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SQL Tutorial
SQL Tutorial
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. In this tutorial you will learn how to use SQL to access and manipulate data in MySQL, SQL Server, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, DB2, and other database systems. Start learning SQL now!
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SQL Tutorial
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SQL Tutorial
SQL Tutorial
SQL Tutorial
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. In this tutorial you will learn how to use SQL to access and manipulate data in MySQL, SQL Server, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, DB2, and other database systems. Start learning SQL now!
SQL Demo
Learn by examples! With our editor, you can edit the SQL, and click on a button to view the result. Try-It-Yourself!
W3Schools Exam
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SQL Tutorial
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Syntax
CONVERT(data_type(length),data_to_be_converted,style)
Where data_type(length) specifies the target data type (with an optional length), data_to_be_converted contains the value to be converted, and style specifies the output format for the date/time. The styles that can be used are: Style ID 100 or 0 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 or 9 110 111 112 113 or 13 114 120 or 20 121 or 21 126 130 131 Style Format mon dd yyyy hh:miAM (or PM) mm/dd/yy yy.mm.dd dd/mm/yy dd.mm.yy dd-mm-yy dd mon yy Mon dd, yy hh:mm:ss mon dd yyyy hh:mi:ss:mmmAM (or PM) mm-dd-yy yy/mm/dd yymmdd dd mon yyyy hh:mm:ss:mmm(24h) hh:mi:ss:mmm(24h) yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss(24h) yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss.mmm(24h) yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.mmm(no spaces) dd mon yyyy hh:mi:ss:mmmAM dd/mm/yy hh:mi:ss:mmmAM
Example
The following script uses the CONVERT() function to display different formats. We will use the GETDATE() function to get the current date/time:
CONVERT(VARCHAR(19),GETDATE()) CONVERT(VARCHAR(10),GETDATE(),110) CONVERT(VARCHAR(11),GETDATE(),106) CONVERT(VARCHAR(24),GETDATE(),113)
The result would look something like this: Nov 04 2008 11:45 PM 11-04-2008 04 Nov 08 04 Nov 2008 11:45:34:243
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/func_convert.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:05]
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Syntax
CURDATE()
Example
The following SELECT statement:
SELECT NOW(),CURDATE(),CURTIME()
Example
The following SQL creates an "Orders" table with a datetime column (OrderDate):
CREATE TABLE Orders ( OrderId int NOT NULL, ProductName varchar(50) NOT NULL, OrderDate datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT CURDATE(), PRIMARY KEY (OrderId) )
Notice that the OrderDate column specifies CURDATE() as the default value. As a result, when you insert a row into the table, the current date are automatically inserted into the column. Now we want to insert a record into the "Orders" table:
INSERT INTO Orders (ProductName) VALUES ('Jarlsberg Cheese')
The "Orders" table will now look something like this: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese
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Syntax
CURTIME()
Example
The following SELECT statement:
SELECT NOW(),CURDATE(),CURTIME()
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Syntax
DATE(date)
Example
Assume we have the following "Orders" table: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese
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Syntax
DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr type)
Where date is a valid date expression and expr is the number of interval you want to add. type can be one of the following: Type Value MICROSECOND SECOND MINUTE HOUR DAY WEEK MONTH QUARTER YEAR SECOND_MICROSECOND MINUTE_MICROSECOND MINUTE_SECOND HOUR_MICROSECOND HOUR_SECOND HOUR_MINUTE DAY_MICROSECOND DAY_SECOND DAY_MINUTE DAY_HOUR YEAR_MONTH
Example
Assume we have the following "Orders" table: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese
Now we want to add 45 days to the "OrderDate", to find the payment date. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT OrderId,DATE_ADD(OrderDate,INTERVAL 45 DAY) AS OrderPayDate FROM Orders
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/func_date_add.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:18]
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Syntax
DATE_FORMAT(date,format)
Where date is a valid date and format specifies the output format for the date/time. The formats that can be used are: Format %a %b %c %D %d %e %f %H %h %I %i %j %k %l %M %m %p %r %S %s %T %U %u %V %v %W %w %X %x %Y %y Description Abbreviated weekday name Abbreviated month name Month, numeric Day of month with English suffix Day of month, numeric (00-31) Day of month, numeric (0-31) Microseconds Hour (00-23) Hour (01-12) Hour (01-12) Minutes, numeric (00-59) Day of year (001-366) Hour (0-23) Hour (1-12) Month name Month, numeric (00-12) AM or PM Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss AM or PM) Seconds (00-59) Seconds (00-59) Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) Week (00-53) where Sunday is the first day of week Week (00-53) where Monday is the first day of week Week (01-53) where Sunday is the first day of week, used with %X Week (01-53) where Monday is the first day of week, used with %x Weekday name Day of the week (0=Sunday, 6=Saturday) Year of the week where Sunday is the first day of week, four digits, used with %V Year of the week where Monday is the first day of week, four digits, used with %v Year, four digits Year, two digits
Example
The following script uses the DATE_FORMAT() function to display different formats. We will use the NOW() function to get the current date/time:
DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%b %d %Y %h:%i %p') DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%m - %d - %Y') DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%d %b %y')
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/func_date_format.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:20]
The result would look something like this: Nov 04 2008 11:45 PM 11-04-2008 04 Nov 08 04 Nov 2008 11:45:34:243
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Syntax
DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr type)
Where date is a valid date expression and expr is the number of interval you want to subtract. type can be one of the following: Type Value MICROSECOND SECOND MINUTE HOUR DAY WEEK MONTH QUARTER YEAR SECOND_MICROSECOND MINUTE_MICROSECOND MINUTE_SECOND HOUR_MICROSECOND HOUR_SECOND HOUR_MINUTE DAY_MICROSECOND DAY_SECOND DAY_MINUTE DAY_HOUR YEAR_MONTH
Example
Assume we have the following "Orders" table: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese
Now we want to subtract 5 days from the "OrderDate" date. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT OrderId,DATE_SUB(OrderDate,INTERVAL 5 DAY) AS SubtractDate FROM Orders
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Password Protect Your Web Pages $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting Abbreviation yy, yyyy qq, q mm, m dy, y dd, d wk, ww dw, w hh mi, n ss, s ms mcs ns UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION OrderDate 2008-11-11 13:23:44.657 US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification ASP Certification
Syntax
DATEADD(datepart,number,date)
Where date is a valid date expression and number is the number of interval you want to add. The number can either be positive, for dates in the future, or negative, for dates in the past. datepart can be one of the following: datepart year quarter month dayofyear day week weekday hour minute second millisecond microsecond nanosecond
Example
Assume we have the following "Orders" table: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese
Now we want to add 45 days to the "OrderDate", to find the payment date. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT OrderId,DATEADD(day,45,OrderDate) AS OrderPayDate FROM Orders
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Syntax
DATEDIFF(datepart,startdate,enddate)
Where startdate and enddate are valid date expressions and datepart can be one of the following: datepart year quarter month dayofyear day week weekday hour minute second millisecond microsecond nanosecond Abbreviation yy, yyyy qq, q mm, m dy, y dd, d wk, ww dw, w hh mi, n ss, s ms mcs ns
Example
Now we want to get the number of days between two dates. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT DATEDIFF(day,'2008 - 06 - 05','2008-08-05') AS DiffDate
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Result: DiffDate 61
Example
Now we want to get the number of days between two dates (notice that the second date is "earlier" than the first date, and will result in a negative number). We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT DATEDIFF(day,'2008 - 08 - 05','2008-06-05') AS DiffDate
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Syntax
DATEDIFF(date1,date2)
Where date1 and date2 are valid date or date/time expressions. Note: Only the date parts of the values are used in the calculation.
Example
The following SELECT statement:
SELECT DATEDIFF('2008 - 11 - 30','2008-11-29') AS DiffDate
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Example
The following SELECT statement:
SELECT DATEDIFF('2008 - 11 - 29','2008-11-30') AS DiffDate
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networking. Keep it personal, relevant and interactive and they'll come back for more. Keep it open. Your site needs to be ready and able to connect to outside services. Ektron's open API gives you maximum flexibility. Streamline content and document management. Users need to quickly and intuitively find and add information. Empower your content authors. Reduce IT bottlenecks by allowing business users to create and edit Web content and forms. Climb to the top of search rankings. SEO tools, URL aliasing and eCommerce for your digital marketing strategy Add powerful Web 2.0 tools like blogs, wikis, forums, geo-mapping, rating systems and RSS feeds easily.
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Syntax
DATEPART(datepart,date)
Where date is a valid date expression and datepart can be one of the following: datepart year quarter month dayofyear day week weekday hour minute second millisecond microsecond nanosecond
Example
Assume we have the following "Orders" table: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese
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Syntax
EXTRACT(unit FROM date)
Where date is a valid date expression and unit can be one of the following: Unit Value MICROSECOND SECOND MINUTE HOUR DAY WEEK MONTH QUARTER YEAR SECOND_MICROSECOND MINUTE_MICROSECOND MINUTE_SECOND HOUR_MICROSECOND HOUR_SECOND HOUR_MINUTE DAY_MICROSECOND DAY_SECOND DAY_MINUTE DAY_HOUR YEAR_MONTH
Example
Assume we have the following "Orders" table: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese
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Syntax
GETDATE()
Example
The following SELECT statement:
SELECT GETDATE() AS CurrentDateTime
will result in something like this: CurrentDateTime 2008-11-11 12:45:34.243 Note: The time part above goes all the way to milliseconds.
Example
The following SQL creates an "Orders" table with a datetime column (OrderDate):
CREATE TABLE Orders ( OrderId int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, ProductName varchar(50) NOT NULL, OrderDate datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT GETDATE() )
Notice that the OrderDate column specifies GETDATE() as the default value. As a result, when you insert a row into the table, the current date and time are automatically inserted into the column. Now we want to insert a record into the "Orders" table:
INSERT INTO Orders (ProductName) VALUES ('Jarlsberg Cheese')
The "Orders" table will now look something like this: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese OrderDate 2008-11-11 13:23:44.657
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Syntax
NOW()
Example
The following SELECT statement:
SELECT NOW(),CURDATE(),CURTIME()
Example
The following SQL creates an "Orders" table with a datetime column (OrderDate):
CREATE TABLE Orders ( OrderId int NOT NULL, ProductName varchar(50) NOT NULL, OrderDate datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(), PRIMARY KEY (OrderId) )
Notice that the OrderDate column specifies NOW() as the default value. As a result, when you insert a row into the table, the current date and time are automatically inserted into the column. Now we want to insert a record into the "Orders" table:
INSERT INTO Orders (ProductName) VALUES ('Jarlsberg Cheese')
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The "Orders" table will now look something like this: OrderId 1 ProductName Jarlsberg Cheese OrderDate 2008-11-11 13:23:44.657
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SQL Alias
ASP.NET Web Hosting With SQL, an alias name can be given to a table or to a column. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification ASP Certification
SQL Alias
You can give a table or a column another name by using an alias. This can be a good thing to do if you have very long or complex table names or column names. An alias name could be anything, but usually it is short.
Alias Example
Assume we have a table called "Persons" and another table called "Product_Orders". We will give the table aliases of "p" an "po" respectively. Now we want to list all the orders that "Ola Hansen" is responsible for. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT po.OrderID, p.LastName, p.FirstName FROM Persons AS p, Product_Orders AS po WHERE p.LastName='Hansen' WHERE p.FirstName='Ola'
As you'll see from the two SELECT statements above; aliases can make queries easier to both write and to read.
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SQL Alias
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SQL Alias
SQL Alias
With SQL, an alias name can be given to a table or to a column.
SQL Alias
You can give a table or a column another name by using an alias. This can be a good thing to do if you have very long or complex table names or column names. An alias name could be anything, but usually it is short.
Alias Example
Assume we have a table called "Persons" and another table called "Product_Orders". We will give the table aliases of "p" an "po" respectively. Now we want to list all the orders that "Ola Hansen" is responsible for. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT po.OrderID, p.LastName, p.FirstName FROM Persons AS p, Product_Orders AS po WHERE p.LastName='Hansen' WHERE p.FirstName='Ola'
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SQL Alias
As you'll see from the two SELECT statements above; aliases can make queries easier to both write and to read.
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To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that some database systems don't allow deleting a column):
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name
To change the data type of a column in a table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype
Now we want to add a column named "DateOfBirth" in the "Persons" table. We use the following SQL statement:
ALTER TABLE Persons ADD DateOfBirth date
Notice that the new column, "DateOfBirth", is of type date and is going to hold a date. The data type specifies what type of data the column can hold. For a complete reference of all the data types available in MS Access, MySQL, and SQL Server, go to our complete Data Types reference. The "Persons" table will now like this: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari
Notice that the "DateOfBirth" column is now of type year and is going to hold a year in a two-
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The "Persons" table will now like this: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
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To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that some database systems don't allow deleting a column):
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name
To change the data type of a column in a table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype
Now we want to add a column named "DateOfBirth" in the "Persons" table. We use the following SQL statement:
ALTER TABLE Persons ADD DateOfBirth date
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_alter.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:52]
Notice that the new column, "DateOfBirth", is of type date and is going to hold a date. The data type specifies what type of data the column can hold. For a complete reference of all the data types available in MS Access, MySQL, and SQL Server, go to our complete Data Types reference. The "Persons" table will now like this: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger DateOfBirth
Notice that the "DateOfBirth" column is now of type year and is going to hold a year in a two-digit or four-digit format.
The "Persons" table will now like this: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
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The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.
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Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" AND the last name equal to "Svendson": We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove' AND LastName='Svendson'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 LastName Svendson FirstName Tove Address Borgvn 23 City Sandnes
OR Operator Example
Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" OR the first name equal to "Ola": We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Ola'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_and_or.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:55]
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 LastName Svendson FirstName Tove Address Borgvn 23 City Sandnes
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_and_or.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:55]
Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" AND the last name equal to "Svendson": We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove' AND LastName='Svendson'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 LastName Svendson FirstName Tove Address Borgvn 23 City Sandnes
OR Operator Example
Now we want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" OR the first name equal to "Ola": We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_and_or.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:56]
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 LastName Svendson FirstName Tove Address Borgvn 23 City Sandnes
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_and_or.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:56]
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MySQL uses the AUTO_INCREMENT keyword to perform an auto-increment feature. By default, the starting value for AUTO_INCREMENT is 1, and it will increment by 1 for each new record. To let the AUTO_INCREMENT sequence start with another value, use the following SQL statement:
ALTER TABLE Persons AUTO_INCREMENT =100
To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will not have to specify a value for the "P_Id" column (a unique value will be added automatically):
INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName) VALUES ('Lars','Monsen')
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned a unique value. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
The MS SQL Server uses the IDENTITY keyword to perform an auto-increment feature. By default, the starting value for IDENTITY is 1, and it will increment by 1 for each new record. To specify that the "P_Id" column should start at value 10 and increment by 5, change the identity to IDENTITY(10,5). To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will not have to specify a value for the "P_Id"
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_autoincrement.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:59]
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned a unique value. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
The MS Access uses the AUTOINCREMENT keyword to perform an auto-increment feature. By default, the starting value for AUTOINCREMENT is 1, and it will increment by 1 for each new record. To specify that the "P_Id" column should start at value 10 and increment by 5, change the autoincrement to AUTOINCREMENT(10,5). To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will not have to specify a value for the "P_Id" column (a unique value will be added automatically):
INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName) VALUES ('Lars','Monsen')
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned a unique value. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
The code above creates a sequence object called seq_person, that starts with 1 and will increment by 1. It will also cache up to 10 values for performance. The cache option specifies how many sequence values will be stored in memory for faster access. To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will have to use the nextval function (this function retrieves the next value from seq_person sequence):
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id,FirstName,LastName) VALUES (seq_person.nextval,'Lars','Monsen')
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned the next number from the seq_person sequence. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_autoincrement.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:59]
MySQL uses the AUTO_INCREMENT keyword to perform an auto-increment feature. By default, the starting value for AUTO_INCREMENT is 1, and it will increment by 1 for each new record. To let the AUTO_INCREMENT sequence start with another value, use the following SQL statement:
ALTER TABLE Persons AUTO_INCREMENT=100
To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will not have to specify a value for the "P_Id" column (a unique value will be added automatically):
INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName) VALUES ('Lars','Monsen')
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned a unique value. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_autoincrement.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:59]
The MS SQL Server uses the IDENTITY keyword to perform an auto-increment feature. By default, the starting value for IDENTITY is 1, and it will increment by 1 for each new record. To specify that the "P_Id" column should start at value 10 and increment by 5, change the identity to IDENTITY(10,5). To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will not have to specify a value for the "P_Id" column (a unique value will be added automatically):
INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName) VALUES ('Lars','Monsen')
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned a unique value. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
The MS Access uses the AUTOINCREMENT keyword to perform an auto-increment feature. By default, the starting value for AUTOINCREMENT is 1, and it will increment by 1 for each new record. To specify that the "P_Id" column should start at value 10 and increment by 5, change the autoincrement to AUTOINCREMENT(10,5). To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will not have to specify a value for the "P_Id" column (a unique value will be added automatically):
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_autoincrement.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:59]
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned a unique value. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
The code above creates a sequence object called seq_person, that starts with 1 and will increment by 1. It will also cache up to 10 values for performance. The cache option specifies how many sequence values will be stored in memory for faster access. To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will have to use the nextval function (this function retrieves the next value from seq_person sequence):
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id,FirstName,LastName) VALUES (seq_person.nextval,'Lars','Monsen')
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned the next number from the seq_person sequence. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_autoincrement.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:00:59]
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Domain Name Registration & More! The BETWEEN operator is used in a WHERE clause to select a range of data between two values. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2
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Now we want to select the persons with a last name alphabetically between "Hansen" and "Pettersen" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 LastName Hansen FirstName Ola
Note: The BETWEEN operator is treated differently in different databases. In some databases, persons with the LastName of "Hansen" or "Pettersen" will not be listed, because the BETWEEN operator only selects fields that are between and excluding the test values). In other databases, persons with the LastName of "Hansen" or "Pettersen" will be listed, because the BETWEEN operator selects fields that are between and including the test values). And in other databases, persons with the LastName of "Hansen" will be listed, but "Pettersen" will not be listed (like the example above), because the BETWEEN operator selects fields between the test values, including the first test value and excluding the last test value. Therefore: Check how your database treats the BETWEEN operator.
Example 2
To display the persons outside the range in the previous example, use NOT BETWEEN:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName NOT BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_between.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:01:02]
P_Id 2 3
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_between.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:01:02]
Now we want to select the persons with a last name alphabetically between "Hansen" and "Pettersen" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 LastName Hansen FirstName Ola Address Timoteivn 10 City Sandnes
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_between.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:01:03]
In some databases, persons with the LastName of "Hansen" or "Pettersen" will not be listed, because the BETWEEN operator only selects fields that are between and excluding the test values). In other databases, persons with the LastName of "Hansen" or "Pettersen" will be listed, because the BETWEEN operator selects fields that are between and including the test values). And in other databases, persons with the LastName of "Hansen" will be listed, but "Pettersen" will not be listed (like the example above), because the BETWEEN operator selects fields between the test values, including the first test value and excluding the last test value. Therefore: Check how your database treats the BETWEEN operator.
Example 2
To display the persons outside the range in the previous example, use NOT BETWEEN:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName NOT BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 3 LastName Svendson Pettersen FirstName Tove Kari Address Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Stavanger
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To allow naming of a CHECK constraint, and for defining a CHECK constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), CONSTRAINT chk_Person CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City='Sandnes') )
To allow naming of a CHECK constraint, and for defining a CHECK constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_check.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:01:06]
To allow naming of a CHECK constraint, and for defining a CHECK constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_check.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:01:06]
FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), CONSTRAINT chk_Person CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City='Sandnes') )
To allow naming of a CHECK constraint, and for defining a CHECK constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Persons ADD CONSTRAINT chk_Person CHECK (P_Id>0 AND City='Sandnes')
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_check.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:01:06]
SQL Constraints
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SQL Constraints
SQL Constraints
Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. Constraints can be specified when a table is created (with the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE statement). We will focus on the following constraints: NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY CHECK DEFAULT The next chapters will describe each constraint in details.
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SQL Constraints
SQL Summary SQL Quiz SQL Quiz Selected Reading Web Web Web Web Statistics Glossary Hosting Quality
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SQL Constraints
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SQL Constraints
SQL Constraints
SQL Constraints
Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. Constraints can be specified when a table is created (with the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE statement). We will focus on the following constraints: NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY CHECK DEFAULT The next chapters will describe each constraint in details.
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The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in tables. Indexes allow the database application to find data fast; without reading the whole table.
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Indexes
An index can be created in a table to find data more quickly and efficiently. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up searches/queries. Note: Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a table without (because the indexes also need an update). So you should only create indexes on columns (and tables) that will be frequently searched against.
Note: The syntax for creating indexes varies amongst different databases. Therefore: Check the syntax for creating indexes in your database.
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If you want to create an index on a combination of columns, you can list the column names within the parentheses, separated by commas:
CREATE INDEX PIndex ON Persons (LastName, FirstName)
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Indexes
An index can be created in a table to find data more quickly and efficiently. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up searches/queries. Note: Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a table without (because the indexes also need an update). So you should only create indexes on columns (and tables) that will be frequently searched against.
Note: The syntax for creating indexes varies amongst different databases. Therefore: Check the syntax for creating indexes in your database.
If you want to create an index on a combination of columns, you can list the column names within the parentheses,
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separated by commas:
CREATE INDEX PIndex ON Persons (LastName, FirstName)
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The data type specifies what type of data the column can hold. For a complete reference of all the data types available in MS Access, MySQL, and SQL Server, go to our complete Data Types reference.
The P_Id column is of type int and will hold a number. The LastName, FirstName, Address, and City columns are of type varchar with a maximum length of 255 characters. The empty "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
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The empty table can be filled with data with the INSERT INTO statement.
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The data type specifies what type of data the column can hold. For a complete reference of all the data types available in MS Access, MySQL, and SQL Server, go to our complete Data Types reference.
The P_Id column is of type int and will hold a number. The LastName, FirstName, Address, and City columns are of type varchar with a maximum length of 255 characters. The empty "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
The empty table can be filled with data with the INSERT INTO statement.
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Password Protect Your Web Pages Data types and ranges for Microsoft Access, MySQL and SQL Server. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Storage Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting 1 byte 2 bytes 4 bytes 4 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates
4 bytes 8 bytes
A logical field can be displayed as Yes/No, True/False, or On/Off. In 1 bit code, use the constants True and False (equivalent to -1 and 0). Note: Null values are not allowed in Yes/No fields Can store pictures, audio, video, or other BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects) Contain links to other files, including web pages Let you type a list of options, which can then be chosen from a drop-down list 4 bytes up to 1GB
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VARCHAR(size)
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FLOAT(size,d)
DOUBLE(size,d)
DECIMAL(size,d)
*The integer types have an extra option called UNSIGNED. Normally, the integer goes from an negative to positive value. Adding the UNSIGNED attribute will move that range up so it starts at zero instead of a negative number. Date types: Data type DATE() Description A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD Note: The supported range is from '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31' DATETIME() *A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS Note: The supported range is from '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59' TIMESTAMP() *A timestamp. TIMESTAMP values are stored as the number of seconds since the Unix epoch ('1970-01-01 00:00:00' UTC). Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS Note: The supported range is from '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-0109 03:14:07' UTC TIME() A time. Format: HH:MM:SS Note: The supported range is from '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59' YEAR() A year in two-digit or four-digit format. Note: Values allowed in four-digit format: 1901 to 2155. Values allowed in two-digit format: 70 to 69, representing years from 1970 to 2069 *Even if DATETIME and TIMESTAMP return the same format, they work very differently. In an INSERT or UPDATE query, the TIMESTAMP automatically set itself to the current date and time. TIMESTAMP also accepts various formats, like YYYYMMDDHHMMSS, YYMMDDHHMMSS, YYYYMMDD, or YYMMDD.
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Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308. 4 or 8 bytes The n parameter indicates whether the field should hold 4 or 8 bytes. float(24) holds a 4-byte field and float(53) holds an 8-byte field. Default value of n is 53. Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 to 3.40E + 38 4 bytes
real Date types: Data type datetime datetime2 smalldatetime date time datetimeoffset timestamp
Description From January 1, 1753 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds From January 1, 0001 and December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds Store a date only. From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 Store a time only to an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds The same as datetime2 with the addition of a time zone offset Stores a unique number that gets updated every time a row gets created or modified. The timestamp value is based upon an internal clock and does not correspond to real time. Each table may have only one timestamp variable
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up to 1GB 4 bytes
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Holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 characters For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 65,535 bytes of data Holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215 characters For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 16,777,215 bytes of data Holds a string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 characters For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 4,294,967,295 bytes of data Let you enter a list of possible values. You can list up to 65535 values in an ENUM list. If a value is inserted that is not in the list, a blank value will be inserted. Note: The values are sorted in the order you enter them. You enter the possible values in this format: ENUM('X','Y','Z')
SET
Similar to ENUM except that SET may contain up to 64 list items and can store more than one choice
Number types: Data type TINYINT(size) SMALLINT(size) MEDIUMINT(size) INT(size) BIGINT(size) FLOAT(size,d) Description -128 to 127 normal. 0 to 255 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis -32768 to 32767 normal. 0 to 65535 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis -8388608 to 8388607 normal. 0 to 16777215 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis -2147483648 to 2147483647 normal. 0 to 4294967295 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 normal. 0 to 18446744073709551615 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis A small number with a floating decimal point. The maximum number of digits may be specified in the size parameter. The maximum number of digits to the right of the decimal point is specified in the d parameter A large number with a floating decimal point. The maximum number of digits may be specified in the size parameter. The maximum number of digits to the right of the decimal point is specified in the d parameter A DOUBLE stored as a string , allowing for a fixed decimal point. The maximum number of digits may be specified in the size parameter. The maximum number of digits to the right of the decimal point is specified in the d parameter
DOUBLE(size,d)
DECIMAL(size,d)
*The integer types have an extra option called UNSIGNED. Normally, the integer goes from an negative to positive value. Adding the UNSIGNED attribute will move that range up so it starts at zero instead of a negative number. Date types: Data type DATE() Description A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD Note: The supported range is from '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'
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DATETIME()
*A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS Note: The supported range is from '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'
TIMESTAMP()
*A timestamp. TIMESTAMP values are stored as the number of seconds since the Unix epoch ('1970-01-01 00:00:00' UTC). Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS Note: The supported range is from '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-09 03:14:07' UTC
TIME()
A time. Format: HH:MM:SS Note: The supported range is from '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'
YEAR()
A year in two-digit or four-digit format. Note: Values allowed in four-digit format: 1901 to 2155. Values allowed in two-digit format: 70 to 69, representing years from 1970 to 2069
*Even if DATETIME and TIMESTAMP return the same format, they work very differently. In an INSERT or UPDATE query, the TIMESTAMP automatically set itself to the current date and time. TIMESTAMP also accepts various formats, like YYYYMMDDHHMMSS, YYMMDDHHMMSS, YYYYMMDD, or YYMMDD.
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Number types: Data type tinyint smallint int bigint decimal(p,s) Description Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 Allows whole numbers between -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 Fixed precision and scale numbers. Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 1. The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits that can be stored (both to the left and to the right of the decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18. The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a value from 0 to p. Default value is 0 numeric(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers. Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 1. The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits that can be stored (both to the left and to the right of the decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18. The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a value from 0 to p. Default value is 0 smallmoney money float(n) Monetary data from -214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647 Monetary data from -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807 Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 308. The n parameter indicates whether the field should hold 4 or 8 bytes. float(24) holds a 4-byte field and float(53) holds an 8-byte field. Default value of n is 53. real Date types: Data type datetime datetime2 smalldatetime date time datetimeoffset Description From January 1, 1753 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds From January 1, 0001 and December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds From January 1, 1900 to June 6, 2079 with an accuracy of 1 minute Store a date only. From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 Store a time only to an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds The same as datetime2 with the addition of a time zone offset Storage 8 bytes 6-8 bytes 4 bytes 3 bytes 3-5 bytes 8-10 bytes Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 to 3.40E + 38 4 bytes 4 bytes 8 bytes 4 or 8 bytes 5-17 bytes Storage 1 byte 2 bytes 4 bytes 8 bytes 5-17 bytes
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timestamp
Stores a unique number that gets updated every time a row gets created or modified. The timestamp value is based upon an internal clock and does not correspond to real time. Each table may have only one timestamp variable
Other data types: Data type sql_variant uniqueidentifier xml cursor table Description Stores up to 8,000 bytes of data of various data types, except text, ntext, and timestamp Stores a globally unique identifier (GUID) Stores XML formatted data. Maximum 2GB Stores a reference to a cursor used for database operations Stores a result-set for later processing
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SQL Dates
The most difficult part when working with dates is to be sure that the format of the date you are trying to insert, matches the format of the date column in the database. As long as your data contains only the date portion, your queries will work as expected. However, if a time portion is involved, it gets complicated. Before talking about the complications of querying for dates, we will look at the most important built-in functions for working with dates.
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Now we want to select the records with an OrderDate of "2008-11-11" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate='2008-11-11'
The result-set will look like this: OrderId 1 3 ProductName Geitost Mozzarella di Giovanni OrderDate 2008-11-11 2008-11-11
Now, assume that the "Orders" table looks like this (notice the time component in the "OrderDate" column): OrderId 1 2 3 4 ProductName Geitost Camembert Pierrot Mozzarella di Giovanni Mascarpone Fabioli OrderDate 2008-11-11 13:23:44 2008-11-09 15:45:21 2008-11-11 11:12:01 2008-10-29 14:56:59
we will get no result! This is because the query is looking only for dates with no time portion. Tip: If you want to keep your queries simple and easy to maintain, do not allow time components in your dates!
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SQL Dates
The most difficult part when working with dates is to be sure that the format of the date you are trying to insert, matches the format of the date column in the database. As long as your data contains only the date portion, your queries will work as expected. However, if a time portion is involved, it gets complicated. Before talking about the complications of querying for dates, we will look at the most important built-in functions for working with dates.
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Now we want to select the records with an OrderDate of "2008-11-11" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate='2008-11-11'
The result-set will look like this: OrderId 1 3 ProductName Geitost Mozzarella di Giovanni OrderDate 2008-11-11 2008-11-11
Now, assume that the "Orders" table looks like this (notice the time component in the "OrderDate" column): OrderId ProductName OrderDate
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1 2 3 4
we will get no result! This is because the query is looking only for dates with no time portion. Tip: If you want to keep your queries simple and easy to maintain, do not allow time components in your dates!
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The DEFAULT constraint can also be used to insert system values, by using functions like GETDATE():
CREATE TABLE Orders ( O_Id int NOT NULL, OrderNo int NOT NULL, P_Id int, OrderDate date DEFAULT GETDATE() )
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The DEFAULT constraint can also be used to insert system values, by using functions like GETDATE():
CREATE TABLE Orders ( O_Id int NOT NULL, OrderNo int NOT NULL, P_Id int, OrderDate date DEFAULT GETDATE() )
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Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!
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Now we want to delete the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table. We use the following SQL statement:
DELETE FROM Persons WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
The "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id 1 2 3 4 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen Nilsen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Johan Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Bakken 2 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger
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Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!
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Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted!
Now we want to delete the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table. We use the following SQL statement:
DELETE FROM Persons WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
The "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
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3 4
Pettersen Nilsen
Kari Johan
Storgt 20 Bakken 2
Stavanger Stavanger
Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!
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Web based charting for ASP.NET This chapter will explain the SELECT DISTINCT statement. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification
Now we want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons
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Now we want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons
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Web based charting for ASP.NET Indexes, tables, and databases can easily be deleted/removed with the DROP statement. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING
DROP INDEX index_name
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The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 P_Id 3 3 2 1
Note that the "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table points to the "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table is the PRIMARY KEY in the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table is a FOREIGN KEY in the "Orders" table. The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy link between tables. The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents that invalid data is inserted into the foreign key column, because it has to be one of the values contained in the table it points to.
To allow naming of a FOREIGN KEY constraint, and for defining a FOREIGN KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
CREATE TABLE Orders ( O_Id int NOT NULL,
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To allow naming of a FOREIGN KEY constraint, and for defining a FOREIGN KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Orders ADD CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
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The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 P_Id 3 3 2 1
Note that the "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table points to the "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table is the PRIMARY KEY in the "Persons" table. The "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table is a FOREIGN KEY in the "Orders" table. The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy link between tables. The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents that invalid data is inserted into the foreign key column, because it has to be one of the values contained in the table it points to.
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P_Id int, PRIMARY KEY (O_Id), FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id) )
To allow naming of a FOREIGN KEY constraint, and for defining a FOREIGN KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
CREATE TABLE Orders ( O_Id int NOT NULL, OrderNo int NOT NULL, P_Id int, PRIMARY KEY (O_Id), CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id) )
To allow naming of a FOREIGN KEY constraint, and for defining a FOREIGN KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Orders ADD CONSTRAINT fk_PerOrders FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
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Now we want to find the average value of the "OrderPrice" fields. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT AVG(OrderPrice) AS OrderAverage FROM Orders
The result-set will look like this: OrderAverage 950 Now we want to find the customers that have an OrderPrice value higher then the average OrderPrice value. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT Customer FROM Orders WHERE OrderPrice>(SELECT AVG(OrderPrice) FROM Orders)
The result-set will look like this: Customer Hansen Nilsen Jensen
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Now we want to find the average value of the "OrderPrice" fields. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT AVG(OrderPrice) AS OrderAverage FROM Orders
The result-set will look like this: OrderAverage 950 Now we want to find the customers that have an OrderPrice value higher then the average OrderPrice value. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT Customer FROM Orders WHERE OrderPrice>(SELECT AVG(OrderPrice) FROM Orders)
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The result-set will look like this: Customer Hansen Nilsen Jensen
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Password Protect Your Web Pages The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criteria. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name
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Note: COUNT(DISTINCT) works with ORACLE and Microsoft SQL Server, but not with Microsoft Access.
Now we want to count the number of orders from "Customer Nilsen". We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT COUNT(Customer) AS CustomerNilsen FROM Orders WHERE Customer='Nilsen'
The result of the SQL statement above will be 2, because the customer Nilsen has made 2 orders in total: CustomerNilsen 2
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The result-set will look like this: NumberOfCustomers 3 which is the number of unique customers (Hansen, Nilsen, and Jensen) in the "Orders" table.
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Note: COUNT(DISTINCT) works with ORACLE and Microsoft SQL Server, but not with Microsoft Access.
The result of the SQL statement above will be 2, because the customer Nilsen has made 2 orders in total: CustomerNilsen 2
The result-set will look like this: NumberOfOrders 6 which is the total number of rows in the table.
The result-set will look like this: NumberOfCustomers 3 which is the number of unique customers (Hansen, Nilsen, and Jensen) in the "Orders" table.
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Now we want to find the first value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT FIRST(OrderPrice) AS FirstOrderPrice FROM Orders
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Now we want to find the first value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT FIRST(OrderPrice) AS FirstOrderPrice FROM Orders
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Now we want to display the products and prices per today's date (with today's date displayed in the following format "YYYY-MM-DD"). We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice, FORMAT(Now(),'YYYY-MM-DD') as PerDate FROM Products
The result-set will look like this: ProductName Jarlsberg Mascarpone Gorgonzola UnitPrice 10.45 32.56 15.67 PerDate 2008-10-07 2008-10-07 2008-10-07
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Now we want to display the products and prices per today's date (with today's date displayed in the following format "YYYY-MM-DD"). We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice, FORMAT(Now(),'YYYY-MM-DD') as PerDate FROM Products
The result-set will look like this: ProductName Jarlsberg Mascarpone Gorgonzola UnitPrice 10.45 32.56 15.67 PerDate 2008-10-07 2008-10-07 2008-10-07
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Now we want to find the last value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT LAST(OrderPrice) AS LastOrderPrice FROM Orders
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Now we want to find the last value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT LAST(OrderPrice) AS LastOrderPrice FROM Orders
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_func_last.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:02:03]
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting Ektron CMS400.NET Version 7.6 delivers all of the flexibility and WEB HOSTING
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Now we want to select the content of the "LastName" and "FirstName" columns above, and convert the "LastName" column to lowercase. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT LCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: LastName hansen svendson pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari
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Now we want to select the content of the "LastName" and "FirstName" columns above, and convert the "LastName" column to lowercase. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT LCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: LastName hansen svendson pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_func_lcase.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:02:06]
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
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Now we want to select the length of the values in the "Address" column above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT LEN(Address) as LengthOfAddress FROM Persons
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Fortune 500 companies. And yeah, your applications could look like a million bucks by spending just $69. So go ahead, download your copy of FusionCharts and start "wow-ing" your customers now!
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Now we want to select the length of the values in the "Address" column above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT LEN(Address) as LengthOfAddress FROM Persons
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_func_len.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:02:09]
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Now we want to find the largest value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT MAX(OrderPrice) AS LargestOrderPrice FROM Orders
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Now we want to find the largest value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT MAX(OrderPrice) AS LargestOrderPrice FROM Orders
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_func_max.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:02:13]
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Description Required. The field to extract characters from. Required. Specifies the starting position (starts at 1). Optional. The number of characters to return. If omitted, the MID() function returns the rest of the text.
Now we want to extract the first four characters of the "City" column above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT MID(City,1,4) as SmallCity FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: SmallCity Sand Sand Stav
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standard hardware configuration. Virtual users in each profile are fully customizable. Basic and NTLM authentication methods are supported. Graphs and reports are shown in real-time at different levels of detail, thus helping to manage the testing process. Download the free 30-day trial!
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Description Required. The field to extract characters from. Required. Specifies the starting position (starts at 1). Optional. The number of characters to return. If omitted, the MID() function returns the rest of the text.
Now we want to extract the first four characters of the "City" column above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT MID(City,1,4) as SmallCity FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: SmallCity Sand Sand Stav
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_func_mid.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:02:17]
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting Ektron CMS400.NET Version 7.6 WEB HOSTING
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Now we want to find the smallest value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT MIN(OrderPrice) AS SmallestOrderPrice FROM Orders
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Now we want to find the smallest value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT MIN(OrderPrice) AS SmallestOrderPrice FROM Orders
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_func_min.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:02:20]
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
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Now we want to display the products and prices per today's date. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice, Now() as PerDate FROM Products
The result-set will look like this: ProductName Jarlsberg Mascarpone Gorgonzola UnitPrice 10.45 32.56 15.67
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Now we want to display the products and prices per today's date. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice, Now() as PerDate FROM Products
The result-set will look like this: ProductName Jarlsberg Mascarpone Gorgonzola UnitPrice 10.45 32.56 15.67 PerDate 10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM 10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM 10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
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Description Required. The field to round. Required. Specifies the number of decimals to be returned.
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Now we want to display the product name and the price rounded to the nearest integer. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName, ROUND(UnitPrice,0) as UnitPrice FROM Products
The result-set will look like this: ProductName Jarlsberg Mascarpone Gorgonzola UnitPrice 10 33 16
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Description Required. The field to round. Required. Specifies the number of decimals to be returned.
Now we want to display the product name and the price rounded to the nearest integer. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName, ROUND(UnitPrice,0) as UnitPrice FROM Products
The result-set will look like this: ProductName Jarlsberg Mascarpone Gorgonzola UnitPrice 10 33 16
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_func_round.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:02:27]
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
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Now we want to find the sum of all "OrderPrice" fields". We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT SUM(OrderPrice) AS OrderTotal FROM Orders
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Now we want to find the sum of all "OrderPrice" fields". We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT SUM(OrderPrice) AS OrderTotal FROM Orders
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
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Now we want to select the content of the "LastName" and "FirstName" columns above, and convert the "LastName" column to uppercase. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT UCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: LastName HANSEN SVENDSON PETTERSEN FirstName Ola Tove Kari
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Now we want to select the content of the "LastName" and "FirstName" columns above, and convert the "LastName" column to uppercase. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT UCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: LastName HANSEN SVENDSON PETTERSEN FirstName Ola Tove Kari
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SQL Functions
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SQL Functions
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SQL Functions
SQL Functions
SQL has many built-in functions for performing calculations on data.
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Now we want to find the total sum (total order) of each customer. We will have to use the GROUP BY statement to group the customers. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders GROUP BY Customer
The result-set will look like this: Customer Hansen Nilsen Jensen Nice! Isn't it? :) Let's see what happens if we omit the GROUP BY statement:
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders
The result-set will look like this: Customer Hansen Nilsen Hansen Hansen Jensen Nilsen SUM(OrderPrice) 5700 5700 5700 5700 5700 5700
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Now we want to find the total sum (total order) of each customer. We will have to use the GROUP BY statement to group the customers. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders GROUP BY Customer
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The result-set will look like this: Customer Hansen Nilsen Hansen Hansen Jensen Nilsen SUM(OrderPrice) 5700 5700 5700 5700 5700 5700
The result-set above is not what we wanted. Explanation of why the above SELECT statement cannot be used: The SELECT statement above has two columns specified (Customer and SUM(OrderPrice). The "SUM(OrderPrice)" returns a single value (that is the total sum of the "OrderPrice" column), while "Customer" returns 6 values (one value for each row in the "Orders" table). This will therefore not give us the correct result. However, you have seen that the GROUP BY statement solves this problem.
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Now we want to find if any of the customers have a total order of less than 2000. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders GROUP BY Customer HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)<2000
The result-set will look like this: Customer Nilsen SUM(OrderPrice) 1700
Now we want to find if the customers "Hansen" or "Jensen" have a total order of more than 1500. We add an ordinary WHERE clause to the SQL statement:
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders WHERE Customer='Hansen' OR Customer='Jensen' GROUP BY Customer HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)>1500
The result-set will look like this: Customer Hansen Jensen SUM(OrderPrice) 2000 2000
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Now we want to find if any of the customers have a total order of less than 2000. We use the following SQL statement:
SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders GROUP BY Customer HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)<2000
The result-set will look like this: Customer Nilsen SUM(OrderPrice) 1700
Now we want to find if the customers "Hansen" or "Jensen" have a total order of more than 1500.
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_having.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:02:44]
The result-set will look like this: Customer Hansen Jensen SUM(OrderPrice) 2000 2000
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SQL Hosting
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If you want your web site to be able to store and display data from a database, your web server should have access to a database system that uses the SQL language. If your web server will be hosted by an Internet Service Provider (ISP), you will have to look for SQL hosting plans. The most common SQL hosting databases are MySQL, MS SQL Server, and MS Access. You can have SQL databases on both Windows and Linux/UNIX operating systems. Below is an overview of which database system that runs on which OS. MS SQL Server Runs only on Windows OS. MySQL Runs on both Windows and Linux/UNIX operating systems. MS Access (recommended only for small websites) Runs only on Windows OS. To learn more about web hosting, please visit our Hosting tutorial.
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SQL Hosting
If you want your web site to be able to store and display data from a database, your web server should have access to a database system that uses the SQL language. If your web server will be hosted by an Internet Service Provider (ISP), you will have to look for SQL hosting plans. The most common SQL hosting databases are MySQL, MS SQL Server, and MS Access. You can have SQL databases on both Windows and Linux/UNIX operating systems. Below is an overview of which database system that runs on which OS. MS SQL Server Runs only on Windows OS. MySQL Runs on both Windows and Linux/UNIX operating systems. MS Access (recommended only for small websites) Runs only on Windows OS. To learn more about web hosting, please visit our Hosting tutorial.
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SQL IN Operator
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SQL IN Operator
The IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
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SQL IN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...)
IN Operator Example
The "Persons" table: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
Now we want to select the persons with a last name equal to "Hansen" or "Pettersen" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName IN ('Hansen','Pettersen')
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 3 LastName Hansen Pettersen FirstName Ola Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Stavanger
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SQL IN Operator
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interactive and they'll come back for more. Keep it open. Your site needs to be ready and able to connect to outside services. Ektron's open API gives you maximum flexibility. Streamline content and document management. Users need to quickly and intuitively find and add information. Empower your content authors. Reduce IT bottlenecks by allowing business users to create and edit Web content and forms. Climb to the top of search rankings. SEO tools, URL aliasing and eCommerce for your digital marketing strategy Add powerful Web 2.0 tools like blogs, wikis, forums, geo-mapping, rating systems and RSS feeds easily.
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SQL IN Operator
SQL IN Operator
The IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
SQL IN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...)
IN Operator Example
The "Persons" table: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
Now we want to select the persons with a last name equal to "Hansen" or "Pettersen" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName IN ('Hansen','Pettersen')
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 3 LastName Hansen Pettersen FirstName Ola Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Stavanger
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ASP.NET Web Hosting The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION
INSERT INTO Persons VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')
The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
Now we want to insert a new row in the "Persons" table. We use the following SQL statement:
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The "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id 1 2 3 4 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen Nilsen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Johan Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Bakken 2 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger
The "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
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The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
Now we want to insert a new row in the "Persons" table. We use the following SQL statement:
INSERT INTO Persons VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')
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P_Id 1 2 3 4
The "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id 1 2 3 4 5 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen Nilsen Tjessem FirstName Ola Tove Kari Johan Jakob Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Bakken 2 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger
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SQL Introduction
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Introduction to SQL
Password Protect Your Web Pages SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification ASP Certification
What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query Language SQL lets you access and manipulate databases SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access. The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. A table is a collections of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
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Create site stickiness through social networking. Keep it personal, relevant and interactive and they'll come back for more. Keep it open. Your site needs to be ready and able to connect to outside services. Ektron's open API gives you maximum flexibility. Streamline content and document management. Users need to quickly and intuitively find and add information. Empower your content authors. Reduce IT bottlenecks by allowing business users to create and edit Web content and forms. Climb to the top of search rankings. SEO tools, URL aliasing and eCommerce for your digital marketing strategy Add powerful Web 2.0 tools like blogs, wikis, forums, geo-mapping, rating systems and RSS feeds easily.
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SQL Introduction
Introduction to SQL
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.
What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query Language SQL lets you access and manipulate databases SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
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SQL Introduction
HTML / CSS
RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access. The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. A table is a collections of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
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Suppose that the "UnitsOnOrder" column is optional, and may contain NULL values. We have the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+UnitsOnOrder) FROM Products
In the example above, if any of the "UnitsOnOrder" values are NULL, the result is NULL. Microsoft's ISNULL() function is used to specify how we want to treat NULL values. The NVL(), IFNULL(), and COALESCE() functions can also be used to achieve the same result. In this case we want NULL values to be zero. Below, if "UnitsOnOrder" is NULL it will not harm the calculation, because ISNULL() returns a zero if the value is NULL: SQL Server / MS Access
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+ISNULL(UnitsOnOrder,0)) FROM Products
Oracle Oracle does not have an ISNULL() function. However, we can use the NVL() function to achieve the same result:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+NVL(UnitsOnOrder,0)) FROM Products
MySQL MySQL does have an ISNULL() function. However, it works a little bit different from Microsoft's ISNULL() function. In MySQL we can use the IFNULL() function, like this:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+IFNULL(UnitsOnOrder,0)) FROM Products
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_isnull.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:00]
Suppose that the "UnitsOnOrder" column is optional, and may contain NULL values. We have the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+UnitsOnOrder) FROM Products
In the example above, if any of the "UnitsOnOrder" values are NULL, the result is NULL. Microsoft's ISNULL() function is used to specify how we want to treat NULL values. The NVL(), IFNULL(), and COALESCE() functions can also be used to achieve the same result. In this case we want NULL values to be zero. Below, if "UnitsOnOrder" is NULL it will not harm the calculation, because ISNULL() returns a zero if the value is NULL: SQL Server / MS Access
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+ISNULL(UnitsOnOrder,0)) FROM Products
Oracle Oracle does not have an ISNULL() function. However, we can use the NVL() function to achieve the same result:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+NVL(UnitsOnOrder,0)) FROM Products
MySQL
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_isnull.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:00]
MySQL does have an ISNULL() function. However, it works a little bit different from Microsoft's ISNULL() function. In MySQL we can use the IFNULL() function, like this:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+IFNULL(UnitsOnOrder,0)) FROM Products
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_isnull.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:00]
SQL Joins
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SQL Joins
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SQL JOIN
The JOIN keyword is used in an SQL statement to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship between certain columns in these tables. Tables in a database are often related to each other with keys. A primary key is a column (or a combination of columns) with a unique value for each row. Each primary key value must be unique within the table. The purpose is to bind data together, across tables, without repeating all of the data in every table. Look at the "Persons" table: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen
Note that the "P_Id" column is the primary key in the "Persons" table. This means that no two rows can have the same P_Id. The P_Id distinguishes two persons even if they have the same name. Next, we have the "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764
Note that the "O_Id" column is the primary key in the "Orders" table and that the "P_Id" column refers to the persons in the "Persons" table without using their names. Notice that the relationship between the two tables above is the "P_Id" column.
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SQL Joins
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SQL Joins
SQL Joins
SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship between certain columns in these tables.
SQL JOIN
The JOIN keyword is used in an SQL statement to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship between certain columns in these tables. Tables in a database are often related to each other with keys. A primary key is a column (or a combination of columns) with a unique value for each row. Each primary key value must be unique within the table. The purpose is to bind data together, across tables, without repeating all of the data in every table. Look at the "Persons" table: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
Note that the "P_Id" column is the primary key in the "Persons" table. This means that no two rows can have the same P_Id. The P_Id distinguishes two persons even if they have the same name. Next, we have the "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Note that the "O_Id" column is the primary key in the "Orders" table and that the "P_Id" column refers to the persons in the "Persons" table without using their names. Notice that the relationship between the two tables above is the "P_Id" column.
SQL Joins
Before we continue with examples, we will list the types of JOIN you can use, and the differences between them. JOIN: Return rows when there is at least one match in both tables LEFT JOIN: Return all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right table RIGHT JOIN: Return all rows from the right table, even if there are no matches in the left table FULL JOIN: Return rows when there is a match in one of the tables
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The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Now we want to list all the persons and their orders, and all the orders with their persons. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons FULL JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Hansen Pettersen Pettersen Svendson
The FULL JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), and all the rows from the right table (Orders). If there are rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in "Orders", or if there are rows in "Orders" that do not have matches in "Persons", those rows will be listed as well.
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_full.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:06]
The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Now we want to list all the persons and their orders, and all the orders with their persons. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons FULL JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY Persons.LastName
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_full.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:06]
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Hansen Pettersen Pettersen Svendson FirstName Ola Ola Kari Kari Tove OrderNo 22456 24562 77895 44678 34764 The FULL JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), and all the rows from the right table (Orders). If there are rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in "Orders", or if there are rows in "Orders" that do not have matches in "Persons", those rows will be listed as well.
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_full.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:06]
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The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Now we want to list all the persons with any orders. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons INNER JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Hansen Pettersen Pettersen
The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables. If there are rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in "Orders", those rows will NOT be listed.
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_inner.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:09]
The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Now we want to list all the persons with any orders. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons INNER JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY Persons.LastName
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_inner.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:09]
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Hansen Pettersen Pettersen FirstName Ola Ola Kari Kari OrderNo 22456 24562 77895 44678
The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables. If there are rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in "Orders", those rows will NOT be listed.
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_inner.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:09]
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The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Now we want to list all the persons and their orders - if any, from the tables above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons LEFT JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Hansen Pettersen Pettersen Svendson FirstName Ola Ola Kari Kari Tove OrderNo 22456 24562 77895 44678
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The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), even if there are no matches in the right table (Orders).
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_left.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:12]
The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Now we want to list all the persons and their orders - if any, from the tables above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons LEFT JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_left.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:13]
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Hansen Pettersen Pettersen Svendson FirstName Ola Ola Kari Kari Tove OrderNo 22456 24562 77895 44678
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), even if there are no matches in the right table (Orders).
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_left.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:13]
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The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Now we want to list all the orders with containing persons - if any, from the tables above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Hansen Pettersen Pettersen FirstName Ola Ola Kari Kari OrderNo 22456 24562 77895 44678 34764 The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the right table (Orders), even if there are no matches in the left table (Persons).
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_right.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:15]
The "Orders" table: O_Id 1 2 3 4 5 OrderNo 77895 44678 22456 24562 34764 P_Id 3 3 1 1 15
Now we want to list all the orders with containing persons - if any, from the tables above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_right.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:16]
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Hansen Pettersen Pettersen FirstName Ola Ola Kari Kari OrderNo 22456 24562 77895 44678 34764
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the right table (Orders), even if there are no matches in the left table (Persons).
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_join_right.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:16]
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Dynamic button image generation The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification ASP Certification
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%s'
Now we want to select the persons living in a city that starts with "s" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE 's%'
The "%" sign can be used to define wildcards (missing letters in the pattern) both before and after the pattern. The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen
Next, we want to select the persons living in a city that ends with an "s" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
Next, we want to select the persons living in a city that contains the pattern "tav" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%tav%'
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_like.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:19]
It is also possible to select the persons living in a city that NOT contains the pattern "tav" from the "Persons" table, by using the NOT keyword. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City NOT LIKE '%tav%'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_like.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:19]
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_like.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:19]
Now we want to select the persons living in a city that starts with "s" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE 's%'
The "%" sign can be used to define wildcards (missing letters in the pattern) both before and after the pattern. The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_like.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:19]
Next, we want to select the persons living in a city that ends with an "s" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%s'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
Next, we want to select the persons living in a city that contains the pattern "tav" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%tav%'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 3 LastName Pettersen FirstName Kari Address Storgt 20 City Stavanger
It is also possible to select the persons living in a city that NOT contains the pattern "tav" from the "Persons" table, by using the NOT keyword. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City NOT LIKE '%tav%'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_like.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:19]
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CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255) )
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_notnull.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:22]
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NULL values represent missing unknown data. By default, a table column can hold NULL values. This chapter will explain the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators.
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Suppose that the "Address" column in the "Persons" table is optional. This means that if we insert a record with no value for the "Address" column, the "Address" column will be saved with a NULL value. How can we test for NULL values? It is not possible to test for NULL values with comparison operators, such as =, <, or <>. We will have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators instead.
SQL IS NULL
How do we select only the records with NULL values in the "Address" column? We will have to use the IS NULL operator:
SELECT LastName,FirstName,Address FROM Persons WHERE Address IS NULL
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Pettersen FirstName Ola Kari Address
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_null_values.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:24]
The result-set will look like this: LastName Svendson FirstName Tove Address Borgvn 23
In the next chapter we will look at the ISNULL(), NVL(), IFNULL() and COALESCE() functions.
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_null_values.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:24]
Suppose that the "Address" column in the "Persons" table is optional. This means that if we insert a record with no value for the "Address" column, the "Address" column will be saved with a NULL value. How can we test for NULL values? It is not possible to test for NULL values with comparison operators, such as =, <, or <>. We will have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators instead.
SQL IS NULL
How do we select only the records with NULL values in the "Address" column? We will have to use the IS NULL operator:
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_null_values.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:24]
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Pettersen FirstName Ola Kari Address
The result-set will look like this: LastName Svendson FirstName Tove Address Borgvn 23
In the next chapter we will look at the ISNULL(), NVL(), IFNULL() and COALESCE() functions.
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_null_values.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:24]
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Dynamic button image generation The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC
ORDER BY Example
The "Persons" table: P_Id 1 2 3 4 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen Nilsen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Tom Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Vingvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger
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Now we want to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the persons by their last name. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons ORDER BY LastName
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 4 3 2 LastName Hansen Nilsen Pettersen Svendson FirstName Ola Tom Kari Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Vingvn 23 Storgt 20 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger Sandnes
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The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 3 4 LastName Svendson Pettersen Nilsen FirstName Tove Kari Tom Address Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Vingvn 23 City Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_orderby.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:27]
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ORDER BY Example
The "Persons" table: P_Id 1 2 3 4 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen Nilsen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Tom Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Vingvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger
Now we want to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the persons by their last name. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons ORDER BY LastName
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 4 LastName Hansen Nilsen FirstName Ola Tom Address Timoteivn 10 Vingvn 23 City Sandnes Stavanger
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_orderby.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:27]
3 2
Pettersen Svendson
Kari Tove
Storgt 20 Borgvn 23
Stavanger Sandnes
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 3 4 1 LastName Svendson Pettersen Nilsen Hansen FirstName Tove Kari Tom Ola Address Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Vingvn 23 Timoteivn 10 City Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger Sandnes
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_orderby.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:27]
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To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName) )
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_primarykey.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:30]
Note: If you use the ALTER TABLE statement to add a primary key, the primary key column(s) must already have been declared to not contain NULL values (when the table was first created).
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_primarykey.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:30]
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_primarykey.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:30]
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_primarykey.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:30]
FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName) )
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Persons ADD CONSTRAINT pk_PersonID PRIMARY KEY (P_Id,LastName)
Note: If you use the ALTER TABLE statement to add a primary key, the primary key column(s) must already have been declared to not contain NULL values (when the table was first created).
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_primarykey.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:30]
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Password Protect Your Web Pages SQL Statement AND / OR Syntax SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition AND|OR condition ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype or ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name AS (alias) SELECT column_name AS column_alias FROM table_name or SELECT column_name FROM table_name AS table_alias BETWEEN SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2 CREATE DATABASE database_name CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type, column_name2 data_type, column_name2 data_type, ... ) CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name) or CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name) CREATE VIEW CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value or DELETE FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!) DELETE * FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!) DROP DATABASE DROP INDEX DROP DATABASE database_name DROP INDEX table_name.index_name (SQL Server) DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name (MS Access) DROP INDEX index_name (DB2/Oracle) ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name (MySQL) DROP TABLE table_name $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification ASP Certification
ALTER TABLE
CREATE INDEX
DELETE
DROP TABLE
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:33]
HAVING
IN
INSERT INTO
LEFT JOIN
RIGHT JOIN
FULL JOIN
LIKE
ORDER BY
UNION ALL
UPDATE
WHERE
Source : http://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp
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file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:33]
ALTER TABLE
CREATE INDEX
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:33]
DELETE
WHERE condition DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value or DELETE FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!) DELETE * FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!)
HAVING
IN
INSERT INTO
DROP DATABASE database_name DROP INDEX table_name.index_name (SQL Server) DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name (MS Access) DROP INDEX index_name (DB2/Oracle) ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name (MySQL) DROP TABLE table_name SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,..) INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....) or INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)
INNER JOIN
LEFT JOIN
RIGHT JOIN
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 INNER JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 LEFT JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 RIGHT JOIN table_name2
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:33]
FULL JOIN
LIKE
ORDER BY
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 FULL JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC] SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name SELECT * FROM table_name SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name SELECT * INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_table_name or SELECT column_name(s) INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_table_name
UNION ALL
UPDATE
WHERE
SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s) FROM table_name TRUNCATE TABLE table_name SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2 SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 UNION ALL SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2 UPDATE table_name SET column1=value, column2=value,... WHERE some_column=some_value SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value
Source : http://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp
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SQL Quiz
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
SQL Quiz
Password Protect Your Web Pages You can test your SQL skills with W3Schools' Quiz. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification ASP Certification
The Test
The test contains 20 questions and there is no time limit. The test is not official, it's just a nice way to see how much you know, or don't know, about SQL.
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SQL Quiz
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networking. Keep it personal, relevant and interactive and they'll come back for more. Keep it open. Your site needs to be ready and able to connect to outside services. Ektron's open API gives you maximum flexibility. Streamline content and document management. Users need to quickly and intuitively find and add information. Empower your content authors. Reduce IT bottlenecks by allowing business users to create and edit Web content and forms. Climb to the top of search rankings. SEO tools, URL aliasing and eCommerce for your digital marketing strategy Add powerful Web 2.0 tools like blogs, wikis, forums, geo-mapping, rating systems and RSS feeds easily.
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SQL Quiz
SQL Quiz
You can test your SQL skills with W3Schools' Quiz.
The Test
The test contains 20 questions and there is no time limit. The test is not official, it's just a nice way to see how much you know, or don't know, about SQL.
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SQL Quiz
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Password Protect Your Web Pages This chapter will explain the SELECT and the SELECT * statements. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
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and
SELECT * FROM table_name
Now we want to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari
SELECT * Example
Now we want to select all the columns from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns! The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
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Navigation in a Result-set
Most database software systems allow navigation in the result-set with programming functions, like: Move-To-First-Record, Get-Record-Content, Move-To-Next-Record, etc. Programming functions like these are not a part of this tutorial. To learn about accessing data with function calls, please visit our ADO tutorial or our PHP tutorial.
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and
SELECT * FROM table_name
Now we want to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
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SELECT * Example
Now we want to select all the columns from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons
Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns! The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
Navigation in a Result-set
Most database software systems allow navigation in the result-set with programming functions, like: Move-To-FirstRecord, Get-Record-Content, Move-To-Next-Record, etc. Programming functions like these are not a part of this tutorial. To learn about accessing data with function calls, please visit our ADO tutorial or our PHP tutorial.
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ASP.NET Web Hosting The SQL SELECT INTO statement can be used to create backup copies of tables. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting
SELECT * INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_tablename
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Or we can select only the columns we want into the new table:
SELECT column_name(s) INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_tablename
We can also use the IN clause to copy the table into another database:
SELECT * INTO Persons_Backup IN 'Backup.mdb' FROM Persons
We can also copy only a few fields into the new table:
SELECT LastName,FirstName INTO Persons_Backup FROM Persons
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Or we can select only the columns we want into the new table:
SELECT column_name(s) INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_tablename
We can also use the IN clause to copy the table into another database:
SELECT * INTO Persons_Backup IN 'Backup.mdb' FROM Persons
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We can also copy only a few fields into the new table:
SELECT LastName,FirstName INTO Persons_Backup FROM Persons
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SQL Summary
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SQL Summary
This SQL tutorial has taught you the standard computer language for accessing and manipulating database systems. You have learned how to execute queries, retrieve data, insert new records, delete records and update records in a database with SQL. You have also learned how to create databases, tables, and indexes with SQL, and how to drop them. You have learned the most important aggregate functions in SQL. You now know that SQL is the standard language that works with all the well-known database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and MS Access.
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SQL Summary
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SQL Summary
SQL Summary
This SQL tutorial has taught you the standard computer language for accessing and manipulating database systems. You have learned how to execute queries, retrieve data, insert new records, delete records and update records in a database with SQL. You have also learned how to create databases, tables, and indexes with SQL, and how to drop them. You have learned the most important aggregate functions in SQL. You now know that SQL is the standard language that works with all the well-known database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and MS Access.
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SQL Syntax
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SQL Syntax
Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. Below is an example of a table called "Persons": P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
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The table above contains three records (one for each person) and five columns (P_Id, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City).
SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with SQL statements. The following SQL statement will select all the records in the "Persons" table:
SELECT * FROM Persons
In this tutorial we will teach you all about the different SQL statements.
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SQL Syntax
SQL Summary SQL Quiz SQL Quiz Selected Reading Web Web Web Web Statistics Glossary Hosting Quality DROP INDEX - deletes an index
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SQL Syntax
SQL Syntax
Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. Below is an example of a table called "Persons": P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger
The table above contains three records (one for each person) and five columns (P_Id, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City).
SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with SQL statements. The following SQL statement will select all the records in the "Persons" table:
SELECT * FROM Persons
In this tutorial we will teach you all about the different SQL statements.
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SQL Syntax
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
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Example
SELECT * FROM Persons LIMIT 5
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Oracle Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE ROWNUM <= number
Example
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE ROWNUM <= 5
Now we want to select only the two first records in the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
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Now we want to select only 50% of the records in the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
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Example
SELECT * FROM Persons LIMIT 5
Oracle Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE ROWNUM <= number
Example
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Now we want to select only the two first records in the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Persons
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
Now we want to select only 50% of the records in the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Persons
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_top.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:49]
P_Id 1 2
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SQL Exercises
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ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
SQL Try It
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FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchichas Diego Roel S.A. Galera del gastrnomo Island Trading Kniglich Essen Laughing Bacchus Wine Cellars Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti North/South Paris spcialits Rattlesnake Canyon Grocery Simons bistro The Big Cheese Vaffeljernet Wolski Zajazd Eduardo Saavedra Helen Bennett Philip Cramer Yoshi Tannamuri Giovanni Rovelli Simon Crowther Marie Bertrand Paula Wilson Jytte Petersen Liz Nixon Palle Ibsen Zbyszek Piestrzeniewicz
To preserve space, the table above is a subset of the Customers table used in the example below.
Try it Yourself
To see how SQL works, you can copy the SQL statements below and paste them into the textarea, or you can make your own SQL statements.
SELECT * FROM customers
When using SQL on text data, "alfred" is greater than "a" (like in a dictionary).
SELECT CompanyName, ContactName FROM customers WHERE CompanyName > 'g' AND ContactName > 'g'
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SQL Exercises
SQL Try It
To preserve space, the table above is a subset of the Customers table used in the example below.
Try it Yourself
To see how SQL works, you can copy the SQL statements below and paste them into the textarea, or you can make your own SQL statements.
SELECT * FROM customers
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SQL Exercises
When using SQL on text data, "alfred" is greater than "a" (like in a dictionary).
SELECT CompanyName, ContactName FROM customers WHERE CompanyName > 'g' AND ContactName > 'g'
file:///C|/Users/Vignesh/Desktop/w3schools/www.w3schools.com/www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_tryit.asp@output=print.htm[13-01-2012 00:03:53]
Search W3Schools : HOME HTML CSS XML JAVASCRIPT ASP PHP SQL MORE... References Examples Forum About
ADVERTISEMENTS XML Certification Download XML editor Custom Programming Table of contents SQL Basic SQL HOME SQL Intro SQL Syntax SQL Select SQL Distinct SQL Where SQL And & Or SQL Order By SQL Insert SQL Update SQL Delete SQL Demo SQL Try It SQL Advanced SQL Top SQL Like SQL Wildcards SQL In SQL Between SQL Alias SQL Joins SQL Inner Join SQL Left Join SQL Right Join SQL Full Join SQL Union SQL Select Into SQL Create DB SQL Create Table SQL Constraints SQL Not Null SQL Unique SQL Primary Key SQL Foreign Key SQL Check SQL Default SQL Create Index SQL Drop SQL Alter SQL Increment SQL Views SQL Dates SQL Nulls SQL isnull() SQL Data Types SQL Functions SQL Functions SQL avg() SQL count() SQL first() SQL last() SQL max() SQL min() SQL sum() SQL Group By SQL Having SQL ucase() SQL lcase() SQL mid() SQL len() SQL round() SQL now() SQL format() SQL Quick Ref SQL Hosting WEB HOSTING
Domain Name Registration & More! The SQL UNION operator combines two or more SELECT statements. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2
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Note: The UNION operator selects only distinct values by default. To allow duplicate values, use UNION ALL.
PS: The column names in the result-set of a UNION are always equal to the column names in the first SELECT statement in the UNION.
Now we want to list all the different employees in Norway and USA. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway UNION SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_USA
The result-set will look like this: E_Name Hansen, Ola Svendson, Tove
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Result E_Name Hansen, Ola Svendson, Tove Svendson, Stephen Pettersen, Kari Turner, Sally Kent, Clark Svendson, Stephen Scott, Stephen
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Note: The UNION operator selects only distinct values by default. To allow duplicate values, use UNION ALL.
PS: The column names in the result-set of a UNION are always equal to the column names in the first SELECT statement in the UNION.
E_ID 01 02 03 04
Now we want to list all the different employees in Norway and USA. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway UNION SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_USA
The result-set will look like this: E_Name Hansen, Ola Svendson, Tove Svendson, Stephen Pettersen, Kari Turner, Sally Kent, Clark Scott, Stephen Note: This command cannot be used to list all employees in Norway and USA. In the example above we have two employees with equal names, and only one of them will be listed. The UNION command selects only distinct values.
Result E_Name Hansen, Ola Svendson, Tove Svendson, Stephen Pettersen, Kari Turner, Sally Kent, Clark Svendson, Stephen
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Scott, Stephen
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To allow naming of a UNIQUE constraint, and for defining a UNIQUE constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
CREATE TABLE Persons ( P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id,LastName) )
To allow naming of a UNIQUE constraint, and for defining a UNIQUE constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
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To allow naming of a UNIQUE constraint, and for defining a UNIQUE constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
CREATE TABLE Persons (
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P_Id int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(255), Address varchar(255), City varchar(255), CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id,LastName) )
To allow naming of a UNIQUE constraint, and for defining a UNIQUE constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax: MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Persons ADD CONSTRAINT uc_PersonID UNIQUE (P_Id,LastName)
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ASP.NET Shopping Cart The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING FirstName Ola Tove Kari Johan Jakob Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Bakken 2 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 Bakken 2 Nissestien 67 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Stavanger Sandnes US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification ASP Certification
Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!
Now we want to update the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table. We use the following SQL statement:
UPDATE Persons SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes' WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
The "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id 1 2 3 4 5 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen Nilsen Tjessem FirstName Ola Tove Kari Johan Jakob
The "Persons" table would have looked like this: P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Nissestien 67 Nissestien 67 Nissestien 67 City Sandnes Sandnes Sandnes
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Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!
Now we want to update the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table. We use the following SQL statement:
UPDATE Persons SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes' WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'
The "Persons" table will now look like this: P_Id 1 LastName Hansen FirstName Ola Address Timoteivn 10 City Sandnes
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2 3 4 5
The "Persons" table would have looked like this: P_Id 1 2 3 4 5 LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen Nilsen Tjessem FirstName Ola Tove Kari Johan Jakob Address Nissestien 67 Nissestien 67 Nissestien 67 Nissestien 67 Nissestien 67 City Sandnes Sandnes Sandnes Sandnes Sandnes
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SQL Views
Dynamic button image generation A view is a virtual table. This chapter shows how to create, update, and delete a view. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification
CREATE VIEW [Products Above Average Price] AS SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice FROM Products WHERE UnitPrice>(SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) FROM Products)
Note: A view always shows up-to-date data! The database engine recreates the data, using the view's SQL statement, every time a user queries a view.
Another view in the Northwind sample database selects every product in the "Products" table with a unit price higher than the average unit price:
Another view in the Northwind database calculates the total sale for each category in 1997. Note that this view selects its data from another view called "Product Sales for 1997":
CREATE VIEW [Category Sales For 1997] AS SELECT DISTINCT CategoryName,Sum(ProductSales) AS CategorySales FROM [Product Sales for 1997] GROUP BY CategoryName
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Now we want to add the "Category" column to the "Current Product List" view. We will update the view with the following SQL:
CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS SELECT ProductID,ProductName,Category FROM Products WHERE Discontinued=No
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SQL Views
A view is a virtual table. This chapter shows how to create, update, and delete a view.
Note: A view always shows up-to-date data! The database engine recreates the data, using the view's SQL statement, every time a user queries a view.
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Another view in the Northwind sample database selects every product in the "Products" table with a unit price higher than the average unit price:
CREATE VIEW [Products Above Average Price] AS SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice FROM Products WHERE UnitPrice>(SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) FROM Products)
Another view in the Northwind database calculates the total sale for each category in 1997. Note that this view selects its data from another view called "Product Sales for 1997":
CREATE VIEW [Category Sales For 1997] AS SELECT DISTINCT CategoryName,Sum(ProductSales) AS CategorySales FROM [Product Sales for 1997] GROUP BY CategoryName
We can also add a condition to the query. Now we want to see the total sale only for the category "Beverages":
SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997] WHERE CategoryName='Beverages'
Now we want to add the "Category" column to the "Current Product List" view. We will update the view with the following SQL:
CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS SELECT ProductID,ProductName,Category FROM Products WHERE Discontinued=No
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ASP.NET Web Hosting The WHERE clause is used to filter records. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification ASP Certification
Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Sandnes'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson
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Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Sandnes'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database systems will also accept double quotes). Although, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes. For text values:
This is correct: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove' This is wrong: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove
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SQL Wildcards
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SQL Wildcards
Web based charting for ASP.NET SQL wildcards can be used when searching for data in a database. $15 Domain Name Registration Save $20 / year! Buy UK Domain Names Register Domain Names Cheap Domain Names Cheap Web Hosting Best Web Hosting PHP MySQL Hosting Top 10 Web Hosting UK Reseller Hosting Web Hosting FREE Web Hosting WEB BUILDING Website Templates Flash Templates Website Builder Internet Business Opportunity Custom Programming Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger FREE Trial or Demo Web Content Manager Forms,Web Alerts,RSS Download XML editor FREE Flash Website FREE Web Templates EDUCATION US Web Design Schools HTML Certification JavaScript Certification XML Certification PHP Certification FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes ASP Certification FirstName Ola Tove Kari
SQL Wildcards
SQL wildcards can substitute for one or more characters when searching for data in a database. SQL wildcards must be used with the SQL LIKE operator. With SQL, the following wildcards can be used: Wildcard % _ [charlist] [^charlist] or [!charlist] Description A substitute for zero or more characters A substitute for exactly one character Any single character in charlist Any single character not in charlist
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson
Next, we want to select the persons living in a city that contains the pattern "nes" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%nes%'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
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SQL Wildcards
SQL Summary SQL Quiz SQL Quiz Selected Reading Web Web Web Web Statistics Glossary Hosting Quality
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 LastName Hansen FirstName Ola Address Timoteivn 10 City Sandnes
Next, we want to select the persons with a last name that starts with "S", followed by any character, followed by "end", followed by any character, followed by "on" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName LIKE 'S_end_on'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 LastName Svendson FirstName Tove Address Borgvn 23 City Sandnes
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 3 LastName Svendson Pettersen FirstName Tove Kari Address Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Stavanger
Next, we want to select the persons with a last name that do not start with "b" or "s" or "p" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName LIKE '[!bsp]%'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 LastName Hansen FirstName Ola Address Timoteivn 10 City Sandnes
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SQL Wildcards
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SQL Wildcards
SQL Wildcards
SQL wildcards can be used when searching for data in a database.
SQL Wildcards
SQL wildcards can substitute for one or more characters when searching for data in a database. SQL wildcards must be used with the SQL LIKE operator. With SQL, the following wildcards can be used: Wildcard % _ [charlist] [^charlist] or [!charlist] Description A substitute for zero or more characters A substitute for exactly one character Any single character in charlist Any single character not in charlist
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SQL Wildcards
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
Next, we want to select the persons living in a city that contains the pattern "nes" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%nes%'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 2 LastName Hansen Svendson FirstName Ola Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 LastName Hansen FirstName Ola Address Timoteivn 10 City Sandnes
Next, we want to select the persons with a last name that starts with "S", followed by any character, followed by "end", followed by any character, followed by "on" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName LIKE 'S_end_on'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
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SQL Wildcards
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 2 3 LastName Svendson Pettersen FirstName Tove Kari Address Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Stavanger
Next, we want to select the persons with a last name that do not start with "b" or "s" or "p" from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName LIKE '[!bsp]%'
The result-set will look like this: P_Id 1 LastName Hansen FirstName Ola Address Timoteivn 10 City Sandnes
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