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TRNG I HC LM NGHIP

KHOA QUN L TI NGUYN RNG V MI TRNG

TIU LUN
MN: KIM SOT NHIM
Ch : KIM SOT NHIM NH MY NHIT IN Gio vin hng dn: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th H Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 1- 53KHMT 1. L Th Ngc Anh 2. Nguyn c Anh 3. Nguyn Ngc Anh 4. Nguyn Th Bch 5. H Th Bnh

H Ni, 12/2011

M U Trong thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc th nhu cu v nng lng ni chung, in nng ni ring ang tr nn bc bch. Vi t nc ta hin nay, nng lng in c sn xut t hai ngun chnh l thy in v nhit in.Vi cc nh my thy in nh Ha Bnh, Thc B, Tr Anh, do c im thy vn ca sng ngi nc ta nn in nng pht ra t cc nh my thy in khng c u. Lng in pht trong nm thng ma ma chim 60% lng in nng trung bnh nm ca nh my, trong khi th cc thng ma kh cng sut pht trung bnh ch t 30- 35% cng sut ca nh my. Vo cc thng cui ma kh, u ma l cng sut kh dng ca nh my thy in b gim nhiu do mc nc h gim thp. V vy, hin nay, h thng in Vit Nam thng xy ra tnh trng thiu in vo cc thng ma kh v thiu cng sut vo cc thng u ma l. Cn vi cc nh my nhit in, chng c u im l chi ph u t xy dng thp, thi gian xy dng ngn, khi vn hnh khng ph thuc nhiu v iu kin ca thin nhin nn cc nh my nhit in c xy dng nhiu ti nc ta ni ring v trn th gii ni chung. V vy in nng do cc nh my nhit in sn xut ra vn ng vai tr ch o trong h thng in Vit Nam. Nhit in nc ta hin nay ch yu c sn xut t than v kh thin nhin. Trong cc nh my nhit in pha Bc nh Ph Li - cng sut 1040 MW, Ung B - cng sut 710MW u dng than ca cc m than ti Qung Ninh, cc nh my trong min Nam nh Ph M - cng sut 2450MW, B Ra - cng sut 210MW s dng kh t ly t khu m Bch H. Tuy nhin cng vi s pht trin cng nghip ha hin i ha ca t nc ngnh nhit in ra i c nhng tc ng ng k n mi trng, con ngi v h sinh thi ni chung. c nhng hiu bit r hn v vn ny nhm chng em nghin cu ni dung: kim sot nhim ngnh nhit in

NI DUNG 1. Hot ng ca nh my nhit in S cng ngh hot ng ca nh my nhit in

Nhin liu Nhit L hi Nc chm thm

Hi nc p sut cao

Tua bin my pht in Lng hi cn li in nng Thit b ngng t Hi trung p, thp p

Nc ngng t

Thuyt minh cng ngh: Nhin liu chnh sn xut in v hi l than, du, kh ng hnh v cc cht c th chy khc. Than c khai thc ti cc m than theo ng sng hoc ng st tp kt ti kho v c vn chuyn n phn xng l bng h thng cc bng ti. Ti phn xng l than c p vn, sy kh ri nghin mn bng h thng cc my nghin. My nghin thng dng l loi my nghin bi, vic nghin v sy than thc hin trong thng nghin than bt theo nguyn tc va p. Hn hp bt than v gi sy ra khi thng nghin l khong 130oC c qut my nghin ht v phn ly th ti y nhng ht than th hn tiu chun theo ng hon

nguyn tr v my nghin nghin li. Sau khi ra khi phn ly th hn hp than bt khng kh c a vo phn ly mn ti y than bt c tch ra khi khng kh theo nguyn tc ly tm v a vo phu than bt hoc vo vt truyn than bt a ra l khc. Khng kh ra khi phn ly mn cn cha 10 15% than qu mn s c qut my nghin y vo cc vi t ph t 4 gc l. Than bt c cc my cp than bt thi vo bung la qua cc vi t vi nhit trn 400oC. Cc vi t c b tr xung quanh bung t, thng thng c t bn n tm vi t. Trong bung la than c t c lp hoc c t km vi du FO lc khi ng l. Than c t chy, nhit nng to ra t nng dng khng kh, cung cp nhit nng cho l hi bin nc thnh hi. Mt s nguyn liu c s dng l nc kh khong v mt s ph gia cn thit nh Hygen (cht ty oxy) v cht ty g. Amin s c a vo nc kh khong. Khi nc kh khong c t nng nhit cao tr thnh hi p sut cao, sau hi nng chuyn ng s y tua bin hoc my pht in quay t vn tc xc nh. Cc tua bin my pht s sn sinh ra in nng v hi nc cc mc p sut thp hn. in nng s c cp vo li in 220KV ni vi trm bin th sau ti vo ng dy 22KV cung cp nng lng cho cc nh my. Cc loi hi vi p sut thp hn s truyn n cc nh my khc ti s dng phc v sn xut. 2. S dng vt cht 1 2 3 Hot ng ca nh my nhit in 4 5

1. Nhin liu: than, du nng FO, NH3, MgO v cc cht c th chy c khc 2. Nguyn liu: nc kh khong bng Amin, nc lc v mt s ph gia cn thit khc nh hygen (cht ty oxi) v cht ty g. 3. Kh thi: - Bi; - Cc kh thi t l t nhin liu nh: SO2, NOx; - Kh thi t Tua bin, m t, - Ting n 4. Nc thi: - Nc thi t h thng lm mt, dy chuyn ngng t hi nc. - Nc thi t qu trnh kh lu hunh; - Nc thi t y bn cha du; - Nc thi t hot ng v sinh ni hi, thit b - Nc thi t h thng ti sinh nha m mm nc cp cho ni hi. 5. Cht thi rn: - Tro kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t than Bitum, du v cc nhin liu khc 3. Tc ng ca nh my nhit in 3.1. Tc ng n cc thnh phn mi trng a. Tc ng n mi trng nc : - Nc lm mt: Nh my nhit in s dng mt khi lng ln nc lm mt. Sau khi s dng, nhit nc s tng ln, v vy, nc s c gii nhit trong thp lm lnh trc khi thi ra mi trng hoc c ti s dng mt phn trong h thng x l kh thi cha lu hunh (FGD). Nc thi c nhit cao s gy nh hng n cht lng nc, gim nng xy ho tan trong nc (DO); nh hng n s a dng sinh hc; nh hng n tc phn hu cc hp cht hu c trong nc. - Nc thi t qu trnh x l kh thi cha lu hunh b nhim kim, cht rn l lng (MgSO3, MgSO4) v c nhit cao. Nng cht rn l lng

(SS) trong nc thi ny thng khong 3.000 mg/l, nhu cu xy sinh ho (COD) khong 1.600 mg/l. - Nc thi v sinh thit b ni hi: V sinh ni hi ra sch cn lng bng axt clohydric c tin hnh nh k khng thng xuyn. Nc thi trong qu trnh v sinh cha hp cht st v cc kim loi khc. - Nc thi t qu trnh ti sinh cc ht nha trao i ion c cha axt hoc xt. Loi nc thi ny nu khng c x l s lm thay i tnh cht ho l ca vng nc tip nhn v gy nh hng n i sng thu sinh vt ti khu vc thi. - Nc thi t sn l thu hi nhit, h thng thit b, bn cha du, thit b in, xng sa cha, trm nn kh v tua bin : Nc thi loi ny c cha du m. Nu khng c x l nc thi cha du m s to ra mng trn b mt nc lm gim s trao i xy gia nc v khng kh. Mt khc du c khi lng phn t ln bm dnh vo ht l lng trong ct nc v lng ng xung y sng rch gy nh hng n sinh vt y. b. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh - Khi vn hnh nh my, cc yu t c kh nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh nh sau: + Vic t than sn xut in s to ra khi thi c cha nhiu bi than cc kh c hi nh SO2, NOx, CO v cc hydrocacbon bay hi. + Cc hp cht hu c bay hi do s r r trong qu trnh rt, np, xut nhin liu, vn chuyn bng bm, ng ng, van v kh cha trong cc b cha, + Kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng vn ti cng cha cc cht nhim nh bi than, SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, VOC v hi ch. + Mi hi ca amnic, hyrafin v du m t khu vc cc bnh cha. Trong cc yu t ny, khi thi t l hi l ngun ch yu.

- Ting n: c trng ca ngnh nhit in l s dng cc my mc, thit b c cng sut ln nn thng pht sinh ting n c cng cao: nh tua bin hi nc, my pht in, t cc van x hi nc, bng ti chuyn than, my nghin than x... - Mi trng vi kh hu: Qu trnh t nhin liu ca nh my s sn sinh ra mt lng nhit ln. Mt phn lng nhit ny s qua mt qu trnh bin i thnh in nng pht ln li H thng in Quc gia, mt phn cn li s b tht thot ra mi trng bn ngoi. Theo kt qu tnh ton chu trnh nhit nh my, lng nhit hu ch bin i thnh in nng ch chim khong 40% (hiu sut nhit ca nh my). Nh vy, lng nhit tht thot vo khong 60%. Lng nhit tht thot ny mt phn tc ng trc tip n mi trng khng kh do qu trnh to nhit ca l hi v cc thit b khc, mt phn tc ng gin tip thng qua qu trnh to nhit ti bnh ngng. Bn cnh , cn mt lng nhit khng nh to ra mi trng t cng tc lm mt my mc thit b trong nh my. Nhit to ra mi trng khng kh t l hi v cc thit b khc s gy ra tc ng nhit trc ht i vi mi trng khng kh bn trong nh (vi kh hu) lm mi trng khng kh ti y nng ln, gy nh hng trc tip n ngi cng nhn vn hnh v n cc thit b ca nh my. V ma h, nhit khng kh trong nh my c th ln ti 3840oC c. Tc ng n mi trng t Vic xy dng Nh my Nhit in s tc ng ti mi trng t trong khu vc. t b tc ng chnh do cng vic o lp v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc tip n sn xut nng nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng. Xi mn s to ra lng sng ngi, cng rnh thot nc v c th gy ng ngp, gim cht lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinh thi di nc. Ngoi ra do nh hng ca kh thi, nc thi ca nh my cng gy nn nhim t v cy trng.

d. Cht thi rn Cht thi rn cng nghip pht sinh t hot ng ca nh my nhit in ch yu t cc ngun sau: - Tro kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t than, du hoc nhin liu khc cung cp nhit cho ni hi; - Tro kh t h thng lc bi tnh in; - Tro t y ni hi; - Bn kh t nh my x l nc thi sau khi x l kh thi; - G, giy, gi lau. Khi thi vo mi trng, cc cht thi ny s b phn hu hoc khng b phn hu lm gia tng nng cc cht dinh dng, to ra cc hpcht v c, hu c c hi,... lm nhim ngun nc, gy hi cho h vi sinh vt t, cc sinh vt thu sinh trong nc hay to iu kin cho vi khun c hi, rui mui pht trin v l nguyn nhn gy nn cc dch bnh. Trong cc yu t trn th tro x c th gy ra nhiu tc ng tiu cc i vi mi trng nht. V trong tro x thi ra c cha mt s kim loi nng c c tnh cao (Mn, Cr, Cu, Hg, As, Pb, ...), nc trong bi x thng c hm lng cn, kim loi, cng cao, xy ho tan gim v cha nhiu cc khong cht nh: SO2, HCO3-, CL-, CO32e. nhim nhit nhim nhit trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my nhit in cn phi c nh gi nhm xut cc bin php gim thiu. Nhit pht sinh ch yu t cc ngun sau y: - S truyn nhit t cc ni hi v ca cc my mc thit b s dng hi v ca h thng ng ng dn hi, kh nng. - S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng ng. Tng cc nhit lng ny ta ra khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit trong xng tng cao hn so vi nhit bn ngoi, gy nh hng ti qu

trnh h hp ca c th con ngi, tc ng xu ti sc khe v nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn. Ngoi ra, nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy n. 3.2. Tc ng n mi trng sinh thi Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my nhit in, vic pht thi cc cht nhim nc, khng kh, cc cht thi rn vo mi trng tip nhn gy nn nhng tc ng c hi ti cc h sinh thi. Ty theo dng cht thi v mi trng tip nhn m cc h sinh thi c th b tc ng khc nhau, c th nh sau: - H sinh thi di nc: Cc ngun nc thi t Nh my nhit in khi thi vo ngun nc s lm cho cht lng b xu i (nhit tng, nng mt s cht nhim gia tng, c bit l du m ...), gy nh hng ti s sng ca hu ht cc loi thy sinh v thm ch gy cn kit mt s loi c gi tr kinh t (tm, c). Vic gia tng nhit nc ti khu vc x s lm gim lng xy ho tan trong nc v lm gim t trng nc. iu ny nh hng r rt ti bn cht vt l ca h sinh thi nc, t tc ng tiu cc ti i sng thu sinh trong khu vc. Di iu kin nhit nc tng cao, mt s loi thu sinh km chu nhit s b tiu dit. Trong khi , mt s loi chu nhit s gia tng v s lng dn ti thay i cu trc cng ng sinh vt. nhit cao, tc h hp v pht trin ca thu sinh c thay i dn n thay i tc hp th dinh dng ca sinh vt, chu k sinh sn v pht trin cng thay i. Khi gia tng nhit nc, tc h hp v tun hon ca c tng theo hp th xy nhm p ng vic tng tc chuyn ho. Mt s loi c sng trong iu kin nc lnh c kh nng chu c dao ng nhit nc t 1215oC nhng nhit cao li d b cht. N h vy, vic tng nhit nc lm cho tnh a dng gim dn, ng thi s lng li c s gia tng. - H sinh thi trn cn: Bi, kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn pht sinh t Nh my nhit in s c nhng nh hng nht nh n cc h sinh thi trn

cn. Hu ht cc cht nhim cha trong kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn v cc cht thi nguy hi u c tc ng xu n i sng ca ng, thc vt ; lm cho cy trng chm pht trin, c bit l cc kh axit gy tc hi n cc loi rau, u, la, ng, cc loi cy n tri v cc loi cy cnh. Cc cht nhim khng kh nh bi than, SO2, NO2, CO, THC v Aldehyt, ngay c nng thp cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s b cht. 3.3. Tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi a. Tc ng n cht lng cuc sng con ngi * Sc kho cng ng i vi Nh my Nhit in, tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot ng u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc kho ca con ngi trong vng hot ng ca nh my nhit in. Tu thuc vo nng v thi gian tc dng ca cc cht nhim m mc tc hi ca chng i vi sc kho cng ng s khc nhau. * Kinh t x hi Qu trnh hnh thnh v s hot ng ca mt d n cng nghip nh Nh my Nhit in c mt ngha kinh t x hi rt to ln cho khu vc ni ring v cho t nc ni chung. Trc tin l vic gp phn to ra cng n vic lm v nng cao i sng ca nhn dn trong vng, l ngun thu ht lao ng ln v gii quyt vic lm khng ch cho ngi dn a phng, to nn cnh quan mi vi tin trnh th ho nhanh hn. iu ny cng gp phn lm tng dn tr v thc vn minh th cho nhn dn trong khu vc. b. Tc ng n ti nguyn v mi trng do con ngi s dng * Cp thot nc Nhu cu s dng nc ca Nh my Nhit in thng ln nn u phi khoan ging hoc o ging khai thc nc ngm phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca nh my. Vic khai thc nc ngm c nguy c gy nn s cn

kit ngun nc ngm vo ma kh, dn c trong khu vc s khng nc dng v t ko theo hng lot cc tc ng tiu cc khc. i vi vn thot nc, nh my nhit in c th lm gia tng mc chu ti ca h thng thot nc tp trung hoc lm gia tng lu lng v dng chy, lm nhim cc sng tip nhn nc thi. *Giao thng vn ti S hnh thnh v hot ng ca nh my nhit in s gp phn cng vi cc hot ng khc trong khu vc lm cho tnh trng v sinh ng ph, bi tng ln do cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu. Mt giao thng trong khu vc tng ln lm nh hng n nhu cu i li ca nhn dn. Tuy vy, chnh s pht trin ca d n cng s gp phn ci thin h thng ng cng nh thc y qu trnh th ho trong khu vc. c. Cng trnh vn ho lch s Cc cng trnh vn ho lch s trong khu vc c th b tc ng cn c m t v nh gi c th v cc mt: a im, loi cng trnh, nin i v gi tr tinh thn cng nh vt cht ca cng trnh. Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n i vi cc cng trnh vn ho lch s v kho c phi cp ti cc tc ng gy nt n, ln st cng trnh v ng thi kin ngh k hoch v bin php bo v cc cng trnh vn ho lch s trong khu vc d n. 4. Cc bin php kim sot tc ng tiu cc n mi trng trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my nhit in 4.1. Bin php k thut a. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca kh thi. *Gim thiu nhim do nhit to ra mi trng khng kh Nhit trong mi trng lao ng ti cc khu vc nh phn xng l hi, tua bin, khu vc gia nhit v cc khu vc c ng ng dn hi i qua c th ln ti 35 -40oC. Cc bin php gim thiu c bn s c p dng l:

- Gii php kin trc nh xng hp l: Thit k nh xng c thng thong cn thit lu thng khng kh gia khu vc sn xut v mi trng xung quanh. - Cc ng ng ti mi cht c nhit cao nh ng ng hi, nc cp, ng ng du, b cha du, ng khi v cc van lm vic vi mi cht u c bc cc lp bo n cch nhit t tiu chuNn quy nh. - Thc hin cc gii php k thut nhm hn ch nhim bn trong cng trnh nh t chc thng gi kt hp vi h thng iu ho khng kh cho cng trnh. - Cn c vo phng n kin trc v tnh nng s dng ca cng trnh, h thng iu ho khng kh v h thng thng gi s c tnh ton, thit k bo m cc thng s k thut theo yu cu ca cng trnh, ph hp vi cc tiu chuNn Qui phm Vit N am hin hnh v mang tnh hiu qu kinh t cao. - H thng iu ho nhit : Trong cc phng vi tnh, phng iu khin, phng thit b in s c lp t iu ho nhit n nh nhit v Nm trong phng. H thng iu ho trung tm s c lp t ti khu vc nh hnh chnh. - H thng thng gi bao gm: H thng thng gi cng bc c lp cho tng khu vc nh: cc phn xng sn xut chnh, khu vc cc thit b in, khu vc chuNn b ho cht, khu vc trm hyro, khu vc trm bm nc tun hon,... v h thng ht thi gi cng bc cho cc khu v sinh. *Gim thiu s pht tn kh thi Thay i h thng ng khi gim mc pht thi ra mi trng xung quanh: gim thiu s pht thi kh thi ra mi trng trc ht cn xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph howpjtrong mi tng quan vi lu lng, nng kh thi, i hnh v iu kin kh hu ca khu vc. Chiu cao ng khi ti u s gip khuych tn ti a cht nhim trong kh quyn, nng cht nhim (bi, kh) khi tip t ti mt im s

mc khng gy nguy hi ti i sng sinh vt v con ngi. Cc nh my Nhit in Ph Li, Ung B m rng u xy dng ng khi vi chiu cao 200m. Nh my Nhit in Ninh Bnh xy ng khi mi vi chiu cao 130m thay cho ng khi c(cao 80m). S dng thit b x l kh thi nh my: nhim khng kh Nh my nhit in ch yu l do kh thi t ni hi t than (hoc t du, t nhin liu khc ) v cc dng kh c trng pht ra t dy chuyn cng ngh. V vy, s kim sot kh thi t l hi t than c a ra nh sau:

Nc nng MgO

B cha Mg(OH)2

Kh thi/ Thu hi nhit

H thng kh NOx bng xc tc SCR

Lc bi tnh in

H thng kh lu hunh

ng khi

Tro kh

Trm x l nc thi tp trung ca NM

Ngun tip nhn nc thi

Bnh bn

c tnh k thut ca cc thit b kim sot kh thi nh sau : - Thit b lc bi tnh in: Kh thi ra trong qu trnh t than ni hi c truyn qua thit b lc tnh in tch bi. Bi c lm lnh v lu gi trong bn cha, sau vn chuyn bn cho nh my xi mng ti s dng nh l nguyn liu sn xut clinke hoc bn cho nh my b tng trn sn. Hiu sut tch bi c th t trn 99,7%; - H thng x l kh thi cha lu hunh (FGD): Do than hoc du FO c lu hunh, nn cn p dng bin php kim sot nhim do SO2 . H thng kh

lu hunh trong kh thi c lp t tch oxit lu hunh. Cht hp ph l Magnh hydroxit (Mg(OH)2) (nng 20%) - c to ra bng cch ho MgO vo nc nng. Hiu sut tch lu hunh c th t 95%; - Kim sot kh thi: H thng kim sot kh thi lin tc v t ng (CEMS) c lp t ti nh ng khi kim sot lng kh thi ra. H thng ny bo ng nu thnh phn kh thi vt qu tiu chun v t ng thng bo cho ngi vn hnh gim bt nng lng thi hoc sa cha thit b ngay gim thiu nhim. - Thit b kh chn lc NOx bng xc tc SCR: Thnh phn chnh ca xc tc l Oxit Titan (TiO2), tc nhn kh b sung l NH3/O2. Thit b SCR c b tr trc khi dng kh thi i vo thit b lc bi tnh in. Hiu sut kh NOx ca thit b SCR c th t trn 80%. VD: giai on 1998-2000, Nh my Nhit in Ninh Bnh (nay l Cty Nhit in Ninh Bnh) thc hin thay ton b 4 thit b lc bi nc bng lc bi tnh in (hiu sut lm vic khong 99%). Cui 2006, Cty Nhit in Ung B cng chnh thc a vo vn hnh thng mi 4 b lc bi tnh in (hiu sut trn 97%) * Bin php gim thiu ting n -Cc my mc, thit b gy ting n ln s c t trong bung hoc nh xng c che chn gim ting n nh hng n khu vc ln cn. Bn cnh , s lp m chng n cho cc my c cng sut ln. - Thng xuyn kim tra v bo dng my mc thit b, tra du bi trn my, pht hin kp thi m thanh khc thng pht ra t my ang hot ng v c bin php sa cha, thay th ph tng. - Cc phng iu khin v vn hnh trong khu vc sn xut u c xy bng tng v lp mi bng cc vt liu cch m. - Ti nh my s lp t thit b c mc n thp, thit b gim thanh v vt liu cch m ti nhng ni cn thit (quanh tuabin v l hi).

- Trong quy hoch, cc thit b gy n cao s c tp trung vo mt khu vc cch xa cc khu vc khc. - T chc trng vnh ai cy xanh, xy tng, bn hoa v thm c trong khun vin nh my. b. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc nc thi Nc thi t nh my in gm nhiu ngun pht sinh khc nhau, nhng c th phn thnh 02 loi chnh: Nc thi t h thng kh lu hunh (FGD) v nc thi t cc ngun khc. Nc thi t h thng kh lu hunh c hm lng cht rn l lng v nhit cao (khong 54oC) nn cn x l bng keo t, lng v lm gim nhit . Nc thi t cc ngun khc pha trn vi nhau cho thy ch c pH l khng t tiu chun, nn cn trung ho trc khi thi ra ngun. Chc nng ca tng cng trnh n v x l nc thi nh sau : - B cn bng: B cn bng c nhim v iu ho lu lng v nng nc thi, nhm m bo ch vn hnh n nh cho cc cng trnh n v pha sau; - B trn: B trn ny c cu to ziczac nhm thay i dng chy, tng kh nng xo trn gia nc thi v nhm sunfat; - B trn nhanh: Chc nng ca b trn nhanh l tng cng kh nng phi trn gia nhm sunfat v nc thi, cng nh to c ch phn ng trong b trn chm pha sau; - B trn chm: Chc nng ca b trn chm l tng cng kh nng phi trn gia cht tr lng v nc thi, nhm lin kt cht rn l lng thnh dng khi m bo hiu qu lng cao; - B lng: Thc hin nhim v tch cc cht rn ra khi nc thi bng trng lc. Lng cht rn lng xung y b to thnh lp bn; - My p bn trc vt: C nhim v tch nc ra khi bn, to thnh bn c dng bnh d tn tr v vn chuyn; - Thp lm ngui: C nhim v lm ngui nc thi n nhit cho php;

- B n nh: C nhim v n nh nng v nhit nc thi sau x l, m bo lu lng thi n nh. Ngoi h thng ng ng v bm, ti cc b trn s c my khuy nhm tng kh nng xo trn. Thit b chnh pH t ng cng c lp t nhm iu khin qu trnh x l tt hn. c. Bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc cht thi rn Khng ch nhim do cht thi rn s p dng cho nh my nhit in nh sau: Tro t y ni hi

Bi tro t h thng lc tnh in

Nguyn liu th sn xut gch, xi mng

Bnh bn t h thng FGD

Cht thi nhim du

t trong l t

Cht thi sinh hot

Chn lp ti bi rc cng cng

d. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc * Gim thiu mi hi gim thiu mi hi ca du m v cc loi ho cht nh Clo, hydrazin, amnic, d n s p dng phng n thng gi t nhin v thng gi cng bc cng vi vic khng ch nhit cao. Vi h thng thng gi nh vy, mi hi trong cc phn xng s nhanh chng pht tn vo khng kh mi khi n xut hin.

* Gim thiu tc ng n mi trng do vn chuyn than gim thiu tc ng do hot ng vn chuyn than ca nh my, Ch u t thc thi cc bin php c th sau: -Bng ti than s c che chn kn trnh gi thi, gy bay bi than ra ngoi. B tr tuyn bng ti hp l trnh i qua khu dn c ng ngi. - To hnh lang vn hnh bng ti cng nh b tr nhn vin bo v trn ton tuyn bng ti mt mt l bo v trnh mt mt than, mt khc l bo v mi trng. - Ton b khu vc dy chuyn bc d, vn chuyn than t cng vo nh my v trong nh my, nhng ni khng c che chn kn v c kh nng gy nh hng ti mi trng do bi than s c lp cc h thng phun bi thch hp. 4.2. Bin php qun l a. Thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng Trong nhng nm qua, tt c cc nh my nhit in thc hin cng tc o c kim sot nhim mi trng hng nm, thc hin Bo co TM;9 Nm 2006, c 11 nh my nhit in lp Bo co TM: Nh my nhit in Mo Kh, C Mau, Mn 3, Mng Dng 2, Vng ng, Ung B, Mng Dng 2, Nhn Trch 1, Mn 4,Vnh Tn 1, nhit in Thng Long (Nh my nhit in Mn 3 khng c ph duyt Bo co do chuyn sang t bng du c mc nhim vt TCCP n 2,5 ln) b. Tin hnh quan trc v phn tch, nh gi din bin mi trng -Cc thnh phn mi trng cn quan trc: Mi trng khng kh N c lm mt v nc thi ca nh my Cht thi rn Mi trng t Ting n Ti nguyn sinh hc - Cc thng s mi trng cn quan trc: + Mi trng khng kh: Nhit , m, vn tc gi, bi, cc cht kh c hi (CO, SO2, NO2), ting n LAeq (dBA), LAmax (dBA)

+ Mi trng nc: Nhit nc, pH, TSS, DO, COD, BOD5, Cl-, N H4-, NO3-, SO4-, Cu, Fe, Pb, Coliform, du m... + Cht thi rn: Kt qu thu gom, phn loi v vn chuyn i, nh hng ca bi x n mi trng t v nc. +Ti nguyn sinh hc: Xc nh cc thm thc vt bao gm: xc nh cc loi thc vt, che ph v mt ca chng; h sinh thi di nc; phiu sinh ng vt, phiu sinh thc vt, trng c, sinh vt bm. -a im v tn s quan trc: Ty thuc vo tng thnh phn mi trng, iu kin a hnh, iu kin kinh t v tim lc ca nh my 4.3. Bin php quy hoch y l mt bin php mang tnh tng qut c thc hin trc khi xy dng nh my i hi ngi thc hin quy hoch phi c trnh tnh ton nhn nhn c th vn nh nc thi, kh thi s nh hng ti khu dn c xung quanh nh th no. Bin php quy hoch bao gm vic tnh ton v thit k khong cch ca nh my nhit in ti khu dn c xung quanh, quy hoch thit k trng cy xanh ph hp ti khu vc nh my v cc khu vc ln cn xung quanh 4.4. Bin php bo h lao ng i vi cc cn b cng nhn vin trong nh my nhit in cn c cc bin php bo h lao ng ph hp nh khu trang,giy, qun o,m T chc tp hun v tng cng cho cng nhn nhng hiu bit v s c bt ng khi hot ng nh my Cn kim tra sc khe nh k cho cng nhn.

KT LUN Sau mt qu trnh nhm nghin cu v hot ng ca nh my nhit in nh tnh ch ra cc dng thi ca nh my nhit in v phn no thy c vn bc bch mang li cho mi trng ca hot ng nh my nhit in. T y nhm la chn v ra cc bin php c th kim sot nhim do hot ng ca nh my nhit in gy nn nh bin php k thut, bin php qun l, bin php quy hoch , bin php bo h lao ng. Trong cc bin php v k thut nhm tham kho cc thit b v cng ngh c ng dng nhm gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng ca nh my nhit in nh: Thit b lc bi tnh in vi hiu sut x l c th t 99%, thit b x l kh thi cha lu hunh (FGD) vi hiu sut tch lu hunh t 95%, thit b kh chn lc NOx bng xc tc SCR vi hiu sut x l 80%. Ngoi ra nhm cn a ra cc bin php v qun l, quy hoch v bo h lao ng nhm gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc n sc khe cu cng nhn vin v mi trng xung quanh nh my. Hot ng ca nh my nhit in tuy rt thit thc i vi hot ng pht trin ca t nc nhng n mang li khng t nhng bt li cho mi trng sinh thi, sc khe ca ngi dn cng nh cc thnh phn mi trng ni chung. V vy trc khi hot ng nh my nhit in kim sot c nhng tc ng xu ti mi trng chng ta cn thc hin kt hp hi ha cc bin php nu trn mang li li ch hi ha c mt kinh t cng nh mi trng.

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Cc thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, Hng dn k thut lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng d n nh my nhit in, H Ni, 10/2009. 2. Tea KOVAEVI, Danilo FERETI, eljko TOMI, Environmental impacts of coal thermal power plants, 1998 3. Dr.K.Nishida, Air pollution Control Technology In Thermal Power Plants, Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, Japan, 2005 4. E.Nzabanita, Environmental and social impact assessment summary, Suez Thermal Power Plant, Egypt, 2010. 5. Phan Nht Thy, Qun l mi trng khu vc nh my nhit in C Mau 1, Vin mi trng v ti nguyn- HQG thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2008. 6. TS. Hong Dng Tng, Vn mi trng cc nh my nhit in Vit Nam, Cc bo v mi trng, 2008. 7. Vin mi trng v pht trin bn vng, Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng nh my nhit in Vng ng 1, H Ni, 2011. 8. World bank group, Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998.

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