Kiem Soat o Nhiem Khong Khi 5214

Mon hoc Ky thuat Moi trng ai cng
TRNG AI HOC BAN CONG TON C THANG

KHOA MOI TRNG VA BAO HO LAO ONG
***

TAI LIEU GIANG DAY
KY THUAT MOI TRNG AI CNG

CHONG 2. klFM SOAT O NHlFM kHONG kHl

THANH PHO HO CH MINH, THANG 5 NAM 2006

MC tC
Chng 2. Kiem soat o nhiem khong kh .....................................................................1
Tai lieu tham khao.........................................................................................................54
MUC LUC.........................................................................................................................1
CAC BANG......................................................................................................................2
Cac hnh ............................................................................................................................2
1 2
2 CHNG 2. KIEM SOAT O NHIEM KHONG KH.............................................................3
2.1 Chien lc va ky thuat kiem soat o nhiem khong kh hieu qua dai han ........................................ 3
2.2 giam thieu chat thai .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.1 Giam thieu o nhiem tai nguon.............................................................................................................. 5
2.2.2 Qua trnh chay va van e moi trng................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Phat tan o nhiem trong khong kh ........................................................................................................ 13
2.3.1 Cac yeu to anh hng en s khuech tan o nhiem trong moi trng khong kh ............................... 13
2.3.2 Phan loai nguon o nhiem lp kh quyen gan mat at...................................................................... 15
2.3.3 Cac mo hnh phat tan o nhiem trong khong kh ................................................................................. 17
2.4 Cac phng phap x l kh thai.............................................................................................................. 27
2.4.1 Cac phng phap x ly bui ................................................................................................................. 30
2.4.2 Cac thiet b x ly kh, hi.................................................................................................................... 48

Giang Vien: ThS. Tran Minh Hai
1

CAC ANG
Bang 1. Phan cap on nh cua kh quyen theo Turner............................................................................. 25
Bang 2. Cac he so a, c, d, f cua cong thc Martin ................................................................................... 25
Bang 3. Bang tnh he so phat tan theo cong thc Martin ........................................................................ 26
CAC HlNH
Hnh 1. Ghi nghieng................................................................................................................................. 11
Hnh 2. Lo ot tang soi ............................................................................................................................ 11
Hnh 3. He thong ot thung quay ............................................................................................................ 12
Hnh 4. Cac yeu to anh hng en s phat tan o nhiem trong khong kh .............................................. 14
Hnh 5. Phan loai phng phap va thiet b x l kh thai......................................................................... 28
Hnh 6. Buong lang bui............................................................................................................................ 30
Hnh 7. Buong lang bui quan tnh............................................................................................................ 31
Hnh 8. Thiet b lang bui quan tnh.......................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 9. Thiet b la xach........................................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 10. Ket cau cua xyclon n .............................................................................................................. 32
Hnh 11. Dong vat chat trong xyclon......................................................................................................... 32
Hnh 12. Xyclon co canh hng dong ....................................................................................................... 33
Hnh 13. Cac dang xiclon c ban (theo dong kh) ..................................................................................... 33
Hnh 14. Nhom xyclon............................................................................................................................... 34
Hnh 15. Xiclon to hp............................................................................................................................... 34
Hnh 16. Thiet b thu bui kieu gio xoay .................................................................................................... 35
Hnh 17. May hut bui................................................................................................................................. 36
Hnh 18. Thiet b loc tay ao....................................................................................................................... 37
Hnh 19. Cac cach phan bo dong kh qua lp vai loc................................................................................ 38
Hnh 20. Thiet b loc bui vi lp hat vat lieu ri chuyen ong................................................................. 39
Hnh 21. Thap ra kh tran ........................................................................................................................ 40
Hnh 22. Thiet b ra kh em................................................................................................................... 41
Hnh 23. Thiet b ra kh vi lp em chuyen ong ................................................................................. 42
Hnh 24. Thiet b ra kh sui bot................................................................................................................ 43
Hnh 25. Thiet b thu hoi bui va ap quan tnh.......................................................................................... 44
Hnh 26. Thap ra kh ventury................................................................................................................... 45
Hnh 27. Thiet b thu bui t ..................................................................................................................... 45
Hnh 28. Thiet b loc bui tnh ien dang ong ............................................................................................ 46
Hnh 29. Cac dang ien cc ...................................................................................................................... 47
Hnh 30. Thiet b hap thu dang em.......................................................................................................... 49
Hnh 31. S o thiet b x l kh thai cong nghiep bang nhiet .................................................................. 53

1
2

2 CHONG 2. klFM SOAT O NHlFM kHONG kHl
2.1 CHIEN LC VA KY THUAT KIEM SOAT O NHIEM KHONG KH HIEU
QUA DAI HAN
Trong gan 20 30 nam nay, hoat ong cua con ngi thai nhieu chat o nhiem nghiem
trong, dan ti viec lam thung tang ozon, tang hieu ng nha knh, tang thien tai lu lut, cac
benh ve ng ho hap cung tang len mot cach nghiem trong. Trc tnh hnh o Ngh
trnh the ky 21 (do Hoi ngh moi trng va phat trien cua Lien Hiep Quoc hop tai Rio de
Janairo Braxin ngay 3 14 thang 6 nam 1992 thong qua) a keu goi can quan tam hn
en nhng chat co the lam thay oi kh hau, lam o nhiem khong kh va pha v tang ozon.
ong thi, at ra mot loat cac bc hanh ong e bao ve tang khong kh nh:
S dung nguon nang lng t o nhiem va co hieu qua hn e san xuat, van chuyen,
phan phoi va s dung, giam bt cac nganh nang lng anh hng co hai en kh
quyen; thuc ay viec m mang, nghien cu va chuyen nhng, s dung nhng ky thuat
cao co lien quan va phng phap thc dung, chuyen sang s dung mot he thong nguon
nang lng vo hai mi.
Thong qua viec nang cao tai nguyen cong nghiep va hieu suat s dung tong hp vat
lieu, ap dung ky thuat phong chong o nhiem, dung chat thay the chat tieu hao tang
ozon, m mang ky thuat va cong nghe san xuat sach, giam bt cac chat phe thai, tang
cng viec giam sat cac chat o nhiem vt qua bien gii tang kh quyen, han che
cong nghiep o nhiem va anh hng co hai cua no oi vi kh quyen .
Xuc tien viec s dung tai nguyen luc a va ai dng ong thi s dung hp la at
ai, giam bt s o nhiem khong kh hay han che con ngi thai ra cac kh thai nha
knh, bao ve tnh a dang cua sinh vat, e tang cng nang lc cua he thong sinh thai
chong lai s bien oi cua kh hau va o nhiem tang kh quyen.
Nhn chung, chung ta can co cac bien phap tong hp, thc hien ong thi nhieu bien
phap t giao duc quang ai nhan dan, thc hien luat, ngh nh va cac quy che bao ve
moi trng, quan ly xa hoi, en viec au t kinh ph va ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat
thch ang mi co the phong nga c o nhiem va bao ve moi trng.
Quan ly nha nc, phap luat
Nha nc ta ban hanh Luat bao ve moi trng va nhieu van ban di luat ve bao
ve moi trng. nc ta a thanh lap cac c quan chuyen trach ve quan ly moi
trng, cac to chc thanh tra va kiem soat bao ve moi trng, ang hnh thanh
mang li quan trac moi trng va bao ong kp thi ve tnh trang o nhiem qua
gii han cho phep cho cac c quan quan ly va cho nhan dan biet. o la c s phap
ly va to chc nen tang rat quan trong e bao ve moi trng.
Moi quan tam cua nha san xuat la li ch kinh te en mc ho co the quen i nhng
tac hai oi vi moi trng, vi sc khe con ngi. V vay can phai tien hanh viec
kiem soat, ang ky cac nguon gay o nhiem moi trng (chat thai, hnht hc thai,
bien phap phong tranh, ng cu s co) va ap dung cac bien phap x ly oi vi cac
n v vi pham, khuyen khch au t va ap dung cac cong nghe san xuat sach hn.
ang ky nguon chat thai se giup cac c quan quan ly co the kiem soat chat che
3

nhng chat thai, ong thi thuc ay cac c s san xuat t ap dung moi bien phap
x ly o nhiem moi trng, t kiem soat moi trng, han che gay o nhiem.
Kiem soat chat che cac phng tien giao thong ve so lng, chat lng phng tien
van chuyen, quy hoach ng giao thong cung se han che nan o nhiem moi trng
khong kh.
Quy hoach o th va cac khu cong nghiep.
anh gia hien trang o nhiem moi trng, thiet lap ban o phan bo chat o
nhiem tng a phng, khu vc lam can c e quan ly moi trng. Tren thc
te, phat trien o th va san xuat luon luon thay oi nen can ieu chnh va bo
sung nh ky cac so lieu ieu tra c ban va hieu chnh cac ban o o nhiem theo
thc te.
Bo tr mat bang o th va khu cong nghiep da tren c s hien trang moi trng
va d bao tac ong moi trng cua d an. Phai co vung cach li ve sinh cong
nghiep (vung em) gia cac khu dan c va khu cong nghiep, am bao moi
trng khong kh xung quanh khu dan c khong b o nhiem
Trong cay xanh e giam bc xa nhiet, giam nhiet o khong kh, tang o am va
lam trong sach moi trng khong kh.
Ap dung cac ky thuat bao ve moi trng
Co ba phng phap bao ve moi trng kh quyen can c thc hien ong thi la
giam thieu chat thai nh hoan thien cong nghe, may moc thiet b va tan dung chat thai; x
ly kh thai; phat tan chat thai vaokh quyen qua ong khoi cao.
Giam thieu kh thai
e giam o nhiem khong kh do chat thai cong nghiep ta can hoan thien cac qua trnh
cong nghe, bao am o kn tuyet oi cho cac thiet b, ng dung phng phap van chuyen
vat lieu trong ong dan kh bang kh nen va xay dng cac he thong x li.
Phng hng hieu qua nhat e giam chat thai la sang lap cac qua trnh cong nghe
khong thai, trong o ng dung cac dong kh khep kn.
X ly chat thai
Cho en nay, phng tien c ban e giai quyet chat thai o nhiem van la nghien cu
va ng dung cac he thong hieu qua lam sach kh. Ket qua cua viec x l la phai thu c
kh at tieu chuan chat lng moi trng va chat oc hai phai c x l triet e. Do o x
l kh thai c hieu la mot qua trnh san xuat ma nguyen lieu la kh b o nhiem, con san
pham phai la kh sach va chat o nhiem c thu dang thanh pham co the ng dung trc
tiep hoac lam nguyen lieu cho mot qua trnh cong nghe khac hoac c chuyen sang dang
khong oc. Chat o nhiem a tach khoi dong kh i chuyen thanh dang khac (long hay ran)
de kiem soat hn, tranh lan truyen trong moi trng.
Phat tan o nhiem
Chat o nhiem a c giam lng phat thai va x ly at en mc o cho phep thai.
Sau o, kh thai can c phat tan tot e bao am chat lng khong kh sat mat at
khong b o nhiem. Trong phng phap nay, lng chat o nhiem phat thai khong giam ma
4

ch la c pha loang trong khong kh nham tranh gay tac hai cho con ngi va moi trng
xung quanh.
2.2 GIAM THIEU CHAT THAI
2.2.1 Giam thieu o nhiem tai nguon
Giam thieu chat thai la giam chat o nhiem can phai x ly i vao dong chat thai, nham
lam giam bt chi ph x ly, giam moi nguy hiem khong ch ve so lng ma con ca ac tnh
o nhiem cua chung oi vi sc khoe cong ong va moi trng.
oi vi o nhiem khong kh gay ra do cac nguon t nhien (nui la phun, chay rng, gio
bao) giam thieu o nhiem khong the thc hien c hay hieu qua rat thap, ma con ngi
ch oi pho vi s o nhiem bang cach che chan hoac tranh xa khu vc chu anh hng cua
kh o nhiem.
oi vi o nhiem khong kh gay ra do cac nguon nhan tao, con ngi co kha nang
giam thieu s phat thai o nhiem. Cac giai phap nh sau.
2.2.1.1 Giai thieu o nhiem do giao thong van tai
oi vi nguon o nhiem khong kh do giao thong viec x ly co kho khan. Do o, giam
thieu chat o nhiem la mot phng an hieu qua. Cac bien phap thc hien la.
Nang cao chat lng ng giao thong se giam c bui boc len khi co xe lu thong,
giam s bao mon lop xe tren mat ng va sinh bui. Giam so lan dngxe va tang toc
o xe se giam lng phat thai kh o nhiem.
Ap dung phng phap ve sinh ng pho ung, bui c thu gom.
Thay nhien lieu. S dung xang khong ch cho cac xe gan may hai banh. Thay dau
diesel bang hon hp 40% metan (CH
4
) va kh hoa long (LG). Hien nay, ngi ta ang
chu y en cac nhien lieu mi la metanol, etanol, kh t nhien, propan va hydro.
Nang cao chat lng ong c. S dung xe co tieng on di 70 dB, dung ong c 4 th
thay cho ong c 2 th. S dung kieu ong c nap ien nhieu tang thc hien qua trnh
ot nhieu bac.
Kiem soat he thong thai cua xe. Cac xe lu thong phai co bo phan x ly kh thai nham
giam lng bui va kh o nhiem thoat ra ngoai. Cai tien bo phan nay cung mang lai
hieu qua giam lng chat o nhiem ang ke. Bo phan x ly kh thai thc hien nguyen
ly phan ng quay vong kh thai va trao oi xuc tac e tiep tuc oxy hoa monoxit cacbon
(CO), hydrocacbon va oxit nit (NO
x
).
Quy hoach mang li giao thong cong cong thuan li, giam lng xe hai banh ca nhan.
S dung phng tien giao thong cong cong nham giam tong lng phat thai o nhiem
do giam tong quang ng di chuyen.
Quy hoach ng giao thong: trong cay xanh hai ben ng hoac cac tng chan bui,
chan am.
5

2.2.1.2 Giam thieu o nhiem do san xuat cong nghiep
oi vi s an xuat cong nghiep co the thc hien cac hng giam thieu o nhiem nh
sau:
Quy hoach khu cong nghiep.
Tnh toan d bao tac ong cua cong trnh oi vi moi trng am bao khi a nha
may vao hoat ong th nong o chat thai cua no cong vi nong o o nhiem nen cua
khu vc khong c vt tieu chuan cho phep. Bo tr nha may cuoi hng gio
chnh. Cach li khu cong nghiep vi khu dan c bang vanh ai xanh. Kch thc
vung cach li cong nghiep xac nh bang khoang cach t nguon thai en khu dan c
va c xac nh am bao nong o chat o nhiem tai khu dan c khong vt tieu
chuan cho phep.
Bo tr cac cong trnh trong mat bang chung cua khu cong nghiep yeu cau am bao
thong thoang cac cong trnh, han che hay loai tr s lan truyen chat o nhiem t
cong trnh nay sang cong trnh khac,khong gay o nhiem cho ban than nha may.
Trong cay xanh.
Cay xanh giam bc xa nhiet, giam nhiet o khong kh v tao be mat trao oi nhiet
ln, can gio, nang cao chat lng moi trng do tac dung tang o am, tang lng
oxy trong khong kh ong thi giam nong o bui va hap thu cac chat oc trong
kh6ng kh va di at. Ngoai ra, cay xanh con hap thu tieng on, ngan can s lan
truyen on ra xung quanh.
To chc he thong cay xanh trong thanh pho gom cac he thong vanh ai cay xanh
mat nc xung quanh thanh pho co chc nang ieu hoa kh hau, cung cap khong
kh sach, chan gio, tang gia tr thang canh; vanh ai cay xanh cach ve sinh oi vi
khu cong nghiep va ng giao thong; he thong cong vien; cay trong hang rao
cong trnh.
Giam thieu lng nhien lieu hien dung:
Tang hieu suat s dung nhien lieu bang cac bien phap cai tien cong nghe, am bao
van hanh ung quy trnh ky thuat.
Giam tieu hao nang lng bang cac bien phap tang cng cach nhiet, nang cao
hieu suat chieu sang dan dung va ng pho, nang cao hieu suat cac ong c.
S dung nguon nang lng sach nh nang lng mat tri, nang lng gio, thuy
ien, a nhiet, nang lng nguyen t e giam s nhiet nhien lieu than dau cap
cho nhiet ien.
Giam thieu chat thai cong nghiep:
Dung nhien lieu co lng lu huynh thap hay giam bt ham lng lu huynh trc
khi ot.
Cai tien qua trnh ot e giam chat thai. Trong o, chu y en cac chat o nhiem la
bui, SO
x
, NO
x
, CO. Cac bien phap nh a neu phan tren.
Ap dung cac phng phap x ly trc khi thai.
6

2.2.2 Qua trnh chay va van e moi trng
Cac chat o nhiem khong kh sinh ra chu yeu do qua trnh ot cac loai nhien lieu tao
nang lng phuc vu cho san xuat cung x ly cac loai chat thai hu c (kh, long, ran) bang
phng phap ot. Cac thanh phan o nhiem chu yeu trong qua trnh ot la bui, CO
x
, NO
x
,
SO
x
, VOC
2.2.2.1 Nguyen ly chay
Qua trnh chay cua nhien lieu la qua trnh oxy hoa nhanh nhiet o cao. Chat chay
trong nhien lieu chu yeu la cacbon (C), hydro (H) va mot so chat khac tham gia phan ng
chay nh nit (N), lu huynh (S) Chat oxy hoa trong phan ng la oxy (O
2
) c cap vao
vung chay t khong kh.
Qua trnh chay trong lo ot phai am bao cac yeu to sau.
- Chat chay va chat oxy hoa phai tiep xuc tot vi nhau.
- Ty le chat oxy hoa va chat ot phai phu hp (1 so vi lng can thiet, tnh theo
phng trnh lng hoa hoc).
- Nhiet o u cao e chay het cac thanh phan nhien lieu va khong sinh ra cac chat o
nhiem oc hai ac biet.
- The tch buong ot phai u ln, am bao thi gian lu cua nhien lieu trong lo e
chay hoan toan.
ot chat kh
Chat chay va chat oxy hoa eu the kh, nen qua trnh nay la chay ong the (chay
trong the tch). Nhien lieu chay ngay khi hoa tron kh ot vi khong kh. Chat lng kh
chay c quyet nh do ty le hoa tron hp ly gia kh ot va oxy khong kh va ieu kien
hoa tron chung. Lng khong kh vao khong u, thieu oxy kh chay khong hoan toan,
nhiet o buong ot giam.
ot chat long
Nhien lieu dang long, nen e ot chung can phan tan chung thanh dang giot long
hoac phun sng (phun bui). Tac nhan bien bui la khong kh nen, hi nc ap suat cao hay
khong kh t quat litam cao ap. Chat bien bui co ap cao pha v o ben vng cua dong chat
long lam cho chung b chia nho thanh bui.
Sau khi dong long a bien bui, e tao s chay thanh ngon la can qua cac giai oan:
- Hoa tron gia bui nhien lieu va oxy cua khong kh.
- Say nong hon hp va chat long boc hi.
- Phan huy cac hp chat hydrocacbon. Qua trnh nay tao cac hat muoi than.
- Phan ng chay dien ra.
ot chat ran
Khi ot nhien lieu ran, qua trnh chay d the xay ra gia mot chat ran va chat kh (oxy
khong kh), ong thi co qua trnh chay ong the gia hai chat kh la chat boc hi va oxy
khong kh.
7

Qua trnh chay cua nhien lieu ran trong buong ot gom nhieu giai oan. au tien khi
than c nung en mot nhiet o nhat nh (oi vi than la khoang 200
o
C), chat boc c
thoat ra khoi than nh kh hydro (H
2
), monoxit cacbon (CO), metan (CH
4
), hydrocacbon
(C
n
H
m
) hoa tron vi oxy va chay au tien. Khi ket thuc qua trnh chay cua chat boc th
cacbon bat au tiep xuc vi oxy va chay. Qua trnh chay cua cacbon sinh ra cac kh o
nhiem la CO va CO
2
do cac phan ng sau.
C + O
2
= CO
2
.
2C + O
2
= 2CO.
C + CO
2
= 2CO.
C + H
2
O = CO
2
+ 2H
2
.
CO + O
2
= 2CO
2
.
Mot so gia thuyet cho la CO va CO
2
a xuat hien ong thi theo phan ng sau:
C + 3O
2
= 2CO
2
+ 2CO.
S chay cua cacbon lau hn va quyet nh thi gian chay cua nhien lieu. Toc o chay
nhien lieu ran phu thuoc vao toc o khuech tan oxy va toc o tach cacbon. Nh vay, trong
buong ot e oxy (t gio) tiep xuc vi cacbon, can tao cho gio khoi lng va ap suat nhat
nh. Nhien lieu co thanh phan chat boc cao th chat boc chay het e lai nhieu lo xop lam
tang be mat tiep xuc cua cacbon vi oxy nen co the giam ap suat gio.
2.2.2.2 Giam thieu o nhiem t qua trnh ot
Giam thieu ham lng bui trong khoi thai
Khi nhien lieu c nung nong en 500-600
o
C, hydrocacbon phc tap b phan huy
thanh hp chat n gian. Khi nhiet o cao hn 600
o
C th hydrocacbon lai tao thanh
hydrocacbon nang, cao phan t, hay bo hong. Thi gian lu cua hon hp kh bui trong
vung ot phai u th chung mi kp chay hoan toan.
Giam thieu lng CO trong khoi thai
Lng oxy cung cap cho qua trnh chay khong u se lam tang thanh phan kh CO
trong khoi thai. Nhiet o vung chay giam hay ap suat buong ot giam lam tang lng kh
CO sinh ra. CO la hp chat rat ben, s oxi hoa CO thanh CO
2
trong ieu kien t nhien xay
ra sau 4 5 nam. nhiet o cao hn 700
o
C CO mi b oxi hoa bang oxi trong khong kh
thanh CO
2
.
Giam thieu lng NO
x
trong khoi thai
NO
x
hnh thanh trong khoi thai chu yeu do oxi hoa nit trong nhien lieu (nit nhien
lieu), va mot phan do oxi hoa nit t khong kh chay (nit nhiet, nhiet o cao > 1100
o
C). e tiet kiem nhien lieu va giam lng NO
x
can giam lng khong kh chay, ha nhiet
o trong buong ot bang cac bien phap: ot hai bac, tang cng xao tron, tuan hoan kh
chay.
ot nhieu lieu hai bac. bac th nhat, nhien lieu c ot vi lng khong kh
nho hn ly thuyet. Nhien lieu chay trong moi trng thieu khong kh, nit trong
nhien lieu c giai phong ra di dang kh nit (N
2
). Sau o, cac cau t cha chay
8

het c ot bac th hai vi lng khong kh d. Lng NO
x
sinh ra giam 55-
40%. Cac kieu ot hai bac co the thc hien nh sau.
Mot phan khong kh c cho vao cung vi nhien lieu (thieu khong kh), phan
con lai cho vao vung ot bo sung (d khong kh).
Mot phan mo ot lam viec vi lng khong kh thieu, con phan khac ch cho
khong kh e ot tiep tuc cac cau t cha kp chay phan trc.
Ket cau mo ot.
Mo ot co ket cau cho phep tuan hoan kh chay. S tuan hoan co the thc hien do t
nhien nh dong kh chay chuyen ong vi van toc cao tao ap suat am nen dong kh c
tuan hoan mot phan. Do tuan hoan, nhien lieu c kh hoa nhanh va giam nhiet o chay.
Lng khong kh khong u va nhiet o thap nen lng NO
x
hnh thanh giam. Tuan hoan
do cng bc thc hien c nh quat thoi khong kh va kh chay vao mo ot. Hieu qua
giam NO
x
en 30-35%.
Mo ot tang cng xao tron nhien lieu va khong kh. Khong kh vao mo ot theo hai
dong. Nhien lieu c tron trc vi dong khong kh th nhat trong mo ot va chay
buong ot. Qua trnh chay nhiet o cao die64 ra nhanh, nen NO
x
cha kp tao thanh vi
khoi lng ln. Phan cha chay se c ot tiep vi dong khong kh th hai co xao tron
trc. Trong lo, hon hp kh nong va khong kh tron cham, ngon la keo dai va nguoi,
lng NO
x
giam.
Giam thieu SO
x
trong kh thai
e giam lng SO
x
trong kh thai co the thc hien cac bien phap kiem soat trc khi
ot va cac phng phap ot x ly lu huynh oxit ngay trong lo.
Thay the nhien lieu la than bang dau se giam c lng phat thai SO
x
do ham lng
lu huynh trong than (2 - 7% khoi lng) ln hn trong dau ( 3% khoi lng). Ngoai ra,
ong thi nhiet tr cua dau (khoang 10.000 kCal/kg) cao hn cua than (khoang 7.000
kCal/kg) nen lng dau s dung se thap hn.
Ky thuat ot than bang gian ghi hoa long co gia tr lam sach kh thai ln va tang hieu
qua ot than. Than c nghien nho tron vi bot a vi thanh huyen phu va c phun
vao ay lo ot gian ghi cung vi khong kh. Lu huynh oxit tao thanh trong qua trnh ot
se phan ng vi voi e tao thanh canxi sunfat ran va ri xuong ay lo nung. T le tach lu
huynh bang phng phap nay co the at cao hn 90%.
2.2.2.3 Cac dang lo ot
Lo ot chat kh
Bo phan to chc hoa tron kh ot va khong kh la mo ot (thiet b ot).
Phan loai theo ac iem hoa tron kh ot va khong kh trong thiet b ot ta co hai loai
mo ot.
Mo ot tron trc (mo ot t hut). Kh ot va khong kh tron ngay trong thiet b
ot. Khi hon hp ra khoi mo ot vao buong lo la chay ngay. He so tieu hao khong
kh nho (khoang 1,05). Nhiet o chay cua kh cao.
9

Mo ot khong tron trc kh ot va khong kh (mo ot long ong). Qua trnh hoa
tron chu yeu thc hien trong buong lo. Thi gian chay hoan toan nhien lieu lau
hn, ngon la dai. He so tieu hoa khong kh la 1,1 1,2. Nhiet o chay thap hn
nen thng dung vi kh ot co nhiet tr cao (khi dung cho lo ot co s dung nhiet
cho muc ch san xuat).
Lo ot chat long
Mo phun thc hien chc nang bien bui nhien lieu long e a hon hp chat bien bui
va nhien lieu vao buong lo. Yeu cau oi vi mo phun:
Bien dong nhien lieu thanh bui nho va hoa tron vi khong kh
am bao nhien lieu chay cho ngon la ben va co kch thc xac nh.
Mo phun co cau tao n gian, chac chan, ben va van hanh thuan tien.
Cac loai mo phun s dung trong lo ot chat long gom:
Mo phun thap ap. Chat bien bui la khong kh cap t quat li tam cao ap. Tat ca khon
gkhi1 can e chay nhien lieu eu cap qua mo phun. Nhiet o nung trc khong kh
300
o
C e tranh s phan huy nhien lieu sinh bo hong lam tac mo phun.
Nhien lieu vao mo phun qua ong dan (1), khong kh vao mo phun qua ng dan (2).
Nhien lieu va khong kh gap nhau trc ca ra cua mo phun. Tai ay, nhien lieu c
bien thanh bui, hon hp bui nhien lieu va khong kh quan mieng mo phun (3) vao buong
ot e chay trong lo.
Mo phun cao ap. Chat bien bui la khong kh nen hay hi nc co ap suat cao.
Lng khong kh ot nhien lieu a qua mo ot chiem khoang 7 12% tong lng
khong kh ot nhien lieu. Lng khong kh con lai se cap vao buong lo bang mot
se c dan trc tiep khong qua mo ot.
Ong dan nhien lieu long (1) trong, ong dan chat bien bui (3) bao ben ngoai. Khi lam
viec, chat bien bui vao mo phun, chuyen ong quanh ong dan nhien lieu va gap dong long
au mo phun. Tiet dien ra cua chat bien bui quyet nh lu lng chat bien bui vao pha
v dong long c ieu chnh bang cach dch chuyen ong dan long.
Lo ot chat thai long. Chat thai dang long c ot trc tiep trong lo ot bang cach
phun vao vung ngon la hay vung chay cua lo phu thuoc vao nhiet tr chat thai. Lo ot
c duy tr nhiet o khoang tren 1000
o
C. Thi gian lu cua chat thai long trong lo t vai
phan giay en 2,5 giay.
Lo ot chat ran
Lo ot thu cong: ghi phang, ghi nghieng.
Nhien lieu c xep mot lp day 200 250mm tren ghi lo. Pha di ghi la buong tch
x, pha tren la khong gian lam viec cua buong ot. Khi lam viec, gio c cap vao lo qua
ca (4) i qua lp than e tham gia qua trnh chay.
Buong ot ghi nghieng gom co hai phan: phan tren la khong gian lam viec, phan di
la khong gian cha x. Gio c cap vao qua ca (4) e ot chay nhien lieu. trong buong
ot nay dung ghi nghieng (2) la chnh. Ghi c tao bi cac thanh gang co chieu rong 200-
250mm, chieu dai bang chieu ngang buong ot. Cac thanh ghi at so le nhau va cac nhau
10

70-100mm e tao bac. Toan bo ghi at nghieng 35-40
o
so vi mat phang chuan. Trong
buong ot cung co dung ghi phang (3) chu yeu la e hng x cua phan ghi nghieng thai
xuong khong gian cha x, viec to cha chay than la chc nang phu cua ghi phang.
Khi lam viec, than t phe (6) nh c cau m van (7) t chay xuong ghi (2) tao lp than
(1) co chieu day yeu cau. ong thi gio c a vao qua ca (4) va i qua cac khe h
gia cac thanh ghi, tiep xuc vi than e thc hien qua trnh chay.

Hnh 1. Ghi nghieng
Buong ot ghi nghieng c ng dung khi lng nhien lieu ln, cac loai chat ot co
chat boc ln va o thieu ket yeu.
Thiet b ot phun bui.
Khi nhien lieu ran dang bui kch thc 0,05-0,07 mm, chat boc thoat ra nhanh, xao
tron manh liet vi khong kh va chay. Con lai cac bon b coc hoa va pha v thanh hat nho
hn. Dang ot nay nay tao lng tro ln trong san pham chay nen thng dung vi nhien
lieu o tro 8%. Cac dang thiet b ot thng dung la buong xiclon, thiet b tang soi, thung
quay, lo phun bui
Lo tang soi

Hnh 2. Lo ot tang soi
11

Lo tang soi ong tru co vo boc va li phan phoi khong kh. Tren li o lp cat day
0,8-1 m (kch thc hat 0,6-2,5mm). Tang soi c tao thanh khi thoi kh qua li phan
phoi. Chat ran c cho vao lo tron manh liet vi cat nong o va chay. Qua trnh chay
keo dai khong qua 1-2 phut.
Lo nhieu ay
Lo nhieu ay lo ong tru co vo boc ng knh 6-8m. Khong gian chay cua lo c
chia thanh 7-9 ay nam ngang. tam lo co truc quay c gan mot c cau cao. Can cho
vao buong pha tren lo, chuyen ong xuong di qua lo co trong tng ay. buong tren
can c say kho, con trong ngan gia no chay. Lo nay co ac iem la van hanh n gian,
hoat ong ben oi vi s dao ong chat lng va so lng cua can x l, bui cuon theo kh
khong nhieu.
Lo ot thung quay
Lo thung quay la trong quay nghieng vi lo ot c a ra ngoai, o nhien lieu
long hoac kh chay. Can sau khi tach nc c nhap t au trong oi dien vi lo ot va
se chay trong vung chay. u iem cua lo la kh thai t o nhiem bui, co kha nang ot can
vi o tro va o am ln.

Hnh 3. He thong ot thung quay
Lo ot thung quay c s dung e x ly cac loai chat thai dang ran, can, bun va
cung co the dang long. Thung quay hoat ong nhiet o khoang 1100
o
C.
Co hai loai thung quay c ban:
1. Loai khong co vach ngan hai au. Loai nay co the cha c lng chat thai t
5-10% the tch thung quay, thi gan lu ngan hn 1 gi.
2. Loai co vach ngan hai au. Loai nay co the cha c lng chat thai t 15-20%
the tch thung quay, thi gan lu ln hn 1 gi.
Lo xiclon va phun bui
12

Lo xiclon va phun bui c ng dung e ot can long hoac ran phan tan cao trong
trang thai phun bui. Cac lo nay hien nay cha c pho bien rong rai.
Nhc iem cua lo:
1. Lo nhieu ay - tai nhiet rieng phan thap, co bo phan quan trong trong vung nhiet o
cao, chi ph au t va van hanh ln.
2. Lo thung quay - tai nhiet rieng phan thap, tai trong the tch ot thap, vo boc h hong
trong qua trnh lam viec, chi ph au t va van hanh cao.
3. Lo phun bui - nang suat thap, van hanh phc tap, chi ph au t ln.
4. Lo xiclon - can lap bo phan thu boi bui cong suat ln va thiet b e lay x ra ngoai.
5. Lo tang soi - hat phan bo khong eu trong tang soi, can phai thu hoi bui.
2.2.2.4 ng dung phng phap ot trong x ly tieu huy chat thai
Qua trnh ot c ap dung e tieu huy chat thai hu c cac dang kh, long va ran.
Trong cong nghe ot chat thai ran sinh hoat ngi ta s dung l2 ot dang ghi nghieng.
Cong nghe ot can dung bang lo ot thung quay hoac tang soi. Phng phap ot c ng
dung trong cong nghe ot nha phe thai, ot bun hoat tnh d9
2.3 PHAT TAN O NHIEM TRONG KHONG KH
Viec x l kh thai at en nong o cho phep trong moi trng xung quanh b han che
bi ieu kien k thuat va neu ve mat k thuat thc hien c th ve mat kinh te se vo cung
ton kem, v vay kh thai thng c x l en nong o cho phep (c quy nh bi luat
phap) roi phat tan vao kh quyen qua ong khoi cao.
S phat tan o nhiem la s pha loang chat o nhiem trong kh quyen. ong lc cua qua
trnh la do chuyen ong cua dong chat thai va dong khong kh trong kh quyen, s chenh
lech nhiet o va s chenh lech nong o chat o nhiem trong dong thai vi khong kh xung
quanh.
2.3.1 Cac yeu to anh hng en s khuech tan o nhiem trong moi trng khong kh
Ngay sau khi thoat ra khoi ong khoi kh thai chu tac ong cua nhieu yeu to nh thanh
phan, tnh chat va ac tnh cua chnh chat thai; chieu cao ong khoi, hnh dang va kch
thc co ong khoi; van toc thai ( co ong khoi); hng va van toc gio; s phan tang nhiet
o, mc o chay roi va cac ch so trang thai cua kh quyen; ma; nhiet o va o am cua
khong kh. D oan trang thai cua kh thai trong kh quyen la bai toan vo cung phc tap
va viec giai no cang kho hn do cac qua trnh trong kh quyen khong on nh va co the
thay oi rat nhanh theo thi gian.
Phu thuoc vao ieu kien kh quyen, hnh dang ben ngoai cua kh thai rat a dang
(theo hng gio va co chieu dai en hang chuc kilomet), nhanh chong lan toa vao hng
ngang va thang ng, co dang song noi uoi nhau...

13

S co mat cua
cac cau t nang
Khoi lng rieng
va hnh dang hat
X l
tap chat kh
Kh thai
a hnh, be mat cong
trnh xay dng
Ma
Khuech tan
phan t
Sng mu
May
S lang trong lc
cua cac phan t
Hieu nhiet o kh quyen
va khong kh
Kch thc, hnh
dang co ong khoi
Van toc thai
o ong khoi c
Chieu cao
ong khoi
S phan tang nhiet
o kh quyen
Khuech tan
xoay roi
Hien tng
nghch ao
Gio
ieu kien thai
S ket tu hat
Hnh 4. Cac yeu to anh hng en s phat tan o nhiem trong khong kh
Gio. Gio la mot trong cac yeu to quan trong anh hng en s phat tan chat o nhiem
chat thai. Khi van toc gio nho o dng cot khoi (H) tang, nhng cot khoi gi cau truc
day ac lau hn va kho lan truyen di tac ong cua ch mot mnh khuyech tan kh
quyen, nhng do co hng chuyen ong len tren nen nong o chat o nhiem trong lp
kh quyen gan mat a6t nho. Khi gio manh H giam xuong gan bang khong, nhng
ngon khoi chu s tac ong manh cua khuyech tan kh quyen nen nong o chat o
nhiem trong lp kh quyen gan mat at cung thap. Ton tai van toc gio ma khi o luong
khoi gi cau truc day ac va chuyen ong theo phong ngang, luc nay, nong o cc
ai cua chat o nhiem tai mat at do mot nguoi thai ra at gia tr ln nhat va c goi
la van toc gio nguy hiem.
Ma. Ma noi chung thuc ay s loai chat o nhiem t kh quyen. Tuy nhien, mat
ngc lai, ma chuyen chat o nhiem t kh quyen vao at, nguon nc va cay coi cung
nh cac cong trnh nhan tao. ac biet khi loi cuon cac chat an mon hoa hoc, nc ma
tuy cham nhng pha huy tat ca nhng g co tren mat at.
S phan tang nhiet o cua kh quyen. Xac nh trang thai cua kh quyen khong on
nh, trung hoa, on nh. Trang thai khong on nh thuan li nhat cho viec phat tan, v
no kem theo s khuay tron manh khong kh theo hng thang ng. Trong trang thai
trung hoa s phat tan giam ang ke. Con trang thai on nh la bat li nhat cho s phat
tan.
Sng mu day ac va keo dai xac nh hien tng lang ong trong lp kh quyen tai
mat at. o la yeu to kh tng bat li. Trc het chung gop phan hnh thanh s
nghch ao nhiet o, ke en, chung co the la nguyen nhan tao thanh khoi mu - hon
hp sng mu t nhien vi chat thai cong nghiep bay (bui, hi...) . a co nhng trng
hp khoi mu on nh gay tai nan the tham cho dan c. V vay tan so hnh thanh, mat
o va o on nh cua sng mu a phng nao o can c phan tch can than trong
viec thiet ke cac cong trnh x l va thai kh.
14

S nghch ao nhiet o la mot yeu to nguy hiem ac biet
Ban chat cua s nghch ao nhiet o la nhiet o kh quyen khong giam theo o cao
nh s phan tang nhiet o bnh thng cua kh quyen ma ngc lai khong kh lanh, day
ac va nang c gi lai tren mat at. Khi o khong kh cha chat o nhiem ch thc hien
dao ong nho theo hng thang ng va ton tai trong khoang cao o t 500 en 600m.
Hien tng nay lien quan en s lam lang ong khong kh, thng xuat hien tren cac
nguon nc ln, hoac sau cac cn ma.
Nghch ao nhiet o luon luon nguy hiem mac dau mc o nguy hiem cua chung khac
nhau. Lp nghch ao co the triet tieu hoan toan s phat tan o nhiem.
a hnh khong bang phang
Khi khong co s nghch ao nhiet o va che o gio thuan li cho viec phat tan chat
thai, bi v no thuc ay s xoay roi kh quyen theo phng thang ng.
Rng cay
Rng cay anh hng en s lan truyen chat thai nhng ong thi no yeu cau c bao
ve khoi chat o nhiem kh quyen. Rng ong vai tro loc ngan s phat tan cac hat sol kh
(aerosol) trong phan thap nhat cua lp kh quyen sat mat at. Tuy nhien, vai tro loc cua
rng khong cao. Rng ram, cay cao thuc ay s xoay roi khong kh theo phng ng khi
co gio. Ngc lai rng can c bao ve. V du kh thai cha HF co the tieu diet cay la
nhon trong ban knh en hang chuc kilomet.
Chieu cao ong khoi
Chieu cao ong khoi H va o dng cot khoi H ong vai tro quan trong oi vi s phat
tan chat thai.
o dng cot khoi H phu thuoc hieu nhiet o kh thai va kh quyen, van toc kh thai
au ra co ong khoi
0
va van toc gio u.
Lc trong trng lam giam H phu thc vao khoi lng rieng cua chat o nhiem. Neu
thai sol kh (aerosol), chieu cao nang hat phan tan con phu thuoc vao hnh dang cua
chung. Hat bong va ket tu co dang khong oi xng c nang nhanh hn cac hat gon, gan
hnh cau. Cac hat nho th ket tu vi nhau thanh hat ln va de dang lang trong ban knh vai
chuc met cach ong khoi (v du bui xi mang).
Moi cau t co van toc lang rieng va co nong o cc ai rieng trong lp kh quyen sat
mat at.
S ngng tu hi
S ngng tu hi thuc ay qua trnh lang, ngoai ra hi co the ngng thanh long hoac
thanh hat ran. V du ch co trong kh thai cua luyen kim mau, 300-400
o
C no trang thai
hi, con khi lam nguoi no nhng tu nhanh thanh hat ran.
2.3.2 Phan loai nguon o nhiem lp kh quyen gan mat at
Nguon o nhiem cua khu cong nghiep co the c phan loai theo cac dau hieu khac
nhau sau:
Theo he thong thai chat oc hai nguon thai c chia ra thanh hai loai.
15

Kh thai cong nghe la phan uoi cua kh cong nghe. Kh thai t thiet b cong nghe
do thoi ve sinh, do ro r qua cho h va nap noi bt. Kh thai cong nghe co nong o
chat oc hai cao va can c x ly.
Kh thai thong thoang la kh thai do thong gio chung t nhien hay bang c gii va
kh thai cua thong thoang cuc bo. Kh thai cua thong thoang chung co ac iem la
nong o chat oc hai thap va the tch kh o nhiem ln. Kh thai do thong thoang
cuc bo co tnh chat gan vi kh thai cong nghe va cung can c x ly.
Theo s phan bo nguon trong dong gio, nguon thai c chia ra lam nguon cao va
nguon thap.
Nguon cao la nguon iem ong khoi, cao hn 3,5 lan chieu cao cong trnh gan ong
khoi (H
n
). Theo kinh nghiem, o cao nay co the bo qua anh hng en s lan
truyen chat o nhiem cua bien dang dong kh bi cac cong trnh xay dng. Neu
chieu cao hieu dung cua nguon thai trong khoang 2,2 H
n
< H
e
< 3,5H
n
th co vung
chuyen tiep. Trong vung nay s phat tan chat oc hai chu anh hng cua xoay roi
kh quyen va xoay roi tao ra do gio thoi qua mai nha. Chieu cao hieu dung (H
e
) la
tong chieu cao hnh hoc (H) va o dng cot khoi (H) tren au ong thai di tac
dung hng len tren cua ong lc dong chay va lc nang sinh ra do chenh lech
khoi lng rieng gia kh thai va kh quyen.
Nguon thai thap bong rp la cac nguon co chieu cao thai hieu dung thap hn vung
tuan hoan, xuat hien pha sau cac cong trnh. Nguon thai se gay o nhiem vung
quan va nong o chat o nhiem at cc ai trong vung nay.
Cac nguon thai nam trong vung quan phu thuoc vao van toc gio co the la nguon cao
va thap.
Khi van toc gio ln, o nang cot khoi khong ang ke, kh thai c thoi bi gio vao
vung quan. Trng hp nay nguon c xem la nguon thap.
Nhom I: Theo mc o giam van toc gio, o dng cot khoi tang va van toc
nao o kh thai c lan truyen ngoai vung quan. Cac nguon thap nh vay khi
van toc gio nho tr thanh nguon cao va co y ngha ln oi vi viec bao ve lp
quyen gan mat at.
Nhom II la nguon thap trong vung bong rp, ma cac chat o nhiem trong o
(nhiet o gan bang nhiet o kh quyen) khi vao kh quyen no khong co khuynh
hng chuyen ong len tren.
Nguon thai nhom II la nguon thap va khong chuyen thanh nguon cao khi van toc nho.
Nhom nay gom nguon thai qua ong khoi, quat thoi, ong dan Cac nguon nay ac biet
nguy hiem oi vi lp kh quyen gan mat at khi van toc gio nho.
Theo phng phap thai khong kh o nhiem vao kh quyen, nguon thai chia ra
Thai co to chc la nguon thai qua ong khoi, ham lo. Thai co to chc thng c
kiem soat va x ly.
Thai vo to chc la thai qua ca so, phat sinh chat thai qua cho h cua thiet b cung
nh bay hi t be mat chat long h. Viec kiem soat va x ly rat kho.
16

Theo nhiet o kh thai, nguon thai co the chia ra: Nguon nong cao t = t
kt
t
kq
>100
o
C;
nguon nong 20 < t < 100
o
C; nguon nong thap 5 < t < 20
o
C; nguon ang nhiet t 0
va nguon lanh t < 0.
Nguon thai nong cao la khoi lo, ngon uoc t cac nha may dau kh, khoi thai lo say
cung nh khoi thai t cac thiet b lam viec nhiet o cao. Nguon thai nong, nong thap va
ang nhiet la cac nha may cong nghiep hoa chat. cac nguon thai nong, dong kh thai
c nang cao do chenh lech nhiet o gia dong kh thai va kh quyen cao do o s phat
tan tot hn. Kh thai lanh lang xuong t mai nha va san xng, chung phat tan yeu hn rat
nhieu.
Theo che o lam viec cua san xuat, nguon thai chia ra lam lien tuc va gian oan hoac
luan phien theo qui luat xac nh hoac tc thi. Nguon thai lien tuc can c khao sat
ky hn, con nguon tc thi cho phep thai mot lng ln chat oc hai.
Theo mc o tap trung, nguon thai c chia ra thanh hai loai tap trung va phan tan.
oi vi nguon thai phan tan, moi thiet b cong nghe co ong thai rieng, thng
khong cao do o gop phan gay o nhiem khu vc san xuat ang ke. o la cac ca
so thong gio, cac thiet b, bnh cha cung nh s ro r chat oc hai t cac cho h.
Trong nguon thai tap trung, tat ca cac dong kh thai c gom chung va ch thai
vao kh quyen qua 1 hoac 2 ong khoi. Nguon thai nay thng cao, chat oc hai
c phat thai vao lp kh quyen cao. o he so xoay roi cao nen chat o nhiem
c phat tan tot hn.
2.3.3 Cac mo hnh phat tan o nhiem trong khong kh
Phng trnh vi phan c ban the hien tr so trung bnh cua nong o chat o nhiem trong
khong kh phan bo theo thi gian va trong khong gian nh sau:
C C
z
C
z y
C
y x
C
x z
C
w
y
C
v
x
C
u
t
C
2 1 z y x
+

Trong o:
C: nong o chat o nhiem trong khong kh tai iem co toa o (x,y,z); x,y,z: toa o iem
khao sat trong khong gian. Goc toa o la chan ong khoi, truc nam ngang x trung vi hng
gio, y la toa o ngang vuong goc vi truc x, z la truc ng; u, v, w: van toc gio theo cac
hng x, y, z; t: thi gian;
x
,
y
,
z
: cac thanh phan ngang va ng cua he so khuech tan
chat o nhiem;
1
: he so ke en s tham nhap them lng o nhiem tren ng khuech tan;
2
: he so ke en s bien hoa t chat o nhiem nay sang chat o nhiem khac do cac phan
ng hoa hoc tren ng khuech tan.
Phng trnh phat tan o nhiem rat kho giai ma neu giai c th li giai cung khong
co gia tr thc tien v nh a noi cac ieu kien phat tan luon thay oi, ma li giai ch thch
ng vi mot ieu kien tc thi nao o. oi vi cac nha k thuat moi trng, ho ch can
phng phap tnh phat tan o nhiem co s ket hp gia cac tnh chat ac trng cua chat thai
vi trang thai cua kh quyen cho mot a phng cu the nao o trong khoang thi gian dai.
Mot so phng phap tnh da tren c s n gian hoa phng trnh phat tan c trnh
bay sau ay
17

2.3.3.1 Mo hnh cua Berliand (Nga)
2.3.3.1.1 Tnh toan s phat tan chat oc hai vao kh quyen t nguon thai cao
Nong o cc ai
Nong o chat oc hai cc ai trong lp kh quyen gan mat at C
max
oi vi kh thai
nong t nguon n trong ieu kien kh tng bat li cach nguon thai theo hng gio
c xac nh theo cong thc thc nghiem sau:
C
max
=
3 2
T V. . H
A.M.F.m.n

A- he so phu thuoc s phan bo nhiet o trong kh quyen va xac nh ieu kien phat
tan thang ng va theo phng ngang cua chat oc hai trong kh quyen, s
2/3
.mg.K
1/3
/g. oi
vi kh hau nhiet i co the nhan A = 240 s
2/3
mg
1/3
/g.
M - tai lng chat o nhiem thai vao kh quyen, g/s; H - chieu cao nguon thai tnh t
mat at, m; V - lu lng the tch kh thai, m
3
/s; T hieu nhiet o kh thai va kh quyen,
o
K. Nhiet o kh quyen can lay cho thang nong nhat trong nam vao luc 13 gi.
F - He so vo th nguyen tnh en van toc lang cua chat o nhiem trong kh quyen. He
so F: oi vi chat o nhiem la kh F = 1; oi vi chat o nhiem la bui:
Neu hieu qua x ly 90% F = 2;
Neu hieu qua x ly 75 < 90% F = 2,5;
Neu hieu qua x ly < 75% F = 3,0
m va n cac he so vo th nguyen, tnh en ieu kien thoat kh t co nguon thai. m
c xac nh theo cong thc sau;
m = (0,67 + 0,1 f +0,34
3
f )
-1
neu f < 100
m = 1,47
3
f neu f > 100
Vi f=
T H
D 10
2
2
0
3
. Trong o,
o
van toc thoat kh t co ong khoi, m/s; D ng
knh co ong khoi, m.
He so n c xac nh theo cac cong thc sau:
n = 1 neu V
m
2
n = 0,532 V
m
2
2,13 V
m
+ 3,13 neu 0,5 V
m
< 2
n = 4,4 V
m
neu V
m
< 0,5
Vi V
m
= 0,65
3
H
T V.

Phan bo chat o nhiem trong khong kh sat mat at
Van toc gio nguy hiem la van toc gio ma khi o nong o cc ai cua chat o nhiem
lp kh quyen gan mat at at gia tr ln nhat. Van toc gio nguy hiem (u
m
) c xac nh
nh sau:
18

u
m
= 0,5 neu V
m
0,5
u
m
= V
m
neu 0,5 < V
m
2
) f 0,12 (1 V u
m m
+ = neu V
m
> 2
Vi van toc gio nguy hiem, nong o chat o nhiem at cc ai khoang cach X
m
so
vi chan ong khoi c tnh theo cong thc sau:
X
m
= d H
Vi d la he so vo th nguyen, c xac nh qua gian o.
Neu van toc gio khac van toc gio nguy hiem th nong o chat o nhiem cc ai at
c la:
(C
max
)
u
= r.C
max
Khi o, nong o at cc ai khoang cach (X
m
)
u
so vi ong khoi la:
(X
m
)
u
= p.X
m
Vi cac he so r va p xac nh theo gian o.
S phan bo nong o cac chat o nhiem theo hng gio cac khoang cach X khac nhau
tnh t nguon c xac nh theo cong thc:
C
x
= S
1
. C
max
He so S
1
c xac nh theo o th phu thuoc t le X/ X
m
.
Nong o chat o nhiem trong lp kh quyen sat mat at theo phng vuong goc chieu
gio khoang cach y c xac nh theo cong thc
C
y
= S
2
C
x

Vi C
x
- nong o chat o nhiem tai truc hng gio; S
2
- he so vo th nguyen xac nh
theo o th.
Chieu cao ong khoi
Chieu cao toi thieu cua ong khoi bao am nong o trong kh quyen sat mat at bang
gii han cho phep theo tieu chuan moi trng khong kh xung quanh tnh theo cong thc:
H =
3
T V. .
cp
C
A.M.F.m.n

Vi C
cp
- nong o cho phep trong moi trng xung quanh, mg/m
3
(TCVN 5938-1995).
Neu t mot ong khoi thai ra nhieu chat o nhiem khong co anh hng cong th t chieu
cao ong khoi (H) c chon theo gia tr ln nhat kh tnh cho tng chat o nhiem. Neu tac
ong cua chat thai t ong khoi c tong cong th trong cong thc can thay C
cp
bang
, vi k la so chat o nhiem.
( )
C
cpi
i
k
=
1
1
1
Ngoai ra, chieu cao ong khoi phai vt cac nha dan lan can khong di 2,5 lan.
19

Gii han thai cac chat o nhiem vao kh quyen cho phep, khi o nong o chat o nhiem
lp khong kh gan mat at khong vt qua tieu chuan cho phep C
cp
c xac nh theo
cong thc:
C
cpt
=
C H V T
AFmn
cp
2 3
.

Cac cong thc c tnh trong trng hp nong o phong cua chat o nhiem bang
khong neu C
ph
0 va C
ph
< C
cp
th trong cac cong thc phai thay C
cp
bang (C
cp
- C
ph
).
Nong o chat o nhiem a co san trong khong kh do cac nguyen nhan khac trc khi
xuat hien nguon o nhiem mi. Khi co nguon o nhiem mi th can phai xac h mc o x
l cho nguon o nhiem nay e sao cho nong o trong moi trng xung quanh van thoa man
tieu chuan cho phep. Neu nong o phong gan hoac bang gii han cho phep th bat k
nguon thai nao eu khong c phep v hieu qua x l 100% trong ai a so cac trng
hp eu khong hien thc (do han che ve mat kinh te va k thuat). Trong cac trng hp
nay cach giai quyet ung an nhat la giam nong o phong bang cac bien phap x l tai
cac nguon o nhiem ang hoat ong hoac phai chon khu vc khac.
2.3.3.1.2 Phat tan o nhiem cho nguon gom nhieu ong khoi
Neu nguon o nhiem khong phai la mot ong khoi ma la mot cum ong khoi (gom vai
ong khoi), co the tnh s phat tan cho hai trng hp.
Cac nguon thai co the cho la tap trung tai 1 iem.
Cac ong khoi c bo tr gan nhau va khoang cach gia cac ong khoi ngoai cung
khong vt qua 4 lan chieu cao ong khoi trung bnh. Trng hp nay co the cho rang cac
nguon thai tap trung vao mot iem trung tam, dien tch bo tr cac nguon.
Gia s kh thai phan bo eu cho cac ong khoi (N ong khoi), cac ong khoi nay co cung
chieu cao va ng knh th nong o toi a cua chat o nhiem trong lp kh quyen gan mat
at la:
C
max
=
2
3
.
H
T V'
N
Fmn AM'
, mg/m
3
.
Vi M - tong tai lng o nhiem, g/s; V - tong lu lng the tch kh thai, m
3
/s; N - so
nguon thai (so ong khoi)
Van toc gio nguy hiem u
m
trong trng hp nay c tnh la: V
m
= 0,65
V T
NH
'
3
.
Cac nguon thai khong the a vao 1 iem
Trng hp nay, viec tnh nong o cc ai c tien hanh cho cac toa o mang li
ac trng cua tat ca moi nguon thai. Khoi lng cong viec rat ln nen thuan li nhat la ap
dung may vi tnh e tnh toan.
2.3.3.1.3 oi vi nguon thai ang nhiet hoac gia nhiet yeu
.K
H
A.M.F.n
C
4/3
max
=
20

Vi A la he so co n v mg.m
1/3
/g va ai lng nh oi vi cong thc oi vi nguon
thai nong.
Tham so V
m
c tnh theo cong thc:
H
.D
1,3. V
m
= ; K c xac nh theo cong
thc: K =
.V 7,1.
1
8.V
D
=
Van toc gio nguy hiem tnh nh sau:
Neu V
m
0,5 m/s u
m
= 0,5 m/s
Neu 0,5 < V
m
2 m/s u
m
= V
m
Neu V
m
> 2 m/s u
m
= 2,2.V
m
Con he so d c tnh nh sau
Neu V
m
2 d = 11,4.V
m

Neu V
m
> 2 d = 16,1
m
V
2.3.3.1.4 S phat tan chat o nhiem t nguon thai thap
Nguon thai thap c chia ra lam 2 nhom:
Nhom I: cac nguon thap, kh thai thoat t ay i len tren vi van toc xac nh
Nhom II: cac nguon thap, kh thai thoat ra t no khong co hng len tren
Trong phat tan chat oc hai t nguon nhom I co 2 che o can xem xet:
Che o th 1: co dong gio chuyen ong vi van toc thuoc vung > 0,5 m/s
Che o th 2: van toc gio trong vung < 0,5 m/s
Neu xem qua trnh khuech tan t nguon iem bo tr o cao H cach mat at th ta co
cong thc xac nh nong o trong lp kh quyen cac iem cach xa nguon (r) va o cao
Z cach mat at nh sau:
C=
+ +
+
+
2 2 2 2
r H) (Z
1
r H) (Z
1
4
M

Nong o tren mat at Z = 0
2 2
r H 2
M
C
+
=
Trong o, M: tai lng chat o nhiem, mg/s;
A: he so truyen khoi xoay roi, m
2
/s. Trong tnh toan, A c nhan gia tr nho nhat
bang 0,05 m
2
/s, gia tr nho hn trong thc te kho xay ra.
Theo cong thc nay ta co the tnh nong o cc ai chat o nhiem gay ra do nguon
nhom II trong ieu kien kh quyen bat li. Bi v nong o gan nguon khong the ln hn tai
nguon C
0
, nen cong thc tren ung oi vi cac iem co ban knh r
0
cach nguon. R
0
c
xac nh t ieu kien C C
0
.
21

Tnh phat tan chat oc hai t nguon thap bong rp
Nong o cc ai c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
C
max
=
2
n
v.H
K.M

Vi: M tai lng chat oc hai, mg/s; v van toc gio o cao 10m, m/s; H
n
chieu
cao nha, m; K he so phu thuoc o dng cot khoi tren nha xng va phu thuoc ty le kch
thc nha xng. K xac nh nh sau: K = K
h
. K
l
Vi K
h
he so phu thuoc o dng cot khoi tren nha xng, K
h
c tnh theo cong
thc K
h
= 2,05exp(-0,61h
e
-2
); h
e
: o dng cot khoi hu ch tren nha xng; h
e
=
n
n 1
H
h H h +
; h
1
: Chieu cao ong khoi t mat at, m; h: o dng cot khoi, m; K
l
he so
phu thuoc ty le kch thc nha xng (l/H
n
).
Cong thc nay khong ch tnh o cao ong khoi ma con tnh o dng cot khoi do lc
quan tnh, sinh ra do dong kh thai chuyen ong len tren vi van toc .
Bi v nhiet o kh thong thoang thai vao kh quyen thng khong khac nhiet o moi
trng xung quanh nen e n gian hoa viec tnh toan co the bo qua lc nang do chenh
lech nhiet o, khi o ta co
h =
.v
.D.

Vi D la ng knh co ong khoi, m; la van toc kh thoat ra t ong khoi theo hng
len tren, m/s; la he so van toc dong gio phu thuoc chieu cao ong khoi tren nha xng.
h =
n
n 1
H
H h

0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,20
0,8 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,4 1,4
Ghi chu: oi vi nha bo tr gia va oi vi cac nha rong co cung chieu cao = 1,2. oi
vi nha nam trong vung khong kh ong ng trc nha hoac trong vung quan = 0,6
- he so tnh en s xoay roi cua kh quyen, xac nh bang thc nghiem. Trong
khoang van toc gio t 2 en 5 m/s gia tr thc nghiem co the bieu dien bi cong thc sau
vi o chnh xac cao:
= 2,3 0,4
o
v
v

V v
o
= 2 m/s, nen = 2,3 0,2.v
Nh vay:
22

n
n
n 1
n n
n 1
e
H
D
D
H
H h
h
.v
. D .
h
.v.H
.D.
H
H h
h
=
=
+ = +
=

Neu v < 2 m/s: h
e
=
.v
. D 1,9.
h
+
Neu 2 < v < 5 m/s: h
e
=
( )
.v
. D 2,3.
' h
.v
. D 2,3. . D 0,2.
h
.v
. D . 0,2 2,3
h

+ = + =
+
Vi
. D 0,2.
h h' =
Ket hp cac cong thc ta co
Neu v < 2 m/s: C
max
=
.v H
.e 2,05.M.K
2
2
.v
. D 1,9.
h 0,61
l
n

Lay ao ham phng trnh theo v, cho no bang 0, giai phng trnh theo v ta thu c
cong thc tnh van toc gio nguy hiem
( )
( )
h 3,3 h
1
h B
h .B
.H
3,8.D.
h 3,3 h
1
.
.H
3,8.D.
v
2
n
2
n
m
+
=
=
+
=

Neu theo cong thc, van toc gio nguy hiem ln hn 2 m/s th nong o cc ai va van
toc gio nguy hiem se tnh theo cong thc:
C
max
=
.v H
.e 2,05.M.K
2
2
.v
. D 2,3.
' h 0,61
l
n

( )
( )
h' 3,3 ' h
1
h' B
h' .B
.H
4,6.D.
h' 3,3 h'
1
.
.H
4,6.D.
v
2
n
2
n
m
+
=
=
+
=

Neu van toc gio v = 2 m/s th ket qua tnh theo cac cong thc tren la nh nhau
Thay bieu thc van toc gio nguy hiem vao cong thc ta co
C
max
=
n
D..
.E.K a.M.
l

23

Neu v < 2 m/s a = 2,05 / 3,8 = 0,54; Neu v > 2 m/s a = 2,05 / 4,6 = 0,45;
E he so phu thuoc h neu v < 2 m/s va phu thuoc ' h neu v > 2 m/s
2
2
h 3,3 h 0,15.
2
e
h 3,3 h
E
+
+
=
Cac gia tr B( h ), B( ' h ), E( h ), E( ' h ) c cho trong bang
Bang gia tr cac he so B va E
h hoac
' h
0 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2
B 0,55 0,57 0,58 0,62 0,65 0,68 0,72 0,77 0,81 0,85 0,89 0,93 0,97 1,02
E 1,11 1,04 1,00 0,88 0,78 0,68 0,59 0,51 0,44 0,37 0,31 0,26 0,22 0,18
Cac he so K
lT
, K
lF
tnh en s thay oi nong o cc ai trong lp kh quyen sat mat
at phu thuoc vao chieu dai tng oi cua nha xng:
l/H
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
K
lT
1,2 1,3 1,15 2,0 0,8 0,65 0,5 0,35 0,28 0,23
K
lF
- 0,9 1,0 1,15 1,3 1,45 1,65 1,8 2,1 2,2
V du: ket qua tnh van toc gio nguy hiem cho trng hp thai chat oc hai qua ong
khoi tren nha xng cao H
n
= 10 m vi cac chieu cao ong khoi, ng knh va van toc
thoat kh theo hng thang ng khac nhau trnh bay trong bang
H
n
D
h
v
m
10 1 0,5 8 1,1 2,15
10 0,5 0,5 8 1,1 1,08
10 0,6 0,2 16 1,0 2,25
10 0,3 0,3 16 1,0 1,12
10 0,2 0,2 6 1,0 028
10 0,15 0,2 6 1,0 0,22
2.3.3.2 Mo hnh Gaussian
Mot so gia thiet khi lap mo hnh:
Lng thai chat o nhiem do nguon thai ra la hang so theo thi gian
Toc o gio khong oi theo thi gian va theo o cao vet khoi
Trong vet khoi khong bo sung them o nhiem, cung nh khong xet en trng hp
chat o nhiem giam i do phan ng hoa hp chuyen thanh chat khac.
a hnh bang phang khong co vat can.
Nong o chat o nhiem
Vi cac ieu kien gan ung nay va phng trnh vi phan mo ta qua trnh phat tan ta
co phng trnh tnh nong o chat o nhiem toa o (x, y, z) nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )
+
+

=
2
z
2
2
z
2
2
y
2
z y
z y, x,
2
z H
exp
2
z H
exp .
2
y
exp .
2u
E
C
24

Phng trnh tnh nong o chat o nhiem toa o (x, 0, 0):
( )
2
z
2
z y
x
2
H
.exp
u
E
C

=
Trong o, C
(x,y,z)
: nong o chat o nhiem tai iem co toa o (x,y,z), mg/m
3
; C
(x)
: nong
o chat o nhiem tai cac iem tren truc x, y = z= 0, mg/m
3
; x: khoang cach ti nguon thai
theo phng x, phng gio thoi, m; y: khoang cach t iem tnh tren mat ngang theo chieu
vuong goc vi truc vet khoi, cach tim vet khoi, m; z: chieu cao iem tnh toan, m; E: lng
thai chat o nhiem t nguon thai (mieng ong khoi), mg/s; u: toc o gio trung bnh chieu
cao hieu qua cua ong khoi, m/s;
y
: he so khuech tan cua kh quyen theo phng ngang
phng y, m;
z
: he so khuech tan cua kh quyen theo phng ng phng z, m;
Tnh he so phat tan
y,
z

He so phat tan phu thuoc vao o on nh cua kh quyen. Phan loai o on nh kh
quyen theo Turner nh sau.
Bang 1. Phan cap on nh cua kh quyen theo Turner
Ban ngay theo nang chieu Ban em theo o may (5) Toc o gio
tren mat at
(m/s) (1)
Manh (2) Trung bnh (3) Yeu (4) Nhieu may,
o may 4/8
t may, o
may 3/8
< 2 A A - B B E F
2 - 3 A B B C E F
3 - 5 B B C C D E
5 - 6 C C D D D D
> 6 D D D D D
Ghi chu:
(1) La toc o gio o cao 10m so vi mat at
(2) Nang mua he, khi mat tri co goc cao ln hn 60
o
(3) Nang mua he, khi bau tri co mot so mang may va tri trong sang, khi mat tri co
goc cao 30 60
o
(4) ac trng la buoi chieu mua thu hay ngay mua he co may, hoac mua he trong
sang, mat tri co goc cao 15 35
o
(5) o may c xac nh bang mc may che phu bau tri.
Cac phng phap xac nh he so phat tan trnh bay lan lt sau ay
Xac nh cac he so phat tan bang o th
Dung cac cong thc tnh toan: cong thc Martin:
f x c
x a
d
z
y
+ =
=
.
.
894 , 0

Bang 2. Cac he so a, c, d, f cua cong thc Martin
x 1 km x > 1 km Cap on nh
kh quyen
a
c d f c d f
A 213 440,8 1,941 9,27 459,7 2,094 -9,6
B 156 106,6 1,941 3,3 108,2 1,098 2,0
25

C 104 61,0 0,911 0,0 61,0 0,911 0,0
D 68 33,2 0,725 -1,7 44,5 0,516 -13,0
E 50,5 22,8 0,678 -1,3 55,4 0,305 -34,0
F 34 14,35 0,740 -0,35 62,6 0,180 -48,6
Tra bang
Bang 3. Bang tnh he so phat tan theo cong thc Martin
Cap on nh kh quen va he so
y
theo
cap on nh kh quyen
Cap on nh kh quen va he so theo
z
Khoang
cach x
(Km) A B C D E F A B C D E F
0,2 51 37 25 16 12 8 29 20 14 9 6 4
0,4 94 69 46 30 22 15 84 40 26 15 11 7
0,6 135 99 66 43 32 22 173 63 38 21 15 9
0,8 174 128 85 56 41 28 295 86 50 27 18 12
1 213 156 104 68 50 34 450 110 61 31 22 14
2 396 290 193 126 94 63 1953 234 115 51 34 22
4 736 539 359 235 174 117 498 216 78 51 32
8 1367 1001 667 436 324 218 1063 406 117 70 42
16 2540 1860 1240 811 602 405 2274 763 173 95 55
20 3101 2271 1514 990 735 495 2904 934 196 104 59
2.3.3.3 Nhan xet
Tren c s tnh toan va thc te co the rut ra mot so ket luan sau:
1. Nong o chat o nhiem t nguon thai n trong lp kh quyen gan mat at at gia tr
cc ai trong ieu kien kh quyen thuan li iem cach ong khoi 12-20 lan chieu cao ong
khoi theo hng gio.
2. Ong khoi cang cao nong o cc ai cang nho, nong o chat o nhiem trong lp
khong kh gan mat at cang nho.
3. Cang cach xa ong khoi nong o chat o nhiem cang nho. khoang cach u xa nong
o chat o nhiem tien en khong.
Nh vay nh cac cong thc phat tan ta co the xac nh c vung nao co nong o cao
hn tieu chuan, vung nao thap hn. Tang chieu cao ong khoi la bien phap lam nong o
chat o nhiem tai mat at giam thap hn tieu chuan cho phep.
Nh vay tang ong khoi la mot bien phap hu hieu e bao ve lp kh quyen gan mat
at.
Tuy nhien, cac bien phap nay mac du lam giam nong o chat thai khoang cach gan
nguon thai nhng chung khong bao ve moi trng khoi cac chat o nhiem.
Cac chat thai cua nha may vao kh quyen cha cac chat hu c oc hai c phat
hien khoang 200 - 1.000km cach nguon thai. o cao en 2km phan ln chat thai cua
cac khu cong nghiep Anh quoc va Chau Au nh gio van chuyen i xa 1000 km va c
phat hien Thuy S va Nauy trong khong kh tai mat at.
Viec xay dng cac ong khoi cao e cho kh oc hai vao thng tang kh quyen lam
tang thi gian chuyen hoa cac kh axit thanh axit va s lang cac axit hnh thanh nay cung
26

vi ma tren be mat at dien ra hang ngan km cach ong thai. Cac ma axit anh hng
xau en mua mang, rng, giam chat lng nc t nhien, lam an mon nha ca
cac ho cua My (USA), Canada va Chau Au sau cac cn ma axit cac loai thc vat
di nc va ca a b huy diet. [Anon - Coal age, 1979, v.84, N11, p.13].
V vay phng phap hu hieu bao ve kh quyen khoi cac chat o nhiem khong phai la
phat tan chat thai bang ong khoi cao ma phai triet tieu chat thai trc khi chung xam nhap
vao kh quyen.
2.3.3.4 ng dung cac mo hnh phat tan o nhiem trong khong kh
Cac mo hnh phat tan o nhiem trong khong kh c ng dung e tnh va anh gia cac
ai lng sau:
Xac nh chieu cao ong khoi can thiet e phat tan kh thai.
Xac nh pham vi o nhiem vi chieu cao ong khoi a co.
anh gia mc o o nhiem tai 1 iem bat ky xung quanh nguon thai
Quy hoach va bo tr cac nguon thai sao cho hp ly ve mat moi trng, t ton kem
ve mat kinh te.
2.4 CAC PHNG PHAP X L KH THAI
Mac dau, neu cac phng phap giam thieu o nhiem a c thc hien, lng chat thai
sinh ra giam ang ke song khong the triet tieu chung mot cach hoan toan. Do o cho en
nay phng tien c ban trong giai quyet kh thai van la ap dung cac he thong hieu qua e
loai tr cac chat o nhiem. Cac phng phap x ly kh thai c la chon phu thuoc chu
yeu vao ban chat va trang thai cua chat o nhiem. Cac phng phap x ly tong quat trnh
bay tren hnh. Tuy nhien cac phng phap nay ch gan ung v no khong the bao gom het
tat ca cac phng phap va thiet b x l kh hien co.
S o cac phng phap x ly kh thai trnh bay tren hnh trang sau.
27

X l
tap chat hi
X l sng mu va giot
long
X l
tap chat kh
X l
bui
Phng phap hap thu Phng phap hap phu Phng phap xuc tac Phng phap nhiet Phng phap ngng tu
Loc ien kho Thiet b ra kh:
tran,
em,
mam,
va ap,
quan tnh,
li tam,
van toc ln
Lang trong lc Thap hap thu:
mam,
em,
mang,
phun
Thap hap phu vi lp
tnh, ong va tang soi
Thiet b phan ng Thiet b ngng tu
Lang quan tnh, gio
xoay
Lo ot
en kho
Lang li tam: Xiclon
Loc:
Vai, Si, Hat
Phng phap ien Phng phap kho Phng phap t
Loc ien t
Loc sng
Li thu giot long
KH THAI
Hnh 5. Phan loai phng phap va thiet b x l kh thai

28
e x l cac aerosol (bui, khoi, sng) ngi ta s dung phng phap kho, t va tnh
ien. Trong thiet b kho bui c lang bi trong lc, lc quan tnh va lc li tam hoac c loc
qua vach ngan xop. Trong thiet b t s tiep xuc gia kh bui va nc c thc hien. Nh
o, bui c lang tren cac giot long, tren be mat bot kh hay tren cac mang chat long. Trong
thiet b loc tnh ien cac aerosol c tch ien va lang tren ien cc.
e x l kh va hi chat oc hai, ngi ta ng dung cac phng phap: hap thu (vat l va
hoa hoc), hap phu, xuc tac, nhiet o va ngng tu.
Trong thc te ngi ta ng dung nc, cac dung moi hu c, khong tham gia phan ng
vi cac kh va cac dung dch nc vi cac chat nay e hap thu vat li. Con khi hap thu hoa
hoc, ngi ta s dung dung dch nc muoi va kiem, cac chat hu c va huyen phu nc vi
cac chat khac nhau lam chat hap thu.
Phng phap hap phu da tren kha nang hap thu cac phan t kh, hi bi cac chat ran
xop. Tren thc te, ngi ta s dung than hoat tnh, silicagen va zeolit lam chat hap phu. Thi
gian gan ay, trong luyen kim mau, ngi ta s dung rong rai Al
2
O
3
c nghien mn e lam
chat hap phu HF.
X l bang phng phap xuc tac da tren s bien oi hoa hoc cac cau t oc hai thanh
khong oc hai tren be mat xuc tac ran. Phng phap nay c s dung e x l NO
x
, SO
x
,
CO
x
va cac tap chat hu c.
Phng phap nhiet hay phng phap ot chay trc tiep c ng dung e x l cac chat
oc de b oxi hoa va cac tap chat co mui hoi. Phng phap nay da tren s chay cua cac tap
chat trong cac lo hoac en x.
Phng phap ot trc tiep cac chat hu c cua kh thai c ng dung trong cac nha may
hoa dau, nha may san xuat metanol ...
Phng phap ngng tu da tren hien tng giam ap suat bao hoa hi khi giam nhiet o.
Phng phap nay dung e thu hoi dung moi hu c. e qua trnh ngng tu xay ra can phai
lam lanh kh cha dung moi.
Do thanh phan hoa hoc cua kh thai phc tap va nong o chat oc cao nen thng ap
dung he thong x l nhieu bac, la to hp cua nhieu phng phap khac nhau.
29
2.4.1 Cac phng phap x ly bui
2.4.1.1 Thiet b thu hoi bui kho
Thiet b hoat ong da tren cac c che lang khac nhau: trong lc, quan tnh, li tam. Thiet
b thu hoi bui kho co u iem la che tao va van hanh n gian. Chung c ng dung pho
bien trong cong nghiep, thng ong vai tro x l s bo.
2.4.1.1.1 Buong lang bui
S o thiet b lang bui nh sau.
Trong thi gian kh i qua thiet b, cac hat bui di tac dung cua lc hap dan lang xuong
pha di va ri vao bnh cha hoac c a ra ngoai bang vt tai hay bang tai.

Kh sach
2 Bui
Kh nhiem bui
1
Kh nhiem bui
Bui
Kh sach
3
2
1
c
a
Kh nhiem bui
Kh sach
4 1
b
Hnh 6. Buong lang bui
a - buong lang n gian, b - buong lang vi vach ngan, c - buong lang nhieu tang:1- than;
2- bon cha; 3- vach ngan; 4- cac tang.
Yeu cau thi gian kh lu trong buong lang phai u ln e lang c bui co kch thc
xac nh trc. Thiet b dang nay x ly hieu qua cao oi vi hat co kch thc >50m.
2.4.1.2 Thiet b lang quan tnh
Khi dong kh thay oi hng ot ngot, cac hat bui di tac dung cua lc quan tnh tiep
tuc chuyen ong theo hng cu va tach ra khoi dong kh, ri xuong ngan cha. Mot so dang
thiet b lang quan tnh trnh bay trong hnh sau. Hieu qua x ly cua thiet b dang nay at 65-
80% oi vi cac hat bui kch thc 25-30m.
30

Hnh 7. Buong lang bui quan tnh

Kh
bui
a
Bui
Kh sach
Kh sach
Kh sach
Kh bui
Bui
Kh bui
Kh sach
Kh
bui
Bui Bui
d b c
Hnh 8. Thiet b lang bui quan tnh
a- co vach ngan; b- vi cho quay kh nhan; c- co chop m rong; d- nhap kh ngang hong.
Thiet b la xach la mot dang buong lang da
tren nguyen tac quan tnh. Kh i qua day la chan
hoac cac vong chan se oi hng ot ngot, cac
hat bui theo quan tnh van chuyen ong theo
hng cu tach ra khoi dong kh va va ap vao cac
tam chan nam nghieng, lang tren o roi trt tren
tam chan ma ri xuong dong kh bui. Dong kh
bui co nong o bui cao (10% the tch) c hut
qua xiclon e x ly. Van toc dong kh trc mang
chan thng phai at 15m/s. thiet b thu hui hieu
qua oi vi hat kch thc tren 20 m. Nhc
iem cua thiet b la b mai mon cao, mat sang co
the b bui tch tu bt kn.

Hnh 9. Thiet b la xach
1 - than; 2 - mang li;
Kh sach
Kh bui
Kh bui
2
1

2.4.1.3
31
Thiet b gio xoay - xiclon
Kh vao xyclon t ong kh vao co tiet dien hnh ch nhat nam tiep tuyen vi than thiet b
va thc hien chuyen ong xoan oc, dch chuyen xuong di va hnh thanh dong xoay ngoai.
Cac hat bui di tac dung cua lc li tam vang vao thanh xyclon. Khi tien gan en ay chop,
dong kh bat au quay ngc tr lai va chuyen ong len tren, hnh thanh dong xoay trong.
Cac hat bui vang en thanh dch chuyen xuong di nh lc ay cua dong xoay va trong lc,
t o ra khoi thiet b qua ong xa bui.

Cac ket cau c ban cua xiclon c trnh
bay tren hnh sau.

Hnh 10. Ket cau cua xyclon n
a - xiclon n: 1- ong vao; 2- ong ra; 3-
buong hnh tru; 4- buong hnh chop; 5- buong
lang bui.

Hnh 11. Dong vat chat trong xyclon

Dong ra
B
H
D
d
D
e
L
3
D
2
L
2
L
1
Dong vao
Co tao
xoay
Phan tru
phn con
b phn
x bi
Than tru
Kh sach
Kh bui
Bui
Dong kh vao t di
32
Axial Inlet
Kh sach Kh sach
Kh bui

a - xiclon vi bo phan nh hng kieu vt.
b - xiclon vi bo phan nh hng kieu o cam.

Kh bui
Bui
a
Hnh 12. Xyclon co canh hng dong

Kh bui
Bui
Kh sach
Kh bui
Kh sach
Bui
Kh sach Kh sach
Kh bui
Bui
Kh sach
Kh bui
Kh bui
Bui
Bui
e
a b
d
c
Hnh 13. Cac dang xiclon c ban (theo dong kh)
a- xoan oc; b- tiep tuyen; c- co ng xoan; d,e- hng truc.
u iem cua xiclon la khong co phan chuyen ong nen thiet b ben, co the lam viec
nhiet o cao (en 500
o
C), tr lc khong ln va hau nh co nh, nang suat cao, re tien, co the
thu hoi vat lieu co tnh mai mon cao.
Nhc iem cua thiet b nay la van hanh kem khi hat hui co kch thc nho hn 5m,
khong the thu hoi bui ket dnh.
Nhom xiclon: Khi lu lng kh ln ngi ta ng dung nhom phoi hp cac xiclon. ieu o
cho phep khong tang ng knh xiclon va do o anh hng tot en hieu qua x li. S do
nhom xiclon tren hnh sau. Kh nhiem bui i vao chung mot ong, roi sau o c phan
phoi cho cac xiclon thanh phan. Trng hp nay cac xylon thanh phan lap song song,
nhom xyclon con goi la xyclon chum.
33
Kh sach
Kh bui
6
5
3
4
1
2

Hnh 14. Nhom xyclon
1- ong vao; 2- buong cha kh sach; 3- vanh khuech tan; 4- xiclon thanh phan; 5- thung
cha; 6- ca ngan bui.
Bui
Xiclon to hp: la lien ket cua mot so ln cac xiclon nho vao mot nhom. Giam ng knh
xiclon thanh phan vi muc ch tang hieu qua lam sach kh. S o day xiclon tren hnh
sau. Cac xiclon thanh phan trong nhom co ng knh 100, 150 hoac 250mm. Van toc toi
u trong xiclon thanh phan nam trong khoang 3,5 - 4,75m/s. Cac xyclon thanh phan lap
noi tiep vi nhau. Day xiclon che tao phc tap va at. Tuy nhien, chung co kch thc va
dung lng kim loai nho.

Kh bui
Kh sach
3
4

1
2
Bui
Hnh 15. Xiclon to hp
1 - than; 2 - buong phan phoi; 3- v ong; 4- xiclon thanh phan.
Ket cau au xa bui
Yeu cau au xa bui phai am bao he thong kn e khong kh khong thoat ra theo au xa
bui nay.
34

2.4.1.3.1 Thiet b thu hoi bui xoay
Kh nhiem bui c cho vao t di, c xoay nh canh quat, chuyen ong len tren va
chu tac ong cua tia kh th cap. Dong kh th cap chay ra t voi phun tiep tuyen e tao s
xoay ho tr cho kh.
Di tac dung cua lc li tam bui vang ra pha ngoai, gap dong kh xoay th cap hng
xuong di, ay chung vao khoang khong gian vanh khan gia cac ong. Khong gian vanh
khan chung quanh ong vao c trang b vong em chan e bui khong quay tr lai thiet b.
Dong kh th cap co the la khong kh sach hoac la phan kh a x l hoac kh nhiem
bui. Thuan li nhat la dung kh nhiem bui e lam kh th cap v ieu o cho phep tang nang
suat thiet b len 40-65% ma khong anh hng may en hieu qua x li.

Kh th cap
Kh bui
Kh sach
Bui
1
2
4
6
3
7
5
Kh bui
Kh sach
5
7
1
Kh th cap ra
4
8
Bui
Kh th cap vao
6
2
a b
Hnh 16. Thiet b thu bui kieu gio xoay
35
u iem cua thiet b thu hoi bui xoay so vi cac xiclon lahieu qua thu hoi bui phan tan
cao hn, be mat trong thiet b khong b mai mon, co the x ly kh co nhiet o cao hn do co
s dung dong kh th cap lanh, co the ieu chnh qua trnh phan rieng bui bang cach thay oi
lng kh th cap.
Nhc iem c ban cua thiet b thu hoi gio xoay la can co c cau thoi kh phu tr, van
hanh phc tap, co bo sung dong kh phu tr nen lng kh qua thiet b ln.
Hieu qua x ly bui at 92,0-98,5% oi vi bui 2,5-10,0m.

2.4.1.3.2 Thiet b thu hoi bui kieu ong
Thiet b nay c dung e thu hoi
bui co kch thc >15m. Nh s chenh
lech ap suat c tao ra bi guong quay
dong kh nhiem bui i vao cac ranh
xoan cua guong va thc hien chuyen
ong cong. Cac hat bui vang ra vanh
ai nh lc li tam va cung vi 8-10%
kh i vao xiclon, c noi vi vo
guong xoan. Con kh sach qua c cau
nh hng c hut vao tam guong
xoan roi sau o c thai vao ong khoi.
Dong kh sach bui t xiclon cung c
quay tr lai tam guong xoan.

Hnh 17. May hut bui
1- guong xoan; 2 - xiclon; 3- bnh cha bui.

Kh
nhiem
bui
Kh sach
2
3
1
Bui
u iem cua thiet b thu hoi bui ong so vi cac thiet b thu hoi bui li tam khac la gon,
lng kim loai nho, ket hp may hut bui va xiclon vao cung mot thiet b.
Ben canh o chung co nhieu nhc iem nh canh quat b mai mon nhanh, co kha nang
tao thanh cac tram tch tren canh quat, do o lam mat can bang phan quay, hieu qua thu hoi
bui d <10m kem va che tao phc tap.

2.4.1.4 Thiet b loc bui
Khi cho kh cha bui qua vach ngan xop, cac hat ram c gi lai con kh i xuyen qua
no hoan toan. o la nguyen l cua thiet b loc bui
Trong qua trnh loc bui, cac hat bui kho tch tu trong cac lo xop hoac tao thanh lp bui
tren be mat vach ngan, va do o chung tr thanh moi trng loc oi vi cac hat bui en sau.
Tuy nhien, bui tch tu cang nhieu lam cho kch thc lo xop va o xop chung cua vach ngan
cang giam, v vay sau mot thi gian lam viec nao o can phai pha v va loai lp bui ra. Nh
vay, qua trnh loc bui phai ket hp vi qua trnh phuc hoi vat lieu loc.
Trong qua trnh lam sach kh, cac hat bui tien gan en cac si hoac be mat vat lieu hat,
va cham vi chung va lang xuong do tac dung cua lc tham thau, quan tnh va hut tnh ien.
36
Thiet b loc c chia lam 3 loai, phu thuoc vao chc nang va nong o bui vao, ra:
Thiet b tinh loc (hieu qua cao): dung e thu hoi bui cc nho vi hieu qua rat cao (> 99%)
vi nong o au vao thap (< 1mg/m
3
) va van toc loc <10 cm/s. Thiet b loc nay ng dung
e thu hoi bui oc hai ac biet, cung nh e sieu loc khong kh. Vat lieu loc khong c
phuc hoi.
Thiet b loc khong kh c s dung trong he thong thong kh va ieu hoa khong kh.
Chung c dung e loc kh co nong o bui nho hn 50mg/m
3
, vi van toc loc 2,5 - 3m/s.
Vat lieu loc co the c phuc hoi hoac khong phuc hoi.
Thiet b loc cong nghiep (vai, hat, si tho): c s dung e lam sach kh cong nghiep co
nong o bui en 60g/m
3
vi kch thc hat ln hn 0,5m, vat lieu loc thng c phuc
hoi.
2.4.1.4.1 Thiet b loc vai

Cac thiet b loc vai pho bien nhat. a
so thiet b loc vai co vat lieu loc dang tay
ao hnh tru, c gi chat tren li ong va
c trang b c cau giu bui, con goi la thiet
b loc bui tay ao.
Theo so lieu thc nghiem, nong o bui
con lai sau loc vai la 10-50mg/m
3

Hnh 18. Thiet b loc tay ao

Vai loc phai thoa man cac yeu cau sau ay:
1. Kha nang cha bui cao va ngay sau khi phuc hoi bao am hieu qua loc cao.
2. Gi c kha nang cho kh xuyen qua toi u.
3. o ben c hoc cao khi nhiet o cao va moi trng an mon
4. Co kha nang c phuc hoi
5. Gia thap.
Cac vat lieu loc hien co khong thoa man tat ca cac tnh chat neu tren, nen trong tng
ieu kien cu the phai la chon chung.
Vat lieu loc pho bien nhat la vai bong, len, vai tong hp va vai thuy tinh.
Vai bong co tnh loc tot va gia thap nhng khong ben hoa hoc va nhiet, de chay va cha
am cao. Vai len co kha nang cho kh xuyen qua ln, bao am o sach on nh va de phuc hoi
nhng khong ben hoa va nhiet, gia cao hn vai bong. Khi lam viec lau nhiet o cao si len
tr nen gion. Chung lam viec en 90
0
C.
37
Vai tong hp teflon, dacron ben nhiet va hoa, gia re hn vai bong va vai len. Trong
moi trng axit o ben cua chung cao, con trong moi trng kiem o ben giam. V du nh
vai nit c ng dung khi nhiet o kh 120-130
o
C trong cong nghiep hoa chat va luyen kim
mau.
Vai thuy tinh ben 150-350
o
C. Chung c che tao t thuy tinh nhom silicat khong kiem
hoac thuy tinh magezit.
Theo o bui tch tu, tr lc vai tang va lu lng kh qua no giam.

Hnh 19. Cac cach phan bo dong kh qua lp vai loc
Vai co the phuc hoi bang hai phng phap c ban:
Rung vat lieu loc (c hoc, kh ong hoc).
Thoi ngc vat lieu loc bang kh sach hoac khong kh.
Van toc phuc hoi vai loc co the tham khao trong cac bang tra.
2.4.1.4.2 Thiet b loc si
Thanh phan loc cua thiet b loc dang nay gom mot hoac nhieu lp, trong o cac si vai
c phan bo ong nhat. Trong thiet b loc si bui c thu hoi va tch tu theo chieu day cua
lp loc. Vat lieu loc la cac si t nhien hoac nhan tao co chieu day t 0,01 en 100m.
Chieu day cua lp loc co the t vai phan ngan met cho en 2m (loc em nhieu lp e s
dung lau dai). Cac thiet b loc nay c ng dung khi nong o pha phan tan 0,5-5mg/m
3
va
ch vat lieu loc la si tho mi c ng dung cho nong o 5-50mg/m
3
, khi o kch thc hat
bui chu yeu nho hn 5-10m.
Qua trnh loc trong thiet b loc si bao gom hai giai oan. giai oan mot (loc on nh)
cac hat bui khong lam thay oi cau truc cua lp loc, trong giai oan hai (loc khong on nh)
trong vat lieu loc xay ra s bien oi cau truc lien tuc do lng bui tch tu ln. Do o hieu qua
x l va tr lc lp loc luon thay oi.
38
2.4.1.4.3 Thiet b loc hat
Thiet b loc hat c ng dung t hn thiet b loc si. u iem cua loc hat la: vat lieu de
kiem, co the lam viec nhiet o cao va trong moi trng an mon, chu tai lc ln va o giam
ap ln. Ngi ta chia ra lam hai dang thiet b loc hat: em va lp loc hat cng.
Thiet b loc em: trong thiet b
dang nay thanh phan loc (hat,
cuc) khong lien ket vi nhau.
o la lp em tnh: lp em
chuyen ong vi s dch
chuyen cua vat lieu ri trong
trng trong lc; lp gia long.
Vat lieu em thng la cat,
soi, a cuoi, x than, than coc,
grafit, nha, cao su Viec
chon vat lieu phu thuoc nhiet
o, tnh an mon cua kh.

Hnh 20. Thiet b loc bui vi lp hat vat lieu ri
chuyen ong
1- hop nap vat lieu ri mi; 2- bo nap lieu; 3- lp loc;
4- ca chan; 5- hop xuat vat lieu ri.
3
Vat lieu
hat
Vat lieu
hat
Kh sach
2
4 5 1
Kh bui
Thiet b loc em co kch thc hat 0,2 2mm, chieu day lp em 0,1 en 0,15m. Khong
kh thng chuyen ong t di len tren. Khi nong o bui au vao la 1-20mg/m
3
th van toc
loc la 2,5 17,0 m
3
/m
2
.ph. Tr lc ban au cua thiet b t 50 en 200 Pa. Vat lieu loc co the
c phuc hoi bang phng phap ti nc hoac rung ngay trong thiet b hoac co the phuc
hoi ben ngoai thiet b bang sang hoac ra.
Thiet b loc lp hat cng: Trong thiet b loc dang nay cac hat lien ket vi nhau nh thieu
ket, dap hoac dan va tao thanh he thong cng khong chuyen ong. o la s xop, kim loai
xop, nha xop. Lp loc loai nay ben chat, chong an mon va chu tai ln. Chung c ng
dung e loc kh nen.
Nhc iem cua thiet b dang nay la: gia cao, tr lc ln, kho phuc hoi. Phuc hoi co the
thc hien bang bon phng phap sau:
Thoi kh theo chieu ngc lai,
Cho dung dch long qua theo hng ngc lai,
Cho hi nong qua,
Go hoac nung li vi thanh phan loc
2.4.1.5 Thiet b loc bui bang phng phap t
Qua trnh thu hoi bui (theo phng phap) t da tren s tiep xuc cua dong kh bui vi
chat long, c thc hien bang cac bien phap c ban nh sau:
Dong kh bui i vao thiet b va c ra bang chat long. Cac hat bui c tach ra khoi
kh nh va cham vi cac giot nc.
Chat long ti t be mat lam viec cua thiet b, con dong kh tiep xuc vi be mat nay.
Cac hat bui b hut bi mang nc va tach ra khoi dong kh
39
Dong kh bui c suc vao nc va b chia ra thanh cac bot kh. Cac hat bui b dnh
t va loai ra khoi kh.
Do tiep xuc dong kh nhiem bui vi chat long hnh thanh be mat tiep xuc pha. Be mat
nay bao gom cac bot kh, tia kh, tia long, giot long va mang long. Trong a so thiet b thu
hoi bui t ton tai cac dang be mat khac nhau, do o bui c thu hoi theo nhieu c che khac
nhau.
Thiet b loc bui t co cac u iem va nhc iem so vi cac thiet b dang khac nh sau:
u iem
1. Hieu qua thu hoi bui cao hn
2. Co the ng dung e thu hoi bui co kch thc en 0,1m
3. Co the s dung khi nhiet o va o am cao
4. Nguy hiem chay, no thap nhat
5. Cung vi bui co the thu hoi hi va kh.
Nhc iem
1. Bui thu c dang can do o phai x l nc thai, lam tang gia qua trnh x li.
2. Cac giot long co kha nang b cuon theo kh va cung vi bui lang trong ong dan va
may hut.
3. Trong trng hp kh co tnh an mon can phai bao ve thiet b va ng ong bang
vat lieu chong an mon.
4. Chat long ti thiet b thng la nc. Khi ket hp qua trnh thu hoi bui vi x l
hoa hoc, chat long c chon theo qua trnh hap thu
2.4.1.5.1 Thiet b ra kh tran
Thiet b ra kh tran la thap ng co thiet dien
hnh tru hay ngu giac ma trong o co s tiep xuc gia
kh va cac giot long (c tao ra bi cac voi phun).
Theo hng chuyen ong cua kh va long thap tran
chia ra ngc chieu, cung chieu va ti ngang.
Van toc dong kh trong thiet b thng khoang 0,6-
1,2m/s oi vi thiet b khong co bo tach giot va khoang
5-8m/s oi vi thiet b co bo tach giot. Tr lc cua thap
tran khong co bo tach giot va li phan phoi kh
thng khong qua 250N/m
2
.

Hnh 21. Thap ra kh tran
Thap tran at hieu qua x l cao oi vi hat bui co kch thc d 10m va kem hieu qua
khi bui co kch thc d < 5m.
Chieu cao thap (H) vao khoang 2,5 lan ng knh. ng knh thap (D) c xac nh
theo phng trnh lu lng. Chi ph nc (m) c chon vao khoang 0,5-8 l/m
3
kh.
40
2.4.1.5.2 Thiet b ra kh em

Hnh 22. Thiet b ra kh em
a- Thap em ng. b- thap em ti nc ngang: 1- than; 2- voi phun; 3- bo phan ti
nc; 4- li ; 5- em; 6- be cha can.
Thap ra kh em la thap vi lp em o ong hoac c sap xep theo trat t xac nh.
Chung c thu hoi bui de dnh t, nhng vi nong o khong cao va khi ket hp vi qua
trnh hap thu do lp em hay b bt kn nen loai thiet b nay t c s dung. Ngoai thap
ngc chieu, tren thc te ngi ta con ng dung thiet b ra kh vi s ti ngang (hnh tren).
e am bao o dnh t cua be mat lp em chung thng c e nghieng 7-10
0
C ve
hng dong kh, lu lng long 0,15-0,5l/m
3
, hieu qua thu hoi bui kch thc d 2m tren
90%. Khi nong o bui ban au en 10-12g/m
3
, tr lc 160-100 Pa/m em, van toc kh trong
thiet b ngc chieu vao khoang 1,5-2,0m/s, con lu lng nc ti 1,3-2,6 l/m
3
. Hieu qua
x l phu thuoc nhieu yeu to khac nhau nh: cng o ti, nong o bui, o phan tan bui.
Thc te hat co kch thc 2-5m c thu hoi 70% con hat ln hn 80-90%.
Tr lc thap em phu thuoc dang vat lieu em va ieu kien lam viec, co the len en
1500N/m
2
.
Kh bui
Can va nc
Kh sach
Nc
b
Kh bui
Bui
6
4 5 3 2 1
Kh sach
a
2.4.1.5.3 Thiet b ra kh vi lp em chuyen ong
Vat lieu em la cac qua cau lam bang polime, thuy tinh hoac nha xop. Khoi lng
rieng cua qua cau em khong c ln hn khoi lng rieng cua chat long.
Thap vi lp em chuyen ong co the lam viec theo cac che o khac nhau, nhng che
o toi u e thu hoi bui la che o gia long hoan toan.
e am bao hieu qua thu hoi bui cao can theo cac thong so sau: van toc kh 5-6m/s, nc
ti 0,5-0,7 l/s, tiet dien t do cua mam S
0
= 0,4 m
2
/m
2
, chieu rong khe b = 4-6mm. Khi lam
sach kh cha keo hoac bui co khuynh hng tao tram tch ngi ta ng dung mam vi tiet
dien t do ln S
0
= 0,5-0,6m
2
/m
2
.
Khi chon ng knh qua cau can theo t le
D
d
10. ng knh toi u vao khoang 20-
40mm va khoi lng rieng o ong 200-300 kg/m
3
.
41
Chieu cao tnh toi thieu cua lp hat H
t
la 5-8 lan ng knh qua cau, con chieu cao toi
a xac nh theo t le
H
D
t
1.
Thap ra kh dang chop vi em qua cau chuyen ong.
e bao am s hoat ong on nh trong khoang van toc kh rong, s phan phoi nc
ong eu va giam s loi cuon cac giot nc theo dong kh ngi ta ap dung thiet b ra kh
dang chop vi qua cau em chuyen ong. Co hai dang thiet b ra kh vi lp em chuyen
ong: thiet b voi phun va thiet b kieu bm phun .
Trong thiet b kieu bm phun viec ti cac qua cau em c thc hien bang nc hut
len t bnh cha co mc nc khong oi, bang kh can x li. Khoang h gia ay di phan
chop va mc nc phu thuoc nang suat cua thiet b (khoang h cang ln, nang suat cang ln,
xem hnh ve). Trong cac thiet b nay ngi ta ng dung qua cau polietilen ng knh 34-
40mm, khoi lng rieng o ong 110-120Kg/m
3
. Chieu cao lp em H
t
= 650mm, van toc kh
au vao cua lp em dao ong trong khoang 6-10m/s, van toc au ra 1-2m/s. Chieu cao
phan chop la 1m. Goc m phan chop phu thuoc nang suat thiet b, co the t 10 en 60
o
. e
thu hoi cac giot long trong phan hnh tru ngi ta at lp qua cau cao 150mm.
Trong thiet b voi phun chi ph nc cho 1m
3
kh la 4-6 l. Tr lc cua thiet b voi phun
900-1400N/m
2
, con thiet b kiem bm phun 800-1400N/m
2
. Nang suat cua chung t 3000 en
40.000m
3
/h.

Kh sach
Kh ban
Can
Nc
Nc
2
4
2
7
1
5
3
Kh sach
Kh ban
Can
5
1
2
3
4
2
6
Nc
Can
Kh ban
a
b
Hnh 23. Thiet b ra kh vi lp em chuyen ong
a- vi lp tru: 1- li ; 2- em cau; 3- li gii han; 4- bo phan ti; 5- bo phan thu hoi
giot long. b, c- vi lp em chop, phun va bm tia: 1- than; 2- li ; 3- lp cau; 4- bo phan
tach giot; 5- lp gii han; 6- voi phun; 7- be vi mc nc co nh nc.
c
2.4.1.5.4 Thiet b ra kh vi lp em dao ong
Trong thiet b kieu nay cac qua cau em di tac ong cua dong kh khong trang thai
gia long ma ch dao ong, co sat lan nhau.
42
Kh nhiem bui trc tien i qua cac tia nc, roi sau o qua lp em bang qua cau thuy
tinh cao 155 mm. Van toc kh qua mat cat t do cua thiet b 2,4 3,0m/s. Tr lc cua thiet b
t 1.000 en 1.500 Pa vi lu lng nc ti t 0,25 en 0,55l/m
3
kh. Thap ra kieu nay co
hieu qua x l en 99% oi vi cac hat co kch thc 2 m va ln hn. Thc te trong thiet b
co hai vung tiep xuc kh long. Vung th nhat dang giot long tao thanh trc lp em, vung
th hai hnh thanh di dang bot trc tiep trong va tren lp em.
6
Can
Nc
Kh sach
Kh bui
1
2
2.4.1.5.5 Thiet b sui bot

Kh bui
Kh sach
Nc
Can
Can
2
5
4
3
1
Hnh 24. Thiet b ra kh sui bot
a- vi mam chay tran; b- vi mam chay sui bot: 1 - than; 2- mam; 3- hop nhap lieu; 4 -
thanh chan; 5 - hop chay tran; 6 - voi ti.
Pho bien nhat la thiet b sui bot vi a chay sut va a chay qua. a chay sut co the la
a lo, a ranh. Chieu day toi u cua a trong khoang 4-6mm, ng knh lo thng t 4
en 8mm. Chieu rong cua ranh 4-5mm, con dien tch t do dao ong trong khoang 0,2
0,25m
2
/m
2
. Bui c thu hoi bi lp bot c hnh thanh do tng tac cua kh va long. Qua
trnh thu hoi bui trong thiet b sui bot dien ra trong cac giai oan sau:
b a
Thu hoi bui trong khong gian di li do lc quan tnh, c hnh thanh do dong kh
thay oi hng chuyen ong khi i qua a. Hieu qua cua giai oan nay ch ln oi vi
bui tho ng knh 10 m.
Lang bui t tia kh, hnh thanh bi cac lo hoac khe h cua a, vi van toc cao ap
vao lp chat long tren a (c che va ap).
Lang bui tren be mat trong cua cac bot kh theo c che quan tnh - roi.
Hieu qua cua giai oan 2 va 3 ln hn giai oan 1 nhieu va at en 90% oi vi hat bui
2-5m.
Thiet b sui bot co u iem la hieu qua thu hoi bui cao oi vi hat co kch thc ln hn
2m va tr lc khong ln 300-1.000N/m
2
.
Tuy nhien no con ton tai cac yeu iem sau:
1. Hat co kch thc nho hn 2m khong c thu hoi hoan toan,
2. Can co bo phan tach giot long,
3. Khong cho phep lu lng kh dao ong ln v nh vay se pha v che o tao bot,
4. Khong cho phep nong o bui trong kh dao ong ln v co the lam ban a.
43
Thiet b sui bot vi a chay qua co ng knh lo 3-8mm va tiet dien t do 0,15-
0,25m
2
/m
2
. Van toc kh trong thiet dien t do t 13m/s, lu lng nc ti 0,20,3l/m
3
,
chieu cao lp bot 80-100mm.
2.4.1.5.6 Thiet b ra kh va ap, quan tnh
Trong cac thiet b nay s tiep xuc cua kh vi nc c thc hien do s va ap cua dong
kh len be mat chat long va do s thay oi hng ot ngot cua dong kh. Ket qua cua s va
ap la cac giot long ng knh 300-400 m c tao thanh, lam gia tang qua trnh lang bui.
S o thiet b n gian nhat c trnh bay tren hnh 3.15. Kh vi van toc ln i vao
thap (van toc kh en gan be mat chat long khoang 15m/s). Khi quay vong 180
o
dien ra s
lang bui quan tnh tren cac giot long.
oi vi thiet b dang nay mc nc co nh ong vai tro quan trong. S thay oi nho cua
mc nc cung co the lam giam hieu qua thu hoi bui hoac lam tang tr lc cua thiet b.
Nh khong co cac lo nho e phan phoi nc va cac bo phan chuyen ong nen thiet b
dang nay co the x l kh co nong o bui cao. Dang thiet b tren hnh 15b c ng dung rong
rai, trong o dong kh i vao ong ng c tang toc au ra nh thu hep ong en 35-
55mm/s va ap vao be mat chat long. Mc nc thap hn au ong ra khoang 2-3mm.
Hieu qua cua thiet b thu hoi va ap quan tnh en 99,5% oi vi cac hat bui 3m va ln
hn. Tieu hao nc t 0,005-0,15 l/m
3
kh. Tr lc vao khoang 1.500-4.000N/m
2
.

Nc
Kh sach
Kh bui
Nc
Kh sach
Can
Kh bui
a
Can
b
Hnh 25. Thiet b thu hoi bui va ap quan tnh
a: 1- ong vao; 2- be cha nc; 3- voi phun. b: 1- ong vao; 2- ong chop; 3- vach ngan
2.4.1.5.7 Thiet b ra kh li tam
Thu hoi bui trong thiet b ra kh li tam dien ra di tac dung cua hai lc: lc li tam va
lc quan tnh. Cac thiet b ra kh li tam c ng dung trong thc te, co the chia lam hai
dang theo ket cau:
Thiet b, trong o dong xoay c thc hien nh canh quat quay at trung tam.
Thiet b vi ong kh vao theo phng tiep tuyen. Nc ra kh chay qua voi phun trung
tam va chay thanh mang tren thanh thiet b.
ac iem cua thiet b ra kh li tam la chat long t b cuon theo kh, v lc li tam lam
lang cac giot long len thanh thiet b.
44
Nc c a vao thiet b nay pha tren, chay thanh mang tren be mat trong cua thiet
b. Khong kh nhiem bui c a vao di mot goc nao o so vi truc xiclon. Hieu qua thu
hoi bui co kch thc 2-5m at 90%, tieu hao nc 0,1-2,0lt tren 1m
3
kh.

2.4.1.5.8 Thiet b ra kh van toc cao (thiet b ra kh venturi)

e lam sach kh khoi bui kch thc 1-2m va
nho hn, ngi ta ng dung chu yeu cac thiet b ra
kh van toc ln. Nguyen l hoat ong cua chung nh
sau: dong kh bui chuyen ong vi van toc 70-150m/s
ap v nc thanh cac giot cc nho. o xoay roi cao
cua dong kh va van toc tng oi gia bui va giot
long ln thuc ay qua trnh lang bui tren cac giot
long.

Hnh 26. Thap ra kh ventury
e tang toc dong kh ngi ta ng dung cac c cau khac nhau nh ong dan kh co vach
ngan, dang chop Tuy nhien, a so s dung ong venturi. Ong venturi co o co au vao cua
kh, oan chuyen tiep nho hnh tru, o kh chuyen ong vi van toc ln nhat, sau o la
oan ong phnh ra, ay van toc kh giam xuong.
Thiet b ra kh venturi co the c chia thanh loai ap suat cao va loai ap suat (cot ap)
thap. Loai th nhat c ng dung e x l bui kch thc vai m va nho hn va ac trng
bi cot ap ln en 20.000-30.000N/m
2
. Loai th hai c s dung e ieu hoa kh, tr lc
cua chung khong vt qua 500N/m
2
.
Cac thiet b ra kh venturi co nang suat en 500.000 m
3
kh/h, van toc kh en 150m/s.
Tieu hao nc cho tat ca cac loai thiet b venturi co nh va bang khoang 0,8lt/m
3
kh.

a
Kh sach
Can
Kh bui
1
b
Nc
Kh sach
Can
Kh bui
1
2
3
4
2
Hnh 27. Thiet b thu bui t
a- xiclon mang nc: 1- ong vao; 2- ong ra; 3- vanh gop; 4- voi phun. b- thiet b venturi
vi bo thu giot long ben ngoai: 1- ong phun bui; 2- xiclon thu bui.
45
2.4.1.6 Thiet b loc ien
Trong thiet b loc ien dong kh c x l bui nh tac dung cua lc ien. Cac hat bui
c tch ien va di tac dung cua trng ien chung chuyen ong en gan va lang tren cac
ban ien cc. S tch ien dien ra trong trng phong ien quang sang, theo hai c che: di
tac dung cua ien trng (cac hat b ban pha bi cac ion chuyen ong theo hng ien
trng) va bi s khuech tan cua cac ion. C che th nhat chiem u the khi kch thc hat
ln hn 0,5m, c che th hai - hat nho hn 0,2m. oi vi cac hat ng knh 0,2-0,5m ca
hai c che eu hieu qua. Trng lc c tao ra bi hai ien cc. Mot ien cc - cc am -
quang sang e tch ien cho cac hat la cac day dan manh c bo tr mot khoang cach nhat
nh. ien cc th hai - cc lang, co be mat rong hn. Hnh dang cua chung rat a dang:
dang phang hoac dang li tam, dang gn song, dang tru, dang long mang. Cac yeu cau c
ban oi vi cac ien cc lang la ben c hoc, cng va co kha nang tach bui khi rung, lac.

Tren hnh gii thieu s o thiet
b loc ien kho. Kh i vao thiet b
loc t pha di qua he thong ien
cc c lam sach va c uoi ra
t phan tren cua thiet b. Thiet b
c trang b c cau rung e lam
sach bui tren ien cc. Thiet b loc
ien khi thu hoi hat co kch thc
0,5m at hieu suat 99% va hieu
quat giam khi van toc dong kh
tang.

Hnh 28. Thiet b loc bui tnh ien dang ong
1- ien cc lang; 2- ien cc quang sang; 3- khung;
4- bo phan giu bui; 5- cach ien.
Kh ban
Kh sach
5 4
3
2
1
Bui
Trong cong nghiep, ngi ta con s dung thiet b loc ien t, trong o viec lam sach cac
ien cc c thc hien bang cach ti qua voi phun. Thiet b loc ien t c ng dung e
thu hoi bui, sng cac axit khac nhau.
Hieu qua cua thiet b loc ien phu thuoc tnh chat cua bui va kh, van toc va tnh ong
eu phan phoi dong bui trong tiet dien thiet b. Hieu the cang cao va van toc kh cang thap,
hieu qua thu hoi bui cang cao.
Thiet b loc ien x l the tch kh ln khoi cac hat bui kch thc t 0,01 en 100m
nhiet o en 400-500
o
C. Tr lc cua thiet b loc ien khoang 150Pa. Tieu hao ien nang cho
x l 100m
3
kh khoang (0,36-1,8)10
6
J. Bui co o dan ien cang cao th hieu qua thu hoi
chung trong thiet b loc ien cang ln. Thanh phan kh va bui anh hng en o dan cua no.
Khi o am cua kh tang ien tr rieng phan cua bui giam. Nong o SO
2
va NH
3
khoang vai
tram ngan hay vai phan tram trong kh cung lam tang ang ke o dan ien cua bui. Neu van
toc kh trong thiet b loc ien tang th hieu qua x l giam va ngoai ra con tang kha nang loi
cuon bui theo dong kh.

46

Hnh 29. Cac dang ien cc
2.4.1.7 La chon thiet b thu hoi bui
Viec chon loai thiet b toi u e lam sach kh la van e phc tap, bi v co rat nhieu
thong so, o la cac thong so hoa l va cong nghe cua kh thai, thong so cong nghe va thiet ke
cua thiet b thu hoi bui, thong so kinh te va cac tnh ac trng khac cua thiet b. Cac thong so
chu yeu la o phan tan, o sach yeu cau, nhiet o, o am, tnh an mon cua kh.
Thong thng hieu qua x l cua thiet b lien quan chat che vi chi ph nang lng va
kch thc thiet b. o sach yeu cau cang cao, chi ph au t cho he thong x l va van hanh
thiet b cang cao.
Khi chon thiet b thu hoi bui can quan tam en cac ch so c ban sau:
Thiet b hoat ong tren c che lang bui kho trong lc, quan tnh, li tam la re nhat, nhng
ch thu hoi bui tho (co kch thc 10m). Thng chung ch ong vai tro x l bui s bo.
a so thiet b lang bui t co the cho hieu qua cao khi kch thc bui trung bnh (>1m).
Muon thu hoi bui mn hn phai tang lu lng nc (ton nang lng). Ngoai ra, can phai
x l nc thai va chong an mon thiet b.
Thiet b loc ien co the cho hieu qua cao ngay ca khi bui phan tan cao (nho hn 1m).
Tuy nhien, can phai chuan b kh thai v nhiet o, o am, van toc kh anh hng nhieu
en hieu qua cua thiet b loc ien.
Thiet b loc bui qua vach ngan cho hieu qua cao nhat oi vi bat k bui phan tan cao,
nhng cung can gi cac thong so kh thai trong gii han nhat nh. Von au t thiet b nay
nho hn thiet b loc ien nhng chi ph van hanh ln hn.
47
2.4.2 Cac thiet b x ly kh, hi
e x l kh va hi cac chat oc hai, ngi ta ng dung cac phng phap: hap thu, hap
phu, xuc tac, nhiet va ngng tu.
Phng phap hap phu da tren kha nang loi cuon cac phan t kh, hi bi cac chat ran
xop. Thc te, ngi ta s dung than hoat tnh, silicagen va zeolit lam chat hap phu. Thi gian
gan ay, trong luyen kim mau, ngi ta s dung rong rai Al
2
O
3
c nghien mn e lam chat
hap phu HF.
X l bang phng phap xuc tac da tren s bien oi hoa hoc cac cau t oc hai thanh
khong oc hai tren be mat xuc tac ran. Phng phap nay c s dung e x l NO
x
, SO
x
,
CO
x
va cac tap chat hu c.
Phng phap nhiet hay phng phap ot chay trc tiep c ng dung e x l cac chat
oc de b oxi hoa va cac tap chat co mui hoi. Phng phap nay da tren s chay cua cac tap
chat trong cac lo hoac en x.
Phng phap ot trc tiep cac chat hu c cua kh thai c ng dung trong cac nha may
hoa dau, nha may san xuat metanol
Phng phap ngng tu da tren hien tng giam ap suat bao hoa hi khi giam nhiet o.
Phng phap nay dung e thu hoi dung moi hu c. e qua trnh ngng tu xay ra can phai
lam lanh kh cha dung moi.
2.4.2.1 Phng phap hap thu
2.4.2.1.1 Qua trnh hap thu
Hap thu la qua trnh loi cuon kh va hon hp kh bi chat long (chat hap thu). Hap thu
chia ra lam hap thu vat ly cac chat hap thu khong tng tac hoa hoc vi chat c hap thu,
va hap thu hoa hoc gia chat hap thu va chat c hap thu xay ra phan ng hoa hoc tao
thanh hp chat hoa hoc khac. Trong thc te ngi ta ng dung nc, cac dung moi hu c,
khong tham gia phan ng vi cac kh va cac dung dch nc vi cac chat nay e hap thu vat
li. Con khi hap thu hoa hoc, ngi ta s dung dung dch nc muoi va kiem, cac chat hu c
va huyen phu nc vi cac chat khac nhau lam chat hap thu.
Do o hoa tan cua cac kh trong chat long khac nhau nen co the tien hanh hap thu chon
loc mot cau t nao o cua hon hp kh, v vay phng phap nay c ng dung rong rai khi
tien hanh cac qua trnh cong nghe.
S tach kh hoa tan t chat hap thu, ngha la qua trnh ngc lai cua hap thu c goi la
nha hap.
Qua trnh hap thu c ng dung rong rai trong ky thuat e thu hoi cau t co gia tr t
hon hp kh hoac e x ly cac tap chat oc hai.

2.4.2.1.2
48
Thiet b hap thu
Cac dang thiet b hap thu thng gap la thap em, thap mam, thap phun

Thiet b hap thu dang em la
thap ng hnh tru, cha ay vat lieu
em ng yen, c gi tren li
phan phoi, con kh c cho vao t
di li. Chat long chay vao thiet
b qua c cau ti va chuyen ong
qua lp em ngc dong vi dong
kh. Nhiem vu cua em: tao be mat
tiep xuc pha ln va xoay roi cac
dong.

Hnh 30. Thiet b hap thu dang em
Dung moi hap thu ra
Kh o
nhiem
vao
Dung moi hap thu vao
Kh ra
Vat lieu em phai thoa man cac yeu cau c ban sau:
Be mat rieng ln
The tch t do ln.
u iem cua thiet b hap thu dang em la: be mat rieng ln, ket cau thiet b n gian, co
the lam viec trong moi trng an mon, nen c ap dung rat rong rai.
Trong thiet b hap thu dang mam chop kh c cho vao di ay thiet b roi lan lt i
qua cac mam qua ong kh, c ay bang chop tren, phan ra cua chop ngap trong chat
long. Mc chat long c xac nh bi o cao cua ong chay tran tren mam. au di cua
ong chay tran ngap trong chat long mam di e tao tr lc thuy tnh. e tang tiep xuc
gia kh va long tren mam thay cho chop ln, ngi ta s dung nhieu chop nho e tang chu vi
sui bot va do o tang cng o phan tan kh trong chat long.
Mam la a c khoan lo e cho kh va chat long i qua. Mam c lap tren thap trung
vi truc thap. Phu thuoc vao c cau thiet b sui bot, mam c chia ra: mam chop, mam
xuyen lo, mam van.
Trong thiet b hap thu dang mam xuyen lo, cac mam c khoan nhieu lo vi ng knh
1 5 mm, phan bo eu tren dien tch mam. Kh suc vao chat long qua cac lo nay dang tia
49
va bot. Chat long chay ngang qua mam nh c cau chay tran. Hieu qua mam xuyen lo cao
hn mam chop do s phan tan nhuyen bot kh va tia. Ket cau mam nay n gian hn mam
chop. Tr ngai cua mam nay la s nhiem ban cac lo va an mon mam cung nh ac tnh cua
mot so chat long tao thanh bot on nh.
Trong thiet b hap thu bat ky dang mam nao cung dien ra s xao tron manh liet chat long
do sut kh, lam ong nhat nong o cau t phan tan trong toan bo the tch pha long. ieu nay
anh hng xau en ong lc cua qua trnh bi v chat long mi vao mam b bao hoa cau t
phan tan do tron lan vi chat long a hap thu. e loai tr nhc iem nay, ngi ta tao
chuyen ong nh hng cho chat long tren mam. ieu nay at c v du bang cach lap cac
vach ngan tren mam. Tren mam co chop dang ch S chuyen ong nh hng cua chat long
at c nh s thoat kh mot mat di chop
Trong thiet b dang phun be mat tiep xuc pha c hnh thanh nh phan tan chat long
trong dong kh. Trong thap tran s phan tan chat long c thc hien nh voi phun at tren
nh thap. Thiet b nay ac trng bi be mat rieng phan ln. ac biet qua trnh tien hanh
hieu qua khi giot long va ap vao be mat thanh hay thiet b. Hieu qua lam viec cua thiet b
xac nh bi kch thc got. ng knh giot long toi u la 0,5 1mm.
2.4.2.1.3 ng dung phng phap hap thu
Hap thu kh SO
2
.
Chat hap thu co the s dung la nc, dung dch soda (Na
2
CO
3
), huyen phu CaCO
3
,
amoniac, oxit magie MgO, oxit kem, hon hp muoi nong chay (LiCO
3
32%, Na
2
CO
3
33%,
K
2
CO
3
35%), cac amin thm.
Hap thu kh H
2
S.
Chat hap thu co the s dung la Na
2
CO
3
hoac K
2
CO
3
, dung dch cha 4050% photphat
Kali (K
3
PO
4
), dung dch kiem Asen, dung dch soda sat, dung dch kiem hydroquinon,
dung dch etanolamin.
Hap thu oxit nit (NO
x
)
Chat hap thu la nc c bo sung oxi gia, dung dch kiem
Hap thu chon loc NO dung chat hap thu la dung dch FeSO
4
, FeCl
2
.
Hap thu HF va SiF
4

Chat hap thu la nc, dung dch muoi amon, cacbonat kali
Hap thu Cl
2
va HCl
Clo c hap thu bang dung dch kiem.
Hap thu oxit ccbon (CO
x
)
Hap thu bang [Cu(NH
3
)
m
(H
2
O)
n
]
+
, dung dch clorua ong nhom
X l dioxit cacbon
Hap thu CO
2
bang cac dung dch etanolamin, amoniac, kiem(Na
2
CO
3
)
50
2.4.2.2 Phng phap hap phu
2.4.2.2.1 Qua trnh hap phu
Hap phu la qua trnh loi cuon kh va hi t hon hp kh bi chat ran xop (chat hap phu).
Hap phu c ng dung e loai tr tr tap chat va ac biet c ng dung hieu qua trong x
ly kh thai khoi cac tap chat oc hai cung nh e thu hoi cac chat co gia tr.
Hap phu c chia ra lam hap phu vat ly va hap phu hoa hoc.
2.4.2.2.2 ac tnh chat hap phu
Chat hap phu c s dung la chat ran, xop co be mat rieng ln. Chat hap phu c ac
trng bi kha nang hap phu cua mnh, xac nh bang nong o chat b hap phu trong mot n
v khoi lng hoac mot n v the tch cua chat hap phu. Kha nang hap phu ln nhat co the
cua chat hap phu goi la hoat tnh can bang.
Trong cong nghe, chat hap phu c s dung la than hoat tnh, cac khoang chat nh
silicat, keo nhom, zeolid, cac nha tong hp trao oi ion (anion, cation).
2.4.2.2.3 Thiet b hap phu
Thiet b hap phu c phan loai theo cac dau hieu sau
Theo tnh chat lam viec: co cac loai lien tuc va gian oan.
Theo trang thai lp hap phu: co cac loai chuyen ong, ng yen va tang soi.
Theo ket cau co cac loai thiet b dang thap
Thap hap phu vi lp chat hap phu ng yen ch cho phep tien hanh qua trnh hap phu
gian oan.
Thiet b gom mot vo hnh tru ng, trong o co li phan phoi kh va lp chat hap phu
c bo tr tren o. Kh (hi) c cho vao qua ong trung tam, i qua lp chat hap phu va i
ra khoi thiet b qua ca. Khi chat hap phu bao hoa th tien hanh qu1 trnh nha hap.
Dong kh nha hap c cho vao thap qua ong khoan lo. Kh nha hap co the la hi nc,
khong kh nong hoac nc. Dong kh nha hap cung thoat ra ca. Khi say dong kh nong
cung c cho qua ong, con khi lam mat th cho dong khong kh lanh vao. Ca dung e thay
chat hap phu.
Lp chat hap phu trong thiet b kieu nay co the c bo tr nam ngang hoac dang vong
gan ong khoan lo trung tam. u iem chnh cua thiet b nay la ket cau n gian va chat hap
phu khong b v. V vay, chung c ap dung cho khi nang suat nho va va .
Nhc iem cua thiet b nay la phai s dung nhieu thiet b va thi gian lam viec ch
chiem 1/3 hoa chu ky lam viec chung. He thong ong m cac giai oan phc tap gay kho
khan cho ngi van hanh, ieu kien lam viec torng thap cac giai oan eu khac nhau; nhiet
o, ap suat. Hieu qua lam viec cua thiet b khong cao bi v van toc kh qua thiet b nho
(khoang 0,15-0,35m/s)
Khi chuyen ong ngc dong vi chat hap phu theo hng t di len tren, ch qua mot
vung gia (vung hap phu). Cac giai oan cua qua trnh gom lam nguoi chat hap phu, hap
phu va nha hap dien ra ong thi trong cac phan khac nhau cua thiet b theo ng i cua
chat hap phu. Chat hap phu c tuan hoan vao thiet b hap phu. Lu lng chat hap phu
51
c ieu chnh bang van toc quay cua c cau thao lieu. Nha hap c thc hien bang cach
un bang hi qua nhiet va thu hoi san pham nha hap.
u iem cua thiet b kieu nay la ieu chnh qua trnh tinh vi hn, co the s dung ket cau
toi u va kch thc toi u cho tng oan cua thiet b, qua trnh thc hien lie6nt uc.
Nhc iem cua thiet b nay la ket cau phc tap, chat hap phu b mai mon nen phai x
ly bui, cng o hap phu thap do van toc kh nho va khong co s xao tron manh liet than.
Thiet b hap phu vi lp gia long .
Thiet b co ket cau n gian va khong co phan chuyen ong ben trong. Trong vo hnh tru
ng, tren li phan bo kh co lp vat lieu kch thc nho trang thai gia long (soi) nh
dong kh thoi i len t di li. Chieu cao lp hap phu va thi gian lu trung bnh cua hat
trong thiet b c ieu chnh bang cach thay oi lu lng chat hap phu vao va ra. Khi lam
viec, do s mai mon chat hap phu se sinh ra bui, bui nay c thu hoi torng bo phan li tam va
quay tr lai lp hap phu.
Thiet b nay co u iem la
Cng o hap phu cao do hat co kch thc nho va c xao tron manh liet trong lp
gia long.
Giai nhiet c thc hien de dang bang dong kh can x ly.
Nhc iem co tnh nguyen tac cua tang soi la co khuay tron manh liet, lam giam ong
lc qua trnh hap phu. V vay can phai s dung thiet b nhieu bac dang thap ngc dong.
2.4.2.2.4 ng dung phng phap hap phu
Hap phu cac kh oxit nit (NO
x
) bang than hoat tnh
Hap phu kh SO
2
bang a voi, olomit (CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
) hoac voi, oxit mangan, than hoat
tnh
Hap phu hp chat flo bang a voi
Hap phu clo va clorua hydro dung oxiclorua sat va clorua oxit ong trong hon hp vi
oxit magie, sunfat va photphat ong, ch, cadmi,
Hap phu H
2
S: dung hydroxit sat, than hoat tnh, zeolit
Hap phu cac hp chat hu c cha lu huynh vi cac oxit kem, sat, ong va vai kim loai
khac, than hoat tnh va zeolit tong hp
Hap phu hi thuy ngan bang than hoat tnh
Kh mui bang phng phap hap phu bang than hoat tnh
2.4.2.3 Phng phap xuc tac
Ban chat cua qua trnh xuc tac e lam sach kh la thc hien cac tng tac hoa hoc, nham
chuyen hoa tap chat oc thanh san pham khac vi s co mat cua chat xuc tac ac biet. Vai
tro cua chung la tang van toc (phan ng) tng tac hoa hoc. Tng tac xuc tac trong xuc tac
d the dien ra tren be mat phan chia pha kh va xuc tac. Xuc tac bao am s tng tac cua
cac chat chuyen hoa tren be mat cua mnh, vi s hnh thanh cac phc hoat hoa dang cac
lien ket be mat trung gian cua xuc tac va tac chat, sau o san pham cua xuc tac hnh thanh
va giai phong be mat xuc tac.
52
Hoat tnh cua xuc tac thng c xac nh bang tap hp cac tnh chat hoa l cua xuc tac
va cua kh can chuyen hoa. No phu thuoc nhieu vao nhiet o chuyen hoa co xuc tac, cau truc
xuc tac, ham lng chat tang hoat tnh xuc tac, ap suat, lu lng the tch, nong o va khoi
lng phan t cua tac chat va san pham trong pha kh.
Cac yeu cau cho xuc tac cong nghiep: o hoat hoa cao va dan nhiet tot, ben c va ben
nhiet, ngoai ra xuc tac phai re, co nhiet o chay thap va cac hat co hnh dang sao cho tr lc
thap.
Viec chon xuc tac hieu qua cho qua trnh lam sach kh c tien hanh bang thc nghiem.
Chat xuc tac trong x l kh thai cong nghiep la cac chat tiep xuc tren c s cac kim loai quy
(platin, paladi, bac), cac oxit mangan, ong, coban
2.4.2.3.1 Thiet b phan ng xuc tac
Thiet b phan ng co ket cau tng t nh thiet b hap phu gom cac dang em co nh,
tang soi
2.4.2.3.2 ng dung phng phap xuc tac.
Kh nit oxit bang xuc tac va nhiet o cao.
Chat xuc tac la kim loai nhom Platin ( Pd, Ru, Pt ) hoac Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, V.Con chat
kh la CH
4
, CO, H
2
, NH
3

X ly SO
2
xuc tac la oxit Vanadi
X ly CO lp xuc tac la oxit, sat, ong, crom
X ly chat hu c khi co xuc tac la kim loai nhom platin
2.4.2.4 Phng phap nhiet
Ban chat cua phng phap ot chay trc tiep la oxi hoa cac cau t oc hai bang oxi,
nhiet o cao (450-1.200
0
C). Phng phap nay c ng dung e loai bo bat k kh va hi nao
ma san pham chay cua chung t oc hn. u iem cua phng phap ot chay trc tiep la
thiet b n gian va co kha nang ng dung rong rai, v thanh phan kh thai t anh hng en
hoat ong cua thiet b ot. Phng phap nay c ng dung rong rai trong san xuat sn, trong
qua trnh ieu che mot so san pham hoa, ien hoa va ien t, trong cong nghiep hoa dau, san
xuat metanol e x l kh thai.
S o nguyen l cua thiet b ot kh thai c trnh bay tren hnh.

Kh o nhiem
b
Kh o nhiem
Vao kh quyen
Nhien lieu
a
Vao kh quyen
Nhien lieu
Hnh 31. S o thiet b x l kh thai cong nghiep bang nhiet
a- khong tan dung nhiet; b- vi thiet b truyen nhiet.
53
Ket cau va the tch cua lo ot phai bao am thi gian lu can thiet e ot chay kh hoan
toan hoac at hieu qua x l cho trc.
Thi gian lu thng khoang 0,1 en 1,0 giay, nhiet o lam viec, trong a so trng hp,
ln hn nhiet o t boc chay t 100
o
C en 150
o
C.

TAl tlF THAM kHAO
[1] Tran Ngoc Chan. O nhiem khong kh va x ly kh thai. 3 Tap. NXB Khoa hoc & Ky
thuat. Ha Noi. 2001.
[2] Pham Ngoc ang. O nhiem moi trng khong kh o th va khu cong nghiep. NXB
Khoa hoc & Ky thuat. Ha Noi. 1997.
[3] Nguyen Van Phc. Qua trnh va thiet b trong cong nghiep hoa hoc. Tap 13. Ky
thuat x ly chat thai cong nghiep. Trng H Bach Khoa TPHCM. 1998.
[4] Prof. April Cerillo & Reva Evero.
[5] Professor Stanley Williams. TA. Carol Butler.
[6] Tom Lawrence
[7] Asu, ufl, gu

54

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