DieuKhienCongSuat TrongHeThongCDMA

Kha lun tt nghip
iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH
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IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG H THNG CDMA
KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t - Vin thng
H NI 2005
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i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH
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IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG H THNG CDMA
KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t - Vin thng
Cn b hng dn: PGS.TS: Nguyn Vit Knh
H NI 2005
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Li cm n.
Trc tin, em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti thy gio PGS.TS Nguyn Vit Knh ngi thy tn ty hng dn, bo ban, gip em trong sut qu trnh thc hin kha lun. Em xin gi li cm n n cc thy c ca trng HQG HN trang b kin thc v to iu kin thun li em c th hon thnh kha lun ny mt cch tt nht. Con xin gi li cm n su sc n cha m, ngi ng h, ng vin, chm sc, quan tm n tng bc i ca con trong sut qu trnh hc tp c bit l trong thi gian con hon thnh kha lun ny. Cui cng, ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh n bn b ti, nhng ngi gip , ng vin ti trong qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu hon thnh bn kha lun.
H Ni, ngy 4 thng 6 nm 2005. Sinh vin Th Thu
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THUT NG VIT TT
VIT TT AGC AMPS ASPC AWGN BER BTS CAMEL CDMA CPC CRC CT CT-1 CT-2 CT-3 CTIA DB DBPA DCT DECT DSSS EFC FCC FDMA FER FHSS TING ANH Automatic Gain Control American Mobile Phone System The Adaptive Step Power Control Addtive White Gauss Noise Bit Error Rate Base Transceiver Station Customised Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic Code Divison Multiple Access Closed loop Power Control Cyclic Reduncy Code Transis Centre European Analogue Cordless Telephone System Second Generation Cordless Telephone, Digital Cordless Standard 3 Cordless Terminal Adapter Distributed Balancing algorithm Distance-Based Power Allocation Digital Cordless Telephone Digital European Cordless Telecommunication Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum Enhenced Full Rate Code Federal Communication Comission Frequency Divission Multiple Access Frame Error Rate Frequency Hopping Spreading TING VIT iu khin khuch i t ng H thng in thoi di ng M iu khin cng sut bc thch nghi Tp m Gauss trng cng tnh T l li bit Trm thu pht c s Logic cao cp ca nhng ng dng theo yu cu khch hng mng di ng a truy cp phn chia theo m iu khin cng sut vng kn M d tha tun hon Trung tm qu giang H thng in thoi khng dy tng t ca Chu u in thoi khng dy th h hai, k thut s in thoi ko di th h ba B phn ghp ni u cui khng dy Thut ton cn bng phn b Phn b cng sut da vo khong cch in thoi khng dy s Vin thng khng dy s Chu u Tri ph dy trc tip B codec ting ton tc tng cng y ban truyn thng lin bang M a truy cp phn chia theo tn s T l li khung Tri ph nhy tn
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MTSO
iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA Dch v v tuyn gi chung in thoi di ng s ton cu S liu chuyn mch knh tc cao Tiu chun thng tin di ng quc t Lin minh vin thng quc t Chuyn giao tr gip di ng Thut ton iu khin cng sut bc thch nghi Trung tm chuyn mch di ng Sai s trung bnh bnh phng iu khin cng sut a bc
Tng i chuyn mch in thoi di ng a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian ca Bc M a truy cp theo c hi a truy cp phn b theo tn s trc giao
Spectrum General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile High Speed Circuit Swiched Data International Mobile Telecommunication International Telecommunication Union Mobile Assisted HandOff Modified Adaptive Step Power Control Algorithm Mobile Switching Center The Mean-Squared Error Multiple Step Power Control
Mobile Telephone Switching Office NA-TDMA North American Time Division Multiple Access Opportunity Driven Multiple ODMA Access Orthogonal Frequency Division OFDMA Multiple Access
OPC PBX PCG PCS PD PDC PG PN PSTN QPSK RSSI

SIM
Open loop Power Control Private Branch Exchange Power Control Group Personal Communication Services Proportional Derivative Personal Digital Cellular Processing Gain Pseudo noise Public Switched Telephone Network Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Radio Signal Strength Indications
Subscriber Identity Module
iu khin cng sut vng h Tng i nhnh c nhn Nhm iu khin cng sut Cc dch v thng tin c nhn B iu khin o hm t l H in thoi dng t ong s c nhn li x l M gi tp m Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng Kha dch pha vung gc Ch bo cng v tuyn
Modun nhn dng thu bao
SIR SMS SS TCP TDD
Signal to Interference Ratio Short Messssage Service Spread Spectrum Transmition Control Protocol Time Division Duplex 5
T s tn hiu trn nhiu Dch v bn tin ngn Tri ph Giao thc iu khin truyn dn Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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gian Time Division Multiple Access a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian Time Hopping Spreading Tri ph nhy thi gian Spectrum Telecommunication Industry Lin hip cng nghip vin thng M Association
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M U
Kh nng lin lc thng tin vi nhng ngi ang di ng tin trin mnh m k t khi Guglielm Marrconi ln u tin chng minh kh nng sng radio c th lin lc lin tc vi cc con tu ang chy trn eo bin Anh, l vo nm 1897. K t khi cc phng php truyn thng khng dy mi v cc dch v c con ngi n nhn trn ton th gii. c bit trong nhng nm qua ngnh truyn thng v tuyn di ng tng trng mt cch ng k cho php ch to cc thit b cm tay nh hn, r hn, tin cy cao hn. Trn nn tng c sn kt hp vi s tin b nhanh chng v khoa hc k thut to iu kin thun li cho thng tin di ng pht trin vi tc chng mt. Bt u vi h in thoi tng t, ngy nay thng tin di ng pht trin ln n th h th ba v th h th t cng ang c nghin cu. Nhng nhng tnh nng u vit m th h ba ny c th em li lm cho ngi ta hon ton tha mn i su nghin cu v khai thc ht c tt c nhng tnh nng c th c ny. Knh truyn trong thng tin di ng l knh v tuyn. N chu nhiu nh hng ca mi trng truyn dn, ca a hnh, V th nn b suy hao rt ln. y l nhc im ln ca thng tin di ng, c th khc phc bng cch: s dng li tn s, iu khin cng sut, k thut xa b nhiu sng, Cc phng php trn v ang c nghin cu v t ra c tnh u vit ca chng. Da trn nhng nh gi , kha lun i vo nghin cu mt phng php iu khin cng sut hiu qu da trn vic nh gi t s SIR thu c. Hy vng kha lun c th gip ngi c nm c phn no nhng kin thc c bn v h thng thng tin di ng th h ba cng nh nhn thy c s cn thit ca vic iu khin cng sut trong h thng nhm em li nhiu li ch thit thc.
H Ni 20/05/05 Tc gi
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CHNG 1. KHI QUT CHUNG

V tuyn di ng c s dng gn 80 nm nay. Mc d cc khi nim t ong, k thut tri ph, iu ch s v cc cng ngh v tuyn hin i khc c bit n hn 50 nm trc y, dch v thng tin di ng mi n u nhng nm 1960 mi xut hin nhng dng s dng c. Tuy nhin chng t tin li v dung lng thp. Cc h thng t ong iu tn song cng s dng k thut a truy cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) xut hin vo nhng nm 80. Cui nhng nm 80 ngi ta nhn thy rng cc h thng t ong tng t khng th p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng vo th k sau nu nh khng loi b c nhng hn ch ca h thng ny nh: - Phn b tn s hn ch, dung lng thp. - Thoi n kh chu v nhiu xy ra khi my di ng chuyn dch trong mi trng fading a tia. - Khng p ng c cc dch v mi hp dn vi khch hng. - Khng cho php gim ng k gi thnh ca thit b di ng v c s h tng. - Khng tng thch gia cc h thng khc nhau lm cho thu bao khng th s dng c my di ng ca mnh cc nc khc. Gii php duy nht loi b cc hn ch trn l phi chuyn sang s dng k thut thng tin s cho thng tin di ng cng vi k thut a truy cp mi.
1.1 Lch s pht trin thng tin di ng [15], [22]

Phn ny cung cp ton cnh chung v h thng t ong s CDMA c khi xng bi QUALCOMM.Inc.. ca San Diego. Nhng ng dng t ong s da vo s a truy cp (multiple access scheme) cng c pht trin trong s kt hp vi nh sn xut thit b phng tin truyn s (AT&T, Motorola, Northern Telecom,...). H thng CDMA hon ton ph hp vi quy nh ca hip hi cng ngh vin thng kiu t ong (CTIA), l ng vin cho tiu chun ho IS95. C th k n cc h thng di ng s t ong c bn nh sau: GSM (Tiu chun Chu u, 1990), NA-TDMA (Tiu chun IS-54 Bc M, 1990), PDC (Tiu chun ca Nht, 1991) v CDMA (Tiu chun US IS-95, 1993).
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H thng thng tin di ng s ton cu (GSM) TDMA c trin khai vo thng 6/1982 Ty u. GMS cung cp kh nng m rng thng qua cc mng vin thng (c th l ISDN) v tng thch trong c lc a chu u. Nm 1992 h thng GSM mang tnh thng mi u tin c sng ch ra ti c. GSM l s kt hp ca a truy cp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) v a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). H thng NA-TDMA tng t nh GMS. im khc nhau duy nht l ch trong NA-TDMA c duy nht mt giao din v tuyn chung (common radio interface). H in thoi dng t ong s c nhn (PDC) l h thng t ong TDMA ca Nht hot ng tn s t 800 MHz n 1.5GHz. H thng ny cung cp giao din p trong mng in thoi s dng t ong. V nm 1994 PDC 1.5 GHz c a vo phc v. Bn cnh h thng a truy cp s cn c h thng in thoi khng dy TDD ging nh PHP, CT-2, DCT-900 (hoc CT-3), v DECT. H thng song cng phn chia theo thi gian l h thng s v s dng mt sng mang duy nht truyn v nhn thng tin. in thoi cm tay c nhn (PHP) l h thng TDD khng dy h tr dch v truyn thng c nhn (PCS). PHP c th c s dng cho in thoi khng dy trong nh, PBX khng dy ring, in thoi cng cng v my b m thng tin. H thng vin thng khng dy 2 (CT-2) l h thng in thoi s khng dy th h hai. H thng ny c pht minh bi GPT.Ltd ti nc Anh v l h TDD u tin ca thng tin v tuyn di ng. CT-2 l mt trong cc h thng PCS n gin nht c cu trc iu khin n gin khng hp knh a ng. H thng CT-2 ny khng c m, knh chuyn giao v khng c nhn tin. V vy n ch cho php cc cuc gi ra ngoi. Khong cch cuc gi thng c bn knh b hn 200 m cho php mt ngi dng n l chim rng di ln. in thoi khng dy s hot ng tn s 900 MHz (DCT-900 hoc CT-3) c pht minh bi Ericsson ti Thu in nm 1988 nh l s nng cp h thng CT-2. CT-2 v DCT-900 tn ti nc Anh v Thu in cho n khi DECT sn sng phc v. Vin thng khng dy s Chu u (DECT) l mt h thng tiu chun Chu u xem nh l h thng PCS th h th hai. DECT c cng nhn l tiu chun Chu u v in thoi khng dy hn l CT-2 hoc DCT-900 nhng vi ti nguyn ci thin cho vic iu khin truyn d liu cng nh ging ni. CDMA ra i u nm 1989 sau khi tiu chun NA-TDMA (IS-54) c thit lp. Kim tra tnh kh thi ca CDMA c tin hnh thng
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11/1989. Tiu chun trung gian CDMA IS-95 ca hip hi cng nghip in t c a ra thng 12/1992.
1.2 Nhng c th c bn ca thng tin di ng [18]

Ngoi nhim v cung cp cc dch v nh mng in thoi c nh th thng thng cc mng in thoi di ng phi cung cp cc dch v c th cho mng di ng m bo tin tc mi lc mi ni. V vy n cn mt s cc c tnh c bn nh sau: S dng hiu qu bng tn cp pht t c dung lng cao do s hn ch ca di tn v tuyn s dng cho thng tin di ng. m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu: Do tn hiu truyn trong mi trng v tuyn nn d b nh hng ca nhiu v fading. m bo an ton thng tin tt: Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn l mi trng rt d b nghe trm v s dng trm ng truyn do cn phi c cc bin php c bit m bo an ton thng tin. m bo quyn li ca ngi thu bao cn phi gi b mt s nhn dng thu bao v kim tra tnh hp l ca mi ngi s dng khi h truy cp mng. chng nghe trm cn mt m ha thng tin ca ngi s dng. cc h thng in thoi di ng mi ngi s dng mt kha nhn dng b mt ring c lu gi b nh an ton. Trong h thng GSM, SIM-CARD c s dng. N c kch thc b cho php thu bao c th cm th ny v my di ng ca mnh v ch c ngi ny mi s dng c n. Cc thng tin lu gi SIM-CARD cho php thc hin an ton thng tin. Gim ti a rt cuc gi khi thu bao di ng chuyn t vng ph sng ny sang vng ph sng khc. Cho php pht trin cc dch v mi, nht l cc dch v phi thoi. Chuyn mng quc t (International Roaming). Cc thit b cm tay phi gn nh v tiu th t nng lng.
1.3 Mt s tnh nng t c trong h thng th h th hai v ba

Th h hai: C nhiu dch v mi v ci thin cc dch v lin quan ti truyn s liu nh nn s liu ca ngi s dng, s liu chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD) v dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS), s liu tc 14.5kb/s.
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Cc tnh nng lin quan n dch v ting nh b codec ting ton tc tng cng (EFC), b codec a tc thch ng v khai thc t do u cui ca cc b codec ting. Cc dch v b sung nh: Chuyn hng cuc gi, hin tn ch gi, ngn hin s ch gi, tnh cc nng, Ci thin cc dch v bn tin ngn (SMS), mc ni cc SMS, m rng bng ch ci. Cc cng vic lin quan n tnh cc: dch v tr trc, tnh cc nng, ... Tng cng cng ngh SIM. Dch v mng thng minh nh CAMEL. Cc ci thin chung: Chuyn mng GSM-AMPS, cc dch v nh v, tng tc vi cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh v h tr nh tuyn ti u. Th h ba phi l th h thng tin di ng cho cc dch v di ng truyn thng a phng tin. Hp th thoi s thay th bng bu thip in t lng ghp vi hnh nh v cc cuc gi thng thng trc y s c b sung hnh nh tr thnh thoi c hnh, thc hin iu , h thng thng tin di ng th h ba phi p ng mt s yu cu sau: - Mng phi l bng rng v c kh nng truyn thng a phng tin. - C kh nng cung cp dung lng theo yu cu. Ngoi ra cn phi m bo ng truyn v tuyn khng i xng: Tc bit cao ng xung v thp ng ln. - Mng phi cung cp thi gian truyn dn theo yu cu: m bo cc kt ni chuyn mch cho ting, cc dch v video v cc kh nng s liu gi cho dch v s liu. - Cht lng dch v phi khng thua km cht lng dch v mng c nh nht l ting. - Mng phi c kh nng s dng ton cu bao gm c h thng thng tin v tinh
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CHNG 2. H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H BA (CDMA)

2.1 c im ca h CDMA [19], [24]
S pht trin nhanh ca cc dch v s liu t ra cc yu cu mi i vi cng ngh v tuyn di ng. Thng tin di ng th h hai mc d s dng cng ngh s nhng v l h thng bng hp v c xy dng trn c ch chuyn mch knh nn khng th p ng c cc dch v mi ny. Trong bi cnh ITU a ra n tiu chun ha h thng thng tin di ng th h ba vi tn gi IMT-2000. IMT-2000 m rng ng k kh nng cung cp dch v cho php s dng nhiu phng tin thng tin. Mc ch ca IMT-2000 l a ra nhiu kh nng mi nhng cng ng thi m bo s pht trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng th h hai (2G) vo nhng nm 2000. Thng tin di ng th h ba (3G) xy dng trn c s IMT-2000 c a vo phc v t nm 2001. Cc h thng 3G s cung cp rt nhiu dch v v tuyn bao gm: ting, s liu, tc bit thp v bit cao, a phng tin, video cho ngi s dng lm vic cc phng tin cng cng ln t nhn. H thng thng tin di ng th h hai gm: GSM, IS-136, IS-95 CDMA, PDC. Trong qu trnh thit k cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba, cc h thng th h hai c cc c quan tiu chun ha ca tng vng xem xt a ra cc xut tng ng. Cc cng ngh c nghin cu a ra xut cho h thng thng tin di ng th h ba gm: - W-CDMA (CDMA bng rng) - W-TDMA (TDMA bng rng) - TDMA/CDMA bng rng - OFDMA (a truy cp phn b theo tn s trc giao) - ODMA (a truy cp theo c hi) Nhiu tiu chun cho h thng thng tin di ng th h ba IMT-2000 c xut, trong hai h thng W-CDMA v CDMA 2000 c ITU chp thun v s c a vo hot ng trong nhng nm u th k XXI. W-CDMA s l s pht trin tip theo ca cc h thng thng tin di ng th h hai s dng cng ngh TDMA nh: GSM, PDC, IS136. CDMA2000 s l s pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng th h hai s dng cng ngh CDMA: IS-95.
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GSM v CDMA cng pht trin tch ra t cng ngh AMPS c. im khc bit quan trng ca CDMA so vi GSM nh sau: CDMA dng m gi ngu nhin phn bit knh thoi v dng chung bng tn cho cho ton mng, c gii thut m ho ring cho tng cuc gi. Ch c thit b c gi mi bit c gi tr m gi ngu nhin v gii thut gii m qua cc knh bo hiu. Chnh v th tnh bo mt ca cuc gi v hiu qu khai thc bng tn cao hn. H thng CDMA c kh nng chuyn giao mm. Khi thit b di ng di chuyn vo gia hai , thit b ng thi nhn c tn hiu t hai trm pht gn nht, tng i s iu khin cho hai trm bt tay nhau cho n khi vic chuyn i trm pht thnh cng. C phn tng t c ch chuyn mch cng trong GSM nhng kh nng bt tay ca CDMA tt hn. So vi h tng t AMPS, cht lng thoi c nng ln v dung lng ca CDMA c th tng ln 6-10 ln. CDMA c c ch gip tit kim nng lng, gip tng thi gian thoi ca pin thit b. Kh nng m rng dung lng ca CDMA d dng v chi ph thp hn so vi GSM. GSM s gp bi ton kh v phn b li tn s cho cc . Tuy nhin, CDMA hin vn cn gp phi nhiu kh khn: Vng ph sng ca CDMA trn th gii cn hp nn kh nng chuyn vng quc t gia cc h thng CDMA cn hn ch. Tnh n qu 1/2002, thu bao CDMA ton th gii t 120,2 triu. Trong Bc M 52,9 triu, vng Carib v M Latinh 22 triu, Chu u + Nga + chu Phi 1,8 triu, Chu -Thi Bnh Dng 43,5 triu. S lng nh sn xut thu bao in thoi di ng CDMA t, ch yu tp trung M, Hn Quc, Nht, Trung Quc nn chng loi km phong ph hn so vi chun GSM. Thit b CDMA thng khng dng SIM nn vic thay i thit b trong qu trnh s dng s phc tp hn v bt buc phi lm th tc vi nh khai thc mng. Hin nay p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca khch hng vin thng v cc dch v vin thng mi, cc h thng thng tin di ng ang tin ti th h th ba. , cc h thng thng tin di ng c xu th ho nhp thnh mt tiu chun duy nht c kh nng phc v tc bit ln n 2Mbps. phn bit vi
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h thng thng tin di ng bng hp hin nay, cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba c gi l h thng thng tin di ng bng rng.
2.1.1 Vng ph sng ca CDMA [15]

Vi h thng t ong CDMA, vng din tch dch v c chia thnh cc lc gic. Mi gm mt trm c s, trm ny c ni vi tng i chuyn mch in thoi di ng (MTSO) trong sut qu trnh m ho v gii m ting ni. Trong mi c hai kt ni bao gm cc knh CDMA thun v ngc gia trm c s v mi my di ng trong . Knh CDMA thun dch ni dung lin kt thun t trm c s ti my di ng. Knh CDMA ngc biu din s lin kt ngc t my di ng ti trm c s. CDMA ti s dng tn s t l trong tng t ong v iu khin dung lng h thng mt cch c hiu qu bi v CDMA l kiu chng nhiu tuyt vi. Knh CDMA thun gm mt hoc nhiu knh m, c truyn theo vic gn tn s CDMA, s dng dch hoa tiu PN c th. Mi trm c s dng mt dch thi gian ca chui PN hoa tiu (pilot) (gi l chui gi nhiu tri) nhn dng knh CDMA thun. dch thi gian c th ti s dng trong h thng t ong CDMA. Mi knh m truyn trong knh CDMA thun c tri mt cch trc giao bi hm Walsh ph hp to ra s phn knh trc giao trong tt c cc knh m v sau c tri ra bi mt cp ghp cu phng (cng pha v vung pha) ca chui PN hoa tiu, mc ch ca vic ny l truyn tn hiu tri dng sng dch pha vung gc (QPSK). Knh CDMA ngc gm cc knh truy cp v knh lu thng ngc. Knh truy cp (knh li vo) c s dng cho vic trao i tin bo hiu ngn cho cc cuc gi gc, tr li cc bn tin, cc lnh v s ng k. Tt c d liu truyn trn knh CDMA ngc c m ho chp dng sa li, xen khi (block interleaved) trnh li cm v ci thin cht lng h thng bi d tha truy cp (access redundancy). Cc d liu c iu ch bi hm Walsh 64 mc nhm to ra s phn ng trc giao v tri ph trc tip bi m di (long code) t c s bo mt gii hn trong mt qu trnh truyn.
2.1.2 Cu trc ca knh CDMA [15]

Cc kt ni ca CDMA thun gm knh hoa tiu, knh ng b, nhn tin v mt s knh lu thng thun. Mt v d tiu biu ca knh CDMA thun gm
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64 knh m. Trong s 64 knh m, CDMA thun gm knh hoa tiu, mt knh ng b, 7 knh nhn tin, 55 knh lu thng thun. Knh hoa tiu l tn hiu khng iu ch, tri ph trc tip v truyn lin tc bi mi trm c s CDMA. My di ng gim st knh hoa tiu thu nhn tn hiu nh thi ca knh CDMA thun v cung cp pha chun cho gii iu ch kt hp. Knh m s khng (Wo) lun lun c gn cho knh hoa tiu. Knh ng b c gn cho knh m s 32 (W32) knh ny vn chuyn bn tin ng b ti my di ng. Quan trng hn, knh ng b l tn hiu tri ph m ho, xen k, tri, v iu ch m tn hiu ny c s dng bi cc my di ng thu tn hiu nh thi gc. Knh nhn tin cng l tn hiu tri ph m ho, xen k, tri v iu ch c s dng cho s truyn thng tin iu khin v bn tin t trm c s ti my di ng. Knh nhn tin c gn cho knh m t s 1 n s 7 (W1 W7). Knh lu thng thun c s dng cho pht thng tin ca ngi dng v bo hiu t trm c s ti mt my di ng trong sut thi gian cuc gi. S knh lu thng thun ti a bng 63 tr i s knh ng b v knh nhn tin hot ng trong cng knh CDMA thun. Tc d liu ti li vo knh l nh sau: 1. Knh hoa tiu truyn tt c bit 0 tc 19,2 kbps 2. Knh ng b hot ng tc c nh 1200bps 3. Knh nhn tin h tr tc d liu c nh hot ng ti 9600, 4800, hoc 2400 bit/s. 4. Knh lu thng thun h tr d liu thay i tc 9600, 4800, 2400 hoc 1200 bit/s. Nhng k hiu m ho thng thng c xc nh l li ra ca b m ho sa li. Cc bit thng tin l li vo ca b m ho v cc k hiu m l li ra ca b m ho. Tt c cc knh m tr knh hoa tiu, mi k hiu m ho c lp li trc khi xen khi bt c khi no tc thng tin thp hn 9600 bit/s. Vi knh lu thng v knh nhn tin, s lp li ph thuc vo tc d liu ca mi knh. Mi k hiu m tc d liu 4,8 kp/s c lp li mt ln (mi k hiu 2 ln). Mi k hiu m tc 2,4 kb/s lp li 3 ln (mi k hiu 4 ln). Mi k hiu m tc d kiu 1,2 kb/s lp li 7 ln (mi k hiu 8 ln). V vy, vi tt c cc tc d liu (9.6, 4.8, 2.4, v 1.2 kb/s) s lp li k hiu s dn n tc k hiu iu ch khng i 19.2 ksps. Vi knh ng b, mi
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k hiu m ho c lp li 1 ln (mi k hiu 2 ln) v tc k hiu iu ch l 4800 sps. Tt c cc k hiu sau khi lp trong knh ng b, nhn tin, lu thng thun c xen khi. Mc ch ca vic s dng xen khi l bo v d liu khi li cm trong khi truyn chng qua mi trng fading a ng. Sau khi xen k, mi knh m trong knh CDMA thun c tri trc giao bi mt trong 64 hm Walsh v sau c tri bi mt cp trc giao ca chui hoa tiu PN tc chip c nh 1.2288 Mcps. D liu nh phn (0 hoc 1) tri trc giao c cung cp cho cc mch lc bng gc. Tip sau mch lc bng gc, knh CDMA thun gm kho dch pha nh phn, d liu c iu ch vi sng mang to ra kho dch pha vung gc QPSK trc khi truyn. Xo trn d liu thch hp cung cp cho knh nhn tin v knh lu thng thun. Xo trn d liu c thc hin trong b xen khi (block interleaver). Ti li ra, tc k hiu iu ch 19,2 ksps. Xo trn d liu c thc hin nh vic cng modunlo-2 ca tn hiu li ra b xen k vi gi tr nh phn ca m di. M di l mt chui PN 242-1. Chui ny s dng cho s xo trn trong knh CDMA thun (c th l knh nhn tin v lu thng thun) v tri ph trong knh CDMA ngc (c th l knh truy cp v knh lu thng ngc) Mt n m di l s nh phn 42-bit. Mi chip PN ca m di c to ra bi php nhn modulo-2 ca 42 bit mt n v 42 bit trng thi LFSR trong my pht m di. M di hot ng tc ng h 1.2288MHz l tng ng vi chui chip PN li ra ca my pht m di. Ch l chip PN c nh ngha l mt bit trong chui PN. Khi m di c chia thnh 64bit (hoc chip), bit u tin trong 64 bit c s dng cho vic xo trn d liu tc 19,2 bit/s. Trm c s khng a vo knh con iu khin cng sut trong knh nhn tin. Nhng knh con iu khin cng sut trong knh lu thng thun truyn cc bit iu khin cng sut mt cch lin tc tc 800 bit/s c th l mt bit (0 hoc 1) truyn vi tc 1,25ms (=1/800). Bit iu khin cng sut 0 th hin my di ng cn tng mc iu khin cng sut ra trung bnh v bit iu khin cng sut 1 ch ra rng my di ng cn gim mc cng sut ra trung bnh. V vy my di ng s iu chnh mc cng sut ra trung bnh ca n p ng s nhn bit iu khin cng sut ng trong knh lu thng thun. Knh CDMA ngc bao gm knh truy cp, knh lu thng ngc. D liu truyn trong knh CDMA ngc c nhm thnh cc khung 20ms. Tt c d liu truyn trong knh CDMA ngc c m ho cho vic sa li ngu nhin Th Thu K46B 16 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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bo v b xen khi khi li cm (burst). Cc d liu ny c iu ch bi cc m 64-Walsh. Chng gm 64 chip v c tri ph chui trc tip bi m di chu k 242-1 chip trc khi truyn. B ngu nhin cm d liu khng c s dng khi my di ng truyn trong knh truy cp. Nhng trong knh ngc, b ngu nhin cm d liu to ra phn mt n gm cc s 0 v 1. Cc s ny che i nhng d liu tha to ra bi s pht lp m. Knh lu thng ngc v knh truy cp c tri chui trc tip bi m di. S tri chui ny lin quan n cng modulo-2 ca tn hiu li ra t b ngu nhin. Mt khung c nh ngha l khong nh thi c bn trong h thng. Vi knh truy cp, knh nhn tin, v knh lu thng thun nghch th 1 khung ko di 20 ms. Vi knh ng b, 1 khung l 26.666 ms. B ch th gi tr khung l kim tra CRC cho khung knh lu thng l 9600 bit/s v 4800bit/s. M d tha tun hon (CRC) l 1 lp m d li tuyn tnh to ra cc bit kim tra chn l bng cch tm ra phn d ca php chia a thc. B ch th gi tr khung h tr 2 chc nng ti my thu. Chc nng u tin l xc nh tc truyn khung. Chc nng th hai l xc nh c hay khng c li khung. Cc bit phn m ho cui biu din chui bit c nh c thm vo phn cui khung d liu khi phc li m nhn chp thnh trng thi bit. D liu truyn hoc knh CDMA ngc hoc l knh CDMA thun c nhm trong khung 20ms. Cu trc khung c knh lu thng thun v knh lu thng ngc c m t nh sau: (I) Mi khung knh lu thng ngc truyn ti: 1. Tc d liu 9600bit/s gm 192bit vi 172 bit thng tin, 12 khung b ch th gi tr v 8 bit ui m ho 2. Tc d liu 4800 bit/s gm 80 bit thng tin, 8 bit CRC, 8 bit ui m ho 3. Tc 2400 bit/s gm 48 bit vi 40 bit thng tin, 8 bit ui m, 8 bit CRC khng c s dng khung knh lu thng ngc ti tc ny. 4. Tc d liu 1200 bit/s gm 24 bit. Trong c 16 bit thng tin, 8 bit ui m, 8 bit CRC khng c s dng khung knh lu thng ngc ti tc ny.
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5. Mi khung knh truy cp gm 96 bit (20 ms khung tc 4800 bit/s) Trong c 88 bit thng tin v 8 bit ui m, 8 bit CRC khng c s dng trong knh ny. (II) Mi khung knh lu thng thun truyn ti: 1. Tc d liu 9600 bit/s gm 192 bit trong 172 bit thng tin, 12 bit ui m. 2. Tc d liu 4800 bit/s gm 96 bit trong c 8 bit thng tin, l 8 bit CRC, 8 bit CRC, 8 bit ui m. 3. Tc d liu 2400 bit/s gm 48 bit trong gm 40 bit thng tin, 8 bit ui m. 8 bit CRC khng c s dng trong knh lu thng thun tc ny. 4. Tc d liu 120 bit/s gm 24 bit trong c 16 bit thng tin, 8 bit ui m, 8 bit CRC khng c s dng cho knh ny ti tc d liu 1200 bit/s.
2.1.3 X l cuc gi
X l cuc gi c th chia thnh 2 phn: x l cuc gi my di ng v x l cuc gi trm c s. X l cuc gi lin quan ti k thut v giao thc truyn bn tin gia trm c s v my di ng
2.1.3.1 X l cuc gi ti my di ng
X l cuc gi ti my di ng gm 4 trng thi nh sau: 1. Thit lp trng thi khi ng my di ng: Trong trng thi ny, my di ng phi: + Chn h thng no c s dng (tng t hay CDMA). + Thu knh hoa tiu ca h thng CDMA chn trong vng 20ms. + Nhn v x l bn tin knh ng b thu c cu hnh h thng v thng tin nh thi. + ng b ho nh thi m di v nh thi h thng ca h thng CDMA 2. Trng thi ri ca my di ng. Trong bc ny, my di ng gim st cc bn tin trong knh nhn tin. My di ng c th nhn bn tin, nhn cuc gi n hoc khi u s truyn tin. 3. Trng thi truy cp h thng. Trong bc ny my di ng gi bn tin ti trm c s trong knh truy cp v thu bn tin t trm c s trong knh nhn tin. Truy cp h thng gm cc bc sau v my di ng phi: Th Thu K46B 18 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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+ Gim st knh nhn tin cho n khi n nhn c tp bn tin cu hnh. + Gi bn tin gc ti trm c s. + Gi bn tin nhn tin tng ng ti trm c s. + Gi p li bn tin nhn t trm c s. + Gi bn tin bo co ti trm c s. + Gi bn tin cm d liu ti trm c s. My di ng truyn trong knh truy cp s dng qu trnh truy cp ngu nhin. Ton b qu trnh gi mt bn tin v nhn s ghi nhn bn tin c gi l s th truy cp (access attempt). Mi ln truyn trong s th truy cp c gi l d tm truy cp (access probe). My di ng truyn bn tin ging nhau trong mi d tm truy cp trong s th truy cp. Mi d tm truy cp gm b ng b ban u knh truy cp v gi bn tin knh truy cp. 4. iu khin my di ng trong knh lu thng: Trong trng thi ny my di ng lin lc vi trm c s s dng knh lu thng thun v nghch. Trng thi ny gm cc phn sau v my di ng phi: + Kim tra rng n c th nhn tn hiu knh lu thng thun v bt u truyn tin trong knh lu thng ngc. + Ch lnh bo thng tin bn tin. + Ch ngi dng tr li cuc gi. + Trao i cc gi truyn gc vi trm c s di ng dng la chn dch v u tin. + Ct cuc gi.
2.1.3.2 X l cuc gi trm c s

X l cuc gi trm c s lin quan ti phng php truyn bn tin gia trm c s v my di ng. X l cuc gi trm c s gm cc qu trnh nh sau: + X l knh ng b v hoa tiu. Trong sut qu trnh x l knh ng b v knh hoa tiu, trm c s truyn tn hiu knh hoa tiu v knh ng b. My di ng s dng qu trnh ny thu v ng b ho h thng CDMA trong khi n trong trng thi thit lp trng thi ban u. + X l tn hiu knh nhn tin. Trong sut qu trnh x l tn hiu knh nhn tin trm c s truyn tn hiu knh nhn tin, my di ng gim st nhn bn tin trong khi n ang trng thi ri v truy cp h thng. Th Thu K46B 19 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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+ X l tn hiu knh truy cp. Trong sut qu trnh x l tn hiu knh truy cp, trm c s gim st tn hiu knh truy cp nhn bn tin truyn t my di ng trong khi n ang trong tnh trng truy cp h thng. + X l tn hiu knh lu thng. Trong sut qu trnh x l tn hiu knh lu thng trm c s s dng tn hiu cc knh truyn thun v ngc lin lc vi my di ng trong khi n ang trong tnh trng iu khin tn hiu knh lu thng.
2.2 Tri ph trong h thng thng tin di ng CDMA [18], [20] 2.2.1 Cc h thng thng tin tri ph
Trong cc h thng thng tin, ngi ta thng quan tm ti rng bng tn v cc thit k sao cho s dng cng t rng bng tn cng tt. Tuy nhin trong h thng thng tin tri ph (SS), rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng hng trm ln trc khi pht, iu ny gy lng ph nu h thng ch c mt ngi s dng. Nhng trong mi trng nhiu ngi s dng th tt c h c th dng chung mt bng tn tri ph. Lc ny h thng s dng bng tn c hiu qu m vn duy tr c cc u im ca vic tri ph. Tri ph l phng thc truyn dn thc hin bin i tn hiu mang tin thnh tn hiu truyn dn vi di tn ln hn nhiu. Ph ca tn hiu sau khi x l s c tri rng n rng bng tn cn thit sau b iu ch s chuyn ph ny n di tn c cp cho truyn dn ri c khuych i v pht ra knh. Ti my thu, tn hiu c khi phc li trng thi ban u bng cch thc hin cc qu trnh ngc li pha pht: gii iu ch tn hiu thu, nn ph v thc hin cc bc x l s. Qu trnh tri ph s tri cng sut ca tn hiu tin ra trn mt bng tn rng hn nhiu so vi ban u, do lm gim mt ph cng sut. T s gia ph tn hiu truyn i (W) v di ph tn hiu ban u (B) gi l h s tri ph (G). Trong qun s G =W/B 100000, trong dn s G=4256. Tn hiu tri ph c s dng ch yu ci thin cht lng trong khu vc nhiu c th chp nhn c, iu ny c thc hin bng cch ri rc tn hiu khp di bng tn. Tn hiu ny thng c phn tn vi tc ln t nht gp 10 ln hoc ln hn na so vi tc thng tin. V vy trong vi trng hp vic gim mt ph cng sut lm tng kh nng chia s ph so vi phng thc truy cp truyn thng (gm FDMA v TDMA). Vic truyn nng lng tin trn mt bng tn rng hn rt nhiu ln yu cu ti thiu cho hai li ch: mt ph cng sut v d
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tha. H thng thu phi nn ph tn hiu chuyn i sang tn hiu c ph gc v ng b chnh xc. u im l loi b c nhiu v chng fading. Do di bng rng, phn nng lng ti tn s c th thp nn mt cng sut ca tn hiu truyn i vi h thng thu khc l khng ng k (tc l khng gy ra nhiu) trong cng khu vc v khng cho i tng khc thm nhp vo ni dung ca tn hiu (nghe trm), to nn mc an ton h thng cao. d tha lin quan ti vic tn hiu ti cc tn s khc nhau v nh n c th c khi phc li khi c li. Tc dng ca d tha l h thng tri ph th hin s khng cao i vi nhiu, kh nng khi phc thng tin cao thm ch vi nhiu mc trung bnh. Mt h thng thng tin s c coi l tri ph nu: - Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng tn ln hn rng bng tn ti thiu cn thit pht thng tin. - Tri ph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu. C ba kiu h thng tri ph c bn: tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS), nhy tn (FHSS) v nhy thi gian (THSS). Ngoi ra, cng c th tng hp thnh h thng lai ghp. H thng DSSS thc hin tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip (Rc=1/Tc, Tc l thi gian mt chip) cao hn nhiu tc bit (Rb=1/Tb, Tb l thi gian mt bit) ca lung s cn pht. H thng FHSS thc hin tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp ln cc tn s. Mu nhy tn c dng gi ngu nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian mt chip gi nguyn khng i. Tc nhy tn c th nhanh hay chm. Trong h thng nhy tn nhanh, nhy tn c thc hin tc cao hn tc bit ca bn tin cn h thng nhy tn chm th ngc li. Trong h thng THSS, mt khi cc bit s liu c nn v c pht ngt qung trong mt hay nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung cha mt s lng ln cc khe thi gian. Lc u k thut tri ph c s dng trong h thng thng tin qun s. tng ca k thut SS l lm cho tn hiu pht ging nh tp m i vi cc my thu khng mong mun nhm gy kh khn cho my ny trong vic tch v ly ra c bn tin. bin i bn tin thnh tn hiu ging tp m, s dng m gi ngu nhin, my thu phi bit c m ny to ra bn sao ca m mt cch chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht khi phc li bn tin. V th m gi ngu nhin phi l xc nh. M gi ngu nhin phi c thit k c rng bng tn ln hn nhiu rng bng tn ca bn tin. Bn tin trn c bin i
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bi m sao cho tn hiu nhn c c rng ph gn bng rng ph ca tn hiu gi ngu nhin. Hin nay h thng SS quan tm ti cc ng dng a truy cp m nhiu ngi s dng cng s mt rng bng tn truyn dn. Trong h thng DSSS tt c ngi s dng dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc ly tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph. Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng nhiu ph rng cng sut thp gi tp m. Trong cc h thng FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng c n nh mt m gi ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp my pht no s dng cng tn s hay cng khe thi gian v vy cc my pht s trnh c xung t. Nh vy FHSS v THSS l cc kiu h thng trnh xung t trong khi DSSS l kiu h thng ly trung bnh. H thng thng tin di ng CDMA ch s dng DSSS v vy ta s quan tm c bit ti h thng ny.
2.2.2 M gi tp m
Vic la chn chui ny cho h thng DS-CDMA l rt quan trng v n nh hng ti kh nng chng nhiu a ng v nhiu a ngi dng trong DSCDMA. Cc c im ca chui: Mi chui thi im t trong tp hp cc chui phi d dng phn bit c vi bn thn chng thi im t+k. Mi chui trong tp hp cc chui phi d dng phn bit c vi mt chui khc trong tp hp.
2.2.2.1 Chui m
Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng ta tp m c to bng cch s dng cc chui m gi tp m (PN) hay gi ngu nhin. Trong cc h thng tri ph trc tip (DS/SS) dng sng ca tri ph gi tp m l mt hm thi gian ca mt chui PN. Trong cc h thng tri ph nhy tn (FH/SS) cc mu nhy tn c th c to ra t mt m PN. Loi quan trng nht ca cc chui ngu nhin l cc chui thanh ghi dch c s hai di cc i hay cc chui-m. Cc chui c s hai m c to ra bng cch s dng thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip v cc mch cng hoc loi tr (XOR) thc hin cc php cng modun-2. Mt chui thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh c xc nh bi mt a thc to m tuyn tnh g(x) bc m>0:
g ( x) = g m x m + g m 1 x m 1 + ... + g1 x + g 0
(2.1)
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i vi cc chui c s hai (c gi tr {0,1}), gi bng 0 hay 1 v gm=g0=1. t g(x)=0 ta c s qui hi nh sau:

1 = g1 x + g 2 x 2 + ... + g m 1 x m 1 + x m
(2.2)
V -1=1(mod 2). Vi xk th hin n v tr, phng trnh hi quy trn xc nh cc kt ni hi tip trong mch thanh ghi dch c s hai ca hnh 2.1. Nu gi=1 tng ng ca mch ng v ngc li. thc hin iu ch 2 pha tip theo, u ra ca mch thanh ghi dch phi c bin i thnh 1 nu li ra l 0 v -1 nu li ra l 1. Thanh ghi dch l mt mch c s hai trng thi hu
g1 Si(1) x0 Si(1) x1 g1 Si(1) x2 Si(1) xm
g1
1 0
-1 +1
n b iu ch
Hnh 2.1. Mch thanh ghi dch
hn c m phn t nh. V th s trng thi khc 0 cc i l 2m-1 v bng s chu k cc i ca chui ra c=(c0, c1, c2,...). Trng thi ca thanh ghi dch xung ng h i l vect di hu hn s-i = {Si(1),Si(2),...Si(m)}. u ra xung ng h i l ci-m=si(m). Thay 1 bng ci vo phng trnh 2.2 ta c iu kin truy hi ca chui ra:
ci = g1ci 1 + g 2 ci 2 + ... + g m 1ci m +1 + ci m
(2.3)
Hay ci m = g1ci + m 1 + g 2 ci + m 2 + ... + g m 1ci +1 + ci i vi i 0 . Th d xt a thc to m g(x)=x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1. S dng phng trnh 2.3 ta c hi quy ci=ci-1 + ci-3 + ci-4 + ci-5 (mod 2) v xy dng thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh. V bc ca g(x) l m=5 nn c 5 n v nh (5 phn t nh thanh ghi dch) trong mch. i vi mi trng thi khi u khc 0 (s0 {0,0,0,0,0}), trng thi thanh ghi dch thay i theo iu kin hi quy c xc nh bi a thc to m g(x). Trong th d ny chui ra tun hon l ct cui cng hnh 2.2: c=111101000100101011000011100110... Chui ny c chu k cc i v bng n=2m-1. Cc a thc to m khc c th to ra chu k ngn hn nhiu. cu hnh mch ny, m bit u tin ca chui ra bng cc bit c np ban u vo thanh ghi dch: s0=11111. i vi np ban u khc, nh s0=00001, u ra ca chui tng ng tr thnh 1000011100110111110100010010101..., l dch (sang phi n-i=31-18=13 n v) ca chui c. Mt th d v thanh ghi dch chu k n. Ta k hiu T-jc l s dch ca chui c sang tri j ln. T hnh 2.2 ta thy rng c cc loi dch sau: T-4c, T-3c, T-2c, T Th Thu K46B 23 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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1
c. Cc dch khc c th nhn c bng cch kt hp tuyn tnh m=5 u ra ni trn. Chng hn s dng mt chn 00101 trn 5 trng thi hnh 2.2 (bng cng AND), ta c th nhn c T-2c+c = 0001001010110000111001101111101., y chnh l T-7c hay T-24c. Ta xt 2 cch khc nhau chn pha ca li ra. V chui c tun hon c di khng xc nh nn ch cn xt chu k ca chui ra vn s dng c cho chui c di hu hn {c0,c1,.cN-1}. Ton t dch
T j by gi c biu th vi thao tc dch vng:
T j c = (c j , c j +1 ....c N 1 , c0 .......c j 1 ) v T + j c = (c N j , c N j +1 ....c N 1 , c0 .......c N j 1 )
0 1 2 3 11111 10010 01001 11001 10001 10101 10111 10110 01011 11000 01100 00110 00011 11100 01110 00111 11110 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 01111 11010 01101 11011 10000 00100 00010 00001 11101 10011 10100 01010 00101 11111 10010 Lp li
(2.4)
Tc ca mch trong hnh 2.1 b hn ch bi tng thi gian tr trong mt
c5 0 0
c4 1
c3 0
c2 1
c1
ci
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(T c)i Hnh 2.2 Mch thanh ghi dch vi g(x) = x5+x4+x2 +x+1
13 14 15 16
phn thanh ghi dch v cc thi gian tr trong tt c cc cng hoc loi tr ng hi tip, r rng tc ng h khng th nhanh hn
( phantudich + XOR g i ) 1 . thc hin tc cao vi tc ng h bng
i =1 m 1
( phantudich + XOR ) 1 , ngi ta c th s dng s tc cao hnh 2.3. Ta thy
rng:
s i (m) = g m 1 s i 1 (m) + s i 1 (m 1) = g m 1 si 1 (m) + ( g m 2 si 2 (m) + si 2 (m 2)) = .........
(mod 2) (2.5)
= g m 1 si 1 (m) + g m 2 s i 2 (m) + .... + g1 si m +1 (m) + si m +1 (1)
V si m +1 (1) = si 1 (m) (m) (xem hnh 2.1) v phng trnh trn cho:
ci = g m 1ci 1 + g m 2 ci 2 + .... + g1ci m +1 + ci m
V vy hai cch thc hin trn c th to ra cng chui u ra nu m bit u tin ra trng nhau. Nhng cc trng thi u ca chng khc nhau th s c
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cc chui trng thi khc nhau. Hnh 2.4 thc hin chui thanh ghi dch nh hnh 2.2 vi tc cao.
g1 Si(1) Si(2) g2 Si(3) gm Si(m) Ci
Hnh 2.3 Mch thanh ghi dch tc cao
Mt chui thanh ghi dch c s 2 tuyn tnh, vi chu k n=2m-1 trong m l s n v nh trong mch hay bc ca a thc to m, c gi l mt chui c s hai c di cc i hay c s m. a thc to m ca chui m c gi l a thc nguyn thu (Primittive Polynomial). nh ngha ton hc ca a thc ny l: g(x) l mt a thc nguyn thu bc m nu s nguyn nh nht n, m i vi s ny, xn-1 chia ht cho a thc g(x), bng n=2m-1. Th d g(x)= x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 l mt a thc nguyn thu bc m=5, v s nguyn n nh nht m xn-1 chia ht cho a thc g(x) l n=25-1=31. Tri li g(x)=x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 khng phi l nguyn thu v s nguyn n nh nht m xn-1 chia ht cho a thc g(x) l 6 khng phi bng 24-1=15. S cc a thc nguyn thu bc m bng:
1 (2 m 1) m
Trong l hm Euler xc nh bi: (n) = n. (1

p n
1 ) p
(2.6)
y p/n k hiu tt c cc c s nguyn t ca n

0 1 2 3 4 5 11111 10010 01001 11001 10001 10101 10111 10110 01011 11000 01100 00110 00011 11100 01110 00111 11110 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 01111 11010 01101 11011 10000 00100 00010 00001 11101 10011 10100 01010 00101 11111 10010 Lp li
c5
c4
c3
c2
c1
ci
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Hnh 2.4: Mch thanh ghi dch tc cao Cho g(x)= x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
Ta c th tm thy cc a thc nguyn thu bng cch chn th. Nhiu bng a thc nguyn thy c cng b nhiu ti liu.
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VD: a thc nguyn thu c s 2 c bc m=3, 4 vi trnh t cc h s g(0), g(1),, g(4) nh sau: m=3 1011 1 + x2 + x3 1101 1 + x + x3 m=4 10011 1 + x3 + x4 11001 1 + x + x4 a thc nguyn thu l ti gin ngha l ta khng th phn tch thnh cc a thc bc thp hn. Nhng ngc li th khng ng. Mt a thc khng nguyn thu c th cho mt chui c chu k nh hn n=2m-1. Chng hn a thc g(x)= x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 c s dng hnh 2.2 to ra mt chui m c chu k n=25-1=31 nh thy. Tri li a thc to m g(x)= x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 khng phi l a thc nguyn thu (mc d c th ch ra rng khng cha tha s no c bc nh hn v th l n a thc ti gin, hay a thc nguyn t), v n to ra mt chui c chu k l 5 thay v 24-1=15 (xem hnh 2.5)
Xung ng h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 trng thi 1111 0111 1011 1101 1110 1111 lp li
Hnh 2.5: Mch thanh ghi dch cho a mc to m g(x)= x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
Xt a thc g(x) = x5 + x4 + 1 l mt a thc cha ti gin v ta c th phn tch n vo cc tha s: (x3 + x + 1)(x2 + x + 1) = x5 + x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1 v 2=0(mod 2). C 2 a thc thnh phn x3 + x + 1 v x2 + x + 1 l nguyn thu v th n ti gin. Chui thanh ghi dch c to ra bi g(x) = x5 + x4 +1 c tnh cht c bit, chng hn khi np ban u l 11111, chui u ra l 1111100001000011001010 vi chu k 7.3=21. Gi s c=c0c1c2c2m-2 l mt chui m c to ra bi mt a thc nguyn thu c nh:
g ( x) = x m + g m 1 x m 1 + g m 2 x m 2 + ... + g1 x + 1
(2.7)
Xt hnh 2.1 nu ta s dng cc gi tr np ban u khc khng, khc nhau cho thanh ghi dch m phn t th c th nhn c cc chui m khc nhau, tt c chng l dch vng so vi nhau. Gi s Sm biu th tp n= 2m -1 chui c to bi g(x) v chui ton khng c di n= 2m -1. Tp Sm ny s to nn mt khng
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gian vect c 2m=n+1 chui. V d, xt g(x)= x3 + x2 + 1, mch thanh ghi dch c m t hnh 2.6 v Sm c cho bi:
c 1110010 1 T c 1100101 T 2 c 1001011 T 3 c 0010111 S m = 4 = T c 0101110 T 5 c 1011100 T 6 c 0111001 0000000 1
1
1 1 1
Xung ng h 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Trng thi 111 011 001 100 010 101 110
Hnh 2.6 Mch thanh ghi dch cho a thc to m g(x)=x3 + x2 + 1
Khong cch Hamming gia 2 vect l s v tr m chng khc nhau. i vi 2 vect hng bt k ta c th thy rng khong cch Hamming ging nhau v bng (n+1)/2. V vy Sm c coi l mt tp n. Chui-m l nhn t quan trng trong tri ph. Phn ph lc a ra phn tnh ton thc hin cc thanh ghi dch to nn chui-m. Thut ton tnh ton c th thay i d dng cc thng s nhm to ra chui-m c chiu di ty . Mt s kt qu c a ra nh di y: Bc ca tn hiu gi ngu nhin bng 5, a thc sinh l x5+x4+x2+x+1. Tn hiu gi ngu nhin c pht ra: dayGNN = Columns 1 through 17 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Columns 18 through 31 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
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2.2.2.2 Cc thuc tnh ca chui m

Thuc tnh ghi dch: Dch vng (dch tri hoc dch phi) ca mt chui m cng l chui m. Ni cch khc nu c nm trong tp Sm th dch vng c cng nm trong tp Sm. Thuc tnh hi quy: mi chui m u tho mn chui hi quy:
c1 = g1ci 1 + g 2 ci 2 + ... + g m 1ci m +1 + ci m
vi i = 0,1,2,
Thuc tnh ca s: Nu mt ca s rng m trt dc chui m trong tp Sm, mi dy n=2m-1 trong s m dy bit khc khng ny s c nhn thy ng mt ln. Chng hn xt ca s di 4 cho chui 000100110101111. Tng tng rng chui ny c vit thnh vng. Thuc tnh s s 1 nhiu hn s s 0: Mt chui m trong tp Sm cha n=2m1 s 1 v n=2m s 0. Thuc tnh cng: Tng 2 chui m (cng mod 2 theo tng thnh phn) l mt chui m khc. Thuc tnh dch v cng: Tng ca mt chui m v dch vng ca chnh n (cng mod 2 theo tng thnh phn) l mt chui m khc. Thuc tnh hm t tng quan dng u inh: Hm t tng quan tun hon chun ho ca mt chui m c xc nh nh sau:
i 1 n 1 R (i ) = ( 1) n j =0
c ci + j
Bng 1 i vi i=0 (mod n) v bng -1/n vi i 0 (mod n) (hnh 2.7).

-1/n R(i)
-n
-3
-2 -1
Hnh 2.7 Hm t tng quan dng u inh ca mt chui m
Thuc tnh cc on chy (Runs): Mt on chy l mt xu cc s 1 hay s 0 lin tip. Trong mi chui m, s bc chy c chiu di bng 1 l 1/2 tng cc bc chy, s bc chy c chiu di bng 2 l 1/4 tng cc bc chy, s bc chy c chiu di bng 3 l 1/8 tng cc bc chy.
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Thuc tnh pha c trng: c ng mt chui c trong tp Sm tho mn iu kin Ci=C2i i vi tt c cc I Z . Chui m ny c gi l chui c c trng hay pha c trng ca cc chui m trong tp Sm. Thuc tnh ly mu: Ly mu c n bit 1 ln c biu th c(n) .
2.2.3 Cc chui Gold

Cc chui-m l cc hm t tng quan dng u inh. Chng c cc thuc tnh t tng quan tun hon dng u inh tt nht s gim ti a t tng quan lch pha. V th cc chui-m rt ph hp cho hot ng ng b m. i vi thng tin d b nhiu ngi s dng cn c mt tp ln cc chui-m c gi tr tng quan cho nh. Gi s ta nh ngha tng quan cho tun hon ca hai chui (c th l phc) u = u 0 u1u 2 ...u N 1 v v = v0 v1v 2 ...v N 1 (trong ui, vi c gi tr l 1 hoc -1 i vi chui c s hai) nh sau:
Ru ,v (n) = ui vn +i*
i =1 n 1
vi n Z
Trong ch s n+i c tnh theo mod n (php chia cho n ly phn d). Cn m bo cc gi tr tng quan cho mi ln dch tng i nh nhiu tng h gia hai ngi s dng nh. S chui-m di n=2m - 1 l
1 ( n) . m
Tuy nhin mt s cp chui-m c tng quan cho ln v th chng khng ph hp cho vic s dng trong cng mt tp chui CDMA. Mt h cc chui tun hon c th m bo cc tp chui c tng quan cho tun hon tt l cc chui Gold. C th xc nh mt tp n+2 cc chui Gold di n=2 m 1 t mt cp chui-m c a chung (chng hn nh x v y ) c hm tng quan cho ba tr:
1 x , y ( n) = t ( m) t (m) 2
m+ 2 2
, k hiu [c] cho phn nguyn ca s thc c. Lu Trong t(m)=1 + 2 rng khi tnh ton cc gi tr tng quan, trc ht phi chuyn i cc gi tr 0 v 1 thnh +1 v -1. Tp hp cc chui Gold bao gm cp chui-m c a chung x v y , tng modulo-2 ca x vi dch vng ca y . Chng hn tp hp cc chui Gold l: S Gold = {x, y, x y, x T 1 y, x T 2 y,....., x T ( N 1) y} 29 (2.6)
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Trong T 1 y = {y1 , y 2 , y 3 ,..., y N 1 , y 0 } l dch vng tri ca y . i lng tng quan cc i cho 2 chui Gold bt k trong cng mt tp hp l khng i. Bit rng cp cc chui-m u chung khng tn ti i vi m=4, 6, 12, 16, v c th phng on rng khng c li gii cho tt c m=0. V d: Chui Gold c m=3 S chui-m di n=2m 1 =7 l
1 1 1 (n) = .7.(1 ) = 2 3 7 m
Nh vy c 2 chui-m khc nhau bng cch dch vng vi di bng 7. Hai a thc nguyn thy bc m=3 l: x3 + x2 + 1 v x3 + x + 1 to ra cc chui-m
x =1001011 v y =1001110 vi s np ban u l 001.
Hm tng quan cho ba tr ca cp chui-m c 3 gi tr l -1, -5, 3. Vy

x v y l cp a chung ca chui-m. Ta c s to chui Gold m=3 nh sau:
Xi chui Gold
0/1
0/1
0/1 y(i)
Hnh 2.8. B to chui Gold cho cp a chung g1 ( x) = x 3 + x 2 + 1 v g 2 ( x) = x 3 + x + 1
Tp 9 chui Gold c di 7 nh sau: 1001011 1001110 1010110 1110001 0100010 0011000
0000101 0111111 1101100
m t ( m) 2 2 0 theo hm m. Do cc chui Gold di hn s T s m > n
thc hin cc chui CDMA tt hn. Cc chui Gold c to ra d dng thng qua m phng Matlab trong phn ph lc. Kt qu thu c nh sau: Chui Gold to ra t 2 a thc sinh l: Th Thu K46B 30 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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x5+x3+1 v x5+x4+x3+x+1, gi tr nhp vo ban u l 0001, di n=2m 1 =31 nh sau: 1000010010110011111000110111010 1000011100110111110100010010101 0000001110000100001100100101111 1000101011011100010000010010001 1001100001101100101001111101100 1011110100001101011010100010110 1111011111001110111100011100010 0110001001001001110001100001010 0100100101000111101010011011011 0001111101011011011101101111001 1011001101100010110010000111101 1110101100010001101101010110100 0101101111110111010011110100110 0011101000111010101110110000011 1111100110100001010100111001001 0111111010010110100000101011100 0111000011111001001000001110111 0110110000100110011001000100001 0101010110011000111011010001101 0010011011100101111111111010101 1100000000011111110110101100101 0000110111101011100100000000100 1001011000000011000001011000111 1010000111010010001011101000000 1100111001110000011110001001110 0001000100110100110101001010010 1010111110111101100011001101011 1101001010101111001111000011000 0010100010001010010111011111110 1101110011000000100111100110011 0011010001010101000110010101000 1110010101111110000101110011111 0100011100101000000010111110000
2.2.4 Cc chui Kasami

Gi s m l s nguyn chn v x l chui-m c chu k 2m 1. Cc chui Kasami c thc hin bng cch ly mu chui-m x v thc hin cng module-2 chui dch vng. Chui ly mu ca x theo m c k hiu l x[n] . xy dng chui Kasami, trc ht tm chui ly mu
m
y = x[ S (m)] , trong
S(m)= 2 2 + 1 . Chui ly mu y cng l mt chui-m tun hon nhng vi chu k b hn

2m 1 = 2 m 2 1 . Tp nh ca chui Kasami c xc nh bi: S ( m)
S Kasami = x, x y, x T 1 y, x T 2 y,....., x T ( 2
m 2
2)
(2.7)
Tng s chui trong tp ny l 2m/2. Hm tng quan cho ca hai chui Kasami nhn cc gi tr trong tp:
x, y
1 = S ( m ) S ( m) 2
(2.8)
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V d chui Kasami c m=4: a thc x4+x3+1 to ra chui-m

x =100010011010111 khi nhp gi tr ban u l 0001. Gi tr ca hng s
S(m)=5. Ly mu x theo S(m) ta c y = x[5] = 101101101101101 bao gm 5 chui-m mi chui (101) c chu k 2 m 2 1 = 3 . 2 m 2 = 4 chui Kasami c di 2m 1 = 15 nh sau: 100010011010111 001111110111010 111001000001100 010100101100001 Chng trnh m phng to chui Kasami cho kt qu nh sau v m ngun c thc hin nh trong ph lc. a thc nguyn thy l x4+x+1, gi tr nhp ban u l 0001 cho ta chui Kasami c di 2m-1=15 nh sau: 100011110101100 010101000011010 001110011000001 111000101110111
2.2.5 Cc hm trc giao

Cc hm trc giao c s dng ci thin hiu sut bng tn trong h thng tri ph. Trong h thng thng tin di ng CDMA, mi ngi s dng mt phn t trong tp cc hm trc giao. Hm Walsh v chui Hadamard to nn mt tp cc hm trc giao c s dng trong CDMA. Trong CDMA cc hm Walsh c s dng theo hai cch l m tri ph hoc to ra cc k hiu trc giao. Cc hm Walsh c to ra bng cc ma trn vung c bit c gi l cc ma trn Hadamard. Cc ma trn ny cha mt hng ton s 0 v cc hng cn li c s s 0 bng s s 1. Hm Walsh c cu trc cho di khi N=2j trong j l mt s nguyn dng. Cc t hp m cc hng ca ma trn l cc hm trc giao c xc nh theo ma trn Hamadard nh sau:
0 0 0 0 H1=0 ; H2 = ; H4 = 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 H 1 ; H2N = N 1 HN 0
HN HN
Trong H N l o c s hai ca HN Th Thu K46B 32 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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Ph lc a ra phn m phng thc hin to ra hm Walsh. Kt qu a ra nh sau: S j c nhp l 3 dn n di khi l 8 nh di y: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
2.2.6 Cc h thng DSSS-BPSK 2.2.6.1 My pht DSSS-BPSK

S khi ca my pht DSSS s dng BPSK c cho hnh 2.9
Tn hiu DSSS- BPSK bn tin b(t) BPSK b(t)c(t) S(t)=
2 Eb b(t)c(t)cos( 2f c t + ) Tb
Tn hiu PN c(t)
Sng mang
2 Eb cos( 2f c t + ) Tb
Hnh 2.9.S my pht DSSS-BPSK
G (2.9)
i s bn tin l cc gi tr 1 v -1
b(t ) = bk pT (t kT )
+
Trong bk= 1 l bit s liu th k vi +1 tng ng vi bit 0v -1 ng vi bit 1. pT l hm xung n v. 0 t T 1 p(t ) = ngoi ra (2.10) 0 Tn hiu b(t) c tri ph bng tn hiu PN c(t):
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c(t ) =
+
t =
p (t kTc )
(2.11)
bng cch nhn hai tn hiu ny vi nhau. Tn hiu nhn c b(t)c(t) sau s iu ch cho sng mang s dng BPSK cho ta tn hiu DSSS-BPSK xc nh theo cng thc: S(t)= Trong : Eb: Nng lng bit Tb: rng bit fc: Tn s sng mang
: Pha sng mang
2 Eb b(t)c(t)cos( 2f c t + ) Tb
(2.12)
Tn hiu iu ch c dng nh hnh 2.10.
Trong nhiu ng dng mt bit bn tin bng s nguyn ln mt chu k ca tn hiu PN, ngha l Tb=NTc. Ta s dng gi thit ny cho ton b phn sau, hnh trn s dng N=7.
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2.2.6.2 My thu DSSS-BPSK

S khi ca my thu DSSS-BPSK cho nh hnh 2.11.
S(t)=Ab(t- )c(t- )cos( 2f c (t ) + ) Khi phc sng mang
t i +T
Bcos( 2f c (t ) + )
r(t) ng b tn hiu PN B to tn hiu PN ni
(.)dt
ti
+ -
1 hoc -1
B tng quan
Hnh 2.11. S my thu DSSS-BPSK
Mc ch ca my thu l ly ra bn tin b(t) t tn hiu thu c bao gm tn hiu c cng vi tp m. n gin ta b qua suy hao ng truyn, tn hiu ti my thu tr khong thi gian : S(t- )+n(t)=Ab(t- )c(t- )cos( 2f c (t ) + )+n(t) Trong A=
2 Eb . Tb
(2.13)
n(t) l tp m ca knh v u vo my thu. nn ph tn hiu thu c, tn hiu c nhn vi tn hiu PN c(t- ) ng b c to ra my thu:
r (t ) = Ab(t )c 2 (t ) cos(2f c (t ) + ) = Ab(t )c 2 (t ) cos(2f c t 2f c + )
= Ab(t )c 2 (t ) cos(2f c t + ' ) = Ab(t ) cos(2f c t + ' ) vi ' = 2f c + . Do c 2 (t ) =1
(2.14)
Tn hiu nhn c l tn hiu bng hp vi rng bng tn gia hai gi tr 0 l 2/Tb (=B). gii iu ch ta gi thit rng my thu bit c pha ' (v tn s fc) cng nh im khi u ca tng bit. B gii iu ch BPSK bao gm mt b tng quan (Correlator) v mt thit b nh gi ngng. tch ra bit s liu th i, b tng quan tnh ton:
Zi =
t i +T
r (t )B cos(2f t + ' )dt

c ti
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t i +T
= AB b(t ) cos 2 (2f c t + ' )dt

ti
AB = 2
t i +T
b(t )(1 + cos(4f t + 2 ' ))dt

c ti
(2.15)
Trong :
A= 2 Eb Tb
; B=
2 2 ; AB = Tb Tb
Eb
t i = iTb + l thi im ban u ca bit th i.
v b(t ) l 1 trong thi gian mt bit do thnh phn th nht ca tch phn s cho ta T v T. Thnh phn th hai l thnh phn nhn i tn s nn tch phn gn bng khng. V vy Z i = Eb , kt qu ny qua thit b nh gi ngng (hoc b so snh) vi ngng 0, ta c u ra c s hai 1 (logic 0), -1 (logic 1). Ngoi thnh phn tn hiu Eb , u ra ca b tch phn cng c thnh phn tp m c th gy li. Thng thng my thu bit c tn s sng mang fc do vy n c th suy ra c cc tham s , ti, . Tn s sng mang c to ra bng cch s dng mt b dao ng ni. Nu c s khc bit no gia tn s ca b dao ng ni v tn s sng mang th mt tn s gn vi fc c th c to ra v c th theo di c tn s chnh xc bng mt mch vng hi tip nh vng kha pha. Qu trnh nhn c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin 2 bc: bt ng b v bm ng b. Qu trnh nhn c ti gi l qu trnh khi phc xung ng h (nh thi) k hiu (symbol timing). Qu trnh nhn c (cng nh fc) gi l qu trnh khi phc sng mang. Vic khi phc sng mang v ng h l cn thit mi my thu thng tin s liu ng b.
2.2.6.3 Mt ph cng sut (PSD)

Bn tin v tn hiu PN l cc tn hiu c s 2 ngu nhin, mi bit hay mi chip nhn cc gi tr 1 ng xc xut. Bn tin (vi bin 1) c tc bit R=1/T (b/s) v PSD l:
S b ( f ) = Tb sin c 2 ( fTb ) Sc ( f ) = Tc sin c 2 ( fTc )
rng bng tn l 1/Tb (Hz)
tn hiu PN (bin d 1) tc chip l 1/Tc v PSD l:
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rng bng tn l 1/Tc (Hz) v 1/Tc l s nguyn v v khi u ca mi bit b(t) trng vi khi u ca chip c(t) nn tch c(t)b(t) c PSD nh sau:
S bc ( f ) = Tc sin c 2 ( fTc )
(2.16)
C rng bng tn l Rc = 1T (Hz) ging nh rng bng tn ca tn hiu c PN. V th qu trnh tri ph s tng rng bng tn ln N ln, thng thng gi tr ny rt ln. iu ch sng mang chuyn tn hiu bng gc b(t)c(t) vo tn hiu bng thng S(t) c PSD l:
Ss = A 2Tc (sin c 2 ( f f c )Tc + sin c 2 ( f + f c )Tc ) 4
(2.17)
Thay A =
2 Ec v ch xt PSD cho tn s dng ta c: Tc
S s ( f ) = E c sin c 2 ( f f c )Tc =
P sin c 2 ( f f c )Tc Rc
(2.18)
Trong P l cng sut, R=1/T l tc bit ca bn tin. PSD S(f) cho tn hiu tri ph v tn hiu khng tri ph c ch ra hnh 2.12. T hnh 2.12 ta thy do tri ph, tn hiu iu ch BPSK c rng bng tn tng N=Tb/Tc ln so vi khng tri ph. Ngoi ra tn hiu BPSK c tri ph cho PSD ti tn s sng mang fc thp hn khng tri ph l Rc/Rb=Tb/Tc ln. T s N cho php nh gi hiu qu ca tri ph nn c gi l h s tri ph. Trong my thu tn hiu s(t- ) l phin bn tr ca tn hiu DS s(t). Nn PSD ca n cng ging nh PSD ca tn hiu s(t) v tr khng lm thay i phn b cng sut vng tn s. PSD ca c(t ) cng ging PSD ca c(t). Sau khi tri ph ta c tn hiu r(t) vi PSD c xc nh bi:
Sr ( f ) = Pr sin c 2 ( f f c )Tb Rb
(2.19)
Trong Pr l cng sut thu bng cng sut pht b suy gim do ng truyn. S(f) biu thc (2.19) c dng nh hnh (2.12) ch khc l cng sut sng mang by gi l cng sut thu Pr. T PSD ca cc tn hiu khc nhau ta thy rng PSD ca b(t) c tri ph bi c(t) sau c nn ph bi c(t ) my thu
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2.2.6.4 li x l Gp
li x l Gp c nh ngha l t s gia rng bng tn ca tn hiu tri ph v rng bng tn ca bn tin. Ta thng biu din Gp dng dB. li x l cho thy tn hiu bn tin pht c tri ph bao nhiu ln bi h thng tri ph. y l mt thng s cht lng quan trng trong h thng tri ph v Gp cao thng c ngha l kh nng chng nhiu tt hn. i vi h thng DS/SS-BPSK, nu coi rng bng tn ca tn hiu SS l Rc=1/Tc th li x l l Tb/Tc=N. V d c N=1023, rng tn hiu tri ph iu ch BPSK tng 1023 ln so vi tn hiu khng tri ph v Gp l 1023 hay 30.1dB.
2.2.7 Cc h thng DSSS-QPSK 2.2.7.1 iu ch

Ngoi phng php BPSK, cc kiu iu ch khc nh kha dch pha cu phng (QPSK) v kha chuyn cc tiu (Minimum Shift Keying) cng thng c s dng trong h thng SS. S khi my pht ca h thng DS/SS s dng iu ch QPSK c cho nh trn hnh 2.13. S gm hai nhnh mt nhnh ng pha v mt nhnh vung pha.
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b(t)c1(t) c1(t) b(t) b to PN1

b iu ch QPSK S1(t)
/2
A cos(2f c t + )
b(t)c1(t) c2(t) b to PN2
b iu ch QPSK S2(t)
Hnh 2.13.My pht ca h thng DSSS-QPSK
Trong s ny, cng mt u vo s liu b(t), iu ch bi cc tn hiu PN c1(t) v c2(t) c hai nhnh. Tn hiu DSSS-QPSK c dng: S (t ) = Ab(t )c1 (t ) sin( 2f c t + ) + Ab(t )c 2 (t ) cos(2f c t + )
= 2 A cos(2f c t + + (t ))
(2.20)
Trong A =
Eb c (t )b(t ) v (t ) = tg 1 ( 2 ) c 2 (t )b(t ) Tb
Nh vy tn hiu s(t) c th nhn 4 trng thi pha khc nhau: 3 5 7 + , + , + , + .

4 4 4 4
2.2.7.2 Gii iu ch
S khi ca my thu nh trn hnh 2.14. Cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c nn ph c lp vi nhau bi tn hiu c1(t) v c2(t).
r1(t) u1(t)
S (t )
c1 (t )
r2(t)
B sin( 2f c t + ' )
u2(t)
u(t)
t i +Tb
(.)dt
+ - 1 hoc -1
c 2 (t )
B cos(2f c t + ' )
Hnh 2.14. S my thu ca iu ch tn hiu DSSS-QPSK
Gi thit thi gian tr l , b qua tp m v suy hao ng truyn, tn hiu vo my thu s l:
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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA (2.21)
s (t ) = Ab(t )c1 (t ) sin( 2f c t + ' ) + Ab(t )c 2 (t ) cos(2f c t + ' )
vi ' = 2 2f c t . Tn hiu trc b cng l:

u1 (t ) = ABb(t ) sin 2 (2f c t + ' ) ABb(t )c1 (t ) sin(2f c t + ' ) cos 2(2f c t + ' )
=
1 1 ABb(t )(1 cos(2f c t + 2 ' )) ABb(t )c1 (t )c 2 (t ) sin(4f c t + 2 ' ) (2.22) 2 2
Trong A =
u 2 (t ) =
Eb 1 v B = Tb Tb
ABb(t )c1 (t )c2 (t ) sin(2f c t + ' ) cos(2f c t + ' ) + ABb(t ) cos 2(2f c t + ' ) =
1 1 ABb(t )(1 + cos(4f c t + 2 ' )) ABb(t )c1 (t )c 2 (t ) sin( 4f c t + 2 ' ) (2.23) 2 2
Tng ca cc tn hiu trn c ly tch phn trong khong thi gian mt bit. Kt qa cho ta Z i = Eb vi du cng nu bit bn tin tng ng bng +1 v du tr nu bit bn tin tng ng bng -1 v tt c cc thnh phn tn s 2fc c gi tr trung bnh bng khng. V th u ra ca b so snh l +1 (hay logic 0) khi bn tin l +1 v -1 (hay logic 1) nu bit bn tin l -1. Gi s Tc l chu k chip ca c1(t) v c2(t), rng bng tn ca cc tn hiu c iu ch s1(t) v s2(t) ca 2 nhnh s nh nhau v bng 2/k. s1(t) v s2(t) l trc giao v cng chim rng bng tn v vy rng bng tn ca s(t) cng ging nh ca s1(t) v s2(t) v bng 2/k. i vi tc s liu bng 1/Tb, li x l l Gp=Tb/Tc.
2.2.8 Hiu nng ca h thng DSSS

Phn ny cp n hiu nng ca h thng DS/SS-BPSK trong mi trng tp m Gauss trng cng (AWGN) v nhiu. ng thi kho st nhiu nhiu ngi s dng gy ra do cc tn hiu DS khc v nhiu t gy ra do truyn nhiu tia.
2.2.8.1 nh hng ca tp m trng v nhiu gy nghn

Gi s ng b m v sng mang tt. T s gia cng sut tn hiu v cng sut nhiu ph u ra ca my thu: SRN 0 trc b to ngng l:
S 0 = Eb .
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Hiu nng hot ng ca h thng c nh gi bng xc sut li bit. Xc sut li bit thng c k hiu di dng: E b /N 0 . Trong E b l Nng lng tn hiu trn mt bit, N 0 /2 l PSD 2 bin ca tp m Gauss trong knh. Xc sut li bit ca mt tn hiu DS/SS BPSK knh tp m Gauss trng cng l:
Pb = Q( 2SQR0 ) Q(t ) =
t
(2.24)
1 2
x2 2
dx
SNR0 =
A 2T / 2 Eb = N0 N0
vi A =
2 Eb , Eb l nng lng bit, T l rng bit, N0 l mt ph cng T
sut tp m Gauss trng cng tnh. T s tn hiu trn tp m u vo SNR i v u ra SNR 0 l:

(
E .R E 1 S )i = b b = b . N N 0 .B N 0 G p
(2.25)
hay:
Eb S S = G p . = N i N 0 Nb
Xt nh hng ca nhiu ph. Gi s c tn hiu ph bng rng (vi tn s trung tm f 1 ) trong knh. Gi s tn hiu ph ny l: j(t) = J(t)cos( 2f1t + ) (2.26) j(t) l tn hiu thng thp v l mt bin ng u (0,2 ) c lp vi J(t). Nu ta kt hp c tp m nhiu Gauss trng cng vi tn hiu nhiu ph v gi thit rng chng c lp nhau th SNR ca h thng DS/SS-BPSK l:
SNR = Eb A 2 .T / 2 = N 0 + Pj Tc N 0 + Pj Tc
(2.27)
P j : Cng sut trung bnh ca nhiu ph. Ta thy rng nhiu ph nh hng ging nh tp m trng c PSD hai bin l P j .T c /2. nh hng kt hp ca tp m trng v nhiu ph tng ng vi nh hng ca tp m trng c PSD hai bin l: N '0 =(N 0 +P j .T c )/2. Nh vy T c cng nh th P j cng t nh hng n s gim t s tn/tp. Khi Tc nh n mc P j .T c <<N 0 th nhiu ph khng cn tc dng.
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By gi gi s rng ta c tn hiu nhiu ph bng rng, ngha l rng bng tn ca tn hiu nhiu ph ln hn ca tn hiu DS (B j >B DS ) th tn hiu nhiu ging nh tp m trng c tp m hai bin PSD P j /2B j . B j l rng bng tn ca j(t). Lc ny:
SNR = A2 .T / 2 N 0 + Pj / B j
(2.28)
Khi N ln, rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS: B DS ln do B j ln, nh hng ca nhiu ph nh nn cng sut trung bnh P j phi ln nhiu ph khng cn tc dng. Kt lun: Ta thy rng tri ph khng c hiu qu v tp m trng Gauss nhng lm gim ng k nh hng ca nhiu ph.
2.2.8.2 nh hng ca nhiu v truyn a tia

* Nhiu Xt tnh trng tn hiu thu cha nhiu t mt tn hiu DS khc. Trong trng hp ny tn hiu thu s l:
r (t ) = Ab(t )c(t ) cos(2f c t ) + A' b' (t )c' (t ) cos(2f c t + ' ) + n(t )
(2.29)
Gi s b(t), b(t), c(t) bng 1 . Tn s mang ging nhau cho c b(t) v b(t), pha ca sng mang l khc nhau th hai tn hiu ny c pht c lp vi nhau. Sau khi nhn tn hiu vi c(t ) cos(2f c t ) v ly tch phn u vo ca b to ngng l S0+S0+n0
S 0 = A' B b' (t ' )c' (t ' )c(t ) cos(2f c t + ' ) cos(2f c t )dt
0
(2.30)
= =
A' B cos( ' ) b' (t ' )c' (t ' )c(t )dt 2 0

T 1 ' A' BT 1 cos( ' ) c' (t ' )c(t )dt c' (t ' )c(t )dt 2 T ' T 0
Du do b( t ' ) c th l +1 hoc -1. Tng quan cho nh gy nhiu t nn mi trng a ngi dng phi thit k cc tn hiu PN sao cho chng c tng quan cho nh. * Truyn a tia Trong trng hp truyn a tia tn hiu thu gm thnh phn i thng v cc thnh phn phn x t cc cng trnh nhn to hay a hnh t nhin.
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Gi s ch c mt tn hiu khng i thng. S dng phng trnh (2.30) vi l thi gian tr b sung trn ng truyn phn x c(t)=c(t), A=kA, k1 l tha s suy gim. Nhiu do thnh phn khng i thng l:
1 S ' 0 = cos( ' ). kA.b(t ' )c(t ' )c(t )dt 2 0
T
. (2.31)
AT cos( ' ) c ( ' ) 2 Khi | ' | >Tc =0 =k
nh ca truyn a tia c loi b hay tr thnh mt nhiu nh nu rng ca chip b hn tr b sung ng khng i thng. * Hiu ng gn xa Hiu ng gn xa l hiu ng trong mt h thng nhiu ngi s dng gp nguy him do s c mt ca mt tn hiu mnh. Xt h thng a truy cp DS/SS, gi thit rng c k ngi s dng pht tn hiu trn cng mt knh. Tn hiu thu c b nhiu do tp m v cc tn hiu ca k-1 ngi s dng khc. Gi s N0/2 l PSD ca knh tp m, Ps l cng sut trung bnh ca tng tn hiu th PSD tn hiu ca tng ngi s dng l:
Ps Tc sin c 2 ( f f c )Tc + sin c 2 ( f + f c )Tc 2
(2.32)
Bng cch lp m hnh k-1 tn hiu gy nhiu nh l cc tp m trng Gauss, c th xp x ha PSD kt hp bng: (k-1)PsTc/2. Do :
SNR = Eb Ps Tb = N ' o N 0 + aPs Tc + Ps Tc (k 2)
(2.33)
Khi a ln, SNR gim mnh, xc xut li tr nn qu ln. Ni cch khc ta c th duy tr xc xut li mc cho php bng cch gim s k-2 ngi s dng v s ngi s dng ny c khi phi loi b hon ton khi a ln. Xc xut li c th tnh ton thng qua chng trinh m phng Matlab c m ngun nh trong phn ph lc v kt qu thu c nh sau:
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Hnh 2.15. Xc xut li khi c nhiu hnh sin
* Tnh cht kh thu trm Xt tn hiu DS cng vi tp m:

Ab(t )c(t ) cos(2f c t ) + n(t )
(2.34)
PSD ca tn hiu ny l:
P sin c 2 ( f f c )Tc Rc
(2.35)
c gi tr cc i l P/Rc v tp m Gauss trng cng tnh c PSD bng N0. Trong cc h thng thng tin di ng thng i hi t s li bit l 10-3 hoc 10-6. t c iu ny phi c SNR vo khong 6.8dB n 10.5dB (coi iu ch l BPSK) ngha l Eb/N0 5 11. Eb =PTb l nng lng/ mt bit ca tn hiu DS. Ta c th vit:
PTc 5 11 = hoc N0 Gp Gp
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ngun tin
Lp khun
M ha ngun
M ha
M ha knh
Ghp knh
iu ch
Tri ph
a truy cp
Tx
u vo s
Tin nhn
Lp khun
Gii m ngun
Gii m
Gii m knh
Gii ghp knh Cc bit knh
Gii iu ch
Gii tri ph n cc ni nhn khc
a truy cp
Rx
u ra s
Hnh 2.16: S khi tng qut ca thit b v tuyn s h thng thng tin s
Ngha l chiu cao ca ph tn hiu l 5/Gp hoc 11/Gp chiu cao ca ph tp m. V Gp ln nn cc tha s ny b hn 1 rt nhiu. Do chiu cao ph tn hiu DS thp hn tp m, tn hiu DS b che lp bi tp m nn rt kh pht hin v thu trm.
2.3 Cc k thut x l s v truyn dn h thng thng tin di ng th h ba 2.3.1 S khi ca mt thit b thu pht v tuyn s [20] 2.3.1.1 S khi chung
S khi ca thit b thu pht v tuyn s c ch ra nh hnh 2.16. Khi di cho thy qu trnh bin i tn hiu t my pht sang ni nhn. My pht thng gm tng bin i nng tn, khuych i cng sut v anten. My thu gm anten, b khuych i tp m nh, b bin i h tn v khuych i trung tn. Trong cc bc x l tn hiu th bc lp khun, iu ch, gii iu ch l bt buc. - Lp khun thc hin bin i ngun tin thnh cc tn hiu s ngun tin tng thch vi qu trnh x l h thng. - iu ch thc hin bin i cc k hiu ny thnh cc dng sng thch hp vi knh lu thng dn v tuyn. - M ha ngun thc hin bin i tng t sang s (i vi cc ngun tng t) v loi b thng tin tha khng cn thit. - M ha ngn khng cho k l ph hoi thng tin.
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- M ha knh gim xc sut li v gim yu cu i vi t s tn/tp. - Tri ph to ra tn hiu t b nh hng ca nhiu, ng thi tng bo mt tn hiu. - Ghp knh v a truy cp cho cho php kt hp s cung cp kh nng chia s ti nguyn v tuyn. Trt t ca cc khi trong hnh 2.16 c th c thay i ty theo h thng truyn dn c th
2.3.1.2 S khi ca my thu/pht

S hnh 2.17 cho ta thy s khi ca my pht v my thu v tuyn trong W-CDMA. Lp vt l b sung CRC cho tng khi truyn ti l n v s liu gc cn x l. Sau s liu c m ha knh v an xen. S liu sau an xen c b sung thm cc bit hoa tiu v cc bit iu khin cng sut pht (TCP). S liu c sp xp trn nhnh I v Q ca QPSK, c tri ph v ngu nhin ha. Chui chip sau khi ngu nhin ha c gii hn trong bng tn 5MHz bng b lc Nyquist cosin nng cn bc hai v c bin i thnh tng t bng bin i D/A a ln iu ch vung gc cho sng mang. Tn hiu trung tn sau iu ch c bin i nng tn vo sng v tuyn (RF) trong bng tn 2GHz, sau c khuych i trc khi chuyn n anten pht vo khng gian. Ti my thu, tn hiu thu c khuych i bng b khuych i tp m nh, sau c a vo tng trung tn, ri li c khuych i tuyn tnh bi b khuych i AGC (iu khin khuych i t ng) tn hiu c gii iu ch c cc thnh phn I v Q. Cc tn hiu tng t ca cc thnh phn ny c bin i thnh s ti b bin i A/D. Sau tn hiu qua b lc Nyquist cosin nng cn bc hai v c phn chia thi gian vo mt s thnh phn ng truyn c thi gian tr truyn sng khc nhau. Sau khi gii tri ph, chng c kt hp bi b kt hp my thu RAKE, tn hiu tng hp c gii an xen, gii m knh, phn knh thnh cc khi truyn ti v c pht hin li. Cui cng chng c a n lp cao hn.
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a)My pht:
S liu pht Cng CRC Anten B khuych i pht Bin i nng tn iu ch vung gc

Knh lu thng ti B
Phn on khi m
M ha knh
Phi hp tc
an xen
Ghp
iu ch (QPSK)
D/A
B lc Nyquist cosin nng cn hai
Tri ph
b)My thu
Anten o SNR B lc Nyquist cosin nng cn hai B to lnh TPC B kt hp RAKE nht qun
B khuych i tp m thp
B bin i h tn
khuych i AGC
A/D
Ngn hng gii iu ch
b tm ng truyn
Knh lu thng ti B Gii an xen Gii m knh Ghp khi m Pht hin li khi Knh lu thng ti A s liu c khi phc
Hnh 2.17. S khi my thu, pht v tuyn
2.3.2 My thu RAKE

Chui tn hiu gi ngu nhin c pht i CDMA c c im l cc phin bn dch thi gian ca n hu nh khng tng quan. Nh vy mt tn hiu c truyn t my pht sang my thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau dn n c thi gian tr khc nhau nn s gy nn cc tn hiu fading khc
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nhau. My thu RAKE (hnh 2.18) thc hin ly tng quan cc tn hiu thu c. Cc tn hiu ny l cc phin bn dch thi gian ca chui gi ngu nhin.
Cho ng truyn L
Cho ng truyn 1 B tng quan tr B lc nh gi knh c k hiu hoa tiu h tr B to bn sao m tri ph B gii an xen Tn hiu c khi phc
B gii m knh
Hnh 2.18: Cu trc my thu RAKE
my thu RAKE nhn c cc phin bn dch thi ca chui ngu nhin, tn hiu phi i qua ng tr trc khi c ly tng quan v c kt hp. ng tr bao gm nhiu mt tr c thi gian tr bng thi gian mt chip Tc. My thu dch nh thi bn sao m tri ph tng chip cho tng k hiu thng tin gii tri ph k hiu trong cng mt k hiu v to nn l lch tr cng sut. Da trn cc l lch tr ny, my thu chn cc ng truyn kt hp RAKE theo th t gim dn cng sut thu ng truyn trn c s s lng b tng quan, b c tnh knh v b b tr bin i pha (gi l cc ngn my thu RAKE). Trong thc t, v cc tn hiu tri ph c c nhiu ca ngi s dng khc v cc tn hiu a ng ca knh ngi s dng nn gi tr ngng c lp da trn c s cng sut tp m nn v cc ng truyn c SIR hiu dng c chn. V MS chuyn ng (hoc mi trng truyn sng thay i khi MS c nh) nn v tr ng truyn (thi gian tr) c kt hp RAKE cng s thng xuyn thay i. My phi nh k cp nht l lch tr ng truyn trn c s l lch mi (qu trnh ny c gi l tm kim ng truyn v n lin quan n tm kim ng truyn kt hp RAKE). V cc ng truyn tch bit c thu t cc ng truyn sng c lp, nn chng b thng ging fading khc nhau. Hnh 2.19 cho ta thy cu hnh ca mt my thu RAKE thng tin di ng 3G s dng tch sng kt hp c ng ln v ng xung. Tch sng kt hp i hi c tnh s thay i pha v bin ca tn hiu thu do fading trong mi ng truyn. m bo theo di s thng ging knh din ra nhanh chng thng tin di ng ng 3G thc hin nh gi knh theo cc k hiu hoa tiu. Th Thu K46B 48 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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u ra b K hiu hoa tiu ny tng quan cho php my thu bit c ngng chn ng truyn pha iu ch ca s hiu mc tp pht, i vi W-CDMA, k m nn hiu ny c t trn knh 0, v k hiu s liu c ghp ln knh 1. Cc k hiu B kt hp RAKE ny c iu ch bng sng mang trc giao. ng Hnh 2.19: Phng php chn ng truyn kt hp vi RAKE xung, n c ghp thi gian chung vi k hiu s liu trong knh ny v c iu ch QPSK.
2.3.3 iu khin cng sut

iu khin cng sut nhanh l c tnh cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA, nht l ng ln. Thiu iu khin cng sut, mt MS pht cng sut ln s chn ton b . Hnh 2.20 cho thy vn ny sinh v gii php iu khin cng sut vng kn.
P1 Duy tr cc mc cng sut P1=P2 P2 Cc lnh iu khin cng sut n cc MS MS1
MS2
Hnh 2.20. iu khin cng sut vng kn
Cc MS1 v MS2 lm vic cng mt tn s nhng s dng cc m tri ph khc nhau BS. MS1 xa BS hn so vi MS2. V vy suy hao ng truyn i vi MS1 s cao hn MS2. Nu khng c cc bin php iu khin cng sut hai MS to ra mc thu nh nhau BS th MS2 c th gy nhiu ln cho MS1 v nh vy c th chn mt s lng ln dn n hin tng gn xa CDMA lm gim dung lng h thng. Nh vy t c cng sut cc i cn iu khin cng sut ca tt c cc MS trong mt sao cho mc cng sut m chng to ra BS s bng nhau.
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CHNG 3. IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG CDMA

3.1 Ti sao phi iu khin cng sut
Trong h thng thng tin di ng t ong CDMA, cc my di ng u pht chung mt tn s cng lc nn chng gy nhiu ng knh i vi nhau. Cht lng truyn dn v tuyn i vi tng ngi s dng trong mi trng a truy cp ph thuc vo t s Eb/N0, trong Eb l nng lng bit cn N0 l mt tp m trng Gauss cng bao gm t tp m v tp m do t my pht ca ngi s dng khc gy ra. m bo t s Eb/N0 khng i v ln hn ngng yu cu cn iu khin cng sut my pht ca ngi s dng theo khong cch ca n vi trm gc. trong cc h thng FDMA v TDMA iu khin cng sut khng nh hng n dung lng nhng trong h thng CDMA iu khin cng sut l bt buc v phi nhanh nu khng dung lng h thng s gim. Dung lng h thng CDMA t gi tr cc i nu cng sut pht ca cc my di ng c iu khin sao cho cng sut thu c trm gc l nh nhau i vi tt c ngi s dng. iu khin cng sut c s dng cho ng ln trnh hin tng gn xa v gim thiu nh hng ca nhiu ln h thng. i vi ng xung khng cn iu khin cng sut h thng n v nhiu gy ra bi ngi s dng khc lun mc khng i i vi tn hiu hu ch. Tt c cc tn hiu pht t trm gc ti my di ng u c pht chung cng lc v th khng xy ra s khc bit tn hao truyn sng nh ng ln. Ngoi vic gim hin tng gn xa, iu khin cng sut cn c s dng lm gim hin tng che ti v duy tr cng sut pht trn mt ngi s dng m bo t s li bit mc cho trc ti thiu chp nhn c. Nh vy iu khin cng sut cn gp phn lm tng tui th ca pin my di ng. Trong h thng CDMA s dng hai phng php iu khin cng sut l iu khin cng sut vng h (OPC) v iu khin cng sut vng kn (CPC).
3.2 iu khin cng sut vng h (OPC)

OPC hay cn c gi l phng php t iu khin (AGC) my di ng. Trc khi pht, my di ng gim st tng cng sut thu c t trm gc. Cng sut o c cho thy tn hao ng truyn i vi tng ngi s dng Th Thu K46B 50 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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cn c vo my di ng iu chnh cng sut pht ca mnh t l nghch vi tng cng sut m n thu c. iu khin cng sut vng h c th l khng tuyn tnh. Mc ch l cho php p ng nhanh vi s hiu chnh m nhng p ng chm vi s hiu chnh dng. Nu cng tn hiu thu c cao c ngha l my di ng rt gn trm gc hoc lng suy hao ng dn thp th my di ng iu chnh cho cng sut pht gim xung. Tc tng cng sut pht my di ng thng phi nm trong tc iu khin cng sut mch vng khp kn t trm gc. Bng cch ny cc my di ng khng th tng cng sut pht qu ln cho d c s suy gim t ngt cht lng thoi trn knh hng xung. Nh vy trong phng php ny trm gc khng tham gia vo qu trnh iu khin cng sut. Nhc im ca phng php OPC l do iu kin truyn sng ca ng ln v xung khc nhau nht l do fading nhanh nn s nh gi s thiu chnh xc. Tn s trung tm ca cc ng ln v xung thng nm cc bng tn khc nhau nn s khng c s i xng gia hai ng v th tn hao ng truyn gia hai ng l khc nhau. V d h thng IS-95 hai tn s trung tm cch nhau 45MHz, tn hao ng truyn hai ng c th khc nhau n vi dB. h thng CDMA trc y ngi ta s dng phng php ny kt hp vi iu khin cng sut vng kn, cn h thng W-CDMA phng php ny ch c s dng thit lp cng sut gn ng khi truy cp mng ln u tin.
3.3 iu khin cng sut vng kn

C th t c iu khin cng sut trung bnh thi gian di hiu qu hn bng s iu khin cng sut vng kn nh hnh 3.1. Phng php ny i hi trm gc phi thng xuyn lin h vi my di ng c th thay i cng sut mt cch thch ng. BS (hoc MS) thng xuyn c tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu thu c (SIR) v so snh n vi t s ngng SIRch. Nu SIRc tnh cao hn SIRch th BS (hoc MS) thit lp bit iu khin cng sut lnh cho MS (hoc BS) h thp cng sut, ngc li th MS (hoc BS) tng cng sut. Chu k o lnh phn ng ny c thc hin 1500 ln/giy (1,5 KHz) W-CDMA v 8000 ln/giy (8 KHz) CDMA 2000. Tc ny s cao hn mi thay i tn hao ng truyn v thm ch c th nhanh hn fading nhanh khi MS chuyn ng tc thp. K thut iu khin cng sut vng kn nh vy c gi l vng trong, cng c s dng cho ng xung mc d y khng c hin tng gn xa v tt c cc tn hiu n MS trong cng mt u bt u t mt
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BS. Tuy nhin, ta vn tin hnh iu khin cng sut y v: khi MS tin dn n bin gii , n bt u chu nh hng ngy cng tng ca nhiu t cc khc. iu khin cng sut ng xung trong trng hp ny to mt lng d tr cng sut cho cc MS trong trng hp ni trn. Ngoi ra iu khin cng sut ng xung cho php bo v cc tn hiu yu do fading Rayleigh gy ra, nht l khi cc m sa li lm vic khng hiu qu. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi thc hin nh gi di hn cht lng ng truyn trn c s t l li khung (FER) hoc t l li bit (BER) quyt nh SIRch cho iu khin cng sut vng trong.
Tn hiu bng gc thu gii tri ph Thu RAKE o SIR Vng trong So snh v quyt nh Ghp bit iu khin cng sut vo lung pht SIR ch Vng ngoi o cht lng cng sut di hn So snh v quyt nh Cht lng ch
To bit iu khin cng sut
Hnh 3.1: Phng php iu khin cng sut vng kn
Tuy nhin vic loi b fading ng ngha vi vic tng cng sut pht v th khi MS b fading su, cng sut pht s dng ln v nhiu gy ra cho cc cng tng. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi thc hin iu chnh gi tr SIRch BS (hoc MS) cho ph hp vi yu cu ca tng ng truyn v tuyn t c cht lng cc ng nh nhau. Cht lng ca cc ng truyn v tuyn thng c nh gi bng t s bit li hay t s khung li. Mc ch ca vic iu chnh SIRch nh sau: Gi s SIR yu cu l FER=1% ph thuc vo tc ca MS v c im tuyn ng. Nu ta t SIRch cho trng hp xu nht (cho tc cao nht) th s lng ph dung lng cho cc kt ni tc thp. Nh vy tt nht l SIRch th ni xung quanh gi tr ti thiu p ng c yu cu cht lng. Hnh 3.2 cho thy s thay i ca SIRch theo thi gian. thc hin iu khin cng sut vng ngoi, mi khung s liu ca ngi s dng c gn ch th cht lng khung CRC. Vic kim tra ch th cht lng ny s thng bo cho RNC v vic gim cht lng v RNC s lnh cho BS tng SIRch. t Th Thu K46B 52 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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iu khin vng ngoi RNC v chc nng ny thc hin sau khi thc hin kt hp cc tn hiu chuyn giao mm.
Lnh iu chnh SIRch RNC Thng tin tin cy khung BS SIRch iu khin cng sut vng ngoi, tng SIRch MS khng chuyn ng iu khin cng sut nhanh nu SIR < SIRch pht lnh tng cng sut
Hnh 3.2.iu khin cng sut vng trong v ngoi
Cc b gii iu ch mi trm gc o t l tn hiu trn tp m ca cc tn hiu nhn c ca mi my di ng so snh t l ny vi t l tn hiu trn tp m ch nh (thng l 0.1dB) v pht cc lnh iu khin ti my di ng qua knh hng i. C pht 1.25 ms mt ln lnh iu khin u ra c th theo di nhiu Rayleigh trn knh hng v. N rt quan trng gim thi gian thc hin x l xc nh cng sut pht v pht lnh mi trng knh khng b thay i nhiu cho ti khi bit iu khin c nhn my di ng v hot ng iu khin c thc hin thc s. H thng CDMA cung cp chc nng iu khin cng sut hai chiu (t BS n my di ng v ngc li) cung cp mt h thng c dung lng ln, cht lng dch v cao v cc li ch khc. B thu CDMA ca BSC chuyn tn hiu CDMA thnh thng tin s bng hp, khi tn hiu ca cc my di ng khc ch l tn hiu tp m ca bng rng. Th tc thu hp bng c gi l li x l nhm nng cao t s tn hiu/nhiu t gi tr m n mt mc ln cho php hot ng vi li bit chp nhn c. BS cung cp vic iu khin cng sut t BS ti my di ng nh vic quy nh cng sut ny tng ng vi cng sut o c ti my di ng. Mc ch ca vic iu khin ny l lm gim cng sut pht ca my di ng khi ri hoc v tr tng i gn BS lm cho fading a ng thp v gim hiu ng bng rm hay lm gim nhiu i vi cc BS khc.
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ng xung, my thu di ng thu nhiu t cc khc. Vic iu chnh cng sut l cn thit lm gim mc nhiu m cc my di ng gy ra. Tn ti hai s iu khin cng sut ng xung: - Theo khong cch: Khi bit c v tr ca cc my di ng ta c th gim thiu cng sut pht ca cc my ny bng cch pht i cc mc cng sut ph hp theo khong cch. Phng php ny ph hp cho mi trng khng b che ti v khi suy hao cng sut ch ph thuc vo khong cch. Cc my di ng phi o khong cch n trm gc, trm gc phi pht tn hiu hoa tiu. - Theo t s C/I (Carrrier to Interferance): Mc ch l lm gim thiu t s C/I theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. Mun vy mi my di ng phi pht thng tin v C/I n trm gc v vy trm gc c th quyt nh nn tng hay gim cng sut ca my di ng . Trong h thng t bo di tn s dng t trm gc ti my di ng khc vi di tn t my di ng ti trm gc. S khc bit tn s ny cho php s dng ng thi cc my pht v my thu my di ng m khng c hi tip hay nhiu ca cc tn hiu pht ti my thu. S tch bit tn s ny cng c tc dng ln trong x l iu khin cng sut. Trong thit k h thng ngi ta mong mun tng ln ti a s lng khch hng gi cng mt lc trong di thng xc nh, ngha l h thng s c dung lng ln. Dung lng h thng l ti a khi tn hiu truyn ca my di ng c thu bi BS c t s S/I mc yu cu ti thiu. Nu tn hiu ca cc my di ng m BS thu c l qu yu th khng th hy vng cht lng thoi tt v t l li bit qu cao. Nu tn hiu nhn c trm gc cao th ci thin c cht lng thoi nhng nhiu i vi cc my di ng khc cng s dng mt knh s tng ln lm cho cht lng cuc gi ca cc thu bao khc b gim nu dung lng ti a khng gim.
3.4 Mt vi phng php iu khin cng sut cho m hnh c th

trn trnh by nhng l thuyt chung nht v iu khin cng sut. Cc phng php khc cng phi da trn nhng l thuyt ny. Tuy nhin ty theo tng trng hp c th ngi ta ch tin hnh iu khin cng sut vi vic ti u mt s cc tham s c li cho tng h thng c th. T nhng tng trn, trong thc t thc hin rt nhiu phng php c th k n mt vi trng hp nh sau:
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Trong [5], a ra phng php iu khin cng sut khng tuyn tnh c s nh hnh 3.1 v thut ton c th hin bi phng trnh:
P (n 1) = P(n) + d [P* +I+P(n)-A(n)]
(3.1)
Trong d l bc thch nghi, A(n) tn hao ng truyn v thnh phn khng tuyn tnh c nh ngha nh sau:
1 ( x) = 1
Nu x 0 Cc gi tr khc
(3.2)
Hnh 3.3. S khi ca thut ton iu khin cng sut ng ln/xung
Mt v d v iu khin cng sut khng tuyn tnh a ra l phng php iu khin cng sut logic m. Trong cc h thng truyn thng khng dy, cc thut ton iu khin c ngh lm ti thiu cng sut ca my pht. Nhng iu ny li yu cu cc php o hon ho t nht l cc tham s sau: T s tn hiu trn nhiu ca my di ng, nhiu ti my thu v tc li bit. Tuy nhin nhng yu cu ny thng kh c th t c. V th mt phng php iu khin cng sut cho cc h thng v tuyn t ong c xut [16]. Trong s dng cc kt qu o c. Thut ton iu khin a ra 2 lp: Lp th nht ca thut ton s dng cc chui kch thc bc c nh nhm t c ranh gii hn ch thp hn hoc cao hn cho sai s trung bnh bnh phng (MSE), iu ny lm cho cc ranh gii dn ti khng. Lp th 2 da vo phng php xp x ngu nhin v s dng cc chui kch thc bc thay i theo thi gian dn n MSE dn ti khng. Cc thut ton ny yu cu mi ngi dng ch cn bit li knh ca ring. Cc mng thng tin t ong khng dy th h ba c thit k c th mang c ting ni, d liu, hnh nh, Vic truyn tng loi hay kt hp chng vo trong mt h thng s dn n tc bit v tc li bit khc nhau. Dung lng CDMA b gii hn bi nhiu tng cng t tt c cc my di ng. V vy nhiu a truy cp (MAI) l nhn t quan trng nh hng n dung lng h thng v vic gim MAI cho ta kh nng thit k h thng di ng t ong dung lng cao. Thut ton iu khin cng sut phn b [11] l mt gii php cho vn Th Thu K46B 55 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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ny. S iu khin cng sut phn b c thc hin mi bng vic s dng cng sut pht hin ti ca n. iu khin cng sut phn b n gin hn v yu cu t thng tin hn iu khin cng sut tp trung do n ch yu cu php o nhiu ng mong mun. Tuy nhin phng php ny li tiu tn nhiu thi gian hn t c SIR ti thiu. Trong [3] thc hin phn tch 3 thut ton iu khin cng sut ng xung ang tn ti hin nay bao gm: Thut ton phn b cng sut da vo khong cch (DBPA), thut ton cn bng phn b (DB), phng php iu khin cng sut a bc da vo SIR (MSPC), iu khin cng sut tng bc thch nghi (ASPC), iu khin cng sut tng bc thch nghi thay i (M-ASPC). Cc phn tch cho thy phng php iu khin cng sut DB thc hin tt hn thut ton DBPA. Mt khc, thut ton M-ASPC thc hin tt hn c ASPC v MSPC v tc ca vic gim xc xut v s hi t. Cc phng php truyn thng gii quyt cc bi ton iu khin a ngi dng trong cc h thng CDMA khng phn cp tt khi s ngi dng tng ln. V vy, kch c v phc tp ca bi ton iu khin thng tng theo hm m vi s ngi dng. khc phc iu ny trong [6] gii thiu mt phng php xp x gii hn di tn cho cc bi ton lp trnh ng. Sau y ta xt mt phng php iu khin cng sut dng phng php ngu nhin lm ti thiu phng sai.
3.5 Phng php ngu nhin lm ti thiu phng sai [12] 3.5.1 Gii thiu phng php
iu khin cng sut trong cc h thng CDMA l mt k thut hu ch nhm cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS: Quality of Service) trong khi s dng ti nguyn mng mt cch hiu qu. Hu ht vic iu khin cng sut c thc hin trong h thng CDMA chng t iu khin cng sut l thit yu. Tuy nhin do bn cht ca li lin kt, cng sut nhn, nhiu, SIR tt c u l qu trnh ngu nhin theo thi gian. V th cn thit phi c s iu khin cng sut bin thin. Trong h thng CDMA khng dy, t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR) l mt tham s quan trng o cht lng knh truyn. my thu trm gc, cc php o SIR c thc hin sau khi t hp my thu loi RAKE. C k hiu d liu v k hiu hoa tiu c s dng o cng sut tn hiu thu tc thi. Ch c k
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hiu hoa tiu c s dng o cng sut nhiu sau ly trung bnh nh mch lc thng thp bc mt. Thng thng cng sut tn hiu thu tc thi gi s gm nhiu trng. Nhiu trung bnh cng cng sut nhiu t mch lc thng thp c th xem nh l con s c nh trong mt nhm iu khin cng sut (PCG). Trn thc t rt kh c th t c s c lng SIR nhanh v chnh xc trong thi gian thc. C mt vi cch tip cn ng quan tm cho vn ny. Trong [13], bi ton c lng SIR c nghin cu da vo phng php khng gian con tn hiu (signal subspace method) s dng ma trn hip phng sai mu ca tn hiu nhn. Tuy nhin, vn c lng SIR khng c cp n trong kho lun ny. S iu khin cng sut ngu nhin xut s s dng c ch php o SIR trong h thng khng dy th h ba (3G) v trnh by bi ton iu khin cng sut nh l mt h thng iu khin b iu khin bi nhiu trng.
3.5.2 Ni dung phng php v mt s kt qu m phng

Phn ny ta s i su vo chi tit bi ton iu khin cng sut ngu nhin nh l bi ton iu khin ti u ton phng tuyn tnh ngu nhin, trong nhiu trng gy nn s thay i theo thi gian ca h thng. Php o ngu nhin SIR ca ngi dng th i ti thi im k trm gc c th c m t nh sau:
yi ( k ) = i ( k ) + i ( k ) yi (k ) l gi tr SIR o c.
(3.3)
i (k ) l gi tr SIR thc. i (k ) biu din qu trnh ngu nhin khng tng quan c gi
tr trung bnh khng S thay i cng sut pht ca my di ng t l vi sai s SIR nn cng sut by gi l:
pi (k + 1) = pi (k ) + i (k )( i pi (k + 1) = pi (k ) + i (k ). i
tar
yi (k ))
(3.4)
Trong i (k ) l li iu khin, s dng (3.3) v (3.4) ta c:

tar
i (k ). i (k ) i (k ).i (k )
= pi (k ) + i (k )ei (k ) i (k ).i (k )
(3.5)
Vi ei (k ) = i tar (k ) i (k ) . nh ngha s thay i knh truyn l i (k ) th

i (k ) = i (k ) pi (k ) v sai s SIR l:
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ei (k + 1) = i
tar

i (k + 1) = i
tar
i (k + 1) pi (k + 1)
= i
tar
i (k + 1) pi (k ) i (k + 1) i (k )ei (k ) + i (k + 1) i (k )i (k )
(3.6)
Kt hp phng trnh (3.5) v (3.6) ta c h thng ng lc hc bc hai cho cng sut pht ca my di ng v sai s SIR:
0 1 i (k ) pi (k + 1) pi (k ) i (k ) i (k ) + tar (3.7) . + = e (k + 1) i i (k + 1) i (k + 1) i (k ) ei (k ) i (k + 1) i (k ) i
t
1 i (k ) i (k ) = i (k + 1) i (k + 1) i (k )
i (k ) Gi (k ) = i (k + 1) i (k )
(3.8) (3.9) (3.10)
0 i = tar i
nh ngha vect trng thi

pi (k ) xi (k ) = ei (k )
(3.11)
Phng trnh (3.7) tr thnh n gin:

xi (k + 1) = i (k ) xi (k ) + Gi (k )i (k ) + i
(3.12) phng sai
i ( k )
nhiu
trng
vi
E{i (k )} = 0
hip
E{i (k )i (n)} = W.(k - n) vi W l mt ph cng sut ca i , (k - n) l hm
delta Kronecker c nh ngha bi:

1 ( k n) = 0
k=n cc gi tr k khc
(3.13)
Gi trung bnh ca xi (k ) l x i (k ) vi gi tr khi to l [ p i (0) ei (0) ]T. Ta c th thy rng gi tr trung bnh ny tha mn:
{x i (k)} = x i (k ) = Ai ( j )x i (0) + Ai (k j ) i + i
j =1 l =1 j =1 k k 1 l
(3.14)
Ma trn phng sai ca xi (k ) l Qi (k ) = Var{x i (k)} l ma trn 2x2. S bin i ca h thng tuyn tnh (3.12) do nhiu trng tha mn phng trnh sai phn Lypunov [13] vi gi s rng trng thi v nhiu l c lp nhau.
Qi (k + 1) = Ai (k )Qi (k ) Ai (k ) + Gi (k ) WGi (k )
T T
(3.15)
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Ch rng Qi (k ) = Qi T (k ) 0 (do ma trn i xng vi mi k). Ta c th vit ma trn Q di dng:

Q11 Q12 Q11 Q12 Q = QT = = Q21 Q22 Q12 Q22
(3.16)
T phng trnh (3.8), (3.9), (3.10), (3.16) th:

Q11 (k + 1) = Q11 (k ) + 2 i (k )Q12 (k ) + i (k )Q22 (k ) + i (k ) W
2 2
(3.17)
2
Q12 (k + 1) = i (k + 1)(Q11 (k ) + 2 i (k )Q12 (k ) + i (k )Q22 (k ) + i (k ) W)

2
(3.18) (3.19) (3.20) (3.21)
Q22 (k + 1) = i (k + 1)(Q11 (k ) + 2 i (k )Q12 (k ) + i (k )Q22 (k ) + i (k ) W)

2 2 2
T cc phng trnh trn, ta c th thy rng vi tt c ngi s dng i th:

Q12 (k ) = i (k )Q11 (k ) ,
Q22 (k ) = i (k )Q11 (k ) ,
2
k k
nh ngha tiu chun cht lng nh l tng phng sai cng sut pht ca my di ng v phng sai ca li SIR.
J = Var ( pi (k + 1)) + Var (ei (k + 1))
(3.22)
Bi ton iu khin cng sut ngu nhin ti u l lm ti thiu J cho mi ngi dng i ti thi im k bng vic chn li iu khin i (k ) thch hp.
min(Var ( pi (k + 1)) + Var (ei (k + 1)))
(3.23) (3.24) (3.25)
Vi cc iu khin ban u cho trc:

{x i (0)} = x i (0) = [ p i (0) ei (0)]T
V: Th:
Var{x i (0)} = Qi (0)
min(Var ( pi (k + 1)) + Var (ei (k + 1)))

min(Q11 (k + 1)) + Q22 (k + 1)) min((1 + i (k + 1))(Q11 (k ) + 2 i (k )Q12 (k ) + i (k )Q22 (k ) + i (k ) W))
2 2 2
min(Q11 (k ) 2 i (k ) i (k )Q11 (k ) + i (k ) i (k )Q11 (k ) + i (k ) W))

2 2 2
min((1 i (k ) i (k )) 2 Q11 (k ) + i (k ) W)
2
((1 i (k ) i (k )) 2 Q11 (k ) + i (k ) W ) =0 i (k )
2
(3.26)
2(1 i (k ) i (k )) i (k )Q11 (k ) + i (k ) W = 0 i (k ) =
opt
Q11 i (k ) 2 W + i (k )Q11 (k )
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Trong m phng thc t, kh c th o c hay tnh ton c phng sai ca cng sut pht (Q11(k)) do kh tnh c li ti u i opt (k ) . Tuy nhin do cng sut ca nhiu o c, SIR thng nh hn rt nhiu cng sut tn hiu do vy ta c th s dng li gii ti u ph ca li iu khin nh sau:
i opt (k ) =
1 i (k )
(3.27)
Lc ny ma trn A tr thnh:
1 1 / i (k ) opt i (k ) = i (k + 1) i (k + 1) / i (k )
(3.28)
kho st s n nh ca h thng ri rc thay i theo thi gian, ta s dng l thuyt n nh Lyapunov cho h thng thay i theo thi gian: nh l: Ma trn h thng di iu khin ti u Aiopt(k) tha mn vi mi k. Chng minh nh l trn c th tm thy trong [12]. Chng ta hy kho st tnh cht ca cc bin trng thi di li iu khin ti u i opt (k ) . Thay Ai(j) v Ai(k-j) bi Aiopt(j) v Aiopt(k-j) vo phng trnh (3.14) vi ch rng Aiopt(j)Aiopt(j-1)=0, j > 1 . Ta c:
{x i (k)} = Ai (k 1)i + i
opt opt T
i tar (k ) tar = (1 i ) i i (k 1) i (k 1)
{ i (k)} i
opt opt
(3.29) v
Ta thy, khi knh thay i chm c th l i (k ) i (k 1) l:

W + ( i tar ) 2 Var{p i opt (k)} i 2 (k 1) = tar opt 2 W + ( i ) 2 Var{e i (k)} (k ) i i 2 (k 1)
th phng sai cng sut pht v sai s SIR di iu khin ti u
(3.30)
Cc gi tr ti thiu ca tiu chun cht lng l:

J i (k ) = (1 + i (k + 1))Q11 (k + 1)
opt 2 opt
(3.31)
Trong :
Q11 (k + 1) = ( W + ( i ) 2 ) / i (k )
opt tar 2
(3.32)
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W l mt ph cng sut.
l t s tn trn tp.
S iu khin cng sut ni trn c m t nh trong hnh 3.4. Khi nhiu php o SIR l nhiu Gauss, s iu khin cng sut ngu nhin trn vi li i opt (k ) l ti u do cc bin trng thi, sai s SIR v cng sut pht ca my di ng cng c phn b Gauss. V vy s n nh hon ton c xc nh bi cc gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca chng. Ch rng li ra ca h thng tuyn tnh c iu chnh bi nhiu Gauss trng cng l mt qu trnh nhiu Gauss trng ngu nhin.
i tar + i tar yi (k )
i (k )
+ -
pi(k+1)
Z-1
pi(k)
hni(k)
Si(k)
yi(k)
Ii(k)
i (k )
Hnh 3.4. H thng iu khin cng sut ngu nhin ti u
Khi cc php o SIR gm nhiu Gauss trng, li iu khin ti u bng nghch o ca s thay i knh truyn. Gi s rng tng ca s lng ln nhiu l h s lin quan n nhau trong khong mt khe thi gian (0.625 ms). Cht lng ca s iu khin cng sut ngu nhin ti thiu phng sai c kim tra thng qua m phng. H thng CDMA c 7 t ong v 16 ngi dng/1 . Tn s hot ng l 1.9 GHz, bng tn mi knh gi s l 1.23MHz. Tc d liu c t l 9600 b/s, li x l Gp t l 128 (21dB), SIR mc tiu t ra l 7dB tng ng vi tc li bit (BER) b hn 10-3. Trong phn m phng a thm mt s gi thit nh: 1. Cng sut pht ti a v ti thiu c th c pht bi my di ng l Pmin=8dBm (6.3 mW), Pmax=33dBW (2W). 2. Cng sut pht c cp nht nh k mi 0.625 ms tng ng vi tn s iu khin cng sut vng kn nhanh 1600 Hz. 3. V tr cc my di ng gi s l phn b ging nhau trong mt . 4. Gi s rng li lin kt c cho di dng:
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hni (k ) = d ni (k ). Ani (k )
4
(3.33)
Trong :
d ni (k ) l khong cch t my th i ti trm c s th n thi im k. Ani l qu trnh ngu nhin phn b log-normal.
5. Gi s rng ng knh l 2 km, d ni (k ) l bin ngu nhin phn b u. 6. Gi s lch chun Ani l 8 dB. M ngun m phng c a ra trong phn ph lc. SIR trung bnh c v nh hnh 3.5 v c tnh ton theo cng thc:
(k ) =
1 N
i =1
k i
(3.34)
N l tng s ngi dng trong .
Hnh 3.5.SIR trung bnh ca tt c ngi dng
Ta thy rng cc SIR hi t n SIR mc tiu nh mong i. Cng sut pht ca 3 ngi dng c v nh hnh 3.6. Chng hi t n gi tr tt yu yu cu.
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Hnh 3.6.Cng sut pht ca ngi dng
3.5.3 M rng kt qu v phn tch

Trong khi thc hin cc h thng thc t, thc hin s iu khin cng sut ngu nhin th vic c lng s thay i knh truyn l cn thit. Nh cp trn, cng sut nhiu cng tp m my thu trm c s c th o c s dng cc k hiu hoa tiu v sau c ly trung bnh thng qua mch lc thng thp. y, s dng cng sut nhiu cng tp m trung bnh tnh ton s thay i knh truyn:
i (k ) = i (k 1) + ui (k 1)
(3.35) (3.36)
ui(k) biu din qu trnh tp m. t zi(k) l php o i (k ) :

zi (k ) = i (k ) + vi (k )
vi(k) l nhiu php o my thu trm gc. Nu gi s rng ui(k) v vi(k) c phn b Gauss th mch lc Kalman c th c dng nh gi s thay i knh truyn. Mch lc Kalman cho bi:
i (k ) = i (k 1) + (k )( zi (k ) i (k 1))
(3.37)
Vi (k ) khuych i mch lc Kalman, v c tnh nh sau:

(k ) = (k ) c tnh nh sau: P (k 1) + U i (k ) P (k 1) + U i (k ) + Ri (k )
(3.38)
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P (k ) =

Ri (k )( P (k 1) + U i (k )) P (k 1) + U i (k ) + Ri (k )
(3.39)
Vi iu kin ban u: E[ i (0)] = i (0) v E[ i 2 (0)] = Pi . S iu khin cng sut vi b c lng c trnh by nh hnh 3.7. B nh gi trong vng phn hi c th l mch lc Kalman nu s dao ng ca s thay i knh l hm Gauss. Nhng thng thng n khng c dng phn b Gauss do ta phi chn mch lc thay v mch lc Kalman. Bng vic s dng k thut lc, ta t c:
i (k + 1) = i (k ) + i (k )( i
tar
yi (k ))
(3.40)
Vi:
i opt (k ) = 1 / i (k )
ch ra s hi t ca SIR ca ngi dng ti gi tr mc tiu ta vn hnh thut ton iu khin cng sut ngu nhin bng vic s dng mch lc Kalman. gim s vt qu trong b iu khin ta s dng mt b iu khin o hm t l (PD) nh hnh 3.7. PD s lm gim s vt qu v ci thin p ng nhanh. Lc ny ta phi chnh tham s iu khin .
tp m
i tar
i tar yi (k )
i (k )
yi(k)
Z a Z
pi(k+1)
Z 1
pi(k)
hni(k)
Si(k)
f( )
i (k )
(k )
i
f2( )
in dB
i (k )
B c lng in dB f1( )
Ii (k)
i (k )
LPF Ii(k)
Hnh 3.7 H thng iu khin cng sut s dng b iu khin o hm t l
3.5.4 Kt lun v tho lun

S iu khin cng sut ngu nhin c xut pht bng vic ch s dng gi tr trung bnh ca bnh phng li ra mch lc. Phn nghin cu ny da vo my o SIR cho tn hiu hoa tiu hp knh theo thi gian vi php o SIR gi s gm nhiu Gauss trng. Sau s iu khin cng sut ngu nhin ti u t c bng cch lm ti thiu s thay i cng sut pht ca my di ng v s thay i ca sai s SIR. Th Thu K46B 64 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
Kha lun tt nghip
Trong php o thc t, nhiu trong php o c th khng tun theo phn b Gauss. V vy bi ton iu khin cng sut c trnh by chnh xc nh l bi ton iu khin ton phng tuyn tnh ngu nhin. Li gii cho h thng nh vy c th tm thy trong [4]. Thm s lng t ha vo lnh iu khin cng sut, ta nhn c thut ton iu khin cng sut nhiu bc. Cng sut pht c lm trn ti mc cng sut gn nht. S m phng ch ra rng vic thc hin s khng nh hng qu nhiu khi lng t 4 bit. SIR ca ngi dng vn hi t ti gi tr mong mun [13]. C th mong mun nh gi SIR hn l o SIR tuy nhin s thay i ca SIR l khng tuyn tnh, mch lc Kalman phi c m rng [2]. Trong phn nghin cu ny t c li gii ti u cho bi ton iu khin cng sut ngu nhin, ch gi s php o SIR l qu trnh ngu nhin, h s lin kt gi s l c nh trong nhm iu khin cng sut (PCG) cho n gin.
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KT LUN CHUNG
Qu trnh nghin cu v thc hin kha lun thu c mt s kt qu nh sau: - V l thuyt: Kha lun a ra nhng kin thc chung nht v c bn nht v thng tin di ng cng nh xu hng pht trin ln th h ba. Trong dnh nhiu thi gian cho vic tm hiu v knh truyn v nhng nh gi quan trng v knh v tuyn trong thng tin di ng th h ba. T thy rng vic iu khin cng sut ng gp phn quan trng cho h thng hot ng hon ho hn. C nhiu phng php iu khin cng sut nhng trong kha lun ti tp trung nghin cu mt phng php l phng php ngu nhin lm ti thiu phng sai v tm ra c cch p dng vo bi ton c th. - V thc nghim: hc hi, thc hnh vi Matlab nhm xy dng c cc thut ton tnh ton to ra cc m, tnh xc xut li bit, m phng cho thut ton iu khin cng sut. Trong thi gian nghin cu tip theo, ti hy vng c th thc hin c cc tnh ton c th hn v ti u hn na.
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PH LC M ngun cc chng trnh

%----------------------------------------------% Chng trnh tnh ton to chui Gold %----------------------------------------------%Chuong trinh tao ra 1 chuoi Gold tu cac cap chuoi m phu hop %Cac chuoi m phai co cung chu ki N=2^n-1 %Va cac chuoi m nay phai la 1 so le disp('Cac chuoi-m phu hop la cac chuoi co m le '); m=input('Nhap bac cua tin hieu gia ngau nhien m = '); %Bac cua da thuc sinh disp('Nhap cac chi so cua da thuc sinh ( Chi la 0 hoac 1): ') D=2^m-1; for id=1:m+1 g1(id)=input('g1='); end %m la so trigo can dung=bac PN x=dayGNN(m,D,g1); disp('Nhap chi so cua da thuc sinh thu 2'); for id=1:m+1 g2(id)=input('g2='); end y=dayGNN(m,D,g2); disp('cac thanh phan cua chuoi Gold : '); x for k=0:D-1 y1=xor(x,dichvong(y,k)) end %----------------------------------% Chng trnh to hm Wash. %----------------------------------% Tao ma tran Hadamard N=input('Bam muon tao ham Wash bac bao nhieu (phai la so mu cua 2) N='); a=hadamard(N); for i=1:N for j=1:N if a(i,j)==1 a(i,j)=0; else a(i,j)=1; end end end Th Thu K46B 67 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
Kha lun tt nghip disp('Ham Walsh :');
%--------------------------------------% Chng trnh to chui Kasami. %--------------------------------------m=input('Nhap bac cua tin hieu gia ngau nhien m = '); %Bac cua da thuc sinh disp('Nhap cac chi so cua da thuc sinh ( Chi la 0 hoac 1): ') D=2^m-1; for id=1:m+1 g(id)=input('g='); end %m la so trigo can dung=bac PN x=dayGNN(m,D,g) dd=2^(m/2)-1; %Chu ky cua chuoi y s=2^(m/2)+1; %so chuoi x ma y lay mau y=zeros(1,D); k=1; x1=x; for jd=1:s x1=[x1 x]; end for id=1:D y(1,id)=x1(1,k); k=k+5; end y1=xor(x,y) t=2^(m/2)-2; %So dich vong a=2^(m/2)-2; for t=1:a disp('X xor dichvong(y) = '); xor(x,dichvong(y,t)) end %--------------------------------------------% Chng trnh to dy gi ngu nhin. %--------------------------------------------m=input('Nhap bac cua tin hieu gia ngau nhien m = '); N=2^m-1 %m la so trigo can dung=bac PN D=input('ban can tin hieu gia ngau nhien co do dai la bao nhieu bit ? , D = '); disp('Thiet lap trang thai ban dau cua cac trigo');
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MatranPN=zeros(D,m); %Khoi tao trang thai ban dau cho cac trigo %Nen chon trang thai xen ke 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0.... for i=1:m MatranPN(1,:)=1; end Khoi_tao=MatranPN(1,:) for i=1:(D-1) for j=1:(m-1) MatranPN(i+1,1)=xor(MatranPN(i,4),MatranPN(i,5));%Khoi tao tiep %nhung hang con lai cua ma tran %Chi voi nhung bit dau sau do se duoc dich dan sang phai %Voi gia thiet tin hieu phan hoi ve trigo 1 duoc lay tu trigo 4&5 %Tuc la D1=D4 xor D5 MatranPN(i+1,j+1)=MatranPN(i,j); %Thuc hien ghi dich moi khi co xung nhip tac dong end end %Tuy theo tung loai da thuc sinh ung voi cac cac bac cua tin hieu GNN khac nhau ma ta co cac vi tri de lay XOR phan hoi khac nhau %VD Voi tin hieu GNN bac 5 : m=5 thi de tao ra tin hieu gia ngau nhien ta %co the lay D1=D4 xor D5 ,Day la tinh nguyen tac cua chuoi GNN bang_chan_li_cua_he_thong=MatranPN disp('Tin hieu gia ngau nhien duoc phat ra :'); dayGNN=(MatranPN(:,m))' %Tin hieu GNN duoc lay tu loi ra cua trigo D thu 2 %-----------------------------------------------------------------% Chng trnh tnh ton thc hin iu khin cng sut. %-----------------------------------------------------------------% So nguoi su dung N N=10; p_g=2; %Tinh theo dB p_gain=10^(p_g/10); SIR_tar=7; SIR_target=10^(SIR_tar/10); Pmin=0.0063; %Wat Pmax=2; %Wat t=0:0.625:200; P=zeros(N,length(t)); P(:,1)=Pmin;% Cong suat phat ban dau cua tat ca nguoi dung deu bang nhau va bang Pmin for id=1:length(t) SIR_tot=0;
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for jd=1:N SIR(jd)=10*rand; %o dang dB if SIR(jd)<SIR_tar SIR(jd)=SIR(jd) + 0.97*(SIR_tar-SIR(jd)); else SIR(jd)=SIR(jd) - 0.97*(SIR(jd)-SIR_tar); end SIR_in(id,jd)=10^(SIR(jd)/10); SIR_tot=SIR_tot+SIR(jd); end SIR_ave(id)=(1/N)*SIR_tot; end SIR_ave; plot(t,SIR_ave); xlabel('t (voi cac buoc 0.625ms)'); ylabel('SIR trung binh cua tat ca nguoi dung'); figure(2); SIR_inv=SIR_in'; for id=1:N for jd=2:length(t) if P(id,jd-1)<Pmax P(id,jd)=P(id,jd-1)+1.4*(SIR_target-SIR_inv(id,jd-1)); else P(id,jd)=P(id,jd-1)+0.02*(SIR_target-SIR_inv(id,jd-1)); end end end plot(t,P(1,:),'-.',t,P(2,:),':',t,P(3,:)) legend('Nguoi dung 1','Nguoi dung 2','Nguoi dung 3'); xlabel('t (voi cac buoc 0.625ms)'); ylabel('Cong suat phat may di dong (W)'); %--------------------------------------%Chng trnh o xc xut li bit. %--------------------------------------function [p]=doxsloi(SNRindB,Lc,A,w0) SNR=10^(SNRindB/10); %Doi lai dang so do SNR khi nhap la dang dB sigma=1; Eb=2*sigma*SNR; %muc tin hieu yeu cau de dat dc ti so tin tren tap cho truoc E_chip=Eb/Lc; %Nang luong chip N=1000; %So bit truyen num_of_err=0; for id=1:N temp=rand; % temp= mot gia tri ngau nhien bat ky <1 if (temp<0.5)
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data=-1; else data=1; end for jd=1:Lc repeat_data(jd)=data; temp=rand; if temp<0.5 PN_seq(jd)=-1; else PN_seq(jd)=1; end end %Tin hieu truyen trans_sig=sqrt(E_chip)*repeat_data.*PN_seq; %AWGN voi phuong sai sigma^2 noise=sigma*randn(1,Lc); %Nhieu m=(id-1)*Lc+1:id*Lc; interference=A*sin(w0*m); %Tin hieu nhan rec_sig=trans_sig+noise+interference; %Xac dinh phuong sai tu tin hieu nhan temp=rec_sig.*PN_seq decision_variable=sum(temp); %Lam quyet dinh if (decision_variable<0) decision=-1; else decision=1; end if (decision~=data) num_of_err=num_of_err+1; end end %Xac suat loi do duoc p=num_of_err/N; %---------------------------------%M phng tri ph trc tip %---------------------------------Lc=20; %so chip/bit A1=2; %Cac bien do nhieu hinh sin A2=7;
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A3=12; A4=0; w0=1; %tan so cua nhieu tinh = Radian SNR_in_dB=0:2:30; for id=1:length(SNR_in_dB) %Do toc do loi bit loi1(id)=doxsloi(SNR_in_dB(id),Lc,A1,w0); loi2(id)=doxsloi(SNR_in_dB(id),Lc,A2,w0); loi3(id)=doxsloi(SNR_in_dB(id),Lc,A3,w0); loi4(id)=doxsloi(SNR_in_dB(id),Lc,A4,w0); end semilogy(SNR_in_dB,loi1,SNR_in_dB,loi2,'.',SNR_in_dB,loi3,'*',SNR_in_dB,loi4,':') legend('Xs loi khi co nhieu hinh sin thu 1','Xs loi khi co nhieu hinh sin thu 2','Xs loi khi co nhieu hinh sin thu 3','Xs loi khi ko co nhieu song hinh sin');
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Ti liu tham kho

Ting Anh [1] A.Hamid Aghvami, Lin Wang, and Williams G.Chambers, Capacity Estimation of SIR-based Power Controlled CDMA Cellular Systems in Presence of Power Control Error, Centre for Telecomunications Research KingSIR College London, UK, 2000. [2] A. Andrews, M. Grewal, Kalman Filter Theory and Practical,Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1993. [3] Sounmya Das, Sachin Ganu, Natalia Rivera, Ritabrata Roy, Performance Analysis of Downlink Power Control in CDMA Systems, 2002. [4] A. Germani, G. Mavelli, Optimal Quadratic Solution for the non-Gaussian finitehorizon Regulator Problem, Systems & Control letters, Vol.38, pp.321-331, 1999. [5] Savo G. Glisic, Adaptive WCDMA: Theory and Practice, 2003 [6] Andrea Goldsmith, Tim Hoolliday, Peter Glynn, Optimal Power Control for CDMA Systems in the Wideband Limit, 2002. [7] Vesa Hasu, Eigenvalue Approach to Joint Power Control and Beamforminh for CDMA Systems, Helsinki University of Technology, 1999. [8] H.Kwakernaak, R.Sivan, Linear Optimal Control Systems, Wiley, 1972. [9] Adit Kurniawan, Predictive Power Control in CDMA Systems, February 2003. [10] Xiangfang Li, Zoran Gajic, An Improved SIR-based Power Control for CDMA Systems using Steffensen Iterations,2000 [11] Ling Lv, Shihua Zhu, Yonggang Wang, A Distributed Power Control Algorithm for Wideband CDMA Cellular Mobile Systems, National Science Foundation of China under Grant, No.69672017, [12] Lijun Qian, Zoran Gajic, Variance Minimization Stochastic Power Control in CDMA systems, November 4, 2002.
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[13] D.Ramakri, N.Mandayam, R.Yates, Subspace Based Estimation of the Signal-toInterferance for CDMA Cellular Systems, Proc.IEEE 47th Vehicular Technology Conference, May, 1997. [14] Theodore S.Rappaport, Wireless Comunication, The institute of electrical and electronics enginer New York, New York [15] Man Young Rhee, CDMA Cellular Mobile Communication and Network Security, Prentice Hall PTR, 1998. [16] R.D.Yates and S.Ulukus, Stochastic Power Control for Cellular radio systems, IEEE Transactions on Comunications, vol.46, No.6, June 1998.
Ting Vit
[17] Nguyn Quc Bnh, Cc h thng thng tin hin nay trnh by thng qua s dng Matlab, NXB Hc Vin K Thut Qun S, 2003. [18] Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh thng tin di ng, NXB Bu in, 6/2002. [19] Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, CDMA one v CDMA 2000, NXB Bu in, 7/2003. [20] Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh thng tin di ng th h ba, NXB Bu in, 3/2004. [21] Nguyn Hong Hi, Lp trnh Matlab, NXB Khoa Hc K Thut, 2003. [22] Nguyn Vit Knh, Thng tin khng dy Nguyn tc v thc hnh, NXB i Hc Quc Gia H Ni, 1999. [23] V c Th, Thng tin di ng s, NXB Gio Dc, 1997. [24] Tp ch PCWorld Vit Nam, 8/2002.
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MC LC
Thut ng vit tt M u....1 CHNG 1. KHI QUT CHUNG ........................................................................8 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 Lch s pht trin thng tin di ng .................................................................8 Nhng c th c bn ca thng tin di ng .................................................10 Mt s tnh nng t c trong h thng th h th hai v ba .....................10 c im ca h CDMA ................................................................................12 Vng ph sng ca CDMA ....................................................................14 Cu trc ca knh CDMA ......................................................................14 X l cuc gi .........................................................................................18 X l cuc gi ti my di ng........................................................18 X l cuc gi trm c s................................................................19
CHNG 2. H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H BA (CDMA) ......12 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3
2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2
Tri ph trong h thng thng tin di ng CDMA ........................................20 Cc h thng thng tin tri ph ...............................................................20 M gi tp m ..........................................................................................22 Chui m............................................................................................22 Cc thuc tnh ca chui m..............................................................28
2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6
Cc chui Gold........................................................................................29 Cc chui Kasami....................................................................................31 Cc hm trc giao....................................................................................32 Cc h thng DSSS-BPSK ......................................................................33 My pht DSSS-BPSK ....................................................................33 My thu DSSS-BPSK ......................................................................35 Mt ph cng sut (PSD)............................................................36 li x l Gp .................................................................................38 iu ch ...........................................................................................38 Gii iu ch ....................................................................................39
2.2.6.1 2.2.6.2 2.2.6.3 2.2.6.4 2.2.7 2.2.7.1 2.2.7.2 2.2.8
Cc h thng DSSS-QPSK .....................................................................38
Hiu nng ca h thng DSSS ................................................................40 75 i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN
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Kha lun tt nghip 2.2.8.1 2.2.8.2 2.3 2.3.1
nh hng ca tp m trng v nhiu gy nghn ...........................40 nh hng ca nhiu v truyn a tia .............................................42
Cc k thut x l s v truyn dn h thng thng tin di ng th h ba .45 S khi ca mt thit b thu pht v tuyn s ...................................45 S khi chung .............................................................................45 S khi ca my thu/pht............................................................46 2.3.1.1 2.3.1.2
2.3.2 2.3.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
My thu RAKE........................................................................................47 iu khin cng sut ...............................................................................49
CHNG 3. IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG CDMA ...............................50 Ti sao phi iu khin cng sut...................................................................50 iu khin cng sut vng h (OPC).............................................................50 iu khin cng sut vng kn .......................................................................51 Mt vi phng php iu khin cng sut cho m hnh c th....................54 Phng php ngu nhin lm ti thiu phng sai [12 ..................................56 Gii thiu phng php...........................................................................56 Ni dung phng php v mt s kt qu m phng .............................57 M rng kt qu v phn tch..................................................................63 Kt lun v tho lun...............................................................................64
3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4
Kt lun chung.....60 Ti liu tham kho Ph lc M ngun cc chng trnh
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DieuKhienCongSuat TrongHeThongCDMA

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DieuKhienCongSuat TrongHeThongCDMA

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Kha lun tt nghip

iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG H THNG CDMA

KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t - Vin thng

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

Kha lun tt nghip

iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC CNG NGH

IU KHIN CNG SUT TRONG H THNG CDMA

KHA LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY Ngnh: in t - Vin thng

Cn b hng dn: PGS.TS: Nguyn Vit Knh

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

Kha lun tt nghip

iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

H Ni, ngy 4 thng 6 nm 2005. Sinh vin Th Thu

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

Kha lun tt nghip

iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

OPC PBX PCG PCS PD PDC PG PN PSTN QPSK RSSI

SIR SMS SS TCP TDD

Kha lun tt nghip TDMA THSS TIA

iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

Kha lun tt nghip

iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

Kha lun tt nghip

iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

CHNG 1. KHI QUT CHUNG

1.1 Lch s pht trin thng tin di ng [15], [22]

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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

1.2 Nhng c th c bn ca thng tin di ng [18]

1.3 Mt s tnh nng t c trong h thng th h th hai v ba

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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

CHNG 2. H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H BA (CDMA)

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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

2.1.1 Vng ph sng ca CDMA [15]

2.1.2 Cu trc ca knh CDMA [15]

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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN

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iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

Kha lun tt nghip

iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA

i Hc Cng Ngh - HQGHN