Cong Thuc Toan

PHNG VN TON - HBKHN
(Chuyn ton luyn thi C H Thi ln lp 10

a ch: Bc Lm - Ph Lng - H ng - H Ni)
-----------------*
*
*------------------

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(THCS THPT LUYN THI C H)

(Chnh sa ln th 3)
H tn:
Trng:
Lp:

.
x
o
y
z
( , , ) M a b c
a
b
c

LI NI U

Vi kinh nghim 10 nm chuyn luyn thi Cao ng i Hc cho
nhiu th h hc sinh, ti thy a s cc em hc sinh rt cn c mt cun s
tay tra cu cng nh tng hp li kin thc mn Ton. Ti liu ny c ti
bin son vi mong mun tng hp ton b lng kin mn ton thc t lp 7
n lp 12 dng trong k thi tuyn sinh i Hc ca B Gio Dc v o To.

Mc d rt c gng, nhng ti liu cng khng th trnh khi nhng
thiu st. Ti s b sung thng xuyn v a ln a ch
www.luyenthi24h.com (Trong mc ti liu t bin son). Ti y ti cng a
ln rt nhiu ti liu n thi v c cc thi th ca cc trng THPT khc,
gip cho cc bn hc sinh thun li khi tham kho.

Bn c mun tm ni luyn thi tt, lp t hc sinh, c th lin lc vi
ti theo a ch di y:

Tc gi: Phng Vn Ton - HBKHN
a Ch: Bc Lm, Ph Lng, H ng, HN
in thoi: 0985.62.99.66
Email: luyenthi24h@gmail.com
Website: www.luyenthi24h.com

Bc Lm, Ngy Thng Nm

MC LC

STT LP TRANG
I S
1 Gi tr tuyt i 7
2 Tnh cht ca hai t s bng nhau 7
3 Hng ng thc ng thc ng nh 8
4 Cn bc hai 9
5 Tam thc bc hai 10
6 H phng trnh bc nht 10
7 Phng trnh bt phng trnh 10
8 Bt ng thc 10
9 Cp s cng cp s nhn 11
10 Cng thc lng gic 11
11 T hp nh thc Niutn 11
12 Gii hn ca hm s 11
13 Kho st v v th hm s 12
14 o hm 11
15 Nguyn hm 12
16 M logarith 12
17 S phc 12
HNH HC
1 Cng thc trong tam gic 8+9
2 Phng php ta trong mt phng 10
3 Hnh hc khng gian 11
4 Phng php ta trong khng gian 12
CC CNG THC KHC
1 Cng thc tnh chu vi, din tch
2 Cc tp hp s
Bin son: Phng Vn Ton 0985.62.99.66 www.luyenthi24h.com

1

1) GI TR TUYT I

0
0
x khi x
x
x khi x
>
=

<
| | 0, x x R > e
2
2
x x =
Vi 0 a > ta c | |
x a
x a
x a
>
>

<
| | x a a x a < < <

2) TNH CHT CA HAI T S BNG NHAU

Nu
a c
b d
=
...
, ,
a c a c a c ma nc
b d b d b d mb nd
a c a b a b
ad bc
b a c d b b
+ +
= = = = =
+ +
= = =

3) HNG NG THC NG NH
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b + = + +
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b = +
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b = +

3 3 2 2 3
( ) 3 3 a b a a b ab b + = + + +
3 3 2 2
( )( ) a b a b a ab b + = + +
3 3 2 2 3
( ) 3 3 a b a a b ab b = +
3 3 2 2
( )( ) a b a b a ab b = + +

Cc hng ng thc m rng

4 4 3 2 2 3 4
( ) 4 6 4 a b a a b a b ab b + = + + + +
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
( ) 4 6 4 a b a a b a b ab b + = + +

2 2 2 2
( ) 2 2 2 a b c a b c ab bc ca + + = + + + + +
1 2
1 ( 1)( ... 1)
n n n
a a a a a

= + + + +
1 2 2 1
( )( ... )
n n n n n n
a b a b a a b ab b

= + + + +

4) CN BC HAI

A c ngha 0 A>
2
A A = 0, A A >

Ch quan trng:

2
| | A B A B = vi 0 B >

. AB A B = nu
0
0
A
B
>
>
. AB A B = nu
0
0
A
B
s

A A
B B
= nu
0
0
A
B
>
>

A A
B B
nu
0
0
A
B
s
<

S HC V I S


2
5) TAM THC BC HAI

1) Nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
2
0 ( 0) ax bx c a + + = =
t
2
4 b ac A =
- Nu 0 A < th phng trnh v nghim
- Nu 0 A = th phng trnh c nghim kp
2
b
x
a
=
- Nu 0 A > th phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
1,2
2
b
x
a
A
=
c bit: Nu 0 a b c + + = phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
1,
c
x x
a
= =
Nu 0 a b c + = phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
1,
c
x x
a
= =
2) nh l Vi-t
Gi
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh
2
0 ( 0) ax bx c a + + = = ta c
1 2
b
S x x
a
= + =
1 2
c
P x x
a
= =
Mt s trng hp p dng Vi-t

2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 2 2 x x x x x x S P + = + =

3 3 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ( 3 ) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S S P ( + = + + = + + =

2
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 2( ) ( ) 2 2( ) ( 2 ) 2 x x x x x x x x x x x x S P P ( + = + = + =

1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 x x S
x x x x P
+
+ = =
2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2
2
( )
x x S P S
x x x x P P
+
+ = = =

2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
| | ( ) ( ) 4 4 x x x x x x x x S P = = + =

3) Du ca nghim
Phng trnh bc hai:
2
0 ax bx c + + = ( 0 a = ) c hai nghim phn bit:
Cng du
1 2
0
0 P x x
A >
= >
Tri du
1 2
0 P x x = <
Hai nghim dng
1 2
1 2
0
0
. 0
S x x
P x x
A >
= + >
= >
Hai nghim m
1 2
1 2
0
0
. 0
S x x
P x x
A >
= + <
= >

4) Du ca tam thc bc hai
2
( ) ( 0) f x ax bx c a = + + =
- Nu 0 A < th ( ) f x cng du vi h s a, x
- Nu 0 A = th ( ) f x cng du vi h s a,
2
b
x
a
=

3
- Nu 0 A > , gi hai nghim l
1 2
, x x (
1 2
x x < ) th ( ) f x cng du vi h s a
1 2
( ; ) ( ; ) x x x e + v ( ) f x tri du vi h s a
1 2
( ; ) x x x e
T suy ra

0
( ) 0,
0
a
f x x
>
>

A <

0
( ) 0,
0
a
f x x
>
>

A s

0
( ) 0,
0
a
f x x
<
<

A <

0
( ) 0,
0
a
f x x
<
s

A s

5) So snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
Cho tam thc bc hai
2
0 ( 0) ax bx c a + + = = v hai s <
1 2
( ) 0 x x af < < <
1 2
0
( ) 0
2
x x af
S

A >
< < >
<

1 2
0
( ) 0
2
x x af
S

A >
< < >
>

1 2
( ) 0
( ) 0
af
x x
af

<
< < <

<

1 2
( ) 0
( ) 0
af
x x
af

<
< < <

>

1 2
( ) 0
( ) 0
af
x x
af

>
< < < <

<

1 2
0
( ) 0
( ) 0
2
af
x x
af
S

A >
>
< < <

>
< <

6) H PHNG TRNH BC NHT

Cho h phng trnh bc nht hai n
1 1 1
2 2 2
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ =
+ =

1 1
1 2 2 1
2 2
a b
D a b a b
a b
= =
1 1
1 2 2 1
2 2
x
c b
D c b c b
c b
= =
1 1
1 2 2 1
2 2
y
a c
D a c a c
a c
= =
Nu 0 D = h c nghim duy nht
x
D
x
D
= ,
y
D
y
D
=
Nu 0 D =
+ Nu 0
x
D = hoc 0
y
D = th h v nghim
+ Nu 0
x y
D D = = th h c v s nghim


4
7) PHNG TRNH BT PHNG TRNH

1) Phng trnh cha cn
2
0 B
A B
A B
>
=

=

0
0
A
A B B
A B
>
= >

2) Bt phng trnh cha cn
2
0
0
A
A B B
A B
>
< >
<

2
0
0
A
A B B
A B
>
s >

2
0
0
0
A
B
A B
A B
B
>

<
>
>
>

2
0
0
0
A
B
A B
A B
B
>

s
>
>
>

0 B
A B
A B
>
>
>

3) Phng trnh c du gi tr tuyt i

0 B
A B
A B
>
=

=
A B A B = =
4) Bt phng trnh c du gi tr tuyt i
0 B
A B
B A B
>
<

< <

0 B
A B
B A B
>
s

s s

0
0
B
B
A B
A B
A B
<
>
>

>

<

0
0
B
B
A B
A B
A B
<
>
>

>

s

2 2
A B A B > >

5) Phng trnh cha cn v du gi tr tuyt i

2
A B A B = =

6) Bt phng trnh cha cn v du gi tr tuyt i
2
A B A B > >
2
A B A B > >
2
0 A
A B
A B
>
<

<

2
0 A
A B
A B
>
s

s


5
7) Cc bt phng trnh khc
0
0
. 0
0, 0
0, 0
A
B
A B
A B
A B
=
s
> <
< >

0
1 1
0
0
B A
A B
A B
A B
< <
> < <
< <

8) BT NG THC

1) Bt ng thc Cosi (AM-GM)
Cho , 0 x y > th 2 x y xy + > . Du = xy ra x y =
M rng:
Cho
1 2
, ,..., 0
n
x x x > th
1 2 1 2
... . ...
n
n n
x x x n x x x + + + >
Du = xy ra
1 2
...
n
x x x = = =

2) Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
Cho 4 s thc
1 2
, a a v
1 2
, b b . Ta c
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
a b a b a a b b + s + +
Du = xy ra
1 2
1 2
a a
b b
=
M rng: Cho hai b s thc ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a v ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
b b b , mi b gm n s
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
... ... ...
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + s + + + + + +
Du = xy ra
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = =

3) Bt ng thc Trbsep (Chebyshev)
Cho hai dy
1 2
...
n
a a a > > > v
1 2
...
n
b b b > > > th
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ... ) ( ... )( ... )
n n n n
n a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + > + + + + + +
Du = xy ra
1 2
1 2
...
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = =
= = =

Nu
1 2
...
n
a a a > > > v
1 2
...
n
b b b s s s th bt ng thc i chiu.

4) Bt ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i

| | | | | | | | | | x y x y x y s + s + | | | | | | | | | | x y x y x y s s +


6
9) CP S CNG CP S NHN

( )
n
u l csc, cng sai d ( )
n
u l csn, cng bi q
nh ngha
1 n n
u u d
+
= +
1
.
n n
u u q
+
=
S hng th n
1
( 1)
n
u u d n = +
1
1
.
n
n
u u q

=
3 s hng lin tip
1 1
2
n n
n
u u
u
+
+
=
2
1 1
.
n n n
u u u
+
=
Tng n s hng u

- Tng ca mt s dy s c quy lut

( 1)
1 2 3 ...
2
n n
n
+
+ + + + =
2 2 2
( 1)(2 1)
1 2 ...
6
n n n
n
+ +
+ + + =

2
3 3 3
( 1)
1 2 ...
2
n n
n
+ (
+ + + =
(

( 1)( 2)
1.2 2.3 ... ( 1)
3
n n n
n n
+ +
+ + + + =

10) T HP NH THC NIUTN

S cc hon v ! 1.2.3...
n
P n n = =
S cc chnh hp
!
( )!
k
n
n
A
n k
=

S cc t hp
!
!( )!
k
k n
n
k
n A
C
k n k P
= =

Tnh cht ca t hp
1
1 1
k n k k k
n n n n
C C C C

= = +
Nh thc Niutn
0
( )
n
n k n k k
n
k
a b C a b
=
+ =

0 1 1 1 1
... ...
n n k n k k n n n n
n n n n n
C a C a b C a b C ab C b

= + + + + + +

12) GII HN CA HM S

- Cc php ton v gii hn
Cho f(x) v g(x) l hai hm s c gii hn khi
0
x x . Khi

| |
0 0 0
lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
x x x x x x
f x g x f x g x

=

| |
0 0 0
lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ). lim ( )
x x x x x x
f x g x f x g x

=

1 2
1
1
...
( )
2
[2 ( 1) ]
2
n n
n
S u u u
n u u
n u n d
= + + +
+
=
+
=
1 2
1
...
1
1
n n
n
S u u u
q
u
q
= + + +

7
( )
0
0 0
0
lim ( )
( )
lim lim ( ) 0
( ) lim ( )
x x
x x x x
x x
f x
f x
g x
g x g x
= =

| |
0
0 0
lim ( )
( )
lim ( ) lim ( )
x x
g x
g x
x x x x
f x f x

(
=
(

- Mt s gii hn c bn
0
sin
lim 1
x
x
x
=
0
1
lim 1
x
x
e
x
=
1
lim 1
x
x
e
x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

- Tnh lin tc ca hm s

Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn khong ( ; ) a b . Hm s f c gi l lin tc ti
im
0
( ; ) x a b e nu
0 0
0
lim lim ( )
x x x x
f x
+

= =

Hm s f c gi l lin tc trn khong ( ; ) a b nu n lin tc ti mi im trn
khong .


8
11) CNG THC LNG GIC

- Cng thc c bn

2 2
sin cos 1 x x + =
sin
tan
cos
x
x
x
=
cos
cot
sin
x
x
x
=

2
2
1
1 tan
cos
x
x
+ =
2
2
1
1 cot
sin
x
x
+ = tan .cot 1 x x =

- Cng thc nhn i
sin2 2sin .cos x x x =
2
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
x
x
x
=

2
cot 1
cot 2
2cot
x
x
x
=
2
2
2 2
cos2 1 2sin
2cos 1
cos sin
x x
x
x x
=
=
=

- Cng thc nhn ba

3
sin3 3sin 4sin x x x =
3
cos3 4cos 3cos x x x =

3
2
3tan tan
tan3 tan .tan . tan
1 3tan 3 3
x x
x x x x
x
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .

3
2
3cot cot
cot 3
1 3cot
x x
x
x

sin 2sin( 1) .cos sin( 2) n n n =
cos 2cos( 1) .cos cos( 2) n n n =

- Cng thc h bc

2
1 cos2
sin
2
x
x

=
2
1 cos 2
cos
2
x
x
+
=
3
3sin sin3
sin
4
x x
x

=
3
3cos cos3
cos
4
x x
x
+
=
4
cos4 4cos2 3
sin
8
x x
x
+
=
4
cos 4 4cos2 3
cos
8
x x
x
+ +
=
2
1 cos 2
tan
1 cos2
x
x
x
=
+

2
1 cos 2
cot
1 cos2
x
x
x
+
=

- Biu din sin , cos , tan , cot x x x x theo
2
tan
x
t

2
2
sin
1
t
x
t
=
+

2
2
1
cos
1
t
x
t
=
+

2
2
tan
1
t
x
t
=

2
1
cot
2
t
x
t
=

9

- Cng thc cng

sin( ) sin .cos cos .sin x y x y x y + = + cos( ) cos .cos sin .sin x y x y x y + =

sin( ) sin .cos cos .sin x y x y x y = cos( ) cos .cos sin .sin x y x y x y = +
tan tan
tan( )
1 tan .tan
x y
x y
x y
+
+ =

cot .cot 1
cot( )
cot cot
x y
x y
y x
+ =
+

tan tan
tan( )
1 tan .tan
x y
x y
x y
=
+

cot .cot 1
cot( )
cot cot
x y
x y
y x
+
=

- Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng

1
sin .sin [cos( ) cos( )]
2
x y x y x y = +
1
cos .cos [cos( ) cos( )]
2
x y x y x y = + +
1
sin .cos [sin( ) sin( )]
2
x y x y x y = + +

| |
1
cos .sin sin( ) sin( )
2
x y x y x y = + +
tan tan
tan . tan
cot cot
x y
x y
x y
+
=
+

- Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch
sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
x y x y
x y
+
+ = cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
x y x y
x y
+
+ =
sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
x y x y
x y
+
= cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
x y x y
x y
+
=

sin( )
tan tan
cos .cos
x y
x y
x y
+
+ =
sin( )
cot cot
sin .sin
x y
x y
x y
+
+ =

sin( )
tan tan
cos .cos
x y
x y
x y
=
sin( )
cot cot
sin .sin
y x
x y
x y
=

- Cng thc c bit khc
sin cos 2sin 2 cos
4 4
x x x x
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .

sin cos 2sin 2 cos
4 4
x x x x
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .

2
1 sin 2cos
4 2
x
x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

2
1 sin 2sin
4 2
x
x
| |
=
|
\ .

2
1 sin2 (sin cos ) x x x =

10
- Cc cung lin kt: i B Ph - Hn km ;
2

sin( ) sin x x = cos( ) cos x x =
sin cos
2
x x
| |
=
|
\ .
cos sin
2
x x
| |
=
|
\ .

sin cos
2
x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .
cos sin
2
x x
| |
+ =
|
\ .

sin( ) sin x x = cos( ) cos x x =
sin( ) sin x x + = cos( ) cos x x + =

- Cng thc nghim
2
sin sin
2
x k
x
x k

= +
=

= +
tan tan x x k = = +
cos cos 2 x x k = = + cot cot x x k = = +

c bit
sin 0 x x k = = cos 0
2
x x k
= = +
sin 1 2
2
x x k
= = + cos 1 2 x x k = =
sin 1 2
2
x x k
= = + cos 1 2 x x k = = +

- Gi tr lng gic

Cng thc chuyn i n v t
0
sang x radian v ngc li
0
0
180
x

=
0 0
180
x
=

0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
180
Gc
Rad 0
6

2
3

3
4

5
6

Sin 0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0
Cos 1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0 -
1
2

-
2
2
-
3
2

-1
Tan 0
1
3

1
3 - 3
-1
-
1
3

0
Cot 3 1
1
3

0
-
1
3

-1 - 3

11
12) KHO ST V V TH HM S

1) ng bin, nghch bin

- nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trn khong ( ; ) a b
Nu
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
<
<

1 2
, ( ; ) x x a b e th ( ) f x ng bin trn ( ; ) a b
Nu
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
<
>

1 2
, ( ; ) x x a b e th ( ) f x nghch bin trn ( ; ) a b

- nh l
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c o hm trn (a;b)
Nu '( ) 0 f x > ( ; ) x a b e th ( ) f x ng bin trn ( ; ) a b
Nu '( ) 0 f x < ( ; ) x a b e th ( ) f x nghch bin trn ( ; ) a b

2) Cc tr

Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c o hm cp I v cp II ti
0
x x =
Hm s t cc tr ti x
0

0
0
'( ) 0
'( )
f x
f x doi dau khi xdi qua x
=
(1)
Hm s t cc i ti x
0

0
0
'( ) 0
''( ) 0
f x
f x
=

<
(2)
Hm s t cc tiu ti x
0

0
0
'( ) 0
''( ) 0
f x
f x
=

>
(3)
Ch : iu kin hm s bc ba
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + ( 0) a = c cc tr l
phng trnh y=0 c hai nghim phn bit.

3) Tip tuyn

- Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c th (C). Gi
0 0
( ; ) M x y l im thuc (C). Phng
trnh tip tuyn ca (C) ti M c dng
0 0 0
'( )( ) ( ) y f x x x f x = +
Trong
0
'( ) f x l h s gc ca tip tuyn ti im tip xc M

- iu kin hm s ( ) y f x = tip xc vi hm s ( ) y g x = l h phng trnh sau
c nghim
( ) ( )
'( ) '( )
f x g x
f x g x
=

4) V th hm s cha du gi tr tuyt i
- Dng 1: Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c th (C). T suy ra th ca hm s (C
1
):
1
( ) y f x =

12
Ta c
1 1
0
( ) : | |
0
y neu y
C y y
y neu y
>
= =

<

Do th
1
( ) C :
1
( ) y f x = gm 2 phn th:
+ Phn 1: L phn th ( ) : ( ) C y f x = nm pha trn Ox
+ Phn 2: L phn th ( ) : ( ) C y f x = nm pha di Ox ly i xng
quaOx

- Dng 2: Da vo th hm s (C): ( ) y f x = . T suy ra th ca hm s
2 2
( ) : (| |) C y f x =
Nhn xt:
2 2
( ) : (| |) C y f x = l hm s chn nn nhn Oy lm trc i xng
Ta c:
2 2
( ) 0
( ) : (| |)
( ) 0
f x neu x
C y f x
f x neu x
>
= =

<

Do
2 2
( ) : (| |) C y f x = c 2 phn th:
+ Phn 1: L phn th ca ( ) : ( ) C y f x = nm bn phi Oy
+ Phn 2: L phn th phn 1 ly i xng qua Oy

- Dng 3: Da vo th hm s ( ) : ( ) C y f x = suy ra th ca hm s
3 3
( ) : ( ) C y f x =
Nhn xt: Nu
0 0 3 0 0 3
( ; ) ( ) ( ; ) ( ) M x y C M x y C e e
Nn
3 3
( ) : ( ) C y f x = nhn Ox lm trc i xng
Ta c
3 3 3
( ) : C y y y y = => = nu 0 y >
Do th
3
( ) C gm c 2 phn th
+ Phn 1: L phn th ca ( ) : ( ) C y f x = nm pha trn Ox
+ Phn 2: L phn th phn 1 ly i xng qua Ox

5) B sung l thuyt

- Phn gic gc phn t th I, III l y x = . Phn gic gc phn t th II, IV l
y x = . Phng trnh trc : 0 Ox y = , phng trnh trc : 0 Oy x =

- Cho hai ng thng
1 1 1
: d y k x b = + v
2 2 2
: d y k x b = +

1 2 1 2
. 1 d d k k =
1 2
1 2
1 2
/ /
k k
d d
b b
=

Gc to bi hai ng thng
1
d v
2
d :
1 2
1 2
tan( )
1
k k
k k

=
+

- Cho ng thng d: 0 ax by c + + = . Hai im ( ; )
A A
A x y v ( ; )
B B
B x y
Nm v hai pha trc Ox . 0
A B
y y <
Nm v hai pha trc Oy . 0
A B
x x <

13
Nm v hai pha ng thng d ( )( ) 0
A A B B
ax by c ax by c + + + + <
Nm cng pha trc Ox . 0
A B
y y >
Nm cng pha trc Oy . 0
A B
x x >
Nm cng pha ng thng d ( )( ) 0
A A B B
ax by c ax by c + + + + >
Cch u trc Ox | | | |
A B
y y =
Cch u trc Oy | | | |
A B
x x =
Cch u ng thng d
( / ) ( / ) A d B d
d d =
Cch u im I IA IB =
i xng nhau qua d
d
I d
AB u
e

i xng nhau qua phn gic I, III
A B
A B
x y
y x
=

i xng nhau qua phn gic II, IV
A B
A B
x y
y x
=

i xng nhau qua im M M l trung im A, B


14

13) O HM

- nh ngha o hm
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn khong (a, b), ( )
0
, x a b e . Cho x
0
mt s gia
x A . t ( )
0 0
( ) y f x x f x A = + A . Nu tn ti gii hn
( )
0 0
0 0
( )
lim lim
x x
f x x f x y
x x
A A
+ A A
=
A A
th gii hn ny c gi l o hm ca hm
s y = f(x) ti im x
0
.
K hiu: ( )
( )
0 0
0
0 0
( )
lim lim
x x
f x x f x y
f x
x x
A A
+ A A
' = =
A A

- Cc quy tc tnh o hm
( ) ( ) . onst cu c u c c
'
' = = ( ) ' ' ' u v u v =
( . ) ' ' ' u v u v uv = +
'
2
' ' u u v uv
v v
| |
=
|
\ .

- Bng o hm

1
( )'
n n
x nx

=
1
( )' . '
n n
u nu u
=
(sin )' cos x x = (sin ) ' '.cos u u u =
(cos ) ' sin x x = (cos ) ' '.sin u u u =
2
2
1
(tan ) ' 1 tan
cos
x x
x
= = +
2
2
'
(tan ) ' (1 tan ). '
cos
u
u u u
u
= = +
2
2
1
(cot ) ' (1 cot )
sin
x x
x
= = +
2
2
'
(cot )' (1 cot ). '
sin
u
u u u
u
= = +
( )'
x x
e e = ( )' . '
u u
e e u =
( )' .ln
x x
a a a = ( )' '. .ln
u u
a u a a =
1
(ln ) ' x
x
=
'
(ln )'
u
u
u
=
1
(log ) '
ln
a
x
x a
=
'
(log ) '
ln
a
u
u
u a
=


15
14) NGUYN HM

- nh ngha
Cho hm y = f(x) xc nh trn khong (a, b). Ta gi F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca
f(x) trn khong (a, b) nu ( ) ( ) F x f x ' = ( ) , x a b e .
K hiu: ( ) ( ) f x dx F x C = +
}
(C l hng s)

- Tnh cht
( ) ( ) kf x dx k f x dx =
} }

| | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =
} } }

Cng thc tch phn tng phn
| |
b
b b
a a a
udv uv vdu =
} }

- Bng nguyn hm

1
( 1)
1
n
n
x
x dx C n
n
+
= + =
+
}

1
1 ( )
( ) ( 1)
1
n
n
ax b
ax b dx C n
a n
+
+
+ = + =
+
}

1
ln | | dx x C
x
= +
}

1 1
ln | | dx ax b C
ax b a
= + +
+
}

sin cos xdx x C = +
}

1
sin( ) cos( ) ax b dx ax b C
a
+ = + +
}

cos sin xdx x C = +
}

1
cos( ) sin( ) ax b dx ax b C
a
+ = + +
}

2
1
cot
sin
dx x C
x
= +
}

2
1 1
cot( )
sin ( )
dx ax b C
ax b a
= + +
+
}

2
1
tan
cos
dx x C
x
= +
}

2
1 1
tan( )
cos ( )
dx ax b C
ax b a
= + +
+
}

x x
e dx e C = +
}

1
ax b ax b
e dx e C
a
+ +
= +
}

ln
x
x
a
a dx C
a
= +
}

( )
1
ln
mx n
mx n
a
a dx C
m a
+
+
= +
}

Bng nguyn hm m rng

2 2
1 dx x
arcTan c
x a a a
= +
+
}

2
2 2 2 2
2 2
x a x
a x dx a x arcSin c
a
= + +
}

2 2
dx x
arcSin c
a
a x
= +
}

2 2 2
2 2
x h
x h dx x h Ln x x h c + = + + + + +
}

2
2
dx
ln x x h c
x h
= + + +
+
}


16
15) M - LOGARIT

K hiu vit tt
( )
( )
m
m m
n
n n
x x x = =
( ) log log
n
n
a a
x x =
10
lg log log x x x = = ln log
e
x x =

T : lg10 log10 ln
n n n
e n = = =

1) Cng thc m
iu kin xc nh:
n
x xc nh 0 x >
.
n m n m
x x x
+
=
n
n m
m
x
x
x

=
.
( )
n m n m
x x =
1
n
n
x
x

=
1
n n
x x = ( ) .
n n n
xy x y =
n
n
n
x x
y y
| |
=
|
\ .

2) Cng thc logarit
iu kin xc nh: log
a
x xc nh
0
0, 1
x
a a
>
> =

log
b
a
x b x a = = log 1 0
a
= log 1
a
a =

log log
n
a a
x n x =
1
log log
n
a
a
x x
n
=
log log
b b
c a
a c =
1
log
log
a
b
b
a
= log log .log
a a c
b c b =
log
log
log
c
a
c
b
b
a
=
log ( ) log log
a a a
xy x y = + log log log
a a a
x
x y
y
| |
=
|
\ .

Ch quan trng

2
log 2 log | |
n
a a
x n x = vi n nguyn dng v 0 x =

2
| |
1
log log
2
n
a
a
x x
n
= vi n nguyn dng v {0;1} a =

3) Chiu bin thin

x
y a = log
a
y x =
1 a > ng bin ng bin
1 a < Nghch bin Nghch bin

4) Phng trnh, bt phng trnh


17
Phng trnh, bt phng trnh m

( ) ( )
0 1
( ) ( )
f x g x
a
a a
f x g x
< =
=

=
hoc
1
( ), ( )
a
f x g x xacdinh
=

| |
( ) ( )
0
( 1) ( ) ( ) 0
f x g x
a
a a
a f x g x
>
>

>

Phng trnh, bt phng trnh logarith
0 1
log ( ) log ( ) ( ) 0 ( ( ) 0)
( ) ( )
a a
a
f x g x f x hoac g x
f x g x
< =
= > >

| |
0 1
( ) 0
log ( ) log ( )
( ) 0
( 1) ( ) ( ) 0
a a
a
f x
f x g x
g x
a f x g x
< =
>
>

>
>

16) S PHC

1) nh ngha
Cho s phc z a bi = + , vi
2
1 i =
Phn thc: a Modul:
2 2
z a b = +
Phn o: b S phc lin hp: z a bi =
Ch :
4
1
n
i =
4 1 n
i i
+
=
4 2
1
n
i
+
=
4 3 n
i i
+
=

- Cc php tnh

Cho hai s phc
1 1 1
z a bi = + v
2 2 2
z a b i = +

1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) z z a a b b i + = + + +
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) z z a a b b i = +
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
( ) ( ) z z a a bb a b a b i = + +
1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) z a a bb a b a b i
z a b
+ +
=
+

2) Dng lng gic ca s phc
Vi z a bi = + , t
2 2
r z a b = = + v gc (rad) tha mn
cos
sin
a
r
b
r

Ta c: (cos sin ) z r i = + l dng lng gic ca s phc trn.

- Cc php tnh


18
Cho hai s phc
1 1 1 1
(cos sin ) z r i = + v
2 2 2 2
(cos sin ) z r i = +
| |
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
cos( ) sin( ) z z r r i = + + +
| |
1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
cos( ) sin( )
z r
i
z r
= +
1 2
1 2
1 2
( )
2
r r
z z k Z
k
=
= e
= +

| |
1 1
1 1
cos( ) sin( ) i
z r
= +
- Cng thc Moa-vr
| | (cos sin ) (cos sin )
n
n
r i r n i n + = + n Z
+
e
- Cn bc n ca s phc
2 2
cos sin
n n
k k
z r i
n n
+ + | |
= +
|
\ .
vi 0, 1 k n =
3) Cc cng thc khc
2 z z a + =
2
. z z z =
2
1 z
z
z
=
1 2 1 2
z z z z =

1 2 1 2
. . z z z z =
1 1
2 2
z z
z z
| |
=
|
\ .

1 2 1 2
. . z z z z =
1 1
2 2
z z
z z
=

1 2 1 2
arg( . ) arg arg z z z z = +
1
1 2
2
arg arg arg
z
z z
z
| |
=
|
\ .

- M rng: Cn bc hai ca s phc

Cho s phc z a bi = + . Nu c s phc sao cho
2
z = th c gi l cn
bc hai ca z
Nu 0 b > , cc cn bc hai ca z l
2 2 2 2
2 2
a b a a b a
i
| |
+ + +
|
= +
|
\ .

Nu 0 b < , cc cn bc hai ca z l
2 2 2 2
2 2
a b a a b a
i
| |
+ + +
|
=
|
\ .


19

1) CNG THC TRONG TAM GIC

K hiu
, , a b c : di cc cnh , , BC CA AB
R, r : Bn knh ng trn ngoi tip, ni tip
p : Na chu vi
,
a a
m h di ng trung tuyn, ng cao k t A

1) H thc lng trong mi tam gic

2 2 2
2 cos a b c bc A = +
2
sin sin sin
a b c
R
A B C
= = =
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 4
a
m b c a = +

2) H thc lng trong tam gic vung

2
. AB BH BC =

2
. AC CH BC =

2 2 2
BC AB AC = +

2 2 2
1 1 1
AH AB AC
= +

2
. AH BH CH =

. . AB AC BC AH =

A
C
B
c
b
a
a
m
a
h
C
B
A
H
1 1 1
. . .
2 2 2
1 1 1
sin sin sin
2 2 2
4
( )( )( )
ABC a b c
S a h b h c h
ab C ac B bc A
abc
R
pr
p p a p b p c
A
= = =
= = =
=
=
=
HNH HC


20

3) Tnh cht cc ng trong tam gic

G l trng tm tam gic ABC

1
2
GM
GA
=
1
3
GM
AM
=
2
3
AG
AM
=

D, E l chn ng phn gic trong v ngoi
ca tam gic ABC

DB AB
DC AC
=
EB AB
EC AC
=

4) Mt s nh ngha

Trng tm: l giao im ca ba ng trung tuyn trong tam gic.

Trc tm: l giao im ca ba ng cao trong tam gic.

Tm ng trn ni tip: l giao im ca ba ng phn gic trong tam gic.

Tm ng trn ngoi tip: l giao im ca ba ng trung trc trong tam
gic. Nu tam gic vung th tm ng trn ngoi tip l trung im cnh
huyn.

A
B C
M
G
C B
A
D E

21

2) PHNG PHP TA TRONG MT PHNG

1) H ta trong mt phng

(1;0)
i (0;1)
j

1

i j = =

. 0

i j =

2) Vecto

Cho hai vecto
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
v
1 2
( ; ) b b b =

- nh ngha
1 2 1 2
( ; ) a a a a a i a j = = +

- Tnh cht
di vecto
2 2
1 2
a a a = +

Tng, hiu hai vecto
1 1 2 2
( ; ) a b a b a b =

Nhn vi s thc k
1 2
( ; ) ka ka ka =

Hai vecto bng nhau
1 1
2 2
a b
a b
a b
=
=
cng phng b
k R - e sao cho a kb =

1 2 2 1
a b a b =
Tch v hng hai vecto
( ) 1 1 2 2
. . .cos , a b a b a b a b a b = = +

Gc gia hai vecto
( )
1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
.
cos ,
.
a b a b a b
a b
a b a a b b
+
= =
+ +

- ng dng
Hai vecto vung gc . 0 a b a b =

A, B, C thng hng AB
cng phng AC
AB k AC =

ABCD l hnh bnh hnh AB DC =

Din tch tam gic ABC
1
2
B A B A
ABC
C A C A
y y x x
S
y y x x

=

3) Ta ca im

Cho hai im ( ; )
A A
A x y v ( ; )
B B
B x y
- nh ngha ( ; )
A A A A
A x y OA x i y j = +

- Tnh cht
Ta AB
( ; )
B A B A
AB x x y y =

di on AB
2 2
( ) ( )
B A B A
AB AB x x y y = = +

O x
y
j

22
Trung im I ca AB ;
2 2
A B A B
x x y y
I
+ + | |
|
\ .

Ta trong tm ABC A ;
3 3
A B C A B C
x x x y y y
G
+ + + + | |
|
\ .

M chia AB theo t s k MA kMB =

;
1 1
A B A B
x kx y ky
M
k k
| |
|

\ .

4) Phng trnh ng thng
- nh ngha
Vecto ( ; ) 0 n a b =

c gi vung gc vi ng thng A l vecto php tuyn ca A
Vecto ( ; ) 0 u a b =

c gi song song vi ng thng A l vecto ch phng ca A
- Phng trnh tng qut ng thng A i qua im
0 0
( ; ) M x y v c VTPT ( ; ) n a b

0 0
: ( ) ( ) 0 a x x b y y A + =
Phng trnh tng qut ng thng
0 ax by c + + = (vi
2 2
0 a b + = )
- Phng trnh tham s ng thng A i qua im
0 0
( ; ) M x y c VTCP ( ; ) u a b

0
0
:
x x at
y y bt
= +
A

= +

- Phng trnh chnh tc ng thng
A
i qua im
0 0
( ; ) M x y c VTCP ( ; ) u a b

0 0
:
x x y y
a b

A = (vi 0 ab = )
Nu 0 a = hoc 0 b = th ng thng khng c phng trnh chnh tc

- Phng trnh on chn: ng thng A i qua hai im ( ;0) A a , (0; ) B b
: 1
x y
a b
A + = (vi 0 ab = )
- Cc trng hp c bit

Trc Ox / /Ox A
Trc Oy / /Oy A
PT tng qut
0 y = : y m A =
0 x =
: x n A =
PT Chnh tc
0
x t
y
=
:
x t
y m
=
A

=

0 x
y t
=
:
x n
y t
=
A

=

- V tr tng i ca hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng
1 1 1 1
: 0 a x b y c A + + = v
2 2 2 2
: 0 a x b y c A + + =
Ta giao im ca
1
A v
2
A l nghim ca h phng trnh
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
0
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ + =
+ + =

T :

23
-
1
A ct
2
A h c nghim duy nht
-
1 2
/ / A A h c v nghim
-
1 2
A A h c v s nghim
c bit: Nu
2
a ,
2
b ,
2
c u khc 0, ta c
-
1
A ct
2
A
1 1
2 2
a b
a b
=
-
1 2
/ / A A
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= =
-
1 2
A A
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
= =

5) Khong cch v gc

- Cho ( ; )
M M
M x y , ng thng A : 0 ax by c + + = . Khong cch t im M n A
2 2
( ; )
M M
ax by c
d M
a b
+ +
A =
+

- Cho hai im ( ; )
M M
M x y , ( ; )
N N
N x y v ng thng : 0 ax by c A + + =
Hai im M, N nm cng pha i vi A khi
( )( ) 0
M M N N
ax by c ax by c + + + + >
Hai im M, N nm khc pha i vi A khi
( )( ) 0
M M N N
ax by c ax by c + + + + <
- Cho hai ng thng c phng trnh
1 1 1 1
: 0 a x b y c A + + = v
2 2 2 2
: 0 a x b y c A + + =
Phng trnh hai ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi
1
A v
2
A c dng
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
0
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
=
+ +

Gc to bi hai ng thng trn
( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
.
cos ;
. .
n n
a a bb
n n a b a b
+
A A = =
+ +

6) Phng trnh ng trn
- Phng trnh ng trn tm
0 0
( ; ) I x y , bn knh R:
2 2 2
0 0
( ) ( ) x x y y R + =
- Phng trnh tng qut ca ng trn:
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + + + = (
2 2
a b c + > )
c tm ( ; ) I a b , bn knh
2 2
R a b c = + .
- ng thng A l tip tuyn ca ng trn tm I, bn knh R : ( ; ) d I R A =


24
7) ng Elip

- Cc yu t ca Elip
Phng trnh elip:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = ( 0) a b > >
t
2 2 2
c a b =
Tiu c:
1 2
2 ( 0) FF c c = >
Ta hai tiu im:
1
( ;0) F c ,
2
( ; 0) F c
di trc ln
1 2
2 A A a =
di trc nh
1 2
2 B B b =
Tm sai: (0 1)
c
e e
a
= < <
ng chun:
a
x
e
=
( ; ) M x y l im bt k trn Elip:
1 2
2 MF MF a + =
1
c
MF a x a ex
a
= + = +
2
c
MF a x a ex
a
= =
- Phng trnh tham s ca elip
cos
[0; 2 )
sin
x a t
t
y b t

=
e

- Phng trnh tip tuyn vi elip ti im
0 0
( ; ) ( ) M x y E e l:
0 0
2 2
( ) : 1
x x y y
a b
A + =
ng thng ( ) : 0 Ax By C A + + = l tip tuyn ca elip (E)
2 2 2 2 2
A a B b C + =

8) ng Hypebol
- Cc yu t ca Hypebol
Phng trnh hypebol:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= .
t
2 2 2
c a b = +
Tiu c:
1 2
2 FF c =
Ta hai tiu im:
1
( ;0) F c ,
2
( ; 0) F c
di trc thc:
1 2
2 A A a =
di trc o:
1 2
2 B B b =
Phng trnh tim cn:
b
y x
a
=
Tm sai: ( 1)
c
e e
a
= >
ng chun:
a
x
e
=
Phng trnh tim cn:
b
y x
a
=

M
1
F
2
F

25
( ; ) M x y l im bt k trn hypebol:
1 2
2 MF MF a + =
0 x > , ta c
1
2
MF a ex
MF a ex
= +
= +
0 x < , ta c
1
2
( )
( )
MF a ex
MF a ex
= +
= +

- Phng trnh tip tuyn vi hypebol ti im
0 0
( ; ) ( ) M x y H e :
0 0
2 2
( ) : 1
x x y y
a b
A =
- ng thng ( ) : 0 Ax By C A + + = l tip tuyn ca hypebol (H)
2 2 2 2 2
A a B b C =
9) ng parabol

- Cc yu t ca Parabol
Phng trnh parabol:
2
2 ( 0) y px p = >
Ta tiu im F: ;0
2
p
F
| |
|
\ .

ng chun: ( ) : 0
2
p
x A + =
- Phng trnh tip tuyn vi parabol ti im
0 0
( ; ) ( ) M x y P e l:

0 0
( ) : ( ) y y p x x A = +
ng thng ( ) : 0 Ax By C A + + = l tip tuyn ca parabol (P)
2
2 B p AC =


26
3) HNH HC KHNG GIAN

1) Cc nh ngha

Giao tuyn: Hai mt phng ct nhau theo mt ng thng th ng thng
c gi l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng.

Hnh chp u l hnh chp c y a gic u v cc cnh bn bng nhau.

2) Chng minh ba ng thng , , a b c ng quy
Tm ba mt phng ( ) P , ( ) Q , ( ) R sao cho
( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) a P Q b Q R c R P = = =

3) Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc a b

- (nh ngha tr97): Nu mt ng thng vung gc vi mt mt phng th
n s vung gc vi mi ng thng nm trong mt phng .
Tm mt phng ( ) P sao cho
( )
( )
b P
a b
a P
c

- Nu mt ng thng vung gc vi mt trong hai ng thng song song th
vung gc vi ng thng cn li
Tm ng thng c sao cho
/ /
a c
a b
b c

- (Nhn xt tr 94): Mt ng thng vung gc vi mt trong hai ng thng
song song th vung gc vi ng thng cn li
Tm hai ng thng ' a v ' b sao cho
/ / '
/ / '
' '
a a
b b a b
a b

- (Tnh cht 5 tr 99): Cho ng thng a v mt phng (P) song song vi nhau.
ng thng no vung gc vi (P) th cng vung gc vi a.
Tm mt phng ( ) P sao cho
/ /( )
( )
a P
a b
b P

- (nh l 3 tr100): Cho ng thng a khng vung gc vi mt phng (P) v
ng thng b nm trong (P). Khi , iu kin cn v b vung gc vi a
l b vung gc vi hnh chiu ca a ca a trn (P).
Tm hnh chiu a ca a xung ( ) P , nu ' a b a b

4) Chng minh ng thng vung gc vi mt phng ( ) d P
- (nh l 1 tr 97): Nu ng thng d vung gc vi hai ng thng ct nhau
a v b cng nm trong mt phng (P) th ng thng d vung gc (P).

27
Tm hai ng thng ( ) a P c v ( ) b P c sao cho ( )
a d
d P
b d

- (Tnh cht 3 tr 98): Mt phng no vung gc vi mt trong hai ng thng
song song th cng vung gc vi ng thng cn li.
Tm ng thng d sao cho
/ / '
( )
' ( )
d d
d P
d P

- (Tnh cht 4 tr 99): ng thng no vung gc vi mt trong hai mt phng
song song th cng vung gc vi mt phng cn li.
Tm mt phng (Q) sao cho
( ) / /( )
( )
( )
P Q
d P
d Q

- (nh l 3 tr 106): Nu hai mt phng (P) v (Q) vung gc nhau th bt c
ng thng d no nm trong (Q), vung gc vi giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) u
vung gc vi mt phng (P).
Tm mt phng (Q) sao cho
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d Q
Q P d P
d P Q
c

- (H qu 2 tr 107): Nu hai mt phng ct nhau v cng vung gc vi mt
phng thc ba th giao tuyn ca chng vung gc vi mt phng th ba.
Tm hai mt phng ( ) v ( ) sao cho
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
P
P d P
d

5) Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc ( ) ( ) P Q
- (nh l 2 tr 105): Nu mt mt phng cha mt ng thng vung gc vi
mt mt phng khc th hai mt phng vung gc vi nhau.
Tm ng thng d sao cho
( )
( ) ( )
( )
d P
P Q
d Q
c

6) Khi nim gc

- Gc gia hai ng thng
1
d v
2
d l gc gia hai ng thng
1
' d v
2
' d
cng i qua mt im v ln lt song song (hoc trng) vi
1
d v
2
d .

- Cho ng thng d khng vung gc (P), gc gia ng thng d v mt
phng (P) l gc gia ng thng d v hnh chiu d ca d trn (P)

- Gc gia hai mt phng l gc gia hai ng thng ln lt vung gc vi hai
mt phng .
Ch : Khi hai mt phng (P) v (Q) ct nhau theo giao tuyn d, tnh gc
gia chng, ta ch vic xt mt phng (R) vung gc vi d, ln lt ct (P) v
(Q) theo cc giao tuyn p v q. Khi gc gia (P) v (Q) l gc gia p v q

28

4) PHNG PHP TA TRONG KHNG GIAN

1) H ta trong khng gian

(1;0;0), (0;1;0), (0;0;1) i j k

1 i j k = = =

. . . 0 i j j k k i = = =

2) Cc trng hp c bit

- Mt phng ta , trc ta

Mt phng Phng trnh Vecto php tuyn im M
( ) Oxy
0 z = (0;0;1) n k = =

( ; ;0) M x y
( ) Oyz
0 x = (1;0;0) n i = =

(0; ; ) M y z
( ) Ozx 0 y =
(0;1;0) n j = =

( ; 0; ) M x z

Trc Vecto ch phng im M
Ox (1;0;0)
Ox
u i = =

( ;0;0) M x
Oy
(0;1;0)
Oy
u j = =

(0; ;0) M y
Oz (0;0;1)
Oz
u k = =

(0;0; ) M z

- Hnh chiu, im i xng ca ( ; ; ) M x y z qua cc mt ta , trc ta

Hnh chiu ca M xung im i xng ca M qua
Trc Ox
( ;0;0) x ( ; ; ) x y z
Trc Oy (0; ; 0) y ( ; ; ) x y z
Trc Oz
(0;0; ) z ( ; ; ) x y z
Mt ( ) Oxy ( ; ;0) x y ( ; ; ) x y z
Mt ( ) Oyz (0; ; ) y z ( ; ; ) x y z
Mt ( ) Ozx ( ;0; ) x z ( ; ; ) x y z
im O
( ; ; ) x y z

3) Vect trong khng gian

- nh ngha ( ; ; ) . . . u x y z u x i y j z k = = + +

- Tnh cht
Oy
Oz
Ox
i


29
Cho
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
v
1 2 3
( ; ; ) b b b b =

di vecto
2 2 2
1 2 3
a a a a = + +

Tng hiu hai vecto
1 1 2 2 3 3
( ; ; ) a b a b a b a b =

Nhn mt s vi mt vecto
1 2 3
( ; ; ) ka ka ka ka =
( ) k R e
Hai vect bng nhau
1 1
2 2
3 3
a b
a b a b
a b
=
= =
cng phng b
k R - e sao cho a kb =

1 2 3
1 2 3
a a a
b b b
= =
1 2 3
( ; ; 0) b b b =
Ba vecto ng phng , . 0 u v w
(
=

Tch v hng
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
. . .cos , a b a b a b a b a b a b = = + +

Tch c hng
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
; ; ;
a a a a a a
a b
b b b b b b
| |
(
=
|

\ .

Gc to bi hai vecto
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
.
cos ,
.
a b a b a b a b
a b
a b a a a b b b
+ +
= =
+ + + +

- ng dng vect
Hai vect vung gc nhau . 0 a b a b =

Ba im A, B, C thng hng AB
cng phng AC

Bn im A, B, C, D ng phng , . 0 AB AC AD
(
=

ABCD l hnh bnh hnh AB DC =

Din tch tam gic ABC
1
;
2
ABC
S AB AC
(
=

Th tch t din ABCD
1
, .
6
ABCD
V AB AC AD
(
=

Th tch hnh hp ABCD.ABCD
. ' ' ' '
, . '
ABCD A B C D
V AB AD AA
(
=

4) Ta ca im
- nh ngha ( ; ; ) M x y z ( ; ; ) OM x y z =

- Tnh cht
Cho ( ; ; )
A A A
A x y z v ( ; ; )
B B B
B x y z
Ta vecto ( ; ; )
B A B A B A
AB x x y y z z =

di on thng
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
B A B A B A
AB AB x x y y z z = = + +


30
M l trung im ca on thng AB: ; ;
2 2 2
A B A B A B
x x y y z z
M
+ + + | |
|
\ .

G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC: ; ;
3 3 3
A B C A B C A B C
x x x y y y z z z
G
+ + + + + +
| |
|
\ .

im M chia AB theo t s k MA kMB =

; ;
1 1 1
A B A B A B
x kx y ky z kz
M
k k k
| |
|

\ .

5) Phng trnh mt cu

Dng 1: PTMC (S) c tm ( ; ; ) I a b c v bn knh R:
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x a y b z c R + + =

Dng 2: Phng trnh
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z ax by cz d + + + + + + = l PTMC tm
( ; ; ) I a b c , bn knh
2 2 2
R a b c d = + + (vi
2 2 2
0 a b c d + + > )

6) Phng trnh mt phng

PTMP i qua im
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z c VTPT ( ; ; ) n A B C =
l:
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 A x x B y y C z z + + =

PTTQ ca mt phng: 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = vi ( ; ; ) n A B C =
l vecto php tuyn

PTMP i qua ( ;0;0) A a , (0; ; 0) B b v (0;0; ) C c (vi 0 abc = ) c dng
1
x y z
a b c
+ + =

7) Phng trnh ng thng
PTTS ca ng thng d i qua im
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z v c VTCP
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =

0 1
0 2
0 3
( ) : ( )
x x a t
d y y a t t R
z z a t
= +
= + e
= +

Nu
1 2 3
. . 0 a a a = th
0 0 0
( ) :
x x y y z z
d
a b c

= = l PTCT ca ng thng d

8) Cng thc gc, khong cch
Gc gia hai vecto u
v v

( )
.
cos ,
.
u v
u v
u v
=

Gc gia hai ng thng
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
.
cos ,
.
d d
d d
u u
d d
u u
=


31
Gc gia hai mt phng ( ) v ( )
( )
.
cos ( ), ( )
.
n n
n n

=

Gc gia ng thng d v mt phng ( )
.
sin( , ( ))
.
d
d
u n
d
u n
=

Khong cch t im
0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z n mt phng ( ) : 0 P Ax By Cz D + + + =
0 0 0
( / )
2 2 2
M P
Ax By Cz D
d
A B C
+ + +
=
+ +

Khong cch t im
0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z n ng thng d :
0
( / )
,
d
M d
d
M M u
d
u
(

=

Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau
1
d ,
2
d :
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
( , )
, .
,
d d
d d
d d
u u M M
d
u u
(

=
(

- Trng hp c bit

Nu
1 2
/ / d d . Khong cch
1 2
, d d c tnh theo mt trong hai cch sau
C1: Ly
1 2 2
1 ( , ) ( / ) d d M d
M d d d e =
C2: Ly
1 2 1
2 ( , ) ( / ) d d N d
N d d d e =

Nu ( ) / /( ) P Q . Khong cch gia ( ) P v ( ) Q c tnh theo mt trong hai cch
C1: Ly
( , ) ( / )
( )
P Q M Q
M P d d e =
C2:
( , ) ( / )
( )
P Q N P
N Q d d e =

Nu / /( ) d P . Khong cch gia d v ( ) P c tnh theo mt trong hai cch
C1: Ly
( , ) ( / ) d P M P
M d d d e =
C2: Ly
( , ) ( / )
( )
d P N d
N P d d e =

9) V tr tng i

- V tr tng i ca hai ng thng

d , ' d ng phng , ' . ' 0 u u MM
(
=

d , ' d cho nhau , ' . ' 0 u u MM
(
=

d , ' d song song
, ' 0
, ' 0
u u
u MM
(
=

(
=

d , ' d ct nhau
, ' 0
, ' . ' 0
u u
u u MM
(
=

(
=

d , ' d vung gc ' . ' 0 u u u u =

Ch : hiu cc cng thc trn, ta dng cc cng thc vecto sau

32
Hai vecto u
v v
cng phng , 0 u v
(
=

Ba vecto u
, v
v w
ng phng , . 0 u v w
(
=

- V tr tng i ca hai mt phng
( ) P ct ( ) Q
P
n
khng cng phng

Q
n
, 0
P Q
n n
(
=

( ) P vung gc ( ) Q
P Q
n n

. 0
P Q
n n =

( ) P song song ( ) Q
P
n
cng phng
Q
n
, 0
P Q
n n
(
=

- V tr tng i ca ng thng v mt phng
Cho ng thng
0
0
0
:
x x at
d y y bt
z z ct
= +
= +
= +
v mt phng ( ) : 0 P Ax By Cz D + + + =
Xt phng trnh
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 A x at B y bt C z ct + + + + + = (t l n) (*)
Nu (*) v nghim / /( ) d P
Nu (*) c mt nghim d ct ( ) P
Nu (*) c v s nghim ( ) d P c

- V tr tng i ca mt phng ( ) P v mt cu ( ) S tm I, bn knh R.
( ) P tip xc ( ) S
( , ) I P
d R =
( ) P ct ( ) S
( , ) I P
d R <
( ) P khng ct ( ) S
( , ) I P
d R >

- V tr tng i ca ng thng d v mt cu ( ) S tm I, bn knh R.
d tip xc ( ) S
( , ) I d
d R =
d ct ( ) S
( , ) I d
d R <
d khng ct ( ) S
( , ) I d
d R >

- V tr tng i ca hai mt cu
1
( ) S ,
2
( ) S ngoi nhau
1 2 1 2
I I R R > +
1
( ) S ,
2
( ) S trong nhau
1 2 1 2
I I R R <
1
( ) S ,
2
( ) S tip xc ngoi
1 2 1 2
I I R R = +
1
( ) S ,
2
( ) S tip xc trong
1 2 1 2
I I R R =
1
( ) S ,
2
( ) S ct nhau theo mt ng trn
1 2 1 2 1 2
R R I I R R < < +


33

1) Cng thc tnh chu vi, din tch, th tch

- Cng thc chu vi, din tch
K hiu: S Din tch, P Chu vi

Tam gic
1
.
2
S AH BC = P AB BC CA = + +

Hnh thang:
( ).
2
AB CD AH
S
+
= P AB BC CD DA = + + +

Hnh bnh hnh:
. S AB AH = 2.( ) P AB BC = +

Hnh thoi:
1
.
2
S AC BD = 4 P AB =

Hnh ch nht:
. S AB BC = 2( ) P AB BC = +

Hnh vung:
2
S AB = 4 P AB =

ng trn:
2
S R = 2 P R =

Hnh qut:
2
2
S R
= l R =
l: di cung , :rad
A
C
B
H
A B
C D H
A B
C
D
H
A
D
C
B
A B
C D
R
A B
C D
R

CC CNG THC KHC


34

- Cng thc th tch
K hiu: S Din tch y, h chiu cao, R Bn knh hnh cu.

Th tch hnh tr: . V S h =
Th tch hnh chp a gic, hnh nn:
1
.
3
V S h =
Th tch hnh cu:
3
4
3
V R =

2) Cc tp hp s

Tp s t nhin {0,1, 2,...,} N =
Tp s t nhin khc 0
*
{1, 2, 3,...} N =
Tp s nguyn {..., 2, 1, 0,1, 2,...} Z =
Tp s nguyn dng {1, 2,3,...} Z
+
=
Tp s hu t | ,
a
Q a Z b Z
b
+

= e e
`
)

Tp s v t | ,
a
I x a Z b Z
b
+

= = e e
`
)

Tp s thc R I Q =
Tp s phc { | , } C a bi a b R = + e

Ch :
* N N Z Q R C
I R
c c c c c
c

---- HT ----

Cong Thuc Toan

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