trnh mun i vo min gng, n thng s c cp quyn ngay lp tc sau khi thi hnh thut ton loi tr tng h. i vi trng hp hp ti cao hoc nng, lun lun c cc yu cu min gng phi ch i. Ngay khi mt trm kt thc min gng ca mnh, n s c th c gng khi to min gng khc.
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- Nu gi E l thi gian trung bnh thi hnh mt min gng, v T l tr thng ip trung bnh, th trong hu ht cc thut ton, thi gian cho trng hp tt nht c cn trn l (2T + E). iu ny cho php trao i thng ip vng trn cng vi s thi hnh min gng. Thi gian cho trng hp xu nht l rt nhiu.

.III.3. Sp xp kiu ng du
ng du l hnh vi gn gi tr nguyn cho mt thng ip nhm ghi nhn thi im truyn trn c s tham chiu ng h logic. Vi phng php ny, trm pht c gn mt gi tr gi l du. Gi tr ny c tnh cht thi im cho trm pht thng tin v a vo ng h logic cc b ca chnh trm. Cc ng h ny c ly li thng tin qua hi thoi gia cc trm. .III.3.1. ng h logic i vi nhiu ng dng, cc s kin khng cn lp lch hay ng b i vi thi gian thc. N ch l th t s kin hot ng lin quan. Trong trng hp nh vy, ng h logic c th c dng biu th th t thng tin cho cc s kin, c bit trong h phn tn, n kh gi c ng h vt l chung gia tt c cc tin trnh ang sp xp. ng h logic Lamport l khi nim c bn sp xp cc tin trnh v cc s kin trong h phn tn. .III.3.2.Trt t tng phn Trong thc t mt s h thng khi ng b ha ch i hi trt t tng phn. Chnh v vy, trt t ha tng phn gia cc s kin m tin trnh ca n cn phi ng b l vn cn phi quan tm .
.

a
a c trc b (a

b
b)

Gi s rng ta c th xc nh mt trt t gia cc s kin ca h phn tn nh vo quan h c trc () hay ngay trc S ca c trc:

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p1

q1 q2

r1

p2 q3 p3 q4 q5 p4 q6

r2

r3

r4

a b c ngha: chng ta c th i t a n b theo s bng cch di chuyn

v pha trc theo thi gian dc theo cc ng tin trnh v thng ip, v d p1 r4 . Chng ta ni rng a tc ng nhn qu n b

Hai s kin l hp lc nu chng c tc ng nhn qu vi nhau, v d p3 v

q3 l hp lc. Cho d q3 xy ra ti thi im vt l sm hn p3 , tin trnh P khng bit tin trnh Q lm g ti thi im q3 cho n khi n nhn c thng ip ti thi im p4. Trt t cc s kin c xc nh da trn cc nguyn tc sau: - Nu A v B l hai s kin ca cng mt trm v A c thc hin trc B trc B th trt t cc b ta c: AB - Nu A l pht thng ip t mt trm no v B l nhn thng ip th ta c AB. (nhn qu) - Nu AB v BC, th AC. (bc cu) .III.3.3.Gn thi gian logic vi cc s kin
- Cc ng h logic: gn mt s cho mi s kin cc b. - H thng cc ng h logic phi chnh xc:

iu kin ng h s kin a,b : nu a b th C(a) < C(b)

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Tiu lun Mn: H Phn Tn - thc thi cc ng h tha mn iu kin ng h, ta c th p dng thut ton

ng du thi gian. .III.3.4.ng b theo trt t tng qut cht ch ca Lamport Trt t tng phn ch c th p dng cho mt s h thng , iu ny c ngha l mt s h thng c th gn b c thng qua vic sp xp cc s kin theo trt t bng quan h c trc. Tuy nhin c rt nhiu h phn tn cc s kin khng th sp c bng trt th tng phn, do vy phi cn n trt t cht ch (=>) ca cc s kin. Cu trc trt t tng qut cht ch ca Lamport
- Lamport nh ngha trt t cht ch da trn quan h c trc, n gn cho mi

trm mt s duy nht v sau s dng s ny lp trt t cho cc s kin khng sp xp c th t bng quan h c trc.
- Trt t nht qun ca cc s kin pht. - nh dng thng ip t Pi : (m, Tm, i) - Ti tin trnh Pi, mt s kin pht (m, Tm, j) t Pj c gi l c trc s kin pht

(n, Tn, k) t Pk nu : Nu Tm < Tn, hoc Nu Tm = Tn v j < k Hnh sau minhha cho dng thng ip vi trt t P1 0 (a,1,1) 2 3 2 2 2 3 (b,1,4) P2 0 P3 0 P4 0

Gii thut ng du thi gian ca Lamport

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ng h lgic cho php ng du thi gian, nhm xc lp trt t cho tng s kin trong h phn tn vi mi cp s kin A v B ta c: nu A c trc B (A B) th ng h lgic ca A nh hn ng h lgic ca B. Nguyn tc thit lp: Mi trm S u c trang b cng t vi cc gi tr nguyn Hs chnh l ng h lgic, hot ng theo cc qui tc sau: Gia tng Hi thm mt tr s gia hai s kin k tip
Hi a Hi+1

Trm e pht thng ip m, ghi du du thi gian cho cc thng ip m gi i, Tm = He (a)

Hi a Hi+1 (Tm = He (a) )

Khi nhn c thng ip m, trm nhn r cp nht ng h Hr ring theo : Hr = Tm + 1 (iu ny m bo tnh nhn qu theo trt t tng phn)
(m, Tm ,s) , Hr Pj Hr = Tm + 1

Trt t s kin ton b: Mt s kin a sinh ra trn trm i c nh du bi ng h cc b Hi , nn a v b l hai s kin trn hai trm i v j ta quan h sau: a b Hi (a) < Hj (b) hay Hi (a) = Hj (b) v i < j

.III.3.5.Gii thut loi tr tng h trn c s ng du ca Lamport Thut ton ny c Lamport a ra bng vic s dng c ch ng du thi gian cho vic ng b cc ng h logic.

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- Cc gi nh:
Chng ra gi nh m hnh mng kt ni hon ton trong cc tin trnh

lin lc thng qua cc knh FIFO tin cy. Tc l, cc thng ip khng th sp xp li theo trt t khc.
Cc gi nh c thc thi mt cch d dng tng giao vn.

- Cc kiu thng ip:

(REQ, Hi, i) : Thng ip REQ c pht i cho tt c cc trm , khi trm

i mun vo trong on gng.

(ACQ, Hi, i) : Thng ip ACQ hi m bi trm i, khi trm i nhn

c thng ip REQ t trm pht .

(REL, Hi, i) : Thng ip REL c pht i cho tt c cc trm, khi i

ri khi on gng.
- Thut ton: Khi mt tin trnh ti trm Si mun thi hnh on gng, n s gi thng

ip REQ c nh du thi gian cho tt c cc trm trong h thng .

Mi trm Si duy tr mt hng i cha cc thng ip yu cu c sp

xp theo trt t cc du thi gian; cc ng h lgic v quan h trt t ton b c s dng gn cc du thi gian.
Khi mt trm nhn c yu cu, n s a thng ip vo hng i

yu cu ca n theo th t du thi gian v gi mt thng ip tr li ACQ. Nu cn, quan h trt t ton b c s dng ph v cc s rng buc. tng chung l mt tin trnh khng th thi hnh on gng ca n cho n khi n nhn c tr li t tt c cc trm khc.
Tm li, mt trm thi hnh min gng ca n khi: Nhn c thng ip tr li ACQ t tt c cc trm cn li .

Yu cu REQ ca n l trn nh ca hng i cc b ca n.

Khi mt trm hon thnh min gng ca n, n s gi khuyn ngh gii

phng REL n tt c cc trm. Yu cu ca n c loi khi tt c cc hng i ti thi im ny. Nu cc trm khc ang ch thi hnh min gng ca chng, mt trong cc trm by gi c th bt u thc hin min gng ca mnh. Nh vy:
Hot ng: 3(N-1) thng ip cn thit cho mi min gng c thi

hnh. (N-1) thng ip REQ, (N-1) thng ip REP v (N-1) thng ip REL.
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Tiu lun Mn: H Phn Tn tr ng b: T (trong T thi gian trung bnh truyn thng ip).

Khi nhn c thng ip gii phng, tin trnh tip theo c th bt u thi hnh. Loi tr tng h l t c: Cc du thi gian l duy nht, v vy tt c cc hng i s gi cc yu cu trong cng mt th t. Ch mt tin trnh duy nht s nm nh ca cc hng i. Khng i: Cc yu cu c cp quyn da trn c s ca trt t du thi gian v cc tin trnh gi cc thng ip REL.

CHNG 2

BI TP
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Bi ton nhm vo gii quyt vn phng php sp xp cc ng h lgic. Trong phng php ny, trm Si c trang b mt ng h l gc Hi nh du vo cc thng ip. Vic tng ng h ln c tin hnh theo hai giai on : E1 : Mi trm Si pht cho tt c cc trm mt thng ip tng Zk khi Hi pht trin t K - 1 n K. E2 : Trm Si pht trin ng h Hi ca mnh t K n K + 1, khi n nhn c cc thng ip Zk t cc trm khc v khi n kt thc vic x l d tr cho thi gian K. 1. Hy chng minh rng thi gian ny c c tnh th v sau y : Nu trm Si gi thng ip M trong thi gian l gc Hi = K, th thng ip ny c nhn bi ngi nhn ca n Sj chm nht vo thi gian Hj = K +1.

y l phng php sp xp cc ng h logic cho php trin khai trn c s ca du. Phng php ny th hin vic pht c h thng thi gian lgic v c kh nng p ng c s hp lc gia cc tin trnh khi trin khai vic lin thng tp th.Ti y trn mt trm, ta c th bit trng thi ca cc trm cn li vi chnh xc chp nhn c. Phng php ny c a ra nhm vo vic qun l cc bn sao trong c s d liu phn tn. Tht vy, phng php sp xp ng h lgic ny, vic tng ng h c thc hin mt cch c h thng v bng cc thng ip ring, c ch cho php cc trm iu chnh ng h cc b, to cho cc trm c trng thi ng h gn nh ging nhau cc thi im. H phi c thit k sao cho thi gian di chuyn thng ip khng c vt qu khong thi gian x l d tr trn cc trm khc (tip nhn thng ip) . Gi s trm Si pht cho tt c cc trm mt thng ip tng Zk+1 khi Hi pht trin t K n K+1, xt trng hp xu nht l thng ip ny n Sj vo lc kt
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thc vic x l d tr cho thi gian K+1 trn Sj (thng ip di chuyn mt khong thi gian T, thi gian ti a truyn thng ip trn h). V gi s tn ti mt thng ip M, pht t Si trong thi gian lgc Hi = K (trc Zk+1 ), nhng thng ip ny c nhn bi ngi nhn ca n Sj sau thi gian Hj = K+1, v vy thng ip di chuyn t Si n Sj vi khong thi gian ln hn T (mu thun vi yu cu ti thiu cho vic n nh h). 2. Nh l mt h qu, vo thi im K+2, trm Si bit tp hp cc thng ip gi v a ch ca n thi im K. Khng cn cc thng ip no ang i trn ng vi du K. iu cho php trin khai cc thut ton phn tn m ti thi gian lgic K+2 cc gii thut ny x l tnh hung xc lp bi tp hp cc yu cu ca thi gian K. V cc b cung cp c c cc yu cu vo thi im K, v th ch cn m bo thc hin cng mt thut ton v cng mt trt t cho cc yu cu trong thi gian K l . Nu xy ra xung t, th ta c th s dng mt trt t ton phn c tin nh ti cc trm v mt quy tc ring c tnh cht cc b cho tng trm, n gin nht l trt t truyn cc yu cu ca chnh trm . Trong phng php ny, nhiu yu cu c truyn t trm Si c th mang cng du. Ta c th iu khin nhp tng ca cc ng h lgic bng cch tc ng vo thi hn truyn cc thng ip tng Zk, v nh th ta c th can thip vo s lng cc yu cu thi gian cng du. Hy ch ra vic loi tr tng h c x l nh th no v hy so snh s lng thng ip ca phng php ny so vi s lng ca phng php Lamport? Hy ch ra cc bn sao (nhiu bn sao) c qun l nh th no?
- Nhm m bo cho s gn b, iu kin bt buc phi tun th trnh t no

cho tt c cc bn sao, cc cp nht thng tin. i vi phng php nu trn trnh t cht ch hon ton c th xc lp da trn du, th t cc trm, v trt t cc thng ip c tin nh ti cc trm. C th nh dng thng ip M t Si ti du Zk dng : (M, Zk, i, ni ) trong ni l trt t truyn cc yu cu ca Si, 3 thng s Zk, i v ni xc lp nn tnh duy nht ca du. Nh vy vic loi tr tng h l c th t c. - i vi cc bn sao (nhiu bn sao) : Do c tnh ca phng php trn thc hin gn b chm, nn h cho php s dng bin php pht thng tin ng k n tt c cc bn sao v thc hin cng mt trnh t cho mi h thng cc b, iu ny cho php cc chng trnh ng k thc hin song song. - S lng thng ip ca phng php ny, xt cho nhu cu ng b l t hn so vi s lng ca phng php Lamport. 3. Vic xp hng cc ng h lgc cng cho php ghi nhn cc s c ca mt trm. Thc t l nu trm Si ri vo trng thi hng ti Hi = K, th trm ny khng th gi c thng ip tng Zk+1. Hay ni cch khc, tt c cc trm u
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Tiu lun Mn: H Phn Tn

cn thng ip ny tng ng h ca chng ti K+2. Do vy, nu trm Si hay ng truyn gia Si v Sj b ri vo s c ti thi im Hi = K, th cc ng h lgc khng tng na cho n khi s c c khc phc hon ton. H qu l trm j pht hin s c trc thi im Hj = K+2 cho php quay tr v pha sau. Mi trm u c kh nng pht hin s c nh vo thi hn bo v v iu cho php trm khng phi ch v hn thng ip Zk. Vic bo tr ng h bo v l chc nng ca tng giao vn. Hy ch ra trong gii thut loi tr tng h v trong gii thut qun l nhiu bn sao cc s c c x l nh th no? Trong gii thut loi tr tng h v trong gii thut qun l nhiu bn sao cc s c c x l nh sau: iu kin phng php c th p ng cho s c xy ra: 1) Vic t nhin bin mt i mt trm no phi c cc trm khc nhn bit t ng.
2)

Giao dch T bt buc phi c thc hin mt cch trn vn. Nu c s c xy ra th bt buc n phi quay tr li im xut pht (rollback).

Nh nu trn, iu kin th nht l hon ton p ng c i vi phng php ny. i vi iu kin th hai, nh gn b chm thi im K+2 khi pht hin mt trm Sj no b s c h c th rollback giao dch cha kt thc ca Sj ti thi im K.

KT LUN
Vn ng b ho ga cc tin trnh trong h phn tn l mt vn ht sc quan trng v cn c bit ch n. Bi v cc thnh phn trng thi ca h ch c bit mt cch khng chc chn do thi gian truyn thng tin trong ng
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Tiu lun Mn: H Phn Tn

truyn khng c nh, thi gian tr trong qu trnh truyn gia cc trm cng khc nhau. Hn na ri ro v mt thng tin trong h phn tn kh cao v s c c th xy ra bt c lc no. V vy vic xy dng cc gii php ng b ho gia cc tin trnh gip vic trao i d liu gia cc trm cng thng sut v d dng p ng thi gian thc v truyn thng . Chng ta nghin cu mt s vn ng b khng chc chn trn c s trt t ton b m vic trin khai c t trn nn tng nh s s kin . Vn du v c ch loi tr tng h gip gii quyt nhiu vn t ra . Vi bi ton bi xe t cng vi l thuyt v vn ng b ho gia cc tin trnh, chng ta rt ra c nhng vn t ra v cn nghin cu nh :
- Truy cp tng tranh

-Hp lc
- Chin lc ng b ho cc tin trnh - Chin lc cung cp ti nguyn - Kh nng ng dng thc t qua bi ton bi xe t.

Phn bi tp gip ta tm hiu thm v phng php sp xp cc ng h lgic cho php trin khai trn c s ca du.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] L Vn Sn, Gio trnh h tin hc phn tn, NXB i hc Quc gia TP H

Ch Minh, nm 2002.

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Tiu lun Mn: H Phn Tn [2] L Vn Sn, Gio trnh K thut mng my tnh, i hc Bch Khoa

Nng, Nng, nm 1994

MC LC
C S L THUYT...............................................................................................................1 .I t vn .........................................................................................................................1 .II Bi ton bi xe t......................................................................................................1
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Tiu lun Mn: H Phn Tn .II.1. Bi ton bi xe t..............................................................................................1 .II.2. V d v tnh khng gn b.....................................................................................3 .II.3. Quy tc cc thut ton cung cp cho h phn tn...................................................4 .III Vn ng b ha gia cc tin trnh.........................................................................4 .III.1. Min gng...............................................................................................................5 .III.2. Phn nhm cc thut ton truy cp loi tr tng h...........................................5 .III.3. Sp xp kiu ng du...........................................................................................6 .III.3.1. ng h logic................................................................................................6 .III.3.2. Trt t tng phn............................................................................................6 .III.3.3. Gn thi gian logic vi cc s kin................................................................7 .III.3.4. ng b theo trt t tng qut cht ch ca Lamport...................................8 .III.3.5. Gii thut loi tr tng h trn c s ng du ca Lamport ....................9 BI TP ................................................................................................................................11 KT LUN............................................................................................................................14 TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................................................................15

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