Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Chng 5

NGHCH LU V BIN TN
B nghch lu c nhim v chuyn i nng lng t ngun in mt chiu khng i sang dng nng lng in xoay chiu cung cp cho ti xoay chiu i lng c iu khin ng ra l in p hoc dng in. Trong trng hp u, b nghch lu c gi l b nghch lu p v trng hp sau l b nghch lu dng Ngun mt chiu cung cp cho b nghch lu p c tnh cht ngun in p v ngun cho b nghch lu dng c tnh ngun dng in. Cc b nghch lu tng ng c gi l b nghch lu p ngun p v b nghch lu dng ngun dng hoc gi tt l b nghch lu p v b nghch lu dng Trong trng hp ngun in u vo v i lng ng ra khng ging nhau, v d b nghch lu cung cp dng in xoay chiu t ngun in p mt chiu, ta gi chng l b nghch lu iu khin dng in t ngun in p hoc b nghch lu dng ngun p Cc b nghch lu to thnh b phn ch yu trong cu to ca b bin tn. ng dng quan trng v tng i rng ri ca chng nhm vo lnh vc truyn ng in ng c xoay chiu vi chnh xc cao. Trong lnh vc tn s cao, b nghch lu c dng trong cc thit b l cm ng trung tn, thit b hn trung tn. B nghch lu cn c dng lm ngun in xoay chiu cho nhu cu gia nh, lm ngun in lin tc UPS, iu khin chiu sng, b nghch lu cn c ng dng vo lnh vc b nhuyn cng sut phn khng Cc ti xoay chiu thng mang tnh cm khng (v d ng c khng ng b, l cm ng), dng in qua cc linh kin khng th ngt bng qu trnh chuyn mch t nhin. Do , mch b nghch lu thng cha linh kin t kch ngt c th iu khin qu trnh ngt dng in Trong cc trng hp c bit nh mch ti cng hng, ti mang tnh cht dung khng (ng c ng b kch t d), dng in qua cc linh kin c th b ngt do qu trnh chuyn mch t nhin ph thuc vo in p ngun hoc ph thuc vo in p mch ti. Khi , linh kin bn dn c th chn l thyristor (SCR) Nghch lu l b chuyn i in th DC thnh AC tun hon vi tn s mong mun khc tn s in khu vc (th d nh 400Hz trong hng khng) nhng c dng khng sin. Mun c dng hnh sin ta c th dng cc k thut

124

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

khc nhau thc hin bin i thnh dng sin. B phn quan trng l b cng tc in t (static contact) cng sut ln thng s dng nh: Transistor, Mosfet, SCR, IGBT cng sut ln Phn loi c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau nh Theo hnh dng sng ra: hnh sin, hnh vung Theo cch hot ng: ngun th VSI (voltage source Inverter), ngun dng CSI (Current source Inverter), bin i rng xung PWM (pulse width modulated Inverter)

Hnh 5.1 Theo cu hnh: ni tip, song song, bn cu i in, cu i in Theo cu hnh v hot ng: ng dy giao hon (line commutated), t giao hon (self commutated) Thng thng ta c th xt theo cu hnh b i in ng dng b nghch lu c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t nh iu khin tc ng c cm ng ng b L nung cm ng B ngun cp in UPS (Uninterrupible power supplies) Truyn ti in th cao bng in DC (High voltage DC transmission)

5.1 B nghch lu mt pha 5.1.1 B i in c bn Mch c dng b i in bn cu v cch hot ng hnh 5.2

125

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

S1 + E + R S2 +

Tt 1 2 3 4

S1 + +

S2 + +

V0 +E 0 -E 0

Hnh 5.2 Khi ch cho mch hot ng 1 v 3, ta c dng sng ra c dng sng vung nh hnh 5.3

Hnh 5.3a Khi cho hot ng c 1, 2 , 3, 4 theo trnh t nh hnh 5.3 ta c dng sng ra c dng nc
Vo +E 1 1 T -E 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 3 3 t

Hnh 5.3b Vi chu k T v tn s f = 5.1.2 B nghch lu bn cu

a. Ti in tr thun R
+ E TAI G1 SCR1 D1

1 T

+E

Vo
1 1 T 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 3 3 t

+ E G2 SCR2

D2

-E

Hnh 5.4
126

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Trong trng hp sng ra l sng nc nh hnh 5.4 v ti in tr thun R, ta c in th trung bnh ng ra t ON t ON 2 t 0 Edt = 2 E T = 2 Ed ; d = T T in th hiu dng ng ra V AV =
ON

(5.1)

VRMS =

t ON 2 tON 2 0 E dt = E 2 T = 2d E T

(5.2)

Dng ti trung bnh

I AV = V AV R

(5.3)

Dng trung bnh trong cng tc

I AVsw =

I AV 2
2 VRMS E2 = 2d R R

(5.4)

Cng sut hp th trung bnh

POAV = (5.5)

b.

Ti cm khng R, L

Trng hp ny dng in qua ti thay i theo hm m ca thi gian trong khi in th vn l hnh vung hnh 5.5
Vo
+ E R L G1 SCR1 D1

T/2
+ E G2 SCR2 D2

t D2 S2

D1 i1

S1

+E

Vo SCR1 TON SCR1 t i2 t

-E

SCR2

SCR2

Hnh 5.5

127

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Ta c L di + Ri = E dt
t t E T 1 e I 01e ; 0 t R 2

(5.6)

Gii ta c nghim ton th i (t ) =

i (t ) =

(5.7)
(5.8)

(t T ) 2 E 1 + e R

(t T ) 2 T ; t T + I 01e 2

Vi thi hng =

L ; I(0+) = I01 R

Tnh c ti t = T/2

iT

( )

T T E E 1 e 2 = I 01 = 1 e 2 I 01e 2 I 01 = T 2 R R 1 + e 2

( (

) )

(5.9)

Thay vo ta c

t E E 1 e 2 t i (t ) = 1 e e T R R 1 + e 2

) ((

) )

(5.10)

Do i xng, ta c thi khong T/2 < t <T I01 =I02 = - (-I01) Thay vo ta c
t E E 1 e 2 t 1 e + i (t ) = e T R R 1 + e 2

) ((

) )

(5.11)

Ti t = t1 ta c i(t1) = 0 , thay vo trn ta c

2 t1 = ln T 1 + e 2

(5.12)

Tr s dng hiu dng

I hd

t t 1 T 2 2 T2E i (t )dt = = 0 0 R 1 e I 01e dt T T

(5.13)

Nu cng tc l l tng, cng sut ngun cp in DC phi bng cng sut hp th bi ti PDC = VDCI1 (5.14)

128

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

5.1.3 B nghch lu cu y

a.

Ti in tr thun Mch c dng hnh 5.6

D1 G1 + E G2 D2 SCR2 G4 SCR4 D4 SCR1 TAI G3 SCR3 D3

Hnh 5.6 Ty theo cch hot ng ca cc cng tc (SCR) ta c dng sng vung hay dng nc. Sau y ta ln lt xt cc trng hp ni trn Sng hnh vung
Vo

+E
t S4 S2 S3

TT S1 1
T/2 T S2 S3 S1

S2

S3 On On

S4

V0 +E +E

On On

Off Off On Off Off On

2 3 4

Off On Off On

Off -E Off -E

-E

S1

S4

Hnh 5.7 Dng sng nc (bc)

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S1 On On On Off Off Off On On S2 Off Off Off On On On Off Off S3 Off Off On On On Off Off Off S4 On On Off Off Off On On On V0 +E +E 0 -E -E 0 +E +E

129

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn Vo +E S1 S4 T -E S1 S3 T/2 S2 S3 S2 S4 S1 S4 T S2 S3 S1 S3 t

Hnh 5.8 Tnh c in th trung bnh ng ra

T T 2 2 = E 1 2 = 0 2 Edt = E T T T 2
2 T 2 2 = 02 E dt = E 1 T T

V0 AV

(5.15)

in th hiu dng
V0 RMS

(5.16)

b.

Ti cm khng R, L

Mch c dng theo hnh 5.9, cng tc in c chn l SCR, Transistor, Mosfet cng sutCch tnh nh xt trng hp bn cu hoc tnh theo phn gii Fourier.

Hnh 5.9
: l gc d kin ng cc SCR

S : l gc dn cho cc SCR

D : l gc dn cho cc diode ngc

130

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Hnh 5.10
5.1.4 B i in song song (hay i in vi bin th c im gia)

Mch c dng nh hnh 5.11

ZL T1 L0 C + E SCR1 SCR2

T2

xung dk

Hnh 5.11

Cch hot ng

Khi c in th E tc ng vo cng 1 lc vo 2 anod SCR th SCR no c xung kch dng hin din s dn trc v lm SCR cn li ngng v xung kch m

131

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Gi s lc u SCR1 dn trc, Vak1 = 1V, t C np in t E qua im gia bin th, qua ng anod SCR2, qua C ri qua SCR1 ang dn xung mass bn k k tip, khi c xung iG2 > 0, lc ny SCR1 cn dn, in th 2 anod bng nhau; nhng v u t C pha anod 2 b gim th t ngt nn cnh C pha anod 1 cng phi gim cng 1 lng in th, do lm anod 1 c in th m hn mass dn ti SCR1 ngng dn. Khi SCR1 ngng, in th ti u anod 1 tng ln bng E, kt qu l t C np in theo chiu ngc li t pha anod 1 sang anod 2. V chu k mi li tip din Do s thay i dng in trong cun s cp nn s sinh ra dng cm ng cun s cp to nn in th thay i vL ti mc vo cun th cp. in th ny c dng gn hnh vung nu xem l l tng T C c gi l t giao hon hay t chuyn mch, c nhim v lm cho 1 SCR dn v SCR kia ngng v sau lm cho SCR ngng thnh dn v SCR dn thnh ngng. T C phi c tnh sao cho c thi gian lm SCR1 ngng theo mun. T C c tnh theo cng thc sau

C=

It off 2E

t off R

t off 0,693R

(5.17)

vi: toff thi gian ngng ca SCR; I dng in ngay trc khi SCR giao hon trnh s tng qu v m bo in th ra c dng hnh vung ta s dng 2 diod D1 v D2 v hi tip bng cun cm L. Cun cm L to nn in th dng catod cc SCR nhm bo m SCR c ngng nhanh khi chuyn trng thi nh hnh 5.12
ZL T1

C1 C2 + E xung dk1 L0 C3 xung dk2 SCR1 D4 SCR2 D4

T2

T2

Hnh 5.12 Hoc mch s dng MOSFET cng sut nh hnh 5.13

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Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

ZL T1

+ E Q1 G1 G2 Q2

Hnh 5.13
5.1.5 K thut iu khin in th b i in

Trong hu ht ng dng ca b i in i hi cn c s iu khin in th ng ra. C nhiu cch thc hin s iu chnh in th AC ng ra, nhng thng c sp thnh 3 loi sau iu khin in th DC cp vo b i in iu khin in th AC ng ra b i in iu khin in th trong b i in
a.

iu khin in th DC cp in

Vi 1 mu giao hon, in th ra b i in t l vi in th vo. Do , s thay i in th DC cp in l cch n gin nht iu khin in th ra. Nu ngun cp in DC, k s dng 1 mch chopper lm thay i in th DC. Ta cng c th s dng ngun cp in DC t mch chnh lu c iu khin l tt hn
b.

iu khin in th AC t b i in

Trong phng php ny, s dng mch iu th AC gia b i in v ti iu khin in th AC ca b i in v do iu khin in th ng ra

c.

iu khin in th trong b i in

Phng php iu bin rng xung PWM l phng php thng dng iu khin in th trong b i in

Hnh 5.14
133

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Trong phng php ny in th ra l sng iu bin rng xung v in th c iu khin bi thi hn cc xung in th ra Cc phng php PWM thng c xp thnh 3 nhm sau iu bin rng n xung iu bin rng a xung iu bin rng xung dng sng sin PWM n xung Trong cch ny, dng sng in th ra gm 1 xung n trong mi bn k. Vi tn s cho sn (f = 1/T), rng xung tw c th thay i iu khin in th ra Dng sng in th ra ca b i in n pha (xem cu i in) khng c iu bin trong cng tc S1 v S4 dn trong 1 bn k v S2 v S3 dn trong bn k tip theo cho in th ra cc i
+E
VA S1 VB S4 Vo = VA -VB S3 S4 S3 S2 S1 S2

+E
t

VA S1 VB S4 S3 S4 S3 S2 S1 S2

+E

+E
t

Vo = VA -VB

+E
T/2 T S2 S3 S1 S4 S2 S3

+E
t T/2 T t

-E

S1

S4

-E S4

S1,4 S1,3 S2,3 S2,4 S1,4 S1,3 S2,3

Hnh 5.15 iu khin in th c hon thnh bng cch thay i pha ca S3 v S4 theo S1 v S2. Hnh 5.15 cho thy dng sng in th ra khi thi khong dn ca S3 v S4 sm pha bi 1 gc = 90 0 . in th ra c c bng cch cng 2 in th sng vung chung c dch pha vi nhau. in th ra gm 1 chui xung vi rng xung (180 0 ) = 90 0

134

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

in th ra c th c iu chnh tuyn tnh t tr cc i n 0 hoc bng cch lm sm pha hoc bng chm pha s khi dn ca 1 cp cng tc so vi cp cng tc khc

Hnh 5.16 Hnh 5.16 m t dng sng iu bin ca mch bn cu i in PWM a xung in th ra c th c giao hon on/off nhanh nhiu ln trong sut mi bn k to nn chui xung c bin khng i Hnh 5.16 biu din 1 PWM a xung l tng. Dng sng in th ra gm m xung trong mi bn k ca in th ra i hi. Nu f l tn s in th ra ca b i in th tn s xung fp cho bi

f p = 2 fm
Do xung trong mt chu k: 2m = fp/f
+E
Vo VA

(5.18)

m=2
1 fp

+E

m=5

0 -E +E -E
Vo

T m=3

-E +E
VB

m=5

1 fp

-E

Hnh 5.16

135

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Hnh 5.16 din t dng sng in th ra vi m = 2. rng xung phi nh hn 2 . Hnh 5.16 vi m = 3, r rng l t w < 3 . Tng qut, rng xung: t w m

Hnh 5.17 Hnh 5.17 m t dng sng iu bin ca mch cu i in iu bin xung hnh sin (SPWM) Trong SPWM in th ra c iu khin bng cch lm thay i chu k on/off sao cho chu k ( rng xung) di nht ti nh ca dng sng hnh 5.18
+E
Vo t

-E

Hnh 5.18 Hnh 5.19 din t thi gian giao hon c xc nh, trong vca(t) l sng sin lm iu bin tham chiu c bin cc i Vm v tn s fm phi bng vi tn s in th ra mong mun ca b i in. Mt sng mang tam gic tn s cao c bin vst(t) v tn s fc c so snh vi sng sin tham chiu im giao hon c xc nh l giao im ca sng sin v sng tam gic. rng xung tw c xc nh bi thi gian trong vst(t) < vca(t) trong bn k dng ca vca(t) v vst(t) > vca(t) trong bn k m ca vR(t) Hai thng s iu khin iu ha in th ra l t s bm N (chopping ratio) v ch s iu bin M

136

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

N=
M=

fc fm

(5.19) (5.20)

V R Vm = ; 0 M 1 Vc Vc

Hnh 5.19 T ta c th xc nh rng ca cc xung v do tr s hiu dng ca in th ra ca b i in. M thng dng iu chnh bng cch lm thay i bin ca sng tham chiu trong khi bin sng mang khng i. Tn s ng ra b i in thay i bng cch thay i tn s sng tham chiu
5.1.6 B i in to sng sin

Dng sng ng ra b i in thng c dng sng vung, mun c dng sng sin ta phi dng mt trong cc cch sau Ti cng hng LC Mch lc RLC iu bin rng xung PWM (pulse width modulation)
a.

Ti cng hng

Trong b i in song song, ta mc thm t C vo ti cm khng R, L to thnh mch cng hng LC dng b i in song song hoc ni tip hnh 5.20

137

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

+ G SCR1

R R L + E E C + L C
L C/2 R _ + E R C/2 L C L

Hnh 5.20

Mch to ra dng sng sin c tn s bng tn s cng hng

1 f0 = 2 1 RL 1 LC 2 L 2 LC
2

(5.21)

Thng c
1 R2 2L L >> 2 R =2 LC 4L C LC
1 1 1 = + C C 2 C 2

(5.22) (5.23)

b.

Mch lc OTT

Trong mch i in song song dng SCR trc hnh 5.11, ta mc mch lc OTT xen gia cun s cp v ti Z hnh 5.22
R L2 C2 L3

C1

L1

T1

C1 C2 + E xung dk1 L0 C3 xung dk2 SCR1 D4 SCR2 D4

T1

T2

Hnh 5.22

Mch lc c tnh nh sau

138

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Tn s

D = 2f D
Tng tr
ZD ZL 3
1 6Z D D

(5.24)

( )
(F ) ;
1 3Z D D

(5.25)

Tr s cc thnh phn c tnh theo

C1 = C2 =

(F )

(5.27) (5.28)

L1 =

9Z D ( H ) ; L2 = Z D ( H ) 2 D D

Vi
pf = cos ; R L =
E 2 pf P0
2

( ) ;

XL =

RL 1 pf pf

( )

(5.29)

Th d

Thit k mch lc Ott cho b i in 400Hz c: E0 = 120V; P0 = 360W; f0 = 400Hz; pf = 0,7; E = 28VDC Tnh c Tr khng ti
RL =

(120)2 (0,7 )2
360

= 20 ; X L =

20 2 1 (0,7 ) = 20 0,7

Z L = 20 2 + 20 2 = 28,30 ; Z L = cos 1 (0,7 ) =

Tng tr mch lc thit k

ZD
28,3 2

Tn s thit k:
D = 2(3,14 )(400 ) = 2500rd / s

Tr s cc thnh phn mch lc:

C1 = L1 =
1 1 = 4,5F ; C 2 = = 9 F 6(15)(2500 ) 3(15)(2500 )

9(15) 15 = 27 mH ; L2 = = 6mH 2(2500 ) 2500

139

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Tng tr vo mch lc:

Z in = 15(5,5) 16 0 = 80 j 23 Rin = 80; Z in = 23 Z in = 83

in th vo mch lc:
E sq = P 2 2 (3,14)(83) 360 = 195V Z in 0 = Rin 80 4 4

Thit k b i in T s bin th n = 195/28 = 7 Cng sut vo (gi s hiu sut 85%): Pi = P0 (100/85) = 360 (100/85) = 424W Dng trung bnh trong SCR:
I tb ( SCR ) P0 Z in 2 ERin = 360(83) = 6,8 A 2(28)(80)

in th nh thun qua SCR:Vpk(SCR) < 2,5E = 2,5(28) = 70V

dv dt = 200 V s
max

Vi SCR C141A c toff = 10 s ;

Chn tc = 12 s v Ipk(SCR) = 14A. Tnh c: L =

6 Et c 6(28)(12) = = 45H I pk ( SCR ) 3,14(14)

3,44(790) dv 3,44 E 2 = = = 4,3V s dt LI pk ( SCR ) 45.10 6 (14)

C= 3t c I pk ( SCR ) 8E = 3 12.10 6 (14 ) di = 0,75F ; 8(3,14 )(28) dt

=
t =0

2 E 2(28) = = 1,25 A s L 45

Phng php ny ch s dng trong trng hp cng sut thp

5.2 Nghch lu ba pha 5.2.1 B nghch lu p su tia ti mc hnh sao

B i in 3 pha gm 3 b i in 1 pha theo hnh 5.23

140

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

D1 S1 + E S4 D4 S6 S3

D3 S5

D5

D6

S2

D2

R N

Hnh 5.23 Mch gm 6 van cng sut v 6 diod dp kt hp. Cc bc dn ngng tun hon theo cch sp xp tun t to dng sng ra mong mun. Tc cc van xc nh tn s ra ca b i in. C nhiu cch hot ng kh hu nhng c 2 cch c bn hon thnh 1 chu k vi 6 bc giao hon: loi dn 1200 v loi dn 1800. Cc bc cng sut l: SCR, MOSFET, Transistor Cng sut, IGBT

a.

Loi dn 1200 (ti R)

Do cch b tr linh kin cc bc s dn trong 1200 v mi cp bc s dn lch nhau 600. Ta c th tm tt trong hnh 5.24
iG1 i0 G2 iG3 iG4 iG5 iG6 6,1 1,2 2,3 3,4 4,5 5,6 6,1 1,2 2,3 3,4
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

t t t t t t

Hnh 5.24 Ta thy trong mi thi khong (600) ch c 2 bc cng dn, nn theo hnh 5.24 ta c in th pha bng

141

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

v an =

R E E= R+R 2

(5.30)

Vi Khi bc s l dn Vi > 0 cho: +E/2 Khi bc s chn dn Vi < 0 cho: -E/2 Khi khng c bc no dn cho: V0 = 0
E

Hnh 5.25 Ta c kt qu cc in th pha v in th dy T.kh (0) van vbn vcn vab vbc Vca 0-60 +E/2 -E/2 0 +E -E/2 -E/2 60-120 120-180 180-240 240-300 300-360 360-420 +E/2 0 -E/2 +E/2 +E/2 -E 0 +E/2 -E/2 -E/2 +E -E/2 -E/2 +E/2 0 -E +E/2 +E/2 -E/2 0 +E/2 -E/2 -E/2 +E 0 -E/2 +E/2 +E -E +E/2 -E/2 -E/2 0 +E -E/2 -E/2

142

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Dng sng in th
+E/2 -E/2 vAN 0 60 vBN
0 0

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

t t

vCN

vAB +E +E/2 -E/2 -E

vBC

t
vCA

6,1

1,2

2,3

3,4

4,5

5,6

6,1

1,2

2,3

3,4

Hnh 5.26 T cc kt qu trn tnh c Cng sut cho bi

P0

(E 2 ) + (E 2 ) =
2

E2 2R

(5.31)

in th hiu dng pha

Vl n ( RMS ) = Van ( RMS ) = 1

1 2 3 E 1 E2 E2 E + dt + dt = 3 2 4 3 4 3 2

143

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Vl n ( RMS ) = Van ( RMS ) =

2E 2 E = 12 6

(5.32)

in th hiu dng ng dy

Vl l ( RMS ) = Vab ( RMS ) = 3Vl n ( RMS ) =

E 2

(5.33)

Dng hiu dng qua van

isw ( RMS ) =

E 2 3R

(5.34)

Dng ra hiu dng

I 0 ( RMS ) = 2 I sw ( RMS ) (5.35) (5.36)

in th nghch cc i ca van
VSWRM = E

b.

Loi dn 1800 (ti R)

Trng hp ny ta c cch dn nh sau, mi bc lch pha nhau 600 theo th t hnh 5.27
iG1 i0 G2 iG3 iG4 iG5 iG6 5,6,1 61,2 1,2,3 2,3,4 3,4,5 4,5,6 5,6,1 6,1,2 1,2,3 2,3,4
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

t t t t t t

Hnh 5.27 Theo trn ta thy trong mi thi khong c 3 bc cng dn, do theo H.2.28 in th pha bng

144

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

v an =

R R R+ 2

E=

2 E 3

(5.37)

Hnh 5.37 Nhn xt Khi bc l dn Vi > 0 Khi bc chn dn Vi < 0 Khi pha c 2 bc cng dn cho +E/3 Khi pha ch c 1 bc dn cho 2E/3 Ta c bng tr s in th T.kh (0) van vbn vcn vab vbc Vca 0-60 +E/3 -2E/3 +E/3 +E -E 0 60-120 120-180 180-240 240-300 300-360 360-420 +2E/3 -E/3 -E/3 +E 0 -E +E/3 +E/3 -2E/3 0 +E -E -E/3 +2E/3 -E/3 -E +E 0 -2E/3 +E/3 +E/3 -E 0 +E -E/3 -E/3 +2E/3 0 -E +E +E/3 -E/3 +E/3 +E -E 0

Dng sng in th pha v ng dy c v hnh 5.38

145

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

vAN +2E/3 +E/3 00 -E/3 -2E/3 600 vBN 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000

t
vCN

+E -E

vAB

t
vBC

t
vCA

t
6,1,2 1,2,3 2,3,4 3,4,5 4,5,6 5,6,1 6,1,2 1,2,3 2,3,4

5,6,1

Hnh 5.38 Tnh c Cng sut cp cho ti:

2 2 0

(E ) (E ) (2E 3 ) P = 3 + 3 +
R R R

2E 2 3R

(5.38)

in th hiu dng pha:

Vl _ n ( RMS )

2 2 2 2 E 1 3 E 3 2E = dt + 2 dt 0 dt + 3 3 3 3 3

146

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Vl _ n ( RMS ) =

2 E 3 2 E 3 (5.39)

Van = Vbn = Vcn =

in th hiu dng ng dy Vl l ( RMS ) = 2 2 E 3= E 3 3

2 3
E

Vab = Vbc = Vca =

(5.40)

Vi t s PWM ca Vl n ( RMS ) = Vl l ( RMS ) = 3 E 3 2 E 3 E 3R (5.41) (5.42)

Dng hiu dng qua bc giao hon Vsw( RMS ) = (5.43)

Dng hiu dng ng ra

I 0 ( RMS ) = 2 I sw ( RMS ) Dng DC vo

Ii =

(5.44)

3 2I 0

cos

(5.45)

Vi PWM:
Ii =

3 2I 0

cos

(5.46)

trong l gc pha ca ti Cng sut vo cp bi ngun Pi = EIi Dng sng ca b i in PWM hnh 5.39 (5.47)

147

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Hnh 5.39
c.

Loi dn 1800 (Ti cm khng R, L)

Do cc bc c gc kch lch nhau 600, cc bc dn trong 1800 v ti cm khng ta c dng sng in th tng t nh trng hp trc v dng in nh hnh 5.40

Hnh 5.40 Trong thi khong t t1 n t2 Ta c phng trnh dng ti i(t)

148

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

di E + Ri = dt 3

(5.48)

chn t1 = 0, ti t = 0 :i(0) = I1, nghim tng qut ca phng trnh

i (t ) =
t t E 1 e + I 1 e 3R

(5.49)

ti t = t2 = T/6: i(T/6) = I2.

T T E T i = I 2 = 1 e 6 + I 1e 6 3R 6

(5.50)

Trong thi khong t t2 n t3: Ta c

L di 2E + Ri = 3 dt
t t 2E 1 e + I 2 e 3R

chn t2 = 0; ti t = 0: i(0) = I2, nghim tng qut ca phng trnh

i(t ) =

(5.51)

ti t = t3 = T/6: i(T/6) = I3
T T 2E T i = I 3 = 1 e 6 + I 2 e 6 3R 6

(5.52)

thay I2 5.50 vo 5.52 ta c I3 =

=

T T T 2E E T 1 e 6 + 1 e 6 + I 1e 6 e 6 3R 3R

T T T E 2 e 6 e 3 + I 1e 3 3R

(5.53)

Thi khong t3 n t4: Ta c phng trnh dng ti i(t)

L E di + Ri = 3 dt

(5.54)

chn t3 = 0: i(0) = I3, nghim tng qut ca phng trnh

i(t ) =
t E 1 e 3R

+ I e t 3

(5.55)

ti t = t4 = T/6: i(T/6) = 0
T T E T i = I 4 = 1 e 6 + I 3 e 6 3R 6

(5.56)

thay 5.53 vo 5.56 ta c

149

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

_T T T E 1 + e 6 e 3 e 2 3R

I4 =

+ I e T 2 1

(5.57)

Do dng sng i xng, ta c: I4 = -I1, thay vo 5.57 v sp xp li

I1 = E 1 3R 1 + e T 2
_T T T 1 + e 6 e 3 e 2

(5.58)

Thay (9) vo (2) tnh c c I2, thay I2 vo (4) tnh I3 Do tnh i xng ta cn c I6 = -I3; I4 = -I1; I5 = -I2; I7 = I1 Ch : C th tnh cc tr s in th v dng in theo phng php phn gii Fourier nh trnh by chng 2
5.2.2 B nghch lu p su tia ti mc hnh tam gic
D1 S1 + E S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2 S3 D3 S5 D5

A
R R
R

a.

Dn 1200 (ti in R)

Hnh 5.41

Mch c mc theo hnh 5.41. Tng t nh trng hp ti mc ch Y, ta c trong mi thi khong ch c 2 bc cng dn, mi bc c kch lch nhau 600 theo th t
A
E 2

B
E 2

E 2

Hnh 5.42
150

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Khi S1 v S6 dn ta c: vab = +E, nhng do c tnh i xng nn ta c vac v vcb ch bng +E/2 hay vca = vcb = -E/2 Khi S1 v S2 dn ta c: vac = +E, nhng L lun tng t vi cc trng hp cn li ta c cc kt qu tm tt trong bng sau T.kh (0) S.dn vab vbc vca 0-60 6,1 +E -E/2 -E/2 60-120 1,2 +E/2 +E/2 -E 120-180 180-240 240-300 300-360 360-420 2,3 -E/2 +E -E/2 3,4 -E +E/2 +E/2 4,5 -E/2 -E/2 +E/2 5,6 +E/2 -E +E/2 6,1 +E -E/2 -E/2

vab = vbc = E/2 hay, vab = +E/2, vbc =+E/2 v vca = -E

Ta c dng sng Hnh 5.43

vAB +E +E/2 00 -E/2 -E 600 vBC 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000

t
vCA

6,1

1,2

2,3

3,4

4,5

5,6

6,1

1,2

2,3

3,4

Hnh 5.43 Tnh ton nh trng hp ti dng sao

b.

Dn 1800 (ti R) Tng t trong mi thi khong (600) ta c 3 bc cng dn

151

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Khi S5, S6, S1 cng dn hnh 5.44 ta c vab = +E, vbc = -E, vca = 0
A +E 0 +E C

Hnh 5.44 Khi S6, S1, S2 cng dn hnh 5.55 ta c vab = +E, vac = +E, vbc = 0 hay: vab = +E, vbc = 0, vca = -E
A +E +E 0 C

Hnh 5.45 L lun tng t vi cc trng hp cn li ta c cc kt qu tm tt trong bng sau T.kh (0) S dn va vb vc vab vbc vca 0-60 5,6,1 +E 0 +E +E -E 0 60-120 6,1,2 +E 0 0 +E 0 -E 120-180 180-240 240-300 300-360 360-420 1,2,3 +E +E 0 0 +E -E 2,3,4 0 +E 0 -E +E 0 3,4,5 0 +E +E -E 0 +E 4,5,6 0 0 +E 0 -E +E 5,6,1 +E 0 +E +E -E 0

152

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

+E

Dng sng in th va, vb, vc, vab, vbc, vca c trnh by hnh 5.46
vA 600 vB 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000

00

t
t

vC

t
t

+E -E

vAB

vBC

t
vCA

t
6,1,2 1,2,3 2,3,4 3,4,5 4,5,6 5,6,1 6,1,2 1,2,3 2,3,4

5,6,1

Hnh 5.46 Vi vab = va; vbc = vb vc; vca = vc va iu bin PWM trong b nghch lu ba pha nh hnh 5.47

Hnh 5.47

153

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

5.2.3 Ti cm khng R, L, trng hp dn 1800 mc tam gic

Ta c kt qu nh ti R v in th, cn dng in cm ng c biu din nh hnh 5.48 vi in th ng dy vab

Hnh 5.48 V cc dng sng l ging nhau v ch lch nhau 1200, nn ta ch cn tnh dng iab v suy ra cc kt qu ibc, ica Thi khong t1 n t3, ta c
L di + Ri = E dt

(5.59)

iu kin ban u cho: t = t1 ta c I = I1, nghim ca phng trnh

i(t ) =
t t E L 1 e + I 1 e ; = R R

(5.60)

ti t3, t = T/3: i(T/3) = I3

I3 =
T T E 1 e 3 + I 1e 3 R

(5.61)

Thi khong t3 v t4 ta c
L di + Ri = 0 dt
t

(5.62)

iu kin ban u t = t3 = 0: i = I3
i(t ) = I 3 e

(5.63)

Thay 6.61 vo 5.63 ta c

154

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

T T E T i(t ) = 1 e 3 + I 1e 3 e 3 R

(5.64)

ti t = t4 =T/6 ta c i(t4) = I4:

I 4 = I 3e
T
6

T T E T = 1 e 3 + I 1e 3 e 6 R

(5.65)

Khi iu kin tun hon ti lp, tha dng sng i xng phi c: I4 = -I1 Thay 5.66 vo 5.67 v gii, ta c
E e 6 e I1 = R 1 + e T 2
T T 2

(5.66)

(5.67)

Cng thc 5.67 cho ta tr s I1 ti t1 l mt tr s ca 4 thi im ti dng sng khng lin tc, I4 l tr ti t4 bng I1 nhng ngc du. Hai tr s khng lin tc khc l I3 v I6 ti t3 v t6. Tr I3 c c bng cch thay I1 t 5.67 vo I3 5.61 v sp xp li
E 1 e 3 I3 = R 1 + e T 2
T

(5.68)

Ti t6 dng I6 c cng bin nh I3 nhng khc du I6 = -I3

5.3 B bin tn

B bin tn l mch c nhim v bin i in th AC u vo c tn s f1 thnh in th AC ng ra tn s f2 c th iu chnh c C 2 loi bin tn: Bin tn trc tip v bin tn gin tip Bin tn trc tip: l loi bin i t in th AC (f1) c sn thnh in th AC (f2) v d b bin tn trc tip n gin nh hnh 5.47
A1 T1 A2
f = 10 Hz

U1

T2

IZ

UL

f = 16,66 Hz

Hnh 5.47
155

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Bin tn gin tip: bin i t in th AC chnh lu thnh in th DC (nh mch chnh lu) hoc t ngun in DC cho sn, ri sau bin i in DC thnh in AC c tn s mong mun hnh 5.48 bao gm b bin tn gin tip ngun dng v ngun p I f1 id-I ud-I L C id ud-I L id-II ud-II

_
Chnh lu I

II f2

_
f2

Nghch lu p II ud-II

f1

_
Chnh lu

Nghch lu dng Hnh 5.48

Cc b bin tn thng c s dng trong vic iu khin ng c AC (ng c ng b, khng ng b) trong sn xut, trong cng nghip, v trong cc lnh vc k thut khc
5.3.1 Bin tn trc tip mt pha

S khi b bin tn trc tip

Bin tn trc tip l thit b bin i trc tip ngun xoay chiu c tn s f1 sang ngun xoay chiu c tn s fr
Nguo n Ta n so co nh Bo bie n ta n tr c tie p Nguo n Ta n so Bie n o i K ie u khie n ie n a p /ta n so

Hnh 5.49 Nguyn l hot ng ca b bin tn trc tip B bin tn trc tip gm hai nhm chuyn mch ni song song ngc (s nguyn l ca b bin tn trc tip c trnh by nh hnh v sau). Cho xung m ln lt hai nhm chnh lu trn ta s nhn c dng in xoay chiu chy qua ti. mi pha u ra (a, b, c) c cp in bi hai nhm Thyristor. Nhm T to ra dng in chy thun v nhm N to ra dng chy ngc. Mi nhm l mt b chnh lu (hoc nghch lu ph thuc) ba pha. hn ch dng k sinh

156

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

chy qua hai Thyristor ca nhm T v nhm N ang dn, ngi ta dng cc cun khng K1 v K6
f1

S nguyn l b bin tn trc tip dng Thyristor

~
V1

T1

N4 T3

N6

T5

N2

K1

K4

K3

K6

K5

K2

fr Vr Bien oi K

Hnh 5.50 Khi iu khin theo nhm th mi nhm c m trong na chu k in p u ra. Xt s lm vic pha a theo th sau
Va(V) t(s)

T1 Tr

T2

Va(V)

Hnh 5.51 Trong khong thi gian t1: nhm T1 m, cn trong khong t2 th nhm N4 m. Cc Thyristor trong cng mt nhm chuyn mch cho nhau nh in p li (chuyn mch t nhin). Mi Thyristor m 1/3 chu k ca in p li. Thay i s Thyristor m trong mi nhm ta s thay i c thi gian ca chu k in p u ra T2=t1+t2 do thay i c tn s u ra ca bin tn. T th ta tm c mi quan h gia tn s li v tn s ra

157

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

fr T m (5.69) = 1 = f1 T2 2n + m 2 Trong : m: s pha u vo ca b bin tn (m=3). n: s nh hnh sin (tc s Thyristor m mi nhm) trong mt na chu k ca in p ra. Theo cng thc trn ta thy tn s u ra lun ln nh hn tn s li v n l s nguyn nn tn s ra c iu chnh nhy cp. in p ra Vr c thay i bng cch thay i gc chm ca cc Thyristor V s nh hnh sin n trng hp ny ging nh hnh 19.3 nn tn s u ra ca hai trng hp nh nhau, nhng in p hnh b c gi tr nh hn. to ra in p ba pha u ra ta iu khin cc nhm Thyristor m theo th t T1-N2-T3-N4-T5-N6-T1 mi nhm cho m 1/3 chu k ca in p ra. Nu in p ra c lc phng hon ton th bng cch iu khin nh trn ta c th in p ra ba pha nh trn hnh 19.4 (h thng in p ba pha u ra b bin tn trc tip) VA(v)
T1 2/3 N4 T3 N6 N6 T5 N2 N2 T1

wt(rad)

Vb

wt(rad)

Vc wt(rad)

Hnh 5.52 c th iu chnh tinh tn s ra v to c in p ra c dng gn hnh sin hn, ta p dng phng php iu khin gc m Thyristor cn thit cho cc Thyristor mi pha ca in p u ra v kt qu ta c th in p ra mt pha u ra nh hnh v 5.53 thnh phn sng iu ha bc nht (theo tn s wr ca in p ny l ng t)

158

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

2 0

a)

Sng sin c bn

wrt(rad)

b)
wt

Hnh 5.53 a) Quan h =f(t) b) th in p ra ca b bin tn trc tip khi iu khin gc theo qui lut hnh sin Nhn xt Hiu sut cao v tn tht nng lng khng ng k, khng cn dng t chuyn mch. Hnh 5.53 Ch cho tn s fr <f1 tc < 0. Lm vic ch tnh nn thun tin i vi nhng c cu cn di chuyn nhiu

5.3.2 Bin tn ba pha

Trong b bin tn 1 pha, dng sng ra khng hnh sin. Mun c dng sng sin ta s dng b bin tn 3 pha
a.

Bin tn na cu S mch C1 UN T1 A 0 C2 B T2 T4 C T6 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC

Hnh 5.54

159

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Nguyn l hot ng ng i ca dng in ca cc pha nh hnh 5.55

C1 T1 A 0 C2 T 2 B T4 C T6 T3 T5 ZA UN C1 ZB ZC T1 A 0 C2 T 2 B T4 C T6 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC UN A 0 C2 B T2 T4 C T6 C1 T1 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC

UN

C1 UN

T1 A

T3

T5 ZA

C1 ZB ZC UN

T1 A

T3

T5 C1 ZA ZB ZC UN

T1 A

T3

T5 ZA

0 C2 T 2

B T4 C T6

0 C2 T 2

B T4 C T6

0 C2 T 2

B T4 C T6

ZB ZC

Hnh 5.55 Dng sng dng v in p

Hnh 5.56
b.

Bin tn c lp ba pha ngun p dng cu S mch T1 A UN T2 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC

B T4

C T6

Hnh 5.57
160

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Nguyn tc iu khin

Cc van ca ba pha c iu khin dch pha nhau mt gc 600 dng sng nh hnh 5.58
600 0 t1 t2 B T1 t3 T3 t4 T2 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t

t T4 C T5 t T6 TAN t

Hnh 5.58 Nguyn l hot ng Hnh 5.59 m t ng i ca dng in qua cc van v ti theo tng thi im trong mt chu k lm vic
T1 UN A B T2 T4 C T6 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC 0 UN A B T2 T4 C T6 T1 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC UN 0 T2 T1 A B T4 C T6 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC 0

trong khong 0 t1
T1 UN A B T2 T4 C T6 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC

trong khong t2 t3
T1 UN 0 T2 A B T4 C T6 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC

trong khong t4 t5
T1 UN 0 T2 A B T4 C T6 T3 T5 ZA ZB ZC 0

trong khong t1 t2

trong khong t3 t4

trong khong t5 t6

Hnh 5.59

161

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Dng sng dng v in p

Hnh 5.60 B bin tn iu khin vi tn s sng mang 5kHz cho ra dng sng ra in p v dng in ti nh hnh 5.61

Hnh 5.61
5.4 B bin tn gin tip

B bin tn gin tip l b bin i ngun in xoay chiu c V1,f1 l hng s thnh ngun in xoay chiu c Vr,fr bin i, qua khu trung gian mt chiu. Tn s u ra c xc nh bi nhp ng m ca cc thit b nghch lu. Thit b bin tn gin tip gm ba khu c bn. Khu chnh lu: bin i ngun xoay chiu sang mt chiu. B lc: gim bt nhp nh ca p v dng u ra ca b chnh lu. Khu nghch lu: bin i in p mt chiu t vo ng c. Thit b nghch lu c th l Thyristor hoc transistor cng sut iu khin
+ +

VdF1 HSO

Chnh lu

Lc

Nghch fr,vr lu

Ngun K

Bin i

162

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Hnh 5.62 Do tnh cht khc nhau ca cc khu trung gian ta c hai loi bin tn l bin tn p v bin tn dng
5.4.1 Bin tn p a. Bin tn p dng Thyristor

S nguyn l bin tn p dng Thyristor nh hnh v.5.63 Nhm chnh lu gm 6 Thyristor T7 n T12 va lm chc nng bin i dng in p t xoay chiu thnh mt chiu va c nhim v iu chnh gi tr in p vo. B lc phng gm cc cun khng K v t C0. Phn chnh lu ca nhm nghch lu l cc Thyristor T1-T6. Chng c m theo th t T1-T2----T6. Cch nhau 1/6 chu k in p ra. Nh vy ti mi thi im c hai Thyristor m, mt ni vi cc dng v mt ni vi cc m ca in p v0. Kt qu in p dy u ra a vo ng c c dng nh sau S nguyn l b bin tn gin tip
K K1
D7 D9 D11

T1
+

T3 +

T5 -

T7

T9

T11

C1 + C5 D1 D3
C0

C3

Vuf1 ~ V0

D5

D4
D10 D12 D8

D6 + C4

a b c
D2 C6 + -

T10

T12 T8

C2 + -

T4

T6

T2

K2

Hnh 5.63 in p u ra b bin tn gin tip

Vab [V] 2 wt (rad)

Hnh 5.64 Bng cch thay i khong thi gian m Thyristor ta thay i c thi gian chu k ca in p ra, ngha l iu chnh c tn s ra. chuyn mch

163

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

gia cc Thyristor ngi ta dng cc t C1-C6. Gia s dng trong mt khong no T1 v T2 m, t C1 c np t ngun vi cc tnh nh hnh v. Khi cho xung m T3 t C1 phng qua T1 v T3 to ra dng in kha T1 h tr cho T3 m. Cc diode D1-D6 ngn tc dng ca cc t chuyn mch vi ph ti, lm cho p trn ti khng b nh hng bi s phng np ca t. Cc diode D7-D12 to mt cu ngc, c tc dng m ng cho dng in phn khng t pha ng c chy v t C0. Dng in ny xut hin do s lch pha gia dng v p ng c. Vy t C0 c nhim v cha nng lng phn khng v ng v l mt ti n gin i vi b nghch lu m c tc ng mt cch khc nhau vi tng iu ha ca dng sng in p. i vi b nghch lu p dng sng ny gn nh ch nht. duy tr t thng ti u trong ng c khng ng b cn gi t s in p/tn s = const. Mi bin thin tn s u ra ca b nghch lu i hi phi c bin thin p. gi c quan h in p/tn s = const, ta c th p dng phng php iu ch b rng xung. cho in p ra c dng gn vi hnh sin hn ngi ta tm cch phi hp cc xung iu khin b nghch lu. iu ny c thc hin bng cch to ra mt sng sin chun mong mun v so snh n vi mt di xung tam gic. Giao im gia hai sng xc nh cc thi im m cc Thyristor. Khi mun gim bin sng c bn i mt na th sng chun hnh sin cng phi gim i mt na. Khi gim tn s sng chun hnh sin th s xung mi chu k s tng ln. trnh in p c cc khong bng khng ngi ta cng c th iu khin b nghch lu sao cho ngun mt chiu lun ni vi ti do vic mi cc Thyristor T1 v T2 tng i mt, v mt i khc gm T3 - T4 - T5 - T6 Nguyn l hot ng ca b nghch lu Xt nguyn l lm vic ca b nghch lu Thyristor theo phng php iu khin xung nh hnh 5.65
+
T5 T1 D1 T3 D3 D5

Vo
T6 D4 T4 D6 D2 T2

164

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Hnh 5.65 Hot ng mch nh sau Trong chu k ca in p ra ta ng ct Thyristor mt s ln nht nh gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra ph thuc vo t s thi gian ng m. Trng thi mt tng ng vi tt c hai Thyristor T1 v T2 cng dn. Dng in i t ngun qua T1 v T2 pha a v pha c, in p Vac=V0. Nu ta cho T2 ngng dn th lc dng ti qua T1, D5 v Vac=0. Nu cho T1 ngng dn T2 dn th dng ti qua T2 v D4, Vac=0. Nu T1 v T2 ngng dn. Dng in ti s qua D5, D4 v ngc chiu ngun in Vac=-V0. Khi T1 v T2 cng dn nng lng c a t ngun mt chiu vo ti. Khi T1, T2 ngng dn nng lng t ti c a tr li ngun cn khi c mt Thyristor dn th gia ngun v ti khng c trao i nng lng. th biu din qu trnh xung in p lc ban u iu khin b bin tn bng phng php xung
+ v0

t1

t2

a t(s)
-v0

+v0
b

ts)

-v0

t1 c
0

ts) t2

Hnh 5.66
o Lc c hai trng thi in p +Vo, -Vo o Lc c hai trng thi in p +Vo,0,-Vo o Qu trnh to in p hnh sin

tng tc v hiu qu i chiu ca b nghch lu v khng cn n b chuyn mch ph nh dng Thyristor thng thng. Ngi ta dng Thyristor

165

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

kha bng cc khin (GTO) trong khu nghch lu ca b bin tn c iu ch b rng xung S b bin tn iu ch b rng xung vi cc Thyristor kha bng cc khin
K Mac h bao ve
D5 D3 D1 D7 D9 D11 T1 T3 T5

Vdf1
1 Const C

D10

D12

D8 T4 D4 D6

T6 D2

T2

Hnh 5.67 Bin tn c iu ch b rng xung vi cc Thyristor kha bng cc khin. Dng sng in hnh khi c b iu ch b rng xung. Cc dng sng dng in cho thy r vic gim cc iu ha dng in, so vi dng sng nhn c ca b nghch lu c dng sng gn nh ch nht
a/
0

t t

b/

c/

Hnh 5.68
b. B bin tn p dng Transistor

S nguyn l bin tn p dng Transistor

166

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

T K T1 T3 T5

V1~

C1

Th2

C2 Th1

a b c
T4 T6 T2

Hnh 5.69 Nguyn tc hot ng V phng din iu khin ng c, nhng nhn xt v cng sut ca b nghch lu dng transistor cng ging nh i vi b nghch lu dng thyristor. Cc transistor lm vic ch chuyn mch, cho sng u ra gn nh l hnh ch nht hay lm vic nh b iu ch b rng xung Mch nh hnh v trn c dng sng gn nh hnh ch nht. Transistor T ng vai tr nh mt b iu chnh in p mt chiu iu khin in p lin lc. Tn s ng ct c th ln hn v cc thnh phn b lc nh hn so vi trng hp dng thyristor. iu ch b rng xung cho php loi b Transistor ny Cc thyristor Th1 v Th2 c nhim v bo v ngn mch, hay n bo v cho Transistor khi c dng qu ln trong b nghch lu, lc ny Thyristor c mi, ngn mch b nghch lu v tc ng thit b bo v Ngi ta c th kha tt c Transistor bng cch kh cc tc ng ln cc gc ca n loi tr s s. u im d thy ca Transistor so vi thyristor l b c chuyn mch cng bc. Hn na cc tn hao i chiu nh hn cng c kh nng cho b nghch lu lm vic vi tn s cao hn Khuyt im ca n l i hi lin tc tc ng vo cc gc trong chu k dn ca Transistor, nhng nu dng s Darlington c th c h s khuch i dng in ti 400 ln. Mt khuyt im khc l in p nh mc hi thp hn in p nh mc thyristor B bin tn p gin tip c di iu tn rng, tn s ra fr c th ln hn hoc nh hn tn s vo f1, do c th iu chnh v cp c Vic iu chnh vr, fr n gin bin tn trc tip. in p ra vr c dng bc thang nn gy ra cc sng hi bc cao v vy khi lm vic ng c s sinh ra t trng c tn s cao to ra trong ng c mt h thng dng in, moment c hi t nng ng c tng tn hao st v lm gim tnh n nh ng c
167

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

5.4.2 Bin tn dng a. Bin tn dng dng Thyristor

S nguyn l
K

T1 T7 T9 T11

T3

T5

V1 ~

D1 D3

D5

D4

D6

D2

K T10 T12 T8

T4

T6

T2

Hnh 5.70 Nguyn tc hot ng Cu chnh lu iu khin gm 6 Thyristor T7-T12 cu bin tn gm 6 thyristor T1-T6. Mi Thyristor c ni tip qua mt Diode v trong mi na cu c 3 t in
o

Cu chnh lu thng qua in cm K sang bng cung cp cho cu bin tn dng in Id. mi thi im c hai Thyristor dn in cc Thyristor c iu khin m theo th t 1,2,....,6,1, mi thyristor dn trong khong 1200 Dng sng dng in v in p ra trn mt pha c trnh by nh hnh sau

Hnh 5.71

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Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

Dng in ra c dng gn nh bc thang. in p ra c dng hnh sin nhng mang cc inh nhn ti cc thi im chuyn mch. Ta bit rng cc diode ni ngc b nghch lu p ngn cn in p lin lc mt chiu i cc tnh v cho dng in ngc chy qua. Khi vt qu tc c th ng c tr thnh my pht. Do i cc tnh in p gc m c th lm b bin tn lm vic ch nghch lu v tr nng lng v ngun. Dng sng dng in hnh bc thang gy kh khn khi lm vic tc rt thp. Cun dy lin lc mt chiu ngn cn bin thin t ngt ca dng in. Mt u im khc ca b nghch lu dng l ngn mch u cc ng c khng gy h hng b nghch lu v dng in c xu hng gi khng i
b. Bin tn dng dng transistor

S nguyn l
+
T1 T3 T5

D1

D3

D5

Vo K
D2

D4

D6

T4

T6

T2

Nguyn tc hot ng

B nghch lu dng Transistor cng s dng 6 Transistor v 6 diode. Nhng trong s nghch lu dng cc diode c mc ni tip vi cc Transistor v cc diode ny c nhim v ngn dng ngc bo v cho tt c cc transistor
o

Phng php iu chnh tc bng bin tn dng gin tip dng cc Thyristor thng thng vi chuyn mch n gin ch c t in ngn mch tc thi u ra khng gy nh hng g nh cun dy lin lc ngn tt c cc t bin ca dng in v ti sinh tng i d dng, c kh nng cung cp cho nhiu ng c lm vic song song c hiu sut cao Vic dng ngy cng nhiu cc Thyristor kha bng cc khin hay Transistor cng sut trong cc b nghch lu p chng t rng b
169

Hnh 5.72

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

nghch lu dng khng c s dng rng ri vi truyn ng cng sut nh v gy ra moment v va p ln, cc cun dy c kch thc ln v vic iu chnh tc kh u nhc im Truyn ti in DC ng di c s dng M, Anh, Phpng dy DC hin i dng SCR trong b i in. Truyn ti DC c nhng li im v nhng bt li sau u im Dy in trong truyn ti DC c tng tr bng 0 , trong khi c tr tr khng rt ln trong truyn ti AC. Dung khng (ca in dung) gia 2 vt dn l v hn (mch h). Trong truyn ti AC c dung khng ln to nn s hao tn in I2ZL trong ng dy. Nn dung khng l bi ton ng k cho truyn ti AC, nhng li khng c nh hng trong truyn ti DC. Ch cn 2 ng dy trong truyn ti DC hn l 4 dy trong truyn ti 3 pha cng sut ln. Thp (tr) truyn l nh hn i vi truyn AC (v ch c 2 ng dy) v quyn u tin l gii rt t Cng sut (in nng) trong truyn ti DC c iu khin bng cch iu chnh gc kch ti cc u cui (ng ra). Trong truyn ti AC, cng sut ng dy l khng iu chnh c v ty thuc my pht in v ti in nng truyn c th iu bin trong sut thi gian b nhiu lon trn h thng AC. Kt qu gia tng s n nh ca h thng Hai h thng AC c th ni nhau bng ng dy DC khng cn lm ng b ha. Hn th na, 2 h thng AC khng cn phi c cng tn s. Mt h thng ngun tn s 50Hz c th ni vi h thng ngun tn s 60Hz qua truyn ti DC Bt li ca truyn ti in DC l b i in AC DC c mch lc nng n v h thng iu khin cn c ti mi u cui ca ng dy giao din vi h thng AC (ni tiu th) C nhiu cch to nn cc b chnh lu v b i in ty theo yu cu s dng v cng sut, tn s. Thng thng vi h thng 3 pha c: B i in 6 xung (6 SCR) B i in 12 xung (12 SCR)

Khuyt im

170

Chng 5 : Nghch lu v bin tn

5.5 Gii thiu mt s bin tn cng nghip

Bin tn u vo mt pha u ra mt pha

Hnh 5.73 Bin tn u vo mt pha u ra ba pha

Hnh 5.74 Bin tn u vo ba pha u ra mt pha

Hnh 5.75 Bin tn u vo ba pha u ra ba pha

Hnh 5.76
171