Tai Lieu Huong Dan SXSH Nganh Det Nhuom

Mc lc
Mc lc.................................................................................................................1 M u.................................................................................................................3 1 Chng 1: Gii thiu chung.....................................................................4 1.1 Ngnh dt may Vit nam .........................................................................4 1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut ..........................................................................6 1.2.1 Sn xut si.........................................................................................6 1.2.2 Sn xut vi ........................................................................................8 1.2.3 X l vi ...............................................................................................9 1.3 Hin trng cht thi ...............................................................................23 1.3.1 Nc thi ...........................................................................................23 1.3.2 Khng kh...........................................................................................25 1.3.3 Cht thi rn ......................................................................................25 2 Chng 2: Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng php lun SXSH ..............26 2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn ...........................................................27 2.2 Nhu cu v SXSH..................................................................................28 2.3 Phng php nh gi Sn xut sch hn ..........................................32 2.4 Cc k thut SXSH................................................................................35 3 Chng 3: Cc c hi sn xut sch hn .............................................39 4 Chng 4: Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn..................49 4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng ................................................................................50 4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm SXSH ..................................................50 4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Lit k cc bc quy trnh v nhn din cc dng thi .54 4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut ..........................................59 4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s quy trnh ...............................................59 4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn liu, cu t v nng lng ...............62 4.2.3 Nhim v 5: M t c tnh dng thi ................................................71 4.2.4 Nhim v 6: nh gi cho dng thi ...................................................73 4.2.5 Nhim v 7: R sot li quy trnh xc nh nguyn nhn..............76 4.3 Bc 3: xut cc c hi SXSH ........................................................83 4.3.1 Nhim v 8: xut cc c hi SXSH ..............................................83 4.3.2 Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH ............................................85 4.4 Bc 4: La chn gii php SXSH .......................................................87 4.4.1 Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi v mt k thut.........................................87 4.4.2 Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi v mt kinh t...........................................88 4.4.3 Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi v mt mi trng....................................89 4.4.4 Nhim v 13: La chn cc gii php thc hin ..........................89 4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH ...............................................91 4.5.1 Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin ......................................................91 4.5.2 Nhim v 15: Thc hin cc gii php ..............................................91 4.5.3 Nhim v 16: Quan trc v nh gi Kt qu ...................................92 4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH ...........................................................................92 5 Tr ngi trong vic thc hin SXSH v cch khc phc........................94 5.1 Cc ro cn thi ...............................................................................94 5.1.1 Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng....................95 5.1.2 Khng mun thay i .........................................................................95 5.1.3 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn thi ...................................95 5.2 Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng ...........................................................96 5.2.1 Thiu cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip .........................................97 5.2.2 Cc h s sn xut s si .................................................................97
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum
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5.2.3 Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu .......................97 5.2.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn mang tnh h thng .....................98 5.3 Cc ro cn t chc ..............................................................................99 5.3.1 Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh ....................................................99 5.3.2 Qu ch trng vo sn xut.............................................................100 5.3.3 Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn .............................................100 5.3.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn mang tnh t chc ...............100 5.4 Cc ro cn k thut............................................................................101 5.4.1 Nng lc k thut hn ch ...............................................................101 5.4.2 Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch ...................................102 5.4.3 Cc hn ch v cng ngh ..............................................................102 5.4.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn k thut......................................102 5.5 Cc ro cn kinh t..............................................................................104 5.5.1 u tin cho khi lng sn xut hn l chi phi ph sn xut ..........104 5.5.2 Nguyn liu th gi r v d kim....................................................104 5.5.3 Chnh sch u t hin hnh...........................................................104 5.5.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn kinh t .................................105 5.5.5 Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh......................105 5.5.6 Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch ................................105 5.5.7 Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di ................................................105 5.5.8 Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh .........................................................106 5.6 Cc ro cn t pha chnh ph ............................................................106 5.6.1 Cc chnh sch cng nghip............................................................106 5.6.2 Cc chnh sch mi trng .............................................................106 5.6.3 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn chnh ph...................................106
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M u
Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim ti ngun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p dng sn xut sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph sn xut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi ph x l mi trng. Ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn trong ngnh dt c bin son trong khun kh hp tc gia Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam, thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni v Hp phn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip (CPI), thuc chng trnh Hp tc Vit Nam an Mch v Mi trng (DCE), B Cng Thng. Mc tiu chnh ca ti liu hng dn ny l nhm tng bc hng dn thc hin nh gi SXSH (CPA) cho ngnh dt nhum ti Vit Nam. i tng ca b ti liu hng dn ny l cc lnh o nh my, cc k thut vin v nhn vin ca cc ban ngnh chnh ph v cc t chc chu trch nhim thc y v iu chnh/quy nh cng tc qun l mi trng ti cc nh my dt ti Vit Nam. Cc cn b bin son dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin lin quan n hin trng sn xut ca Vit Nam, cc vn lin quan n sn xut v mi trng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p dng c trong iu kin Vit nam. Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam v Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp ca ng Rajiv Garg, cn b Hi ng Nng sut quc gia ca n , cc cn b ca Cng ty C phn T vn EPRO v c bit l Chnh ph Thy S, thng qua T chc Pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc UNIDO v chnh ph an Mch, thng qua t chc DANIDA h tr thc hin ti liu ny. Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam, email: vncpc@vncpc.org hoc Vn Phng Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip, email: cpi-cde@vnn.vn.
H Ni, thng 9 nm 2008 Nhm bin son
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1 Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Chng ny gii thiu v lch s v xu hng ngnh dt may ti Vit Nam, v nguyn tc cc qu trnh x l to ra sn phm. Ngoi ra, cc vn lin quan n mi trng nh cht thi v nhim mi trng trong khu vc x l t cng c gii thiu trong chng ny.
1.1 Ngnh dt may Vit nam

Ngnh cng nghip dt v may tn ti Vit Nam t nht mt th k nhng cc hot ng th cng truyn thng nh thu v dt la th c lch s lu i. Theo lch s ghi li, nhiu triu i Vit Nam phi cng np vi qu him do ngi dn Vit Nam sn xut sang Trung Quc. Ngy nay, ti Vit Nam mt s lng ngh c nh lng la Vn Phc (tnh H Ty), lng Triu Khc (H Ni), lng Mo (tnh Thi Bnh) vn ang tn ti v pht trin. Lch s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip dt may c xem l bt u khi thnh lp Nh my Dt Nam nh nm 1897. Ngnh cng nghip ny nhanh chng ln mnh sau Th Chin th 2 vi quy m v hnh thc khc nhau. min Nam, cc doanh nghip c thnh lp v s dng my mc hin i ca Chu u. min Bc, cc doanh nghip nh nc do Trung Quc, Lin bang X Vit c v ng u cung cp thit b my mc cng c xy dng trong giai on ny. Nm 1954, sau khi min Bc ginh c lp, Nh my Dt Nam nh v Nh my Dt la Nam nh c khi phc v ti thit, c thm mt s nh my khc c xy dng mi nh Nh my Dt 8/3, Nh my Dt Vnh Ph, Cng ty May Thng Long, Cng ty May Chin Thng, Cng ty May Nam nh, Cng ty May p Cu. Cc lng ngh truyn thng, cc hp tc x dt may c khuyn khch pht trin. Sau khi Vit nam thng nht (thng 4 nm 1975), Chnh ph tip qun mt lot cc nh my min Nam nh Cng ty Dt Thng Li, Cng ty Dt Vit Thng, Cng ty Dt Phong Ph, Cng ty Dt Thnh Cng, Cng ty May Nh B, Cng ty May Ho Bnh, Cng Cng ty May Vit Tin, v.v. Sau , mt s doanh nghip quc doanh trung ng c xy dng nh Cng ty May H Ni, Cng ty Dt may Nha Trang, Cng ty Dt may Hu. Mt s c quan cp a phng cng thnh lp cc doanh nghip dt may. Ngnh cng nghip ny nhanh chng pht trin cung cp hng ho cho th trng trong nc. T nm 1976, ngnh dt may bt u xut khu sang cc nc thuc khi kinh t ng u. Ln u tin Vit Nam xut khu sang Lin X c di hnh thc k kt hp ng ph. Trong s hp tc ny, Vit Nam nhn bng t Lin X c v chuyn tr li bng thnh phm. Nm 1979, Vit Nam m rng loi hnh hp tc ny sang cc quc gia khc nh Hungari, Tip khc v ng c.
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Nm 1986, Vit Nam k tho thun hp ng ph vi Lin X c (c gi l Tho Thun 19/5) vi khi lng ln. Theo Tho thun ny, Lin X s cung cp tt c nguyn vt liu, cc mu thit k v Vit Nam s gia cng v chuyn li sn phm dng qun o may sn v nhn hng tiu dng. Giai on 1987 1990 ngnh cng nghip c bc pht trin r rt. Cc doanh nghip may mc c thnh lp trn khp t nc thu ht hng trm ngn lao ng v ng gp ng k vo ngn sch nh nc. Sau khi Lin X v cc nc ng u tan r, ngnh cng nghip dt may Vit nam tri qua mt giai on khng hong v bn hng cng nh ngun cung cp nguyn liu v thit b cho sn xut. C th ni rng giai on 1990 1992 l giai on kh khn nht ca ngnh cng nghip dt may. Nhiu doanh nghip phi gim mc sn xut hoc phi i mt vi nguy c ph sn. Trong tnh hnh , ngnh cng nghip dt may Vit Nam phi i mt vi nhiu th thch ln. Mt cu hi ln t ra lc ny l liu ngnh c th nm bt c cc c hi p ng nhu cu v trn c s pht trin hn na thm nhp vo cc th trng mi hay khng. Mt khi ngnh dt may Vit Nam khng cn "lm thu" cho cc nh sn xut nc ngoi, bt u s dng nguyn vt liu c sn xut trong nc v trang thit b hin i th ngnh ny s hot ng hiu qu hn nhiu v tr thnh ngnh cng nghip ng u quc gia. Ngnh cng nghip dt may Vit Nam pht trin nhanh chng trong nhng nm gn y v tr thnh mt hot ng sn xut cng nghip quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn. Nm 2004, ton ngnh s dng 2,1 triu lao ng, chim 4,7% trong tng s lao ng c nc. Trong s cc doanh nghip dt may hng u, th Vinatex - mt doanh nghip nh nc - chim ti 22% t trng xut khu dt may ca Vit Nam nm 2006. Mt trong nhng cng ty thnh vin ca Vinatex, Cng ty May Vit Tin, u t hn 10 triu USD trong 5 nm qua nng cp cc dy chuyn sn xut ca cng ty. Hu ht cc thit b mi c nhp khu t Nht Bn v Singapore. Tng t th, nm 2006 xut khu ca ngnh dt may t gi tr 5,8 t USD, a ngnh ny tr thnh ngnh xut khu c doanh thu ln th hai ca Vit Nam sau du th. Khch hng l mt lot cc cng ty dt v may mc hng u th gii nh Express, Hucke, Itochu, JC Penney, Jupitar, Kmart, Kowa, Lee Cooper, Li & Fung, Mast Industries, Nichimen, Nissho Iwai, Otto, Sara Lee, Seidensticker, Sumitomo, Tommy Hilfiger, Victoria's Secret, v Wal-Mart tm n ngun cung Vit Nam. Tuy cn phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc, tng lai cho ngnh dt may ca Vit Nam y ha hn. Vit Nam gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) vo nm 2007. Bn cnh , Chnh ph Vit Nam ang dnh cho ngnh s h tr rt ln, v hin c nhng bin php khuyn khch mnh m thu ht u t nc ngoi. Chnh ph son tho cc k hoch tim nng pht trin ngnh. Nu cc k hoch ny c hon thnh, vic lm v xut khu nm 2010 ca ngnh ny s tng gp i.
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1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut

Ngnh cng nghip Dt may c xem l qu trnh bin i si thin nhin, ti sinh hay tng hp thnh si, vi, v chuyn si, vi thnh qun o, dng v vi vc gia dng... S tng quan ngnh cng nghip dt may c th hin trong Hnh 1.
SX si
Xe si
Nhum x
Vi khng dt
T o c u tr c x cho Nhum si
M ay
Si
SX vi
H
D t th o i
D t k im
Dt nhung
X l v i
X l s b
N h u m /in h o a
H o n t t
M ay
Hnh 1: S tng quan quy trnh to ra sn phm may C th nhn thy trong Hnh 1, i khi x hoc si c th c nhum trc tip. Vi mc (sau khi dt) thng c qua cng on x l b mt trc khi may. Cng on x l vi ny cn c gi l x l t. Nguyn liu th (x) c s dng gm 4 loi chnh l cotton, tng hp, len v la. Vi c to thnh t nguyn liu qua ba bc chnh sau: Sn xut si Sn xut vi X l vi
1.2.1 Sn xut si
Quy trnh sn xut cc loi si khc nhau c thc hin qua cc cng on tng t nhau. u tin, x c lm sch nhm loi b cc tp cht nh ct, bi v v cy. Ty theo yu cu sn phm, x c pha trn theo t l v ko
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di di dng ci si cc x gn nh l song song m khng xon vo nhau. Qu trnh pha trn c tip tc bng cch kt hp cc cun ci v xe mnh, c gi l ko dui. Vic loi b cc x si qu ngn v m bo chc chn rng x si trong con ci u nm trong gii hn chiu di nht nh c gi l chi th. Cng on chi k s tip tc lm cc si song song vi nhau v lp li cho n khi khng c hoc cn rt t si b qun vo nhau. Lc ny, x si c gi l si th c bn khng b t khi b ko si. Cui cng, x si ng nht dng si th c ko v xe li to ra si thnh phm. S sn xut si c th hin trong Hnh 2. Tp cht
Lm sch
Trn v pha
Ko dui (to thnh ci si)
Chi th (Loi b x ngn) ci si Chi k (tip tc lm thng si do ko dui)
Tp cht
Xe si (hnh thnh si)
Si Hnh 2: S qu trnh sn xut si Cht thi sinh ra ch yu trong bc u tin khi lm sch x v khi chi th. Cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh lm sch x cotton thng l cnh con, l v
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t. X len th cha khong 50% tp cht dng du m t nhin, v nc m (m hi do c th thot ra). Cc loi tp cht ny c loi b bng cch nu trong dung dch x phng c cha kim. Khong 25% la th c cha nha t, c th loi b bng cch nu t trong dung dch x phng m c.
1.2.2 Sn xut vi
X v si l nguyn liu sn xut vi. Cc loi vi c sn xut gm: Vi dt thoi Vi dt kim Vi khng dt
Cc cng on p dng trong sn xut cc loi vi trn c m t di y. 1.2.2.1 Vi dt thoi Vi dt thoi c to thnh t hai b si dc v si ngang. Si c cng theo chiu di ca vi c gi l si dc, v cc si vt theo kh vi c gi l si ngang. Nhn chung, cc si dc phi bn chu c sc cng ng k trong qu trnh dt. Nu si dc bn, c th dng cc loi si km hn lm si ngang v chng s an xen kt hp vi nhau nh cc si dc trn vi. trnh si dc b t gy trong qu trnh dt, ngi ta tng cng bn bng cch ph mt lp h mng v sau sy kh. H tinh bt ch yu c dng cho loi vi cotton, cn loi h c cha polymer tng hp c dng cho si tng hp. m bo bn v chc ca vi, kt hp vi co gin nht nh, cn phi c s kt hp cc si dc v ngang mt cch ph hp. Vic an kt hay dt ny c hon thnh trn thit b gi l khung dt. 1.2.2.2 Vi dt kim Dt kim c tin hnh bng tay hoc my. Cc hng mi an c hnh thnh sao mi hng sau li ni tip vi hng trc n. Trong my dt kim, c mt lot cc kim c sp cch u nhau vi khong cch t l vi kch thc mt si cn dt. Quanh mi kim l mt vng si hnh thnh mt si trong qu trnh dt. Si c dn theo tng kim (hoc ngc li) v s di chuyn ca c kim v si din ra theo cch thc mt mt si s c to thnh t vng si v li mt vng si mi quanh mi kim. Qu trnh ny c th lp i lp li. Cc mi kim t cnh nhau v thao tc nh trn s din ra ln lt vi tng mi kim. Sau mi lt dt, mt hng mt si c hnh thnh. 1.2.2.3 Vi khng dt Vi khng dt l loi vi tng i mi so vi cc loi vi k trn. Loi vi ny c c nh sn xut v ngi s dng yu thch, c th d dng sn xut, nhanh v r, v mang li s hi lng ca ngi tiu dng. Vi khng dt l s pha trn ca nhiu loi x. Mt trong cc loi x c phn b ng u trong hn hp l mt loi x c bit, c kh nng tr thnh x dnh ti bt k
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cng on gia cng ph hp no, t ng vai tr nh mt cht kt dnh. Lc , hn hp x s to thnh mt lp hoc mng tng i dy c chiu rng ph hp vi chiu rng ca tm vi thnh phm. Ti cng on cui cng, lp x si s c p nng, loi x c bit cha trong tan chy tng phn v dnh kt cc x li vi nhau. Khi p lc khng cn na, cc x ca vi khng dt s gn cht vi nhau nh lin kt ny. Lng pht thi sinh ra trong giai on sn xut vi ch yu l khu h si. Dch h s dng cha ho cht h d b thi ra ngay sau khi s dng hoc sau mt vi ln tun hon. Lng cht thi sinh ra trong cc cng on khc ca qu trnh sn xut vi trong thc t hu nh khng ng k.
1.2.3 X l vi
Vi sau khi dt thoi hoc dt kim ang dng th c gi l vi mc. Vi ny khi s vo c cm gic th rp v cn cha tp cht t x t nhin hoc do qu trnh sn xut vi. Qu trnh x l vi c thc hin ci thin hnh thc p ng nhu cu tiu dng. Cc cng on chnh c p dng trong giai on ny bao gm: X l s b (gi h, nu chui, kim bng, ty trng) Nhum v in hoa Hon tt
Quy trnh x l vi c m t trong hnh 3. 1.2.3.1 X l s b Gi h Gi h l quy trnh nhm loi b cc cht h. S c mt ca cc cht h trn vi cn tr kh nng thm ca cc ha cht khc trong cc cng on tip theo. Ty thuc loi h c dng, khong 10-20% khi lng ca vi c to bi cht h . Bc ny c thc hin ch yu i vi vi cotton. Ngoi h, quy trnh gi h cng tch loi c phn no cc tp cht ln trong vi. Nhng cht khng tan trong nc v phn h cn st li s b phn hu mt phn do thu phn v mt phn do b xy ho v sau s c tch ra. Ty theo loi h, gi h c th c thc hin bng nc, bng enzyme nhit cao, hay bng ha cht (xt). Hiu qu vic gi h tip tc t c khi nu trong kim v ty trng. Quy trnh gi h n gin nht l s dng cch git lnh tnh hoc ng loi cc tp cht ho tan trong nc.
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V i d t th o i
V i d t k im
X l s b
G i h
G i t/ N u / K i m b n g
T y
N h u m In h o a
N h u m
In h o a
H o n t t
H o n t t
Hnh 3: S quy trnh x l vi

Cc cht h si c s dng nhm ci thin bn v tnh nng un ca si trong qu trnh dt vi. C 3 loi cht h: h t nhin, h tng hp v h hn hp. i vi vi tng hp, vi mc thng c cha cc cht h tng hp tan c trong nc v t nh polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), carbxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) v polyacrylytes. Tuy nhin, trong cc loi vi cotton, th h tinh bt l ch yu.
Cht thi sinh ra khi loi b cc cht h ny l cc cht hu v c kh nng phn hy sinh hc cao. Trong cng on gi h, 90% cc cht h c thi ra theo nc thi, khin cho dng thi ny tr thnh mt trong cc dng thi c nhim cao. Dng thi c ti lng BOD v COD cao mc 600.000 ppm. Cc cht h tng hp khng th phn hu sinh hc c th thot qua h thng x l v gy c hi cho ngun nc tip nhn. Nu Qu trnh nu c thc hin tch trit cc tp cht ngoi lai sau khi chng c loi b s b khi gi h, cng nh loi b cc tp cht nh sp, axit bo, du c trong vi. Nu c thc hin trong mi trng kim iu kin nhit v p sut cao. Quy trnh ny c th thc hin hoc theo m hoc lin tc bng cch ngm thm/ dng hi nc hoc x l nhit ko di nhit v p sut cao. Quy trnh ny bao gm cc bc sau: a cc dung dch git vo tn bn trong x si (kh kh, lm t v ngm thm); Loi b cc cht khong (dng ho tan, phc cht);
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Tp trung v loi b cc vt liu ngoi lai v cc sn phm hnh thnh t cc phn ng (phn tn, nh ho, to phc, bo v bng keo).
Trong khi nu, x si trng n lm tng kh nng hp ph thuc nhum ca vi trong cc cng on sau. Cc loi du tp cht s b thu phn v mc ho x phng ph thuc vo nhit v thi gian phn ng. Cng on ny sinh ra cht thi dng kim vi nng BOD v COD cao. Kim bng Kim bng nhm lm tng bn cng, lng bng v tng i lc vi thuc nhum ca vi. Thao tc ny c thc hin bng cch ngm thm vi cotton vo dung dch natri hydroxide lnh, lm cho si vi phng ln v do to iu kin cho thuc nhum thm vo vi tt hn. V tng sc bn l tiu ch chnh ca cng on ny nn kim bng c thc hin trn khung cng vi. Cht thi sinh ra trong giai on ny v bn cht l c kim cao. Vi c kim bng hay khng l ph thuc vo yu cu hon tt. Cng on ny thng ch p dng cho vi cotton. Ty trng Quy trnh nu chui khng th loi b hon ton tt c cc tp cht c trong vi. Thc ra l cc tp cht b phn hu ho hc v phi c tip tc phn hu xy ho, thu phn v loi b trong cng on ty trng tip theo. trng ca vi c ci thin nh phn ng xy ho hoc kh cc tp cht ny. Kh nng hp th cc ho cht x l cng s c nng cao ti a sau cng on ty trng. i vi nhum cc loi vi nh trung v ti th khng cn qua ty trng. Ngi ta dng cc ho cht khc nhau nh hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide,.. lm cc tc nhn ty trng. Cc iu kin ca qu trnh ty trng thay i theo loi tc nhn ty c dng. Nc thi ra trong qu trnh ny c bn cht kim tnh, cha chlorides v cht rn ho tan. Ty trng bng hypochlorite gy hi cho tt c cc x si c cha cc nhm amino. Cht ny cng gp phn to ra cc cht hu c gc Halogen d hp th (AOX). Trong khi , qu trnh phn hu hydrogen peroxide din ra trong sut qu trnh phn ng ty trng dng H2O2 s ch to ra sn phm l nc v xy. Khi chuyn t ty trng bng hypochloride sang ty trng bng peroxide th hm lng AOX v clo t do trong nc s gim. Do vy, ngy nay hydrogen peroxide c s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, cn phi s dng thm silicat v cc cht n nh hu c khi ty trng bng peroxide n nh qu trnh. To ra loi vi tng hp c mu trng tinh l mt vic kh v loi x si ny t c phn ng vi x l ty trng. Ngoi ra, mt s loi si tng hp, c bit l loi si polyarilonitrite, s c mu hi vng, hi nu hoc khng th c mu trng do nguyn nhn t nh sn xut si tng hp.
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Mt s loi ha cht chnh dng trong x l s b: - Cht ngm/cht git: c s dng thc y s thm thu nhanh cht lng v vt qua sc cn t nhin i vi s thm t bng dung dch kim v s nh ho cc tp cht du m. Cht git phi c kh nng nh ho v kh nng thm t cao. Loi cht git ny c hiu qu hn x phng trong vic loi b cc tp cht. Thm ch, cc cht ny cn c th c s dng trong mi trng axt m khng lm mt i tc dng v khng to vng. - Kim (Natri hydrxt): c s dng x phng ho du/m. - Cht cng ho: Cc ho cht nh axt axetic ethylene diamine tetra (EDTA) c s dng phc ho cc cht gy cng cho nc v cc ion kim loi nng. - Tc nhn phn tn: Cc cht ho hc nh polyacrylates v phosphoric c s dng phn tn cc sn phm phn hu khng ho tan, t v x phng sa. - Tc nhn kh: Cc cht ho hc nh dithiolite c s dng kh tp cht. - Cht iu chnh pH/cht mang: gm cc hp cht polyphosphate, hot ng vi tc dng iu chnh pH/vn chuyn cht bn l cng l cc cht to phc. Cc cht ny gp phn lm tng ti lng phtpho trong dng thi. - Tc nhn ty trng: Clo (Cl2), Natri hypochlorite (NaOCl) v CaOCl2 l 3 tc nhn ty trng truyn thng. Ngy nay hydrogen peroxide ang c s dng rng ri do tnh thn thin mi trng. Natri hypochlorite l mt trong cc tc nhn ty trng mnh nht hin cn c s dng trong ngnh dt. - Cht n nh ty trng: c s dng hn ch s phn hu ca cc anion perhydroxy hot ho c hnh thnh trong quy trnh ty trng bng peroxide v m bo kh nng xy ho cao trong ton b thi gian ty trng. Cc cht n nh c cha silicat nh silicat natri v silicat ca kim loi kim. Cc cht n nh cha silicat c nhc im l lm hnh thnh trn thit b ty trng lp cn silicat kh tch b v lm h hi b mt ca vi. Trong cc thit b hp vi hin i, ngi ta dng quy trnh ty phi silicat vi s c mt ca cc cht n nh hu c bao gm EDTA, DTPA (axit diethylene triaminapentacetic), axit gluconic v axit phosphoric. - Cc cht hot ng b mt: Hot cht b mt c s dng trong ty trng phi c tnh nh tng ho, tnh phn tn v tnh thm t thc y qu trnh loi b cc tp cht k nc, t v ngn cn s bm tr li ca cc sn phm phn ng hnh thnh trong qu trnh ty trng. p ng c cc yu cu ny, hot cht b mt thng l hn hp cc hp cht anion nh alkyl sulphate v alkyl sulphonate v cc hp cht khng in ly nh alkylphenol ethoxylate hoc cht bo c th phn hu c theo phng php sinh hc nh alcohol ethhoxylate. - Cc cht tng trng quang hc: Nu qu trnh x l ty trng ko di qu mc hoc ty trng qu mc, th chc chn vi s b nh hng mnh v b gim cht lng. trnh tc ng tiu cc ny, ngy nay ngi ta s dng ngy cng ph bin phng php ty trng vi m khng cn dng n cc ho cht ty trng c hi. Hin nay, ngi ta hon ton c th t c trng m phng php ty trng thng thng khng th t c bng cch s dng tc nhn tng trng quang hc (FWA). t ti trng bng phng php thng thng th s phi thc hin ti mc c th gy h hi vi. Hin ti c t nht 1000 loi FWA ang c bn trn th trng bao gm cc loi c ngun gc t coumarin, stibene, pyrazolin, napthimide v benzoazole. S dng FWA mang li thun li cho nhng nh hon tt vi v n c i lc vi cc x si khi ng dng trong cc dung dch. FWA c a vo ngay t qu trnh sn xut si.
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Qu trnh x l s b sinh ra mt s vn lin quan n mi trng do cc loi ho cht s dng nh sau:

Cng on Gi h Cc vn mi trng 90% cc cht h i vo nc thi Ti lng BOD, COD cao (ln ti 600.000 ppm) Cc cht h tng hp khng c kh nng phn hu sinh hc gy c hi cho ngun nc tip nhn nu khng qua x l Gn nh ton b cc cht chelat ho, cht n nh, cht iu chnh pH, cht mang u s c mt trong nc thi: tng ti lng photpho (do polyphosphate), tng hm lng kim loi nng. Cc cht hot ng b mt/cht git/cht nh ho/cht phn tn: lm tng ti lng BOD, gy ra c tnh sinh hc trong nc thi (c bit l cc hp cht alkalis benzene sulphonate mch thng - LAS, Alkyl phenol ethoxylate - APEO). To ra cc cht hu c c cha Halogen nu dng ho cht ty trng l hypochrorite.
X l bng kim (nu chui, kim bng)
Ty trng
1.2.3.2 Nhum v in hoa Nhum Qu trnh nhum c thc hin phn b u nh sc trn mt vi, trong xy ra s khuch tn ca phn t thuc nhum vo bn trong si vi to cho vi mu sc mong mun. Mc tiu ca qu trnh nhum l lm cho cc phn t cht nhum gn cht vo si vi. C th thc hin nhum lin tc hoc theo m. Trong c hai trng hp, thuc nhum dn khuch tn vo trong si vi. C cc phng php a thuc nhum vo trong hoc ln trn si vi nh sau: Nhum tn trch: Khuch tn thuc nhum ho tan vo si vi. Nhum pigment: Ph thuc nhum khng ho tan ln b mt si vi. Nhum khi v nhum gel: Thm nhp thuc nhum trong qu trnh sn xut si.
Nhum tn trch l qu trnh quan trng nht trong nhum vi v c m t chi tit di y. Trong nhum tn trch, thuc nhum c ha tan tng phn v khuch tn qua b mt ca si vi vo bn trong x si. Thuc nhum trong mi trng cht lng cng vi vi. Quy trnh nhum tn trch c th chia thnh 3 giai on: Giai on nhum (tn trch v hp ph): Giai on ny din ra s khuch tn ca thuc nhum vo trong si vi. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, mc khuch tn thuc nhum t l vi chnh lch nng gia dch v vi. Trong quy trnh nhum tn trch, nng thuc nhum c trong dch nhum lin tc gim, do chnh lch nng cng gim theo. V th, tc nhum lin tc gim v t n gi tr cui cng (cn bng).
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Giai on cn bng: l giai on m khi nng thuc nhum trn si vi t n gn hiu sut thuc nhum. Trong giai on ny, s ng nht v thm thu thuc nhum xy ra. Trn thc t, giai on ny t ti khi nng thuc nhum trong dung dch khng cn bin i ng k na. Giai on gn mu thuc nhum: Khi qu trnh nhum trng thi cn bng, thuc nhum thng ng yn vng ngoi ca si vi. Thuc nhum trng thi c ng v c th di chuyn khi si vi bt k lc no. V th, cn phi c nh thuc nhum theo hai phng php sau: phn ng ho hc hoc ci thin s phn b thuc nhum trong li si vi.
Mc gn mu ln vi khi nhum thay i tu theo loi thuc nhum v loi vi c nhum. Nng thuc nhum trong nc thi cng thay i tng ng. tn trch ca mt s loi thuc nhum c a ra trong Bng 1: Bng 1: tn trch ca mt s loi thuc nhum
Nhm thuc nhum Thuc nhum cation Thuc nhum axt Thuc nhum cha phc kim loi Thuc nhum trc tip Thuc nhum phn tn Cotton, viscose Polyester, Nylon, Acetate Thuc nguyn Thuc nhum lu hunh Thuc nhum hot tnh Cotton, viscose Cotton, viscose ~ 60% 50 - 95% ~ 40% 5 - 40 % nhum hon Cotton, viscose ~ 95% ~5% ~ 80% ~ 90% ~ 20% ~ 10% Loi vi La Acrylic Len, la, Rayon Len, Nylon tn trch ~ 98% 95 - 98 % 95 - 98% Lng c trong nc thi ~ 2% 2-5% 2-5%
Hiu sut ln mu ca thuc nhum tng ln khi gim nhit dch nhum, dung t, hiu qu duy tr ca cc cht tr v nng thuc nhum. Hiu sut ny s tng theo nng mui, i lc vi thuc nhum, v cc c tnh thnh phn ca thuc nhum. Bng 2 trnh by mt s thng s k thut lin quan n qu trnh nhum vi tng hp. Bng 2: Mt s thng s k thut trong qu trnh nhum
Thng s quy trnh T l nhum trung bnh (2%, ngha l 20gm thuc nhum/kg hng) Dung t nhum Nng thuc nhum Thi gian nhum Nhum gin on 0,5 - 5%/pht 4:1 - 25:1 0,5 - 5 g/l 20 -200 pht Nhum lin tc 50 - 150%/pht 0,4:1 - 1,2:1 17 - 50 g/l 0,6 - 2 pht
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Ti u ho tiu hao thuc nhum - loi u vo chim t trng ng k v gi tr trong ngnh dt may - c th thc hin theo cc cch sau: Trong mt cng thc, cc loi thuc nhum nn c kt hp t l khi lng sao cho c c tnh tn trch tng t ti mc c th. Khi nng nhit nhum giai on tn trch ch yu ca thuc nhum - vo khong 30oC - cn phi tin hnh t t. Tc gia nhit trong khong nhit ti hn cn c iu chnh ph hp vi loi v kiu thit k ca vi v ph hp vi s tun hon dch nhum hoc tc quay vng ca vi.
Cht tr trong qu trnh nhum Ngoi thuc nhum, quy trnh nhum vi cn s dng rt nhiu cc sn phm c bit khc gi chung l cht tr. Cc cht ny l mt phn khng th thiu trong vic h tr nhum u mu, c tnh bn mu cao hn, v.v... D tnh lng cht tr nhum c s dng bng 60-70% lng thuc nhum c s dng. Cc cht tr trong nhum bao gm cc loi chnh sau: Cht phn tn: c s dng khi dng cc loi thuc nhum phn tn v hon nguyn. Cht phn tn chia phn t thuc nhum ln thnh cc ht nh hn nhm h tr qu trnh thm v hp th thuc nhum vo si vi. ho tan trong nc ca thuc nhum phn tn tng mnh khi nhit dch nhum tng. ho tan ny cn tng thm gp nhiu ln khi c thm cht phn tn. Cht lm phn tn cn ngn hiu ng lc thuc nhum kt t trong qu trnh nhum c cun v nh ngn hin tng nhum khng u. Thuc nhum phn tn thng c cung cp di dng bt v dng lng. Thuc nhum dng bt c cha mt t l ln cc cht phn tn, trong khi thuc nhum dng lng th t l ny thp hn nhiu. Mc d thuc nhum phn tn cha cht phn tn, nhng ngi ta vn thng b sung thm 0,52g/l cht phn tn trong dch nhum nu ng sut c v nhit trn si vi trong qu trnh nhum l ln. Cc sn phm cha formaldehyde v cc hp cht tng t, cc hot cht b mt v cc hp cht hot ng b mt anion u c th c s dng lm cht phn tn. V cc hot cht b mt khng in ly thng c c tc dng lm u mu cng nh phn tn, nn cht tr cho quy trnh nhum vi polyester thng l hn hp cc hp cht khc nhau ca cc cht phn tn v cht lm u mu. Cht lm u mu: Vic s dng cht lm u mu l bt buc i vi quy trnh nhum nhit cao. Cc cht lm u mu gip phn b u thuc nhum trong si vi cho vi c nhum u v nh mu v su mu sc. Khi nhum hng polyester nhit si th khng cn dng cht lm u mu v qu trnh din ra chm v ng u di iu kin ny. C 3 nhm cht lm u mu dng cho cc quy trnh nhum nhit cao, l: Cht xc tc nhum (cht mang): Lm tng t l khuch tn thuc nhum, v do , nng cao kh nng di chuyn ca thuc nhum. Cht ny h tr s thm thu ca thuc nhum vo si vi bng cch lm trng si vi hoc phn tn thuc nhum thnh cc ht nh hn. Cht xc tc nhum c th tng t l tn trch ti mc c th lm nhum khng u mu. Do vy, cht xc tc nhum nn c a vo nhit cao hn. Cc cht ny bao gm cc sn phm halogen ho ca benzene v toluene, 2 phenyl phenol, te diphenyl, salicylic esters, methylnaphthalene, v.v... Tuy nhin, cc hp cht ny c mt s nhc im l lm gim bn mu vi nh sng, gy nhim mi trng, lm trng si vi qu mc v c mi nng. Cc sn phm cha ethoxylate: Cc cht ny c tc dng lm chm tc dng ca thuc nhum trong giai on hp th v do , chng c s dng trong quy trnh nhum nhanh hay nhum sm mu nhit cao. Cc cht chnh trong nhm ny l axit stearic, du ethoxylated castor, esters ca lu hunh v pht pho, cht bo ethoxylated alcohol hay alkalphenol. Cc cht lm u mu c bit: Cc cht ny to ra mc cn bng v hp th hn hp thuc nhum trong qu trnh gia nhit v tng cng s di chuyn ca thuc nhum giai on nhit cao. Cc cht lm u mu c bit bao gm hn hp alcohol, ester, hoc xton mch trung bnh.
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Cht thm t: Cht thm t c tc dng lm gim sc cng b mt ca dch nhum, nh gip dch nhum lan ra v thm su vo si vi mt cch d dng hn. Cht to phc: Cht lng nc c vai tr rt quan trng i vi s thnh cng ca quy trnh nhum. Nu trong nc c cc cht nh kim th v/hoc mui kim loi nng th c th dn n vic hnh thnh cc phc cht bn vng vi cc phn t thuc nhum; v th lm thay i nh mu v ko theo gim sng. Cht lng nc km cn dn n vic hnh thnh cc hp cht kh ho tan c tnh cht nh mui dn n cc vn v mu khng u, gim bn khi ch xt v git. Cc cht to phc c cho thm vo b nhum kt hp vi cc cation a ho tr, c bit l canxi, magie, v cc mui st i theo vi vo dch nhum. EDTA v cc cht tc nhn to phc lin quan DTPA, NTA (nitrilotriacetate) v dn xut ca axit phosphoric l nhng cht to phc rt mnh. Cc loi cht to phc yu hn thng c dng kt hp vi thuc nhum phc hp kim loi kim loi khng tch khi thuc nhum. Cc cht to phc trung bnh nh polyphosphate v cc loi axit poly-carboxylic c th c s dng cho mc ch ny. Cht iu chnh pH: Qu trnh nhum bng thuc nhum phn tn c thc hin pH 4,5, v ti iu kin pH ny thuc nhum phn tn n nh nht. Cc cht to axt gm c cc mui ca axit halocarboxylic l loi mui b phn gii nhit cao. Mui phosphate cng c s dng lm cht m. Axit acetic thng c a dng iu chnh pH. Cht xc tc nhum: Cc cht xc tc nhum (cht mang) c s dng trong nhum si tng hp theo quy trnh tn trch nhm tng t l hp th thuc nhum phn tn trn si vi, khuch tn nhanh thuc nhum vo trong si vi v tng nng sut nhum. Khi s dng cht xc tc, cc si vi polyester c kh nng c nhum bng thuc nhum phn tn vi cng mnh ngay c o 100 C. Hot cht quan trng nht c s dng lm cht xc tc l 1,2 dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4 trichloronbenzene, 2-phenyephenol diphenyl, diphenyl ete, methyl salicylate, diethyl phthalate, tetralin, methyl naphthalene, axit phathalic, N-butylimide v chlorophenoxyethanol. Thnh phn ca mt cht xc tc nhum lun lun l mt s dung ho. Tnh d bay hi v c tnh ca chlorobenzene khin cho cht ny ch c s dng trong thit b kn. Trong khi , s gim bn mu vi nh sng khi dng dn xut naphthalene, diphenyl in 2-phenylphenol i hi phi c bc cm mu tip theo nhit trn 180oC. Cc vn mi trng ca cc cht xc tc nhum bao gm c tnh i vi con ngi, cc loi c, v bn trong cng thi, kh phn hu sinh hc v cc vn v mi. Tuy nhin, v cc cht ny c i lc vi si vi nn 75 - 90% lng dng ca cc cht c hp ln vi. Ch cn cc cht nh tng ho khng gy hi v mt sinh hc l cn li trong dung dch nhum v c thi vo h thng nc thi. Cc cht xc tc cn li trn si vi c thi ra trong cng on sy hoc cm mu, v do , cn phi kim sot qu trnh lm sch kh thi. Cc cht kh: Cc cht ny c s dng trong giai on x l sau ci thin bn mu ca vi nhum v in hoa bng thuc nhum phn tn bng phn ng phn hy kh thuc nhum dnh trn b mt vi. C th chia cc cht kh thnh 3 nhm: Cc hp cht cha lu hunh: c sinh ra t axit dithionous (H2S2O4), axit sulphuric (H2SO4) v Natri dithioxite (Na2S2O4), v.v... Cc hp cht hu c: bao gm cc hp cht c cu trc hydroxyl carboxyl- glucose v hydroxyl acetone. Phc cht hydride: NaBH4
Tc nhn bc mu: Trong khi nhum v in hoa, mi li pht sinh u cn phi c sa li v l do kinh t. Cc li ny c th do tnh cht nhum khng ng nht ca vi, li quy trnh v dnh bn trong qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn liu. Trc khi in hoa hay nhum vi, ngi ta cn phi loi tr mu nhum ban u ca vi. Bc mu vi nhum bng thuc nhum phn tn l mt vic rt kh v ch c th thc hin nhit cao. C th lm sng vi bng cch s dng cc cht mang v cht lm u mu khng in ly nng cao, nhng nu lm vy th c th lm h tn si vi. Thuc nhum c th b phn hu nh phng php ty trng bng clo khi c thm cht mang.
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Qu trnh nhum sinh ra mt s vn lin quan n mi trng do nguyn liu s dng nh sau: Nc c s dng vi lng rt ln; S dng nhiu mui ci thin cm mu trn vt liu vi; Nhiu loi thuc nhum c cha cc kim loi nng trong thnh phn hoc dng tp cht; Lng thuc nhum khng bm c trn si vi gy ra mu cao cho dng thi cng nh nng mui v kim loi nng.
Nc thi cng on nhum c cha thuc nhum cha tn trch v cc ho cht khc. Nc thi thng c mu, TDS, BOD, COD cao. In hoa In hoa l to ra cc hoa vn c mu trn vi. Cng on ny c thc hin bng cch dng h in c cha thuc nhum hoc cht mu v cc cht tr khc. C th in hoa bng cch in khun, in li, to ra cc hoa vn c mu trn cht liu vi. Cng on ny s sinh ra mt lng ln nc thi c mu vi nng BOD cao. Quy trnh in hoa trn vi bao gm cc bc sau: x l trc in, in, sy kh, gn mu, git. X l trc in: X l vi mt cch thch hp trc khi in l mt bc rt quan trng in thnh cng. iu cn thit l phi n nh khun vi. t c iu ny, c th phi tin hnh phng co, loi b cng sinh ra trong qu trnh dt, n nh cu trc dt v lm thng cc si dc v ngang theo hng si. Vic n nh kch thc v chng nhn i hi vi phi c nh hnh trn thit b vng nh hnh. tng n hi ca vi, vi cn c x l bng dung dch c cha 2 - 3% natri cacbonat trong vng 15 - 20 pht nhit si. Qu trnh ny s lm cho b mt vi sch nh sc nc v vi c gim trng. Khi lng hao ht l 3 - 6%. Vic gim trng lm gin cu trc dt v to ra cm gic mm mi v mn. Sau khi c x l kim, vi c axit ho bng axit axetic, git v sy kh. In: Vi c in bng quy trnh in li phng trn bn in, hoc in li quay hoc my in trc. C hai hnh thc in: In bng thuc nhum: S dng cc loi thuc nhum khc nhau In pigment: S dng cc cht mu pigment
S khc bit chnh gia in bng thuc nhum v in pigment l cc cht mu pigment khng c i lc vi si vi trong khi thuc nhum th ngc li. Cc cht tr cn thit cho in pigment cn phi c tc dng gip c nh cc cht mu ln vi; cc cht ny s lu li trn si vi v to ra bn mu. Trong trng hp in bng thuc nhum, cc cht tr in s b loi b khi git ln cui.
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Phng php in ph bin nht l in li. Vi phng php ny, vi c t phng theo kh rng trn nhng bn di dc theo chiu di ca phng in. Li in c t trn bn. H in c mu ph hp c p qua mt li ln vi hoc dng bn chi hay sng phun. Sau li c nng ln v c t vo v tr c mu hoa vn tng t tip theo v qu trnh ny c lp i lp li cho n cui tm vi. Bn in i khi c th c lm nng bng thit b gia nhit. Sy: Cng on sy c thc hin nhm ngn hin tng nho mu in khi vi i qua trc dn. C rt nhiu phng php sy khc nhau, bao gm c phng php dng dng khng kh nng hoc kh thi t l t cho tip xc trc tip vi vi (sy thng) v phng php sy bc x. Hin nay, phng php tt nht c s dng l sy bng kh nng trong bung sy m c a dng hn c l c cc ming thi kh. Cn thn trng khi s dng kh thi l t v nhiu loi thuc nhum rt nhy cm vi lu hunh dioxide v cc kh nit. Gn mu in: Gn mu in l qu trnh lm cho thuc nhum khuch tn vo vi. Cc loi si tng hp c tnh k nc mnh v t trng n, nn i hi phi c nhiu tc ng trong qu trnh lm gn mu. Kh nng hp th thuc nhum ph thuc nhiu vo nhit v thay i theo tc ng ca cc cht mang. Quy trnh gn mu c tin hnh vi mt trong cc phng php sau: Gn mu bng hi nc bo ho (30 pht - 102oC): Trong phng php ny, ch c vng bin vi c gn mu iu kin hi nc thng thng vi hiu qu ti a 20-50%. Phng php ny c dng cho vi c mu nht v trung bnh. Gn mu vi hi nc bo ho p sut cao (30 pht - 2,5 bar): Kh nng gn mu thuc nhum c tng cng ng k nh gn mu trong ni hp p lc. Vi mc p sut 2,5 bar, lng thuc nhum gn ln vi t 60 - 90%. Hiu sut ny tng khi tng p sut v c th gn 100% thuc nhum mc p sut 3,5 - 4,0, mc d mc p sut ny thuc nhum s b thng hoa. Gn mu bng hi nc qu nhit: V nhit gn mu rt cao, nn ch s dng c vi loi thuc nhum c kh nng chng li s thng hoa. Cc cht h c hm lng rn cao s khng c dng v chng s b chy v tr nn cng, rt kh loi b trong khu git tip theo. Phng php Thermosol (gia nhit kh, 1 pht, 200oC): Hiu sut thuc nhum trung bnh khi khng c cht mang l 50 - 70%. Nhn chung, phng php gn mu bng nhit kh, vi nhit cao, l rt ph hp cho cc loi vi dt thoi lm t si khng c cu trc.
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Git vi: Git vi sau in nhm mc ch loi b cc cht h in, phn thuc nhum cha gn mu v cc cht tr. Thuc nhum cha gn mu c th dng cht tan hoc khng tan, nhng c hai trng hp u s gim s bt mu hoc gy phai mu. Quy trnh git c chia thnh mt s giai on. phn cui ca mi giai on, nc bn trong vi c vt ra trc khi chuyn sang giai on sau. Sau ln git u, v i khi sau bc gi trung gian, th vi c git ln hai v ln ba nhit 70 - 80oC vi nng cc ho cht thp hn. Tip , vi c gi trong mi trng c iu kin axt. Trc khi sy kh vi git, ngi ta thng tch nc bng cch quay li tm hoc vt kit, v sy kh nhit 110 - 130oC vi cng rt thp.
Cht tr trong qu trnh in bng thuc nhum H: H l cc hp cht dng bt hoc ht c c tnh trng n c bit trong nc v to cho dung dch c st n nh v c th in c. H in thng cha 40 - 70% cht h. Tu thuc vo hm lng cht rn m ngi ta c th s dng cht h t 2,5 - 10% (ti a l 16%). H c phn loi theo cc nguyn liu to ra chng. Ngy nay, cc cht h t nhin c loi bin tnh v nguyn thu - c s dng rng khp trong qu trnh in bng thuc nhum v ang thay th nhanh chng cc cht h nh ho t xng trng. Cc loi tinh bt c te ho hoc c cha cacbon methylate thng c s dng khi in bng thuc nhum phn tn. Cc cht tr gn mu (a nc): cc cht ny lm tng tnh tan ca thuc nhum trong qu trnh gn mu. Trong mt s trng hp khc, chng cn c tc dng lm si trng n. Ure l cht c c tnh rt a nc nn c s dng rng ri khi in bng thuc nhum hot tnh. Cht phn tn: c tc dng ho tan thuc nhum khi chun b h in. Nhiu dung mi hu c phn cc c s dng v mc ch ny, v d nh ethanol, glycol etylen, diglycol etylen, butyl diglycol, glyxerin v thiodiglycol. Cc loi thuc nhum phn tn thng c sn cc cht phn tn trong thnh phn v v th khng cn thit phi a thm vo h in. Cht chng to bt: Cc cht ny ngn nga s to bt trong khi pha ch h in v c trong qu trnh in. Cc cht c th c s dng cho mc ch ny bao gm: du silicon, este hu c v v c, v cc hydrocacbon bo. Axit: Cc axit nh axit citric hay sunphat amoni c s dng to ra mi trng axit nh cho h in khi in bng cc thuc nhum cation v thuc nhum phn tn. Cc cht oxy ho: Cc cht ny c b sung ngn cc nh hng c hi gy ra do phn ng ho hc ca thuc nhum vi cc cht h t nhin, v vi chnh vt liu vi, qua thc y qu trnh in n nh v khng xy ra s c. Sunphat M-nitrobenzene natri c s dng kt hp cc cht h t nhin khi in trc tip bng thuc nhum phn tn trn cc si vi polyester. Clorat natri i khi c s dng ngn s phn hu thuc nhum bng phn ng kh khi in bng thuc nhum phn tn. Cht kt dnh trong in: Cc cht ny c s dng gn vi ln chn in m bo cho vi khng x lch trong sut qu trnh in. Cc cht kt dnh tan trong nc c s dng ph bin nht, bao gm cc cht lm t cc sn phm t nhin nh: tinh bt phn hu, cc dn xut ca tinh bt, cc cht keo thc vt cng nh cc cht c ngun gc tng hp nh polyvinyl alcohol v polyvinyl caprolactum (C5H10CONH). Cc cht kt dnh khng tan bao gm cc cht nha do nng, y l cc cht polyme nn acrilat tan trong nc v c nhit ho mm l 50 - 80oC. Cht git: Cc cht git vi tc dng lm tan thuc nhum c s dng cho qu trnh git vi in vi thuc nhum phn tn. Cht kh: Cht kh c s dng lm sch vi bng phn ng kh v tng cng hiu qu ca cht git. Dithionite natri (Na2S2O2), thng c gi l hydrosulphite, c s dng
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cho hng polyester c in bng thuc nhum phn tn. y l mt cht kh mnh c bn hn ch khi tip xc vi kh oxy trong kh quyn. Cht bo v: Cht bo v c tc dng ngn chn s ti hp th thuc nhum trong khi git. Cht ny cng gip nng cao bn mu t. Polyvinyl pyrolidone c s dng trong cc b git cho hng in bng thuc nhum hot tnh v thuc nhum trc tip. Cc sn phm ngng kt ca axit sulfonic thm vi formaldehyde c s dng x l hon tt vi polyamide c in bng thuc nhum axit v thuc nhum phc kim loi.
Cc cht tr cho quy trnh in pigment H: Ging nh trong in bng thuc nhum. Cc cht h c s dng ph bin nht trong in pigment l cc cht lng, d to thnh polyme tng hp trong du khong. Chng c th l cc dng nc c trung ho hon ton bng amoniac, vi hm lng rn ln ti 25%, hoc c th dng khan c trung ho mt phn vi hm lng rn ln ti 60%, m v th thng i hi phi b sung thm mt lng amoniac nht nh. mt s ni trn th gii, cc sn phm cht rn dng ht khng cha dung mi ang ngy cng c tm quan trng ln hn v chng c th m bo cho mt qu trnh in khng sinh ra cht thi. Cht to mng: Cc cht polyme c tc dng to nn lp mng khng mu v trong sut trn cht mu pigment v to ra dnh vt l cho cc cht nn, v nh bo v c cc cht mu pigment trc s n mn c hc. Cc cht to mng thng phm hin c l cc cht phn tn dng lng ca cc polymer (ch yu c gc este acrylic, butadien v t ph bin hn l vinyl acetate) vi hm lng cht rn 40 - 50%. Cht gn mu: S dng nng cao bn t, thng khng ph hp vi cc loi x si trn nh polyester. Cc sn phm trng ngng ca melamine formaldehyde ete ho vi methanol c xem l mt cht gn mu thch hp. Tuy nhin, cc cht ny cng l ngun pht sinh formaldehyde chnh ca cc loi vi c in pigment. Hin nay, trn th trng c cc loi cht gn mu bin tnh pht sinh formaldehyde mc thp. Mt s loi cht gn mu thay th c to thnh t cc nn ho cht khc nh azinidin trn nn izoxianat cng thnh thong c s dng, tuy nhin vic s dng chng cng ch mc hn ch v cc ri ro c hc sinh thi khng th loi b ht. H mm: Cc cht ny gm c 2 loi silicon v este axit bo. Silicon ci thin bn ch st kh m vn khng lm gim bn t, v to cm gic kh trn mm cho vi. Cc cht lm mm nh dioctyl phthalate v este axit bo lm cho mng kt dnh linh ng hn v do vy vi c cm gic mm mi hn. Cc cht ny cng ci thin sng v mu sc ca vi. Cht nh ho: Trong qu trnh in pigment c dung mi, cc cht to nh c kh nng to vi dung mi mt hn hp nh tng, nh du trong nc, v hot ng nh cht h c vi tnh lu ng thch hp. Khi in pigment khng c dung mi, nhim v chnh ca cc cht nh ho l ngn chn s kt t ca cht mu pigment, lm tc li lc v phn tch cc thnh phn ca h in. Cc ete aryl v polyglycol th alkyl l cc cht thch hp mang li mt qu trnh in pigment n nh k c loi c dung mi v khng c dung mi. Oxit etylen v propylen trong cc loi ru cn khc nhau c s dng khc phc nhng vn nht nh ci thin cc c tnh t, c tnh lm sch ... Cht to axit: c s dng khi in c dung mi nhm to ra mi trng axit cn thit cho qu trnh gn mu. Nhng cht ny bao gm mui amon ca cc axit v c (v d phosphate diammonium). Cht chng to bt: Tng t trnh by trong phn cc ph gia cho qu trnh in bng thuc nhum.
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1.2.3.3 Hon tt Cng on ny bao gm cc thao tc cui cng cn thit lm cho vi p v hp dn. Hon tt vi c th bao gm c x l bng ho hc v c c hc. Khi x l bng phng php c hc, cc cht ho hc thng c s dng nng cao, h tr hoc to hiu qu lu di ca vic x l. Cc thao tc hon tt bao gm: Sy: L kh m trn vi bng my sy. n nh kch thc: y l mt trong nhng thao tc hon tt quan trng nht. Vi trong iu kin cha c hnh dng n nh s c a vo my vng kh t c kch thc di v rng yu cu. Cn lng: Hnh thnh mt lp bng lng trn b mt vi trong qu trnh cn lng. Vi m c p cht ln b mt kim loi lng v nng cho n khi kh. Lm mm: Sau khi cn lng, vi tr nn cng hn. Lm mm c thc hin ph cng ny. Vi c dn vo my lm mm sao cho tip xc nh nhng vi trc cun v c cun trn. Qua thao tc ny, b mt vi c xo ng nh lm chng mm hn.
Ngoi cc thao tc hon tt nu trn, vi cn c cc c tnh khc tu thuc vo yu cu nh tnh thm nc, chng chy, Cc c tnh ny t c bng cch cho vi i qua mng ho cht ( c cc kiu x l hon tt c bit) sau s c sy v vng kh. Trong quy trnh hon tt, vi c a qua b cha cc thnh phn c tc dng hon tt theo yu cu. Sau , vi c dn qua cc trc p tch cng nhiu dung dch hon tt cng tt trc khi c a sang sy kh.
Mc tch m c th thay i t 60% ti 100% ph thuc vo cu trc ca vi, cng nh cu trc v p sut ca trc p. Nhiu phng php hon tt c kh nng gim lng dch c xut, trc tin l nhm tit kim nng lng cho qu trnh sy, nhng sau ny l v l do kinh t v mi trng. Mt s phng php trong l phng php p, theo vi thm m mt lng tng i ln dung dch hon tt m sau lng dch d c tch ra nh cc trc vt c bit, b tch chn khng hoc cc vi phun kh hoc hi nc p lc. Mt phng php khc l phng php cc b, trong ngi ta ch s dng mt lng gii hn dung dch x l vi trong cc thit b nh trc c rnh, cc my to bt ng m. Bng cc h thng ny, hiu qu p chit t ti ch cn 12% lng dch i vi vi 100% si tng hp. Cng vi vic tit kim do gim s dng nng lng sy kh, th cc h thng hon tt lng dch thp cng gp phn lm gim cc chi ph ho cht, tit kim cng sc v di chuyn. Tuy nhin, vic gim lng dch trong vi cng lm tng yu cu kim sot c p chit ng u, do cc c ch iu khin h thng x l loi ny l yu t rt quan trng i vi s thnh cng khi vn hnh h thng ny. V l do , cc phng php p, d iu khin hn v cho ng u trong x l cao hn, thng c s dng rng ri hn v mt thng mi so vi cc phng php cc b.
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Da vo loi vi cn c x l v sn phm cui cng, ngi ta c th tin hnh bt k hoc tt c cc thao tc x l trn. Mi thao tc u cn s dng nhiu nc v ho cht. Trong nhiu trng hp, tt c tc nhn hon tt nhm mang li cc c tnh khc nhau mong mun cho vi u c s dng trong cng mt b x l thay v trong nhiu b ring bit. Khi nhiu loi tc nhn c a vo cng mt b x l th yu t ht sc quan trng l tt c cc thnh phn phi c la chn ph hp v khng gy ra s kt ta hay cn tr tnh nng ca nhau.
Cc loi ho cht thng c s dng trong hon tt: Cht to lin kt ngang: c p dng cho vi cha xenlulo nhm lm gim hin tng nhu vi vi trng thi kh hoc t, ng thi lm n nh vi v chng hin tng nhn khi git l. Cc dn xut methylol ca cc cht ur thay th cng c s dng rng ri lm cc cht to lin kt ngang to tnh nng khng cn i cho vi. Cc dn xut methylol a nhm chc ca ur, hoc melamine to ra t phn ng gia formaldehyde vi cc hp cht ny thng c s dng cho mc ch ni trn. Cht xc tc: Cc cht gii phng axit s ng vai tr l cht xc tc khi x l cc loi nha. Cc cht ny c chia thnh cc nhm: axit t do (v d: axit tartaric, lactic, glycolic, ), mui amon (v d: clorua, sunfat, mono v dihydro photphat), mui c gc hu c (v d: alkanolamine, chlorohydrate, ) v mui kim loi (v d: MgCl, ZnCl, ZnNO3, ). Ngy nay, ngi ta thng tin hnh sy v hon tt ng thi, khi s s dng mt hn hp ca mui kim loi v axit (v d: dng natri hydroborate vi magie clorua). H dy vi: To cho vi cm gic chc chn v dy dn hn. y l nhng hp cht polymer. Cc cht h dy vi dng ho tan v nh tng c s dng trn cc loi vi cha xenlulo. Cc polymer khng lm mt mu khi tip xc vi nh sng, nhit hay khng kh ny nh cc cht trng hp ca methacrylate, axetat v polyvinyl acrilat l cc cht h dy vi dng polymer nh tng c s dng rng ri nht. Ure methylate dng polymer v nha melamine formaldehyde c s dng nh cht h dy cho vi 100% si tng hp nh ninon v polyester v chng bm bn v to cm gic n hi. Cht lm mm: Cc cht ny c s dng ci thin cm gic cho vi dt thoi v tng trn ca si v vi. trn c tng cng s gip cho vi c bn x cao hn, gim hin tng t si do kim xuyn qua khi may, d to np hn v mm mi hn. Phn ln cc ho cht lm mm c gc l axit bo. tng kh nng to np v chy mm ca vi cha xenlulo, th cc cht lm mm dng cation c hiu qu hn so vi cc cht khng in ly. Cc cht nh tng lng c dimethyl silicon c s dng nh cc cht lm mm v c bit c hiu qu trn si tng hp. Loi nh tng ny lm cho b mt si vi mm mi ng u khc hn so vi khi dng cc cht lm mm khc. Cc cht lm mm loi anion c s dng trn si vi th nh vi b (denim) nhm tng cng s phng co cho vi. Cc cht ny hot ng nh nhng cht bi trn cng nh cc cht thm t.
Qu trnh hon tt s dng mt s hp cht ho hc nh nu trn. Cc ho cht ny sinh ra cc loi cht nhim dng hu c v v c i vo mi trng khng kh v mi trng nc trong cc cng on x l thng thng, cng nh trong cng on git hoc tch loi tp cht tip sau . ng lu nht l cc sn phm cha formaldehyde vi vai tr l cc cht to lin kt ngang bi y l cc cht b nghi ng gy ung th. Ngy nay vic s dng cc sn phm cha glyoxal ur ang dn c a chung hn thay th cc cht c cha formaldehyde.
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Do gy tc ng c hi cho mi trng nn cc loi mui km dn khng c dng lm cht xc tc. Cc loi mui nitrate tng c s dng nhiu trong sut mt giai on khi ngi ta nghi ng rng vic s dng cc cht xc tc clorua cng vi cc sn phm cha formaldehyde th c th gia tng cc sn phm gy ung th. S nghi ng ny sau c chng minh l khng c cn c v cc cht xc tc clorua li c s dng tr li thay th cc cht nitrat; nh c cp trn, magi clorua l cht xc tc c s dng rng ri nht. Chnh do cc kha cnh mi trng ny, nn ngy nay, bn cnh vic tm ra cc loi ho cht t gy tc ng xu ti mi trng th ngi ta cng tm cch tn dng cc loi vi m cc c tnh hon tt mong mun t c ngay trong qu trnh ko si nhm gim tc ng n mi trng do s dng ho cht hon tt. 1.3
Hin trng cht thi

Qu trnh sn xut hng dt gy ra nhiu vn ln v mi trng. Dng nhim ng ch nht l nc thi, sau l kh thi v cc cht thi rn.
1.3.1 Nc thi
Nc c s dng rt nhiu trong qu trnh x l vi t. Lng nc s dng thay i theo tng cng on v mt hng x l. Trong cng mt cng on th vic s dng nc cng khc nhau tu theo loi thit b. Cc s liu s dng nc cho cc loi vi khc nhau c a ra trong bng 3 v dung t ca cc loi my nhum khc nhau c trnh by trong bng 4. Bng 3: Tiu th nc trong ngnh dt nhum
Hng dt nhum Vi cotton Vi cotton dt thoi Len Vi polyacrylic Lng nc tiu th (m3 trn mt tn sn phm) 80 - 240 70 - 180 100 - 250 10 - 70
Bng 4: Dung t nc/vi trong mt s loi thit b x l t

Thit b My Winch My nhum cun (Jigger) My nhum trc cun My nhum trn My nhum ngm p Dung t 10:1 20:1 3:1 5:1 8:1 10:1 4:1 10:1 0.6:1 0.8:1
C khong 88% nc s dng c thi ra di dng nc thi v 12% thot ra do bay hi.
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Nhn chung, nc thi ngnh dt c pH kim tnh, nhit cao, dn in ln v t l BOD:COD thp (c ngha l kh nng phn hu sinh hc thp). Gi tr c th ca t l BOD:COD nm trong khong 1:25 ti 1:5. nhim hu c ca nc thi ch yu c sinh ra t qu trnh tin x l bng ho cht; trong trng hp nu vi polyester bng kim th gi tr BOD c th ln ti 210 kg/tn.
Dng thi bao gm nc thi ch yu t cc cng on sn xut si, dt vi, nhum v hon tt. Ngi ta thng c bit quan tm ti cc loi thuc nhum, cc cht h, v cc cht hot ng b mt. Cc ngun gy nhim nc thi quan trng do cc xng nhum c trnh by trong bng 5.
Bng 5: Dng thi v cht nhim cn quan tm trong nc thi ngnh dt
Cng on Gi h Ha cht s dng Nc dng tch cht h si khi vi H in, cht kh bt c trong vi Nc dng nu Cht hot ng b mt Tc nhn chelat ho (cht to phc) cht n nh, cht iu chnh pH, cht mang Tc nhn ty trng hypoclorit Nc dng nhum, git Nhum vi cc thuc nhum hot tnh, hon nguyn v sunphua, kim bng, nu, ty trng. Nhum vi thuc nhum baz, phn tn, axit, hon tt Thuc nhum, cht mang, ty trng bng clo, cht bo qun, cht chng mi mt, clo ho len Thuc nhum sunphua Nhum hot tnh Cc thuc nhum phc cht kim loi v pigment Cc cht git, ty du m, cht mang, ty trng bng clo Cc thuc nhum hot tnh v sunphua Dng thi ra t cng on in hoa Dng thi t cc cng on x l nhm to ra cc tnh nng mong mun cho thnh phm. Cht nhim cn quan tm BOD, COD Du khong Lng nc thi ln, c BOD, COD, nhit cao, kim tnh BOD, COD Photpho, kim loi nng
Nu ty
Nhum
AOX Lng nc thi ln c mu, BOD, COD, nhit cao pH kim tnh
pH tnh axit AOX
Sunphua Mui trung tnh Kim loi nng Hydrocarbon cha halogen Mu BOD, COD, TSS, ng, nhit , pH, th tch nc BOD, COD, TSS
In hoa Hon tt
Bn cnh nc thi, x si cha cc tp cht v ha cht s dng trong qu trnh x l vi cng gp phn gy ra s nhim ca dng thi ngnh dt nhum. Phn ln cc tp cht c trong x si, nh cc loi kim loi v hydrocarbon, u c a vo mt cch c ch ch trong qu trnh hon tt
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ko si nhm tng cng cc c tnh vt l v kh nng lm vic ca si vi. Cc cht hon tt ny thng c tch ra khi vi trc khu x l cui cng, v do gy ra s nhim trong nc thi. Thnh phn ca nc thi ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh ca vt liu c nhum, thuc nhum, ph gia v cc ho cht khc c s dng.
1.3.2 Khng kh
Mc d cng nghip dt l ngun gy nhim khng kh th yu khi so snh vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc, nhng kh thi c xem nh l vn nhim ln th hai (sau nc thi) t ngnh cng nghip ny. V ngnh ny s dng rt nhiu loi hng ho v ho cht trong sn xut nn vic xc nh tnh c th v qun l nhim kh thi l mt nhim v y thch thc. Pht thi kh bao gm c cc ngun im c nh v ngun phn tn di ng. Cc ngun thi c nh bao gm qu trnh ph b mt nhit cao, sy kh v x l nhit cao trong thi ra cc hp cht hu c bay hi (VOCs); cc l hi thi ra cc ht l lng, cc oxit nit v dioxit lu hunh; v cc thng cha hng ho v ho cht chuyn dng. Ngun kh thi phn tn di ng c ngun gc t r r thit b, lm sch bng dung mi, hot ng ca trm x l nc thi v cc kho cha vi thnh phm. Bng 5 a ra danh sch cc ngun pht sinh kh thi cng cc cht nhim ng quan tm ca ngnh dt. Bng 5: Ngun pht sinh kh thi v cht nhim ng quan tm trong ngnh dt Cng on Sn xut nng lng Cc ngun pht thi Pht thi t l hi Cc cht nhim Cc ht l lng, oxit nit (NOx), dioxit lu hunh (SO2)
Ph b mt, sy v x l Pht thi t cc l nhit Cc thnh phn hu c nhit cao cao bay hi (VOCs) Lu gi ho cht Pht thi t cc thng VOCs cha hng ho v ho cht Pht thi t cc b v VOCs, cc pht thi c thit b x l hi
X l nc thi
1.3.3 Cht thi rn

Cht thi rn l dng thi ln nht (theo th tch) ch sau nc thi. N bao gm cc x si thi (c th dng ti s dung c hoc khng th ti s dng), vt liu ng gi (giy, plastic) thi, mp vi ct tha, vi vn, cc loi trng bng kim loi qua s dng v bn thi ra t trm x l cht thi. Lng cht thi rn sinh ra khc nhau gia cc nh my, ph thuc vo quy m v loi hnh gia cng hng dt, bn cht ca cht thi v hiu sut s dng thit b.
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2 Chng 2: Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng php lun SXSH

Chng ny gii thiu v cc nguyn tc trong Sn xut sch hn (SXSH), yu cu v tim nng p dng tip cn ny trong ngnh cng nghip dt, c bit cc quy trnh x l t ti Vit Nam. ng thi chng ny cng gii thiu phng php lun SXSH v cc bc thc hin khc nhau trong phng php lun ny. Ngoi ra, chng ny cng a ra mt s k thut khc nhau nhn din cc la chn SXSH trong ngnh dt. Chi tit v cch ng dng phng php lun SXSH v tip cn tng bc s c trnh by k hn trong Chng 4.
Ti liu ny khng cp n cc kha cnh sn xut sch hn (SXSH) trong khu sn xut x, v d nh trng cc loi cy cho x thc vt (bng, lanh, gai du,...), nui cu hay sn xut cc loi si c ngun gc ng vt, sn xut si ti sinh (si vitco, axetat, ) hoc si tng hp (nylon, polyester, acrylic, polypropylene, ). Tng t, khu vc c kh ca ngnh cng nghip dt (xe si, dt vi, dt kim, dt thoi, cy nhung, vi khng dt, may/thnh qun o) s ch c cp rt ngn gn. Tuy nhin, ti liu hng dn ny tp trung vo cc vn lin quan n mi trng trong sn xut hng dt may v bng cch no SXSH c th gip ngnh gii quyt cc vn mi trng lin quan n cc khu vc gia cng t c th l: tin x l, nhum, in hoa v hon tt. Hai giai on u ca qu trnh sn xut, l sn xut si v vi, hu nh ch lin quan ch yu n cc cng on kh s dng rt t nc v ho cht. Giai on th ba trong qu trnh sn xut - giai on x l vi - lin quan n cc thao tc t. Trong giai on ny, lng cht thi sinh ra tng i ln. Do , giai on x l vi t c la chn nghin cu thc hin SXSH. c im quan trng nht ca giai on x l t vi trong cc nh my dt l: S dng nhiu nc v ho cht: hu ht cc cng on u tiu th mt lng ln nc v nhiu loi ho cht khc nhau. Cc n v trong ngnh hu ht trin khai sn xut trn c s n hng. V c rt nhiu hnh thc hon tt khc nhau nn qu trnh sn xut p dng hng ngy cng s phi c thay i. Cht lng vi mc khc nhau ng k gy ra s khc bit v lng ho cht cn thm vo trong qu trnh x l. Ngnh cng nghip ch yu s dng nhiu lao ng v mc t ng ha/trang b dng c o l tng i thp. Thiu nhn lc k tht, c bit l nhn lc trnh cao.
Cng ngh s dng trong ngnh dt may ni chung v trong cc giai on x l t ni ring gn nh l ging nhau trn ton th gii. Cc nh sn xut my mc hot ng trn ton cu, do c th tm thy cc thit b rt lu i ti khu vc Ty u cng nh cc thit b hin i nht ti cc nc ang pht
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trin. Tnh hnh cng tng t vi ho cht v thuc nhum. Cc nh sn xut ln hot ng trn khp th gii v rt nhiu trong s thm ch cn s hu cc nh my sn xut ti cc nc ang pht trin. y khng hon ton l vn ti chnh m vn hnh c hiu qu mt nh my dt c rt nhiu yu t mang tnh k thut v qun l khc cn xem xt.
2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn

Qu trnh cng nghip ho nhanh v lan rng l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht ng gp cho nn kinh t Vit Nam. Thng thng song hnh vi s bng n pht trin cng nghip l cc vn mi trng. Mt trong nhng bin php gii quyt vn ny l tip cn cui ng ng, trong ngi ta thc hin qu trnh x l cht thi sau khi chng sinh ra sau cc cng on sn xut. Trn thc t, iu ny c ngha l phi xy dng v vn hnh cc trm x l nc thi, cc thit b kim sot nhim khng kh v cc bi chn rc an ton v, nh th, s phi tn mt khon chi ph ng k. Khi xem xt cc quy trnh sn xut cng nghip ta cn hiu rng bt k quy trnh hay hot ng no cng khng bao gi t c cng sut 100%. lun c nhng tn hao nht nh i vo mi trng v khng th chuyn thnh cc sn phm hu dng. Nhng tn hao ny l cht thi hay nhim lun gn lin vi sn xut cng nghip. Yu t ny thng c nhc n bng mt thut ng l c hi b mt i trong qu trnh sn xut. T l pht sinh cht thi thng rt cao v c mt thc t l c t nh sn xut cng nghip thc s ch gii quyt vn ny. Hin ti tip cn cui ng ng (EOP) vn ng c s dng ph bin trong cc c s cng nghip, nhng kh nng tip nhn nhim ca mi trng ang gn nh cn kit v cc n v sn xut cng nghip dn nhn thc c s cn thit phi xem xt li cc quy trnh sn xut ca mnh. iu ny dn n s xut hin khi nim v mt tip cn mang tnh ch ng gim thiu cht thi ti ngun trong cng tc qun l cht thi. y chnh l tip cn Sn xut sch hn. SXSH c nh ngha l s p dng lin tc chin lc mi trng tng hp mang tnh phng nga trong cc quy trnh sn xut, sn phm v cc dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut v gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng. Vi cc quy trnh sn xut, SXSH bao gm vic bo tn nguyn liu th v nng lng, loi b cc nguyn liu th c hi, gim lng v c ca tt c cc dng pht thi; Vi cc sn phm, SXSH bao gm gim cc tc ng tiu cc trong vng i sn phm, t khi khai nguyn liu th cho ti khi thi b cui cng; v Vi cc dch v, SXSH l s tch hp cc mi quan tm v mi trng trong qu trnh thit k v cung ng dch v.
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im khc bit chnh gia EOP hay kim sot nhim v SXSH l thi im hnh ng. Kim sot nhim l phng php tip cn tin hnh sau khi vn pht sinh, phn ng v x l; trong khi , SXSH li mang tnh ch ng, theo trit l d on v phng nga. Phng nga, nh c tha nhn rng ri, lun lun tt hn x l, theo cch hiu "phng bnh hn cha bnh". Khi vic gim thiu cht thi v nhim thng qua SXSH c tin hnh th mc tiu th nguyn liu th v nng lng cng s gim theo. SXSH lun hng ti hiu qu s dng u vo tin st mc 100% trong gii hn v tnh kh thi kinh t. Mt im quan trng cn nhn mnh rng, SXSH khng phi ch n thun l vn thay i thit b m cn cp ti thay i thi quan im, p dng cc b quyt v ci tin quy trnh sn xut cng nh ci tin sn phm. Cc khi nim khc c trit l tng t vi SXSH l: Gim thiu cht thi; Phng nga nhim; v Nng sut xanh.
V c bn th y l cc khi nim ging nh SXSH, vi tng nn tng l gip cc cng ty hot ng hiu qu hn v t gy nhim hn.
2.2 Nhu cu v SXSH

Trong thi gian gn y, SXSH ni ln nh mt phng thc y hp dn nhm gii quyt cc vn mi trng do qu trnh cng nghip ho nhanh gy ra v c chp nhn trn ton cu. Bn cnh vic gim nhim, tip cn ny cng gip nng cao hiu qu sn xut, do gim chi ph sn xut. Ngnh dt c c im l s dng rt nhiu cc ngun ti nguyn nh nc, nhin liu, thuc nhum v cc loi ho cht, li kt hp vi hiu sut qu trnh mc thp, nn dn ti s lng ph rt ln cc ngun ti nguyn. Trong bi cnh , khi nim v SXSH l rt ph hp vi ngnh cng nghip ny. Do nhng thch thc rt ln ny sinh t qu trnh ton cu ho thng mi v t do ho nhp khu, s cnh tranh trong ngnh dt ang ngy cng tng. Hin nay, s tng trng v tn ti ca cc cng ty ngnh dt ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic lm sao chi ph sn xut phi nh nht. Do cc ho cht v nng lng chim hn 70% tng chi ph sn xut trong ngnh dt, nn vic gim mc s dng cc u vo ny gi vai tr quan trng. ng thi, vic gim lng cht thi c sinh ra cng to thun li cho doanh nghip v cc yu cu i vi vic xy dng cc trm x l phc tp v tn km nhm p ng cc tiu chun theo lut nh cng s gim i. SXSH cng mang li nhiu gii php hiu qu khng ch p ng cho cc lun im trn m cn nhiu vn khc. Cc nhu cu v SXSH trong cng nghip dt s c cp chi tit phn di y.
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Bo ton ho cht v cht tr Ngnh cng nghip dt s dng rt nhiu loi ho cht v cht tr vi mt lng khng l. Mt cng ty dt in hnh thng tiu th khong 350 n 500kg cc ho cht cho mt tn vi. Khng ging nh nhiu ngnh sn xut khc, trong ngnh dt ch c khong 15 n 20% cc ho cht s dng trong qu trnh x l s lu li trn sn phm, lng cn li i vo mi trng di dng cht thi. Tnh n chi ph cho ho cht ngy cng tng ln v ti lng nhim mc cao do cc loi ho cht gy ra, cc n v trong ngnh ny khng th tip tc tht thot cc cht ny di dng cht thi. Cc doanh nghip c th gim ng k sut tiu th cc ho cht v cht tr nh p dng k thut SXSH, v d: ti s dng cc dch nhum (nhum polyester vi thuc nhum phn tn), trong cn cha ti 80 - 95% lng ho cht ph tr c thm vo vn cha tn trch chun b dch nhum cho m sau. Bo ton nc Cng nghip dt l ngnh s dng rt nhiu nc. T l v lng nc tiu hao so vi lng vi sn xut c rt cao, dao ng trong khong 15 - 20m3 cho 1000m vi. ng dng cc k thut SXSH s gip bo ton nc, tun hon v ti s dng nc v cui cng l gim ng k sut tiu hao nc cho mt n v sn phm. Bo ton nng lng Ngnh cng nghip dt s dng c nhit nng v in nng, v cc dng nng lng ny chim ti 15 n 20% tng chi ph sn xut vi. p ng cc nhu cu v in nng v nhit nng, ngnh ny s dng mt lng ln nhin liu. Nhit nng trong xng sn xut c ly t ni hi v c s dng trong thit b vng kh, sy, b gia nhit cht lng, v.v... , m cc thit b ny thng c vn hnh hiu sut thp, dn n vic tiu th rt nhiu nhin liu v mc pht thi cao. Hu ht cc cng ty dt ph thuc nhiu vo ngun cung cp in quc gia p ng cc yu cu v in nng v v th thng xuyn i mt vi vn thiu in. Vn ny cng trm trng hn khi mc tiu th in tng ln do vic la chn cc loi thit b (ng c, my bm, v.v) v cc hot ng bo dng v vn hnh khng ph hp. Bn cnh , sn xut in cng gy ra cc vn v nhim ngoi khu vc sn xut. Vic p dng SXSH c th gip ci thin hiu qu hot ng ca thit b, do c th gim chi ph v nng lng v gim lng pht thi ra mi trng. Kim sot nhim Bn cnh vic s dng rt nhiu nc v nng lng, ngnh cng nghip dt cng tiu th rt nhiu loi ho cht nh axit, dung mi hu c kim tnh, thuc nhum v cht mu pigment, cc hot cht b mt, v.v... Mt phn ng k cc ho cht ny xut hin trong dng thi trong cc quy trnh x l khc nhau. Cc
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dng thi ny, nu khng c x l trc khi x thi, s gy ra nhng nguy hi trm trng cho mi trng. Cc kh thi do qu trnh t chy nhin liu sinh ra cng gy nhim khng kh. Vic x l nc thi t cc nh my dt ang i mt vi hai vn ln: Th tch dng thi ln i hi phi c nhng cng trnh x l ln v t tin. i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh th y l vn quan trng hng u v h thiu c a im xy dng cng trnh v kinh ph. Cc c tnh kh x l khin cho vic x l tr nn rt phc tp v mt k thut v tn thi gian. Do , bc u tin trong vic gii quyt cc vn mi trng l gim lng cht thi pht sinh. iu ny i hi phi n lc gim thiu lng ph cc loi ho cht v cht tr nhm gim c tnh v phc tp khi x l cc dng thi. p dng SXSH l hng ti mc ch p ng c hai yu cu ny, to iu kin thun li qu trnh x l cht thi mc chi ph thp hn cng nh m bo tun th cc tiu chun quy nh. p lc t cng ng Ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam m c bit l ngnh cng nghip dt ang phi i mt vi mt tnh th tin thoi lng nan. l song song vi vic ngy cng c nhiu cc cng ty Nh nc m ca cho n cc i tc l cng ty t nhn th nhn thc ca cng ng v bo v mi trng cng tng ng k. Cc t chc phi chnh ph v bo v mi trng cng bt u xut hin, khng ch l nng cao s hiu bit v lnh vc ny, m cn ng vai tr nh nhng nh gim st i vi cc c s gy nhim. Cc dng thi t cc cng ty dt u c mu ln do cha lng thuc nhum v pigment cha c tn trch. iu ny khin d lun quan tm cht ch n cc vn mi trng ca ngnh dt. Do vy m p lc to ra i vi ngnh ngy cng tng ln trong vic qun l dng thi, k c khi ch vi mt lng nh. Ngnh cng nghip dt hin nay khng th tch ra ngoi mi quan tm ca cc nhm p lc nh vy v v th phi c nhng bin php tch cc nhm gim nh tc ng nhim mi trng. Cc yu cu ca th trng xut khu Do ngnh cng nghip dt ng gp rt ln vo xut khu ca c nc nn chng ta cn phi quan tm ti cc yu t gip xc tin th trng xut khu. Ngnh ny s dng rt nhiu loi ho cht v thuc nhum, m rt nhiu trong s v bn cht l c c tnh. Mt s nc Chu u, bn cnh vic p dng lnh cm i vi vic sn xut v s dng cc ho cht v thuc nhum c hi ti chnh t nc ca h, th cng cm vic nhp khu cc mt hng c s dng cc ho cht ny trong qu trnh sn xut. Rt nhiu quc gia khc trong tng lai cng s thi hnh cc lnh hn ch tng t. Do vy, m c th tn
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ti c trong th trng xut khu th vn cp bch hin nay l cn phi trnh s dng cc ho cht c hi. p dng SXSH s h tr c lc bi v mc tiu ca tip cn by cng chnh l tm ra cc gii php thay th c tnh thn thin vi mi trng i vi cc ho cht c hi. Do khch hng cc quc gia pht trin ngy mt quan tm nhiu hn v mi trng, nn ngnh dt cn phi c h thng qun l mi trng ph hp. Trong cc trng hp nh vy, cc doanh nghip xut khu cn phi c mt s chuyn dch ng n l xy dng h thng qun l mi trng theo tiu chun quc t ISO 14001. SXSH s rt hu ch v gip doanh nghip thu thp d liu, ci tin h thng ti liu, v pht trin mt h thng qun l mi trng - iu kin u tin cn phi c c cp chng nhn ISO 14001. SXSH c s dng nh mt cng c nhm ci thin hnh nh ca cng ty trc cng ng thng qua cc bc thc hin nhm mc tiu bo v mi trng. Mt khi SXSH tr thnh mt phn khng tch ri trong cc hot ng ca cng ty th cc tuyn b nh "Sn xut trong mi trng xanh" hay Sn phm xanh/ Sn phm sinh thi cng c th s dng nhm gia tng th phn ca sn phm v mc chp nhn ca x hi i vi sn phm. Lng ln cht thi sinh ra trong sn xut dt c th quy vo mt s l do nh cng ngh lc hu v km hiu qu, nhn lc thiu o to, hot ng bo dng v vn hnh khng ng cch, thiu k hoch sn xut hp l, thiu ti liu tham kho v SXSH, v.v... Ngoi ra, trong s cc nh sn xut vn c mt quan nim chung l dng d nhiu ho cht s c th nng cao cht lng qu trnh. Cng nh vy, mt iu thng xuyn xy ra l vic s dng mt ho cht vi lng d trong mt cng on no s chc chn cn b sung thm mt loi ho cht khc lm mt tc dng ca ho cht trong cng on tip theo. iu ny khng ch gy ra vic tng mc tiu th cc ngun ti nguyn m cn khin cho lng cht thi sinh ra nhiu hn. Cht thi ko theo nhiu Cht thi hn chnh l s m t v cc trng hp ny. iu ny lm gim kh nng sinh li ca cng ty v thm ch i khi dn ti cht lng sn xut di mc tiu chun. Hn na, nh cp trn, ch c mt s phn trm rt nh ho cht thm vo trong qu trnh sn xut c tn dng v phn cn li th s i vo mi trng theo dng cht thi. Do vy m mc tc ng ti mi trng ca ngnh ny l rt cao. SXSH, bn cnh vic nng cao hiu qu sn xut, cn gip gim chi ph sn xut v gim ti lng nhim. Bng 7 v 8 di y m t tnh trng s dng cc ngun ti nguyn trong cng nghip dt ti Vit Nam so vi mt s quc gia khc, qua l m t tim nng c th khai thc c nh p dng cc nguyn tc ca SXSH.
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Bng 7: Bng so snh mc s dng ti nguyn trong ngnh sn xut dt

Vt liu v nng lng 1. Ho cht Cht nhum Cht ph gia 2. Nc 3. Nng lng Nhit nng in nng n v Tng quan Vit Nam Thc hnh ti u Vit Nam 4.6-12.3 230 100 1,655 900 c Phn Lan
kg/tn kg/tn m /tn tn FO /tn kWh/tn

3
5-80 200-1.000 130-600 1,5-2,5 885-2.000
5-80 92-1.032 100-150 0,24-0,32 240-350
144-380 0,86-2,39 -
Bng 8: Tim nng SXSH trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut dt

Vt liu v nng lng 1. Ho cht Cht nhum Cht ph gia 2. Nc 3. Nng lng Nhit nng in nng 4. Tng sn xut (nh gim t l ph phm, tng nng sut, gim sn phm loi hai,..) n v Kh nng gim tiu hao thng qua SXSH S lng kg/tn kg/tn m /tn tn FO /tn kWh/tn %
3
Chi ph, USD / tn 5-10 20-50 2-3 12-50 3-10 20-40 (Kh nng sinh li y l rt khc nhau) 62-160 USD /tn
0,5-1 100-400 100-500 100-400 50-150 20-40
Tng
Bng vic s dng hiu qu cc loi vt liu v nng lng, kh nng tit kim chi ph c th t n mc 100 USD/tn thng qua p dng SXSH. Nh thc hin cc gii php SXSH vi chi ph thp v trung bnh, cc cng ty ca Vit Nam c th t mc li nhun kinh t t 50-80USD v gim ng k ti lng nhim, cng nh ci thin mi trng lm vic.
2.3 Phng php nh gi Sn xut sch hn

Qu trnh nh gi, lin quan n c phn tch dng vt liu v nng lng vo v ra trong qu trnh sn xut, l yu t trng tm ca cng tc SXSH. Vic thc hin nh gi SXSH phi c tin hnh theo mt tip cn mang tnh phng php lun v lgic gip nhn din cc c hi SXSH, gii quyt vn v cht thi v pht thi ngay ti ngun v m bo tnh lin tc ca cc hot ng SXSH ti nh my. Tip cn nh gi mang tnh phn tch ny c tng qut ho nh m t trong Hnh 4.
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Su bc thc hin SXSH

nh gi SXSH c tin hnh trong 6 bc sau:
1. Khi ng 6. Duy tr SXSH
2. Phn tch cc bc quy trnh
5. Thc hin cc gii php SXSH
3. xut cc la chn SXSH
4. La chn cc gii php SXSH
SXSH l mt qu trnh lin tc. Mt khi hon thnh mt vng nh gi SXSH, th cn bt u chu trnh nh gi tip theo tip tc ci thin hoc bt u thc hin nh gi cc khu vc trng tm khc.
Hnh 4: Phng php lun nh gi SXSH Mc d khi nim v nh gi SXSH bao gm c vn v vt liu v nng lng, nhng trn thc t vn nng lng trong sn xut t trc n nay t khi c xem xt mt cch chi tit khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH ngoi tr cc vn v bo n, r r, thu hi nc ngng, v.v..., ngha l ch nhng vn c coi l hu hnh. y l mt iu ng tic l v SXSH v s dng nng lng hiu qu (SDNLHQ) thng mang tnh b sung rt cao v s kt hp ca hai hot ng ny c th to nn s hip tr gip m rng phm vi ng dng v mang li nhiu kt qu hn - c v mi trng ln kinh t. SXSH v SDNLHQ c tnh b tr cho nhau tt, cng vi kh nng ng vn gia nhng li ch ring ca mi hot ng s nhn c kt qu tng th t hiu qu cao hn. Tuy nhin, y cng c cc mu thun c th ny sinh. Trong mt vi tnh hung th kt qu c li thu c ca mt phng php lun ny (v d SXSH) li c th b xem l mu thun vi phng php lun kia (v d SDNLHQ). Di y l mt s dn chng cho iu ny:
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Ti s dng l k thut SXSH rt c li, nhng ti s dng du v cc cht bi trn, cc bc lt qua sa cha, hay qun li cc ng c b chy (c bit l khi vic sa cha hoc qun li c thc hin khng ph hp) thng dn n vic phi tiu tn nhiu nng lng hn. Lm lnh bng cch hp th hi l mt gii php SXSH in hnh v thn thin vi mi trng nu so vi vic s dng cc my nn hi ang thnh hnh. Tuy nhin, khi xt v mt s dng nng lng th cc h thng hp th hi li c hiu qu thp hn. Cc bng n hunh quang tup gy c hiu qu s dng nng lng cao hn nhiu so vi cc n si t, tuy nhin nhn gc mi trng theo quan im SXSH v ton b vng i th lp thu ngn bao xung quanh bng n hunh quang li t thn thin vi mi trng hn. Hnh 5 m t khi qut cc bc v nhim v khc nhau trong phng php lun SXSH. Chng 4 s trnh by cch thc hin chi tit tng bc ca phng php lun ny.
BC 1: KHI NG
Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm SXSH Nhim v 2: Lit k cc bc quy trnh v nhn din cc dng thi
BC 2 : PHN TCH CC BC QUY TRNH

Nhim v 3: Chun b lu ca quy trnh sn xut Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu, nng lng v cu t Nhim v 5: Xc nh c tnh dng thi Nhim v 6: Xc nh chi ph cho cc dng thi Nhim v 7: Xem xt li quy trnh xc nh ra cc nguyn nhn
BC 3: XUT CC GII PHP SXSH

Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc gii php SXSH c th thc hin c
BC 4: LA CHN CC GiI PHP SXSH

Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi k thut Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh t Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng Nhim v 13: La chn cc gii php thc hin
BC 5: THC HIN CC GII PHP SXSH

Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin Nhim v 15: Thc hin Nhim v 16: Gim st v nh gi kt qu
BC 6: DUY TR SXSH
Nhim v 17: Tr v bc 1
Hnh 5: Cc bc v nhim v trong phng php lun nh gi SXSH
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2.4 Cc k thut SXSH

SXSH l mt tip cn mi v sng to gip gim mc s dng ti nguyn trong qu trnh sn xut da trn mt lot cc k thut. Cc k thut ny c th c phn thnh thnh 3 nhm nh sau: Gim tiu hao ti ngun Qun l tt ni vi: y l k thut SXSH n gin nht. Qun l tt ni vi khng i hi phi u t ti chnh v c th c thc hin ngay khi pht hin cc vn thuc phm vi ny. Cc hot ng nh: sa cha nhng im r r v trnh cc tht thot bng cch ng cc vi nc v tt cc thit b khi khng cn thit. Mc d nguyn tc v qun l tt ni vi kh n gin nhng cng yu cu phi c s quan tm ca cp qun l v c hng dn, o to cho cng nhn vin.
Mt cng ty xem xt k cc ng ng phn phi hi bo n v bt cc im r r. Vic lm ny tit kim cho cng ty 1,5% tiu th hi nc, tng ng vi 30 tn FO hoc 48 triu ng vo thi im , v thi hn hon vn l 7,5 thng. Nc ngng c tun hon t cc bobbin nhum. Tuy nhin, b cha nc ngng khng c bo n. u t ch vi 5 triu ng bo n b cha ny, cng ty c tnh s tit kim 21 triu ng mi nm.
8 cng ty tham gia chng trnh SXSH trong ngnh dt ln u tin Vit Nam nhn thc c tm quan trng ca cc c hi SXSH khng tn chi ph/chi ph thp thuc k thut ny, nn c 8 cng ty ny ngay lp tc thc hin cc bin php qun l ni vi bao gm lp t cc loi ng h o (nc, in, nhit ...) kim sot tt hn, bo n cc ng ng hi, sa cha cc im r r,... Cc gii php thuc loi ny ch yu cu s u t nh, tuy nhin cn c s quan tm v thi tch cc. Thng th vic nh lng khon tit kim thu c t cc gii php ny l mt vic kh, nhng ng gp ca cc gii php vo kt qu tng th th khng th ph nhn. Thay i v quy trnh Thay i nguyn liu u vo: tc l s dng cc nguyn liu c cht lng tt hn mang li hiu sut cao hn. Thng thng, cht lng ca cc nguyn liu c mi lin h trc tip n s lng v cht lng ca cc sn phm. Hn na, thay th nguyn vt liu cn l thay th cc vt liu hin ti bng cc vt liu thn thin hn vi mi trng.
Mt cng ty tham gia chng trnh ang s dng ho cht trong khu gi h. Sau chng trnh SXSH, nay cng ty chuyn sang s dng enzyme thay th. Trin khai gii php ny tit kim cho cng ty 100 triu ng hng nm. Cng p dng gii php tng t, mt cng ty khc cng tit kim 175 triu ng mi nm.
Lin quan ti nhm gii php ny, cc cng ty tham gia nhn thy rng nhiu nh cung cp a ra mc tiu th d i vi cc loi ho cht v thuc nhum nh l h s an ton. Ngnh cng nghip dt c mt lch s lu i v
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s dng cc ho cht. Vic p dng SXSH l c hi cho cc cng ty trong ngnh xem xt kh nng hng ho trn th trng v chn la c loi vt liu mang li hiu qu cao hn v thn thin vi mi trng hn. Cc kt qu ch ra rng, hin nay rt nhiu cng ty ang tm kim cc cht tr hiu qu hn, v thm ch l c cc loi thuc nhum sao cho lng tiu hao t hn v rt ngn thi gian x l. Bn cnh , vic s dng cc ho cht vi s lng t hn cng s lm gim chi ph cho vic x l. Kim sot vn hnh quy trnh: l m bo cc iu kin vn hnh quy trnh mc ti u lin quan ti tiu hao u vo, sn xut v pht thi. Cc thng s quy trnh nh nhit , thi gian, p sut, pH, tc x l, ... phi c theo di v duy tr sao cho gn nht vi mc ti u. Cng nh k thut qun l ni vi, vic kim sot tt hn trong vn hnh quy trnh yu cu phi c s gim st vn hnh st sao v ch trng trong qun l.
Mt cng ty tit kim 295,7 triu ng mi nm nh vic nh lng chnh xc cc loi ho cht v thuc nhum. Mt cng ty khc vi t l ti x l cao (ln ti 20-30%) tin hnh sp xp li phng th nghim v cc loi nguyn vt liu. T , cng ty kim sot cht ch quy trnh thc hin t phng th nghim cho n ni sn xut. iu ny tit kim cho cng ty 236 triu ng ch vi mt khon u t nh. Thng thng cc nh cung cp khi bn hng s c km theo n cng ngh. Bng cch th dng vi lng ho cht t hn so vi n cng ngh ny, mt cng ty tit kim khong 100 triu ng do thit k li n cng ngh cho chnh h.
Ci tin thit b: l ci tin cc trang thit b hin c gim mc lng ph vt liu. Vic ci tin thit b c th l iu chnh tc ca ng c, ti u ho kch c ca b cha, bo n cc b mt lnh v nng, hoc ci tin thit k cc b phn chnh ca thit b.
Mt cng ty mua mt l hi 1,8 tn/gi thay th cho hai l hi c. Gii php ny tiu tn ca cng ty 500 triu ng, nhng li tit kim 109,8 triu ng mt nm, ng thi gim 188 tn GHG/nm.
Vic b sung cc b phn hoc ci tin nh trong cc thit b hin c ti cng ty s gip nhiu cng ty c cc la chn khc nhau sn xut t hiu qu cao hn, nht l gim tiu hao nng lng. Trong mt s trng hp, c th chi ph cho vic thay th hoc b sung v thit b l kh cao, nhng thc t l thi gian hon vn cho cc khon u t ny li ngn. Thay i cng ngh: l lp t cc thit b hin i v hiu qu hn, v d: mt ni hi hiu sut cao hoc mt my nhum jet c dung t thp hn. Cng ngh/qu trnh mi i hi phi u t ti chnh nhiu hn so vi cc k thut SXSH khc v do , cc gii php lin quan ti thay i cng ngh cn c xem xt cn thn. Tuy nhin, cc gii php ny li gip to ra nhng khon tit kim tim nng v ci thin cht lng sn phm, nn c th hon vn u t trong mt thi gian ngn.
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Nh thay i cch thc git t git x trn sang gi thng thng v thit k li qu trnh, mt cng ty tit kim 5% lng nc s dng, tng ng 62 triu ng hng nm. Mt cng ty khc trc y s dng ty trng i vi tt c cc loi sn phm. Hin nay, h khng ty trng vi vi ti mu na. iu ny tit kim cho cng ty 250 triu ng hng nm m khng cn vn u t. Cng ngh nhum cun lnh c mt s cng ty xem xt.
Tun hon
Mt cng ty tham gia xut tun hon nc ngng ln ban lnh o. Gii php ny cn mt khon chi ph u t l 120 triu ng, nhng tit kim 825,2 triu ng mi nm. Sau khi nhn thy ch 2 thng c th hon vn, ban lnh o cng ty ngay lp tc thng qua v cho thc hin. Mt cng ty ln k hoch tun hon nc lm mt. Gii php ny cn chi ph 10 triu ng lp t b sung, v s gip tit kim 3 triu ng mi nm. Ti mt cng ty, cht mu pigment khng c tn trch trc y c thi mt cch thong thng. Khi thc hin SXSH, cng ty ln k hoch ti ch li lng cht m ny. Vic thc thi tit kim cho cng ty 270 triu ng mi nm.
Thu hi v ti s dng: l thu gom "cht thi" v ti s dng cht thi chnh b phn sn xut hoc mt b phn khc. Mt v d n gin l ti s dng nc git cho mt qu trnh lm sch khc. Sn xut sn phm ph hu ch: l thu gom (v x l) "cc dng thi " nh , ta c th bn li chng cho khch hng hoc cc cng ty khc. Ci tin sn phm Ci tin sn phm chng t gy nhim hn cng l cng l mt tng c bn ca SXSH. Thay i sn phm l suy tnh li v sn phm v cc yu cu i vi sn phm. Ci tin thit k sn phm c th gip tit kim nhiu trong tiu th nguyn liu v s dng cc ho cht c hi. Thay i cch ng gi cng l vic lm rt quan trng. im quan trng y l chng ta phi gim thiu vt liu ng gi nhng vn m bo vic bo v cho sn phm. Bng 9 ch ra cc v d khc nhau v cc k thut SXSH c p dng cho ngnh cng nghip dt.
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Bng 9: Cc k thut SXSH c p dng cho ngnh cng nghip dt - Sa cha r r - ng cc vi nc khng cn thit bng cch s dng cc vi t kho - S dng khay thu h in trn ra khi cho h vo chi in - Cho h in vo cc thng vn chuyn mc 80% th tch trnh trn ra ngoi khi vn chuyn th cng - Thay th axit acetic bng axit formic hoc Thay axit v c i vt - Thay th Natri hydrosunphit bng thiourea liu dioxit u - S dng cht ty trng hydro peroxit vo - iu chnh thch hp van iu tit trong my Kim vng sot - Duy tr iu kin thi gian, p sut, nhit vn thch hp trong qu trnh chng hp hnh - Duy tr nhit v dung t thch hp trong quy my nhum jigger v cc thit b ty trng trnh hay nhum khc Ci - Lp t cc vi phun trong my nhum tin jigger qu trnh git t hiu qu cao hn thit b - t cc khi rng trong my nhum jigger v winch gim th tch dch nhum - Lp t vi phun trn my in git mn in t hiu qu cao hn - S dng t b m ci thin h s cng sut - S dng my nhum jet thay cho my Thay jigger, winch hoc my nhum trc cun i - Dng cc k thut nhum s dng t mui cng hn ngh - S dng cng ngh ty trng hydro peroxit thay v NaOCL - Khng ty trng i vi vi s c nhum mu m - Tun hon nc git mn in - Thu hi v tun hon s dng nc ngng - Thu hi dung mi ethyl axetat t dng thi ca qu trnh lm sch bng dung mi - Lp t li gt trn my in thu hi h in bm dnh - S dng tp cht tch ra khi lm sch nguyn liu th dng lm nhin liu cho l hi - Sn xut biogas t cht thi hu c ca qu trnh nu len lng cu
Gim tiu hao tI ngun
Sn xut sch hn
Tun hon
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To ra sn phm ph hu ch
Thu hi v ti s dng ti ch
Ci tin sn phm
Thay i v quy trnh
Qun l ni vi
Chng 3: Cc c hi sn xut sch hn

Chng ny gii thiu v cc c hi SXSH tng qut nht c th thc hin c trong ngnh cng nghip dt ca Vit Nam. Cc c hi SXSH c a ra di y da trn cc s liu ca mt cng ty quy m va v nh in hnh nng sut khong 35.000 mt vi/ngy.
Kinh nghim v thc hin SXSH trong ngnh cng nghip nhum v in hoa cho thy c rt nhiu gii php SXSH c th c p dng pht huy tim nng SXSH nh cp trong Chng 2. iu quan trng nht l cc gii php ny, ngoi tng li nhun cho doanh nghip, cn c th gim mt lng nc thi rt ln, gim ti lng nhim v gim c tnh ca cc thi. Chng ny m t v cc c hi SXSH. Cc c hi ny c th c thc hin cc doanh nghip tng t vi mt s iu chnh nh. r rng, cc c hi ny c chia thnh cc nhm theo k thut SXSH nh m t. Chng ny cng tho lun cc yu cu v k thut, tnh kh thi kinh t v li ch i vi mi trng d kin ca tt c cc gii php. Tnh kh thi kinh t c xt n thng qua cc yu t u t (I), tit kim hng nm (S), chi ph hot ng hng nm nu c (O) v thi gian hon vn (P). Do cc gii php c p dng trong cc nh my khc nhau vi cng sut khc nhau, nn kt qu a ra y l gi tr trung bnh vi quy m doanh nghip va v nh khong 35.000 mt vi/ngy. Loi my mc, trang thit b c s dng ti cc doanh nghip nh vy l s phi hp nhiu my nhum jet, jigger kn t ng, my in li phng hot ng 3 ca 1 ngy. Kt qu chung c minh ho trong bng phn di. Trong ngnh cng nghip dt, vic tnh ton gi tr trung bnh ca cc khon tit kim cng nh ngun lc s dng l rt kh, c bit do bn cht ca thuc nhum s dng, loi vi c x l, thnh phn ca vi (v d % ca polyester trong vi so vi cotton, % len, v.v...) l rt khc nhau gia cc c s sn xut. Trong mt s trng hp, chi ph ho cht s cn c vo gi trn th trng quc t nhp khu vo Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, c mt s trng hp khng th xc nh c cc khon tit kim do: C s khc bit ln v thit k, nh sc, cht lng vi, v.v... lm cho vic a ra gi tr trung bnh i din tr nn kh khn Kh nh gi tc ng khi khng c trin khai trn phm vi rng Thiu s liu do thiu phng tin o lng Bn cht khng hu hnh ca cc li ch nh gim yu cu bo dng, nng cao tnh an ton, v.v...
Nhiu gii php c trnh by y tr thnh ph bin trong cc c s sn xut quy m va v nh ti Vit Nam v c th thc hin vi mt s iu chnh nh ti tng doanh nghip khc nhau. C rt nhiu gii php tit kim nc m trc tnh trng khan him nc v gi nc ngy cng tng th s l u tin hng u.
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Bng 10: C hi SXSH trong ngnh cng nghip dt nhum

TT Gii php SXSH Yu cu k thut Kh thi kinh t Tc ng mi trng Ghi ch
QUN L NI VI 1 Thng xuyn sa cha cc ng ng nc, cc van b r r, my bm v cc thit b khc Bo dng thng xuyn S=khng xc nh c Gim lng nc tiu th Ci thin mi trng lm vic Chuyn dn t th khc phc s c v thit b sang cc hot ng bo dng phng nga. Do nhn vin khu vc in thc hin Hin ti nhiu doanh nghip cha thc hin c tnh ny Khong 5 10kg h in thng b trn ra khi di chuyn cc thng ang cha y h in.
Trnh chun b lng h in qu d bng cch c tnh trc khi lng thc t yu cu da trn mu in thit k
Khng
I=0 S=khng xc nh c
Gim lng h d (m nhiu trng hp phi b i v lu qu khng s dng)
Cho h in vo cc vt cha (ca, thng, v.v...) ti mc khong 75 - 80% trnh ri vi khi vn chuyn
Hng dn cho nhn vin chu trch nhim ti phng phi mu
I=0 S= 450 - 900 USD/nm P=ngay lp tc
Gim lng h trn gy trnh lng ph Gim ti lng nhim Gim tai nn v iu kin sn xng c ci thin
Cung cp gi treo di chuyn c v cnh khuy cho b phn phi mu trnh hin tng trn h thng xy ra khi tha khuy ng yn v trng cha h chuyn ng pha ch h.
Gi treo v cnh khuy
I= 400 USD /S= 450 USD - 625 USD/ nm P=1 nm
Gim lng h b trn Gim cng lm vic v mt mi cho cng nhn Gim ti lng nhim Ci thin mi trng ti phn xng
C khong 57kg/ngy h in b trn khi vn chuyn trng cha h
Thay v mc h in mt cch th cng bng ca vo thng, qu trnh ny c th tin hnh bng cch lp vi vo thng cha tho h nh trng lc Cn tt qut gi v bm nc ti my in khi khng vn hnh my (trong khi i chuyn sang m in tip theo) hay lp cng tc tng cho qut gi, bm nc v my in.
Sa i nh i vi trng cha h
I= 100 USD / cho 20 trng S= 250 USD /nm P= 6 thng
Gim hao ht h do ri vi Gim ti lng nhim Gim tn sut ra sn
ng knh ca vi phi da trn lu lng h in
Gim st thch hp
I= 50 USD S= 312 USD / nm P= 2 thng
Gim tiu th in
C s tnh ton tit kim: mi my c cng sut 6 HP, ch hot ng ti thiu 3 gi/ngy khi khng vn hnh in.
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TT 7
Gii php SXSH Phn phi hi nc v mng li hi nc ph hp trnh bin ng nhit v p sut.
Yu cu k thut ng ng, by hi, v.v
Kh thi kinh t I= khng xc nh c S= khng xc nh c
Tc ng mi trng Cht lng tt hn v gim sn phm khng ng quy cch Gim tiu th hi
Ghi ch
THAY I NGUYN LIU U VO 8 Thay axt axetic bng cht xc tc DD vi khi lng gim 5% Thay Na2S2O4 (Natri hidrosunfit) bng Thiourea ixt Thay cht Kerosene h acrylic trnh pha pigment git NI v bng cht trong qu ch h in Khng S= 35 USD / 100 kg axt axetic s dng S= 100 USD / 100kg Hydro s dng S=khng xc nh c Gim ti lng COD Gim chi ph Gim ti lng COD Gim chi ph Gim pht thi hi c hi Ci thin mi trng lm vic Gim nguy c ho hon Gim ti lng COD trong nc thi 11 Thay axt Citric bng Citric W Thay cht git khng in ly (Gc Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylate) bng Ginasol 6836 gc Alfa Olefin Sulfonate Thay th Lyogen DFT bng Hicoleveller BJD (cht lm u mu) S dng loi si mc c cha t du v cc loi tp cht khc Khng S= khng xc nh c S= khng xc nh c Gim ti lng COD v BOD Trnh c sn phm c hi ca qu trnh phn hu sinh hc, trao i cht Gim ti lng nhim mi trng
Khng
10
Khng
12
Khng
13
Khng
S= khng xc nh c S= khng xc nh c
14
Khng
Gim ti lng COD
Cn la chn v ch dn cho nh cung cp (ni sn xut vi) mt cch thch hp Dng vi nylon Cn m bo kh nng cung ng ca th trng a phng
15
Thay th thuc nhum phc cht kim loi axit mu en 52 bng loi axit mu en 210 (i vi vi Nylon) Thay tc nhn chelat ho gc EDTA bng tc nhn gc HEDP.
Khng
S=Khng ng k
Gim mc crm trong nc thi
16
Khng
S= khng xc nh c
Gim chi ph sn xut Gim ti lng nhim
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TT 17
Gii php SXSH Thay cht gm in gc Penta chlorophenol (cht bo qun) bng cht gm gc dichirophenol
Yu cu k thut Khng
Kh thi kinh t S=Khng ng k
Tc ng mi trng Gim c Gim nguy c ho hon Khng gy tc ng xu ti s sinh trng ca vi sinh vt trong trm x l nc thi
Ghi ch
18
Thay Phenol bng DEG (Di ethylene glycol)
Khng
S= khng xc nh c
Trnh hp cht c hi Gim cc nguy hi cho sc kho Gim chi ph x l (phenol)
19
Thay th tng phn axt Oxalic bng axt HCl
Khng
S= khng xc nh c
Gim ti lung COD Gim chi ph
Tnh ton tit kim da trn: "thay v s dng 1 kg axt oxalic th s dng 0,3 kg axt ny v 1 kg HCl 30%.
20
Thay th cht ty vt bn gc CCI4 bng cht git
Khng
S=Khng ng k
Gim c tnh Loi s hnh thnh O3
KIM SOT VN HNH QUY TRNH 21 Trc khi tin hnh trung ho, cn kim tra pH v ho cht trung ho tng ng thm vo Thit b o pH/giy pH I= 25 USD S= khng xc nh c Gim ho cht s dng v ti lng nhim Thng thng trong hu ht cc c s sn xut, ho cht c b sung thng da trn kinh nghim v thng vut mc cn thit Mi vi phun gi US $ 10
22
S dng vi phun p lc ln khi ra li
Vi phun p lc ln
I=150 USD S= khng xc nh c I= 500 USD S= 2.500 USD /nm P=2 thng I= 375 USD/ ng h S= khng xc nh c
Gim 33% lng nc ra
23
Gii thiu phng php git lnh bng dng nc tnh thay v dng nc ng trc khi nu chui. Lp ng h nc kim tra t l vi/nc v lin tc cung cp s liu v lng nc s dng.
3 b ngm lnh
Gim 50% lng nc yu cu trong cng on nu chui
24
ng h nc
Kim sot tt hn vic vn hnh quy trnh C th gim s dng nguyn liu th
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TT 25
Gii php SXSH Dch dng trong b trung ho (trc khi lm trng) c th c s dng lm trng
Yu cu k thut Khng
Kh thi kinh t I=Khng S=600USD/ mi nm P=Tc th
Tc ng mi trng Tit kim nc Tit kim axt oxalic s dng trc cho cng on lm trng Tit kim nng lng gia nhit b nhum
Ghi ch
26
Gim 30% lng HCl nc ra in
hm trong
Khng
I=Khng S= khng xc nh c P=Tc th I=Khng S= khng xc nh c P=Tc th
Gim s dng axt HCl Gim ti lng nhim Tit kim in Loi b m tt hn Gim lng tiu th nhin liu Cn gim st nghim ngt
27
Dng bng dnh che phn chiu di tha ra ca khe chn khng (trc my vng)
Bng dnh
CI TIN THIT B 28 To khe chn khng trc my vng lm gim m Khe chn khng, mt bm chn khng v ng ng I= 2.000 USD S= 12.000 USD /nm O=1.500 USD / nm P=2 thng I= 3 USD S= 100 USD /nm P=Tc thi I= 10.000 USD S= 15000 USD/ nm P=9 thng Gim tiu th nhin liu Tng hiu sut hu ht cc c s sn xut nh th my vng kh chnh l nhng "nt c chai" trong vic tn dng cng sut
29
S dng cng tc n nt cho n quan st my nhum jet
Cng tc n nt
Gim tiu th in
30
Tng s bung trong my vng t 3 n 5 bung gia tng tc i vi.
Bung ngn trong my vng v b phn ph tr Khong khng gian b sung
Tng thm 20% nng sut Gim sut tiu th nhin liu
Khng gian thng l mt vn kh khn i vi SMEs
31
Gim tht thot h in bn ra li in bng cch dng bng dnh bt kn nhng phn li khng dng n.
Bng dnh
I= khng ng k (USD) S= 2000 USD/nm P=Tc th I = 20 USD S = khng xc nh c
Gim tn hao h in Gim nhu cu nc ra li Gim ti lng nhim Dng t thp Gim chi ph x l Kh nng hp thu ho cht v thuc nhum cao
C th tit kim khong 1 ti 2% tng lng h in s dng mi ngy.
32
Chn mt khi rng trong khong gia cc ray dn hng y my nhum jigger lm gim th tch cht lng.
Khi hnh ch nht c kch c
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TT
Gii php SXSH
Yu cu k thut
Kh thi kinh t
Tc ng mi trng
Ghi ch
THAY I CNG NGH 33 Thay th b gia nhit in tr bng b gia nhit tia hng ngoi lm nng mn in trn my in hoa. B gia nhit tia hng ngoi I= 4.000 USD S= 8.00016.000 USD /nm P= 3-6 thng I= 3.000 USD O=1.000 USD S= 3.000 USD /nm P=15 thng I= 33.000 USD O= 5.000 USD /nm S= 30.000 USD /nm P=16 thng I= 95.000 USD O= 1.250 USD /nm S= 13.375 USD /nm P=8 nm Gim tiu th in nng Mi trng d chu hn Mt b gia nhit tia hng ngoi l 4.000 la M
34
Thay th vic ra cc b phn in t phng php th cng sang phng php t ng
ng c B ra Ph tng nh bnh rng, trc v con ln My nn, van in t v bng in, ng ng
Gim nhn cng Gim 20% tiu th nc Gim thi gian x l Gim tiu th ho cht Gim s lao ng trn mi my, mi ca Gim 0,1% lng h in trn ra.
35
In li vn hnh bng kh nn thay cho phng php th cng (phn phi mu vn lm th cng)
36
Phng phi mu t ng Chun ho vic chun b mu v gm in H thng phi mu iu khin bng my tnh phn phi lng cht mu v cht gm chnh xc theo cng thc cho.
Vn chuyn h in bng kh nn My trn siu m pha trn ng u. H thng iu khin bng my tnh phn phi chnh xc lng cht gm v cht mu
Gim s ngi lao ng trn mi ca. Gim khong 30% tht thot khi vn chuyn h in. Gim nhim Ci thin mi trng lm vic. Gim 0,5% thi gian x l k thut Ci thin cht lng sn phm
Gii php c v km kh thi kinh t, nhng vi chi ph x l ngy cng tng, thiu ht nhn cng v yu cu ngy cng cao v cc sn phm c cht lng tt hn th gii php ny c th tr nn cn thit trong tng lai.
37
Lp t h thng my tnh phi mu hp l
H thng phi mu bng my tnh.
I= 25.000 USD/ O= 500 USD S= 24.000USD P=20 thng
Gim 3% - 5% tiu th cht mu Gim 0,5% thi gian x l li.
TUN HON/TI S DNG/THU HI 38 Tun hon nc thi qua x l cho cc khu vc khng trng yu. Trm x l nc thi P= Tc th Gim lng nc sch s dng Nc c th c s dng git mn in, ra li in, chi in, ra sn
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TT 39
Gii php SXSH Thu phn nc ngng t my nhum jet v ti s dng cp cho ni hi.
Yu cu k thut H thng vn chuyn nc ngng B cha Bm
Kh thi kinh t I= 1.000 USD S= 1.300 USD /nm P=9 thng
Tc ng mi trng Ti s dng nhit tr Gim lng tiu th nc Gim ti trng cho trm x l nc thi Thu hi nhit Gim 20% nhu cu kim Gim ti lng nhim Thu hi nhit Gim tiu th nc Gim tiu th cht tr Gim ti lng nhim Gim tiu th axit Gim tiu th nc Gim ti lng nhim Gim 75% tiu th nc
Ghi ch
40
Ti s dng 2 ln i vi dch nu chui
B cha B lc Van ng ng
I= 1.000 USD S= 900 USD /nm P=14 thng I= 1.500 USD O= 175 USD /nm S= 2.000 USD /nm P=12 thng I= 600 USD S= 150 USD /nm P=4 nm I= 100 USD O=100/ nm S= khng xc nh c I= 100 USD / 50 thanh gt S= khng xc nh c
Kim tra hm lng du, cn du c th lng xung c qu nhiu du S ln ti s dng c x nh ph thuc vo hm lng du trong vi nhum v loi nh mu
41
Ti s dng nhum, c bit trng hp s thuc nhum tn.
dch trong dng phn
B cha Van ng ng
42
Ti s dng dch trung ho cc m nhum (sau khi nu chui v git)
B cha ng ng, van My bm Thu hi tp trung v mt my bm (1 HP) B phn lc Thanh gt
43
Tun hon nc git mn in
44
Thu hi h in t li v chi (sau nhiu ln in) bng mt thanh gt n gin
Thu hi h in Gim ti lng nhim Gim lng nc cn thit cho qu trnh ra Thu hi h in Gim ti lng nhim Gim nhu cu nc cho qu trnh ra Tun hon enthylacetate (70%) Gim ti lng nhim
45
Thu hi h in cn li trn mn in bng mt li gt. S dng phn h thu c chun b h in mu ti
Li gt v thng cha
I= 100 USD S= khng xc nh c
46
Thu hi dung mi ethyl-axetat t dch thi ca qu trnh git mn in bng dung mi thng qua chng ct
Bung chng ct hi nc Hi nc
I= 1,000 USD /O= 750 USD /nm S= 7.800 USD /nm P=2 thng
Trang 45/107
TT 47
Gii php SXSH S dng cc mu vi tha sn xut m hay cc mu vi cotton c th s dng trong sn xut giy bao gi
Yu cu k thut Khng
Kh thi kinh t I= 0 S= khng xc nh c
Tc ng mi trng Trnh cc vn lin quan ti thi b cht thi
Ghi ch Cc mu vi tha c th bn cho cc nh sn xut m
48
S dng cht rn sinh ra t qu trnh chng ct cht thi git mn in bng dung mi lm nhin liu ph tr cho ni hi
Khng
I=0 S= khng xc nh c P=Tc th
Gim tiu th nhin liu Trnh cc vn lin quan ti thi b cht thi.
Nu cc bung t hin ti khng c cc b phn np cht thi rn, th cn c mt s ci tin cn thit
CI TIN SN PHM 49 Trnh s dng giy cng (bng nha formaldehyde) lm dy ng gi Khng I=0 USD P=Tc th Trnh s dng cht c th gy ung th Trnh pht thi formaldehyde, nh s ci thin mi trng lm vic, gim ri ro v sc kho
C HI SXSH TRONG B PHN SN XUT PH TR 50. S dng nc mm cp cho ni hi Thit b: Trm lm mm nc Cng ngh: C sn ti a phng Nhn lc: Yu cu nhn lc c tay ngh I = 4-8 ngn USD S= 4-8 ngn USD P=< 1 nm Gim t l ng cn ng ni hi v do hn ch h hi ng Tng hiu sut v cng sut ca ni hi Gim tn hao nhit do x y Gim yu cu bo dng ni hi Gim yu cu x y Gim 3 5% nhim khng kh 51 Lp t b cp nc v b thu hi nc ngng Thit b: Vt liu cch nhit I= 1-2 ngn USD S= 3-6 ngn USD P=< 1 nm Tng cng sut sinh hi Gim nhu cu v nhin liu Gim nhim khng kh Chi ph b sung ti sn xut ho cht v yu cu v nhn lc rt thp so vi mc tit kim. Vic s dng nc mm c nh hng tt n tui th ca ni hi. Dng c o ti hn trong cc ni hi p sut cao
D thc hin
Trang 46/107
TT 52
Gii php SXSH Bo n ng ng hi mt cch hp l
Yu cu k thut Thit b: Vt liu cch nhit
Kh thi kinh t I= 2-10 ngn USD S= 1-10 ngn USD P=< 1-2 nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim hin tng st p sut v nhit trn h thng; Gim tn tht nhit trn ng ng hi; Qu trnh x l d dng do c p sut hi sn sng Gim bin nhim khng kh
Ghi ch D thc hin
53
Bo dng thng k i vi b pht in diesel (DG)
Quy trnh: Bo dng d phng
I= 3-8 ngn USD S= 6-10 ngn USD P=< 1 nm I= 1-12 ngn USD S= 4-5 ngn USD P=< 3 nm
Gim 5-10% sut tiu hao nhin liu Gim nhim khng kh t b DG Gim tiu th nhin liu Gim tiu th hi nc Gim tiu th nhin liu
Xy dng v tun th k hoch bo dng phng nga
54
Ti u ho h thng ng pht bng cch nng cp hoc hin i ho
Phn cng: - Bo qun ni hi FBC - Tuabin pht in ng ng trao i nhit Thit b: B iu khin ti cc i Cng ngh: C sn ti a phng
Cn phi dng my thc hin nng cp
55
Thu hi nhit thi t b DG Lp t b iu khin ti cc i
56
I= 5-10 ngn USD S= Kh xc nh s lng
Trnh cc khon pht do s dng in vt mc c thng nht trong hp ng.
Gii php ny c th p dng c cho cc n v c gii hn s dng in theo hp ng thp hn. Kh nng tit kim ph thuc vo s ln ti cc i vt qu gii hn theo hp ng. Thc hin n gin v d dng.
57
S dng c ch iu khin np nhin liu cho ni hi (tru, v.v...)
Thit b: B iu khin np Cng ngh: C sn ti a phng
I= 3-7 ngn USD S= Kh xc nh s lng
Gip vn hnh ni hi cng sut ti a nh m bo t chy nhin liu ng u Gim nhim khng kh Gim phi sinh tro
58
Cung cp nc b sung cho nc ngng
Thit b: ng ng
I= 0,2 0,3 ngn USD S= 3,3-5 ngn USD P=< 1 nm
Gim lng hi nghn trong bm cp nc ngng Gim hao ht hi x t b ngng t
Thc hin n gin v d dng
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TT 59
Gii php SXSH Ti u ho qu trnh chy trong cc ni hi
Yu cu k thut Nhn lc: Yu cu o to nhn vin vn hnh ni hi ti u ho qu trnh chy
Kh thi kinh t I= Khng S ph thuc vo kh nng tng hm lng CO2 hin ti t 2-7% ln 10% I= 0,7 1 ngn USD S= 0,7 1 ngn USD P= 1 nm I=Khng ng k S= Kh xc nh Kh nh lng; v trong mi trng hp khc nhau th s lng khc nhau
Tc ng mi trng Gim nhu cu v nhin liu nh gim tn tht do kh l v do nhin liu khng chy ht cn li trong tro. Gim nhim khng kh Gim tn tht nhit Nhit nc cp cao hn v do vy p ng ti nhanh hn Gim tn hao nhit Gim nhu cu nc b sung Gim hin tng st nhit v p sut
Ghi ch Gii php ny cn c s ci tin v thc hnh vn hnh ni hi
60
Bo n ng thu hi nc ngng
Thit b: Vt liu cch nhit
Thc hin n gin v d dng
61
Trnh r r nc ngng v hi nc
Khng
Gii php ny yu cu sa cha v bo dng kp thi Cn c bit trnh im un khng cn thit v cc ng ng nc ngng chm trong nc
62
Hp l ho cc ng dn nc ngng v hi nc
Thit b : ng ng
63
Thit b c b vi x l iu chnh lng kh d cho ni hi.
Phn cng: - B cm bin xy - Thit b kim sot - B truyn ng v cp cho qut C sn Thit b: Tuabin c nh cho hi nc bo ho. I = nh c S= nh c Khng lng Khng lng
Gim s dng nhin liu Gim s dng in
64
S dng tuabin i p c nh thay cho van gim p gim p sut hi nc t 2 10kg/cm xung cn 3 kg/cm2. Bt cc im r r trong ng dn kh nn Sn xut kh nn mc p sut kh thp hn Thng xuyn lm sch b lc kh vo ti my nn
Pht in
Cn tm hiu kh nng cung ng ca th trng trong nc; ngoi ra, c th nhp khu
65
Khng
I = Khng S = Khng nh lng c I = Khng S= Khng nh lng c I = Khng S= Khng nh lng c
Gim tiu hao in
66
Khng
Gim tiu hao in
67
Khng
Gim tiu hao in
Trang 48/107
Bng trn khng th lit k ton b cc gii php SXSH. Do c s khc bit rt ln tn ti trong ngnh cng nghip ny nn c th c rt nhiu gii php chung cng nh cc gii php c th ca ngnh cn phi xc nh v pht trin thng qua mt phng php tip cn nhiu bc. Trong chng tip theo, chng ta s cng xem xt phng php lun mang tnh h thng p dng SXSH.
4 Chng 4: Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn

Chng ny gii thiu chi tit v tip cn nhiu bc tin hnh nh gi SXSH trong ngnh cng nghip dt c cc quy trnh x l t. Cc phiu cng tc c trnh by cui mi nhim v nhm h tr cho vic thu thp, phn tch v bin son d liu. Mc d cc phiu cng tc ny c thit k ring cho cc nh my dt nhum nhng cha th st thc vi iu kin ca mi doanh nghip v, v th, tu thuc vo quy trnh x l v sn phm cn c chnh cho ph hp. Bn cnh cc phiu cng tc, chng ny cn cung cp v d c th v mt nh my x l t hng dt minh ho cho tng nhim v. V d ny c xy dng da trn cc nghin cu nh gi SXSH c thc hin ti cc nh my khc nhau trong ngnh Vit Nam. Km theo v d, chng 4 cng a ra cc nhn xt v s tho ng ca cc d liu v phn tch tin hnh. Cc nhn xt s gip ch cho c gi khi thu thp v phn tch d liu khi thc hin nh gi SXSH trong tng lai.
L thuyt c bn sau mi nh gi SXSH (GSXSH) l bt k vt cht no i vo mt nh my th s i ra di dng ny hay dng khc. Tuy nhin, gi nh cn bn c a ra l nguyn vt liu c d tr th s khng tri qua bt k s bin i no v dng v cht. Thc hin GSXSH gip pht hin ra ngun pht thi trong cc quy trnh sn xut t c th hn ch cc nguyn nhn v ng thi c th nng cao cht lng sn phm. SXSH trong ngnh cng nghip x l t hng dt cn c s tham gia ca tt c cc b phn sn xut nh lit k trong Chng 1, v bt k b phn no cng c tim nng gim pht thi. Thm vo , cc gii php SXSH ca mi b phn s c hiu ng lin i v tng h vi cc b phn khc. V d, nu s dng t vt liu h si th s gip lm gim lng ha cht, tng lng nc s dng cho git, gim chi ph x l dng thi, v.v... Do , iu quan trng l phi p dng phng php tip cn tng bc nhm phi hp cc b phn v nhm sn xut vi nhau v m bo vic trin khai SXSH. Phng php tip cn ny cn phi c p dng linh hot cho cc tnh hung bt ng v m bo pht huy ti a c hi SXSH. Chng 4 ny s lun bn v tip cn c trng, c th im v kim chng ti nhiu c s sn xut cng nghip Vit Nam.
Trang 49/107
4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng
4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm SXSH
thc hin thnh cng chng trnh SXSH, mt trong nhng tin quan trng l thnh lp nhm SXSH vi s phi hp lm vic cht ch v chu trch nhim trin khai chng trnh SXSH. Nhm s gm cc thnh vin l nhn vin ca doanh nghip v, nu cn, c th nhn c h tr ca trung tm sn xut sch hoc chuyn gia t vn. Cn ch xy dng mi quan h cht ch gia cc thnh vin thng qua cc cuc hp nh k. Chn la thnh phn ca nhm mt cch ng n l mt cng vic quan trng, v nu khng lm tt th nhm SXSH c th gp phi nhiu tr ngi k c t ni b v t bn ngoi (v d, t cc nhn vin v cng nhn ca doanh nghip). i vi cc doanh nghip ln, nhm SXSH c th bao gm mt i nng ct (gm i din cc phng ban khc nhau) v mt s thnh phn khc chu trch nhim v tng nhim v c th. i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh, nhm SXSH c th ch gm ch doanh nghip v mt qun c - ngi gim st cc hot ng thng nht. Nhm ny chnh l b phn chu trch nhim khi xng, phi hp v gim st hot ng GSXSH. hot ng c hiu qu, v c bn, nhm phi c kin thc phn tch v r sot thc hnh sn xut hin ti ca doanh nghip. H cn c kh nng sng to khm ph, pht trin v nh gi nhng ci tin trong thc hnh sn xut. Cui cng, h phi c nng lc trin khai nhng can thip c tnh kh thi v kinh t. Trong cng nghip x l t hng dt, nhm SXSH nn c i din ca b phn tin x l, b phn sy, b phn in hoa, b phn sau in, b phn ph tr v phng bo dng. Tu thuc nhu cu, nhm c th mi thm chuyn gia ngoi cng ty. i vi cc c s sn xut quy m nh, nhm c th gm 4 - 6 thnh vin, trong khi cc doanh nghip c quy m ln c th cn mt nhm t 8 - 10 thnh vin. Trc tin, nhm SXSH cn phi lp k hoch cng vic v cc vn v t chc cn thit m bo s c cc d liu hoc thng tin cn phi c trong sut cc giai on khc nhau khi tin hnh nh gi. n cui qu trnh nh gi, nhm cn phi thu thp c cc thng tin chung lin quan n nh my. Phiu cng tc 1 s h tr vic thu thp v tng hp thng tin.
Trang 50/107
PHIU CNG TC 1: Thng tin chung

Tn v a ch cng ty: NHM SXSH 1 2 3 5 Thng tin c bn v cng ty v s liu sn xut Cng sut lp t (tn/nm hoc 1000 Thc tin vn hnh (tn/nm hoc 1000 mt/nm) mt/nm) Sn phm chnh Tng vi cotton Tng vi dt kim Tng vi tng hp Tng vi len Tng vi pha Nhum Cotton Tng hp Len Pha Dt kim In hoa Cotton Tng hp Pha Dt kim Cc u vo s dng Tn/nm NGUYN LIU Len kin Bng kin Si tng hp Si len Si cotton Vi cotton, len hoc tng hp Khc S lng Nc cp m /nm Nc khoan m /nm in li kwh/nm in pht kwh/nm Than t/nm FO chy ni hi FO pht in t/nm t/nm
3 3
Tn
V tr trong nhm
B phn cng tc
Tn/nm NaoH H2O2 Thuc nhum Na2S2O4 Mui Gm in Axit oxalic Khc Cng sut nh mc Ni hi My nn B DG My nhum jet B gia nhit cht lng Thit b to kh nng My vng
THIT B V B PHN PH TR
NGUN NC V NNG LNG
HA CHT
Trang 51/107
Mt nghin cu in hnh v SXSH c tin hnh ti Cng ty Dt May X, mt doanh nghip nh nc tham gia chng trnh nh gi sch hn trong ngnh dt nhum do Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam t chc. Sn phm chnh ca cng ty l tt c cc loi si, khn bng, qun o dt kim v vi bng cho. Phiu cng tc sau y cung cp cc thng tin chung v cng ty cng vi i SXSH. PHIU CNG TC 1: Thng tin chung (V d) Tn cng ty a ch Nhm SXSH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn Phng Th Dng L Minh Th T Quang Ngc Nguyn Vn Khoa H Trng Du ng Bch Phng Trn Th Tuyt Cng ty Dt May X H Ni Thnh phn Trng nhm Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin B phn cng tc Trng phng k thut v u t Gim c nh my Dt Nhum PG nh my Dt Nhum K thut nhum K thut thit b nhum K thut nhit K thut nhum Cng sut thc t (tn/nm hoc 100m/nm) 13.000 tn 5.050.000 chic 8.000.000 chic 3.000.000 m tn/nm Len kin Bng kin Si tng hp Si len NGUYN LIU Si cotton Ha cht Vi cotton, len, hoc tng hp Khc n v Tng lng nc dng trong nhum Tng tiu th in nng Du FO m /nm
3
Thng tin c bn v cng ty Sn phm chnh Si cc loi Hng dt kim Khn bng Vi bng cho S dng u vo kg/nm Thuc nhum Ha cht 38.788,48 1.222.020,70 Cng sut lp t (tn/nm hoc 100m/nm) -
S lng 1.088.264 Ni hi My nn B DG THIT B CHNH
Cng sut
kwh/nm
3.537.013
My nhum Jet B gia nhit cht lng Thit b to kh nng My vng
NNG LNG
NC V
kg/nm
2.393.689
Nhn xt: Hu ht cc d liu cn thit c thu thp nhng vn cn thiu mt s d liu, v d cc chi tit v thit b v h thng ph tr. Nhm SXSH cn thu thp v bo co d liu ny trong cc nh gi SXSH s c trin khai sau ny.
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GSXSH cn c nhng ti liu v thng tin nht nh. Nu cng ty khng c sn th cn phi xy dng v cp nht cc ti liu v thng tin cn thit ny. Bng kim nh trong Phiu cng tc 2 s gip ch trong khi nh gi mc c sn thng tin. PHIU CNG TC 2: Kh nng cung cp thng tin THNG TIN S mt bng S theo di sn xut S theo di s dng nguyn liu S theo di s dng cc ngun vo S cc quy trnh Cn bng nguyn liu Cn bng nng lng Cn bng nc H s cht lng v ph phm S theo di bo dng Phn tch dng thi Cc thng tin khc T l tn trch thuc nhum Cn bng h in KH NNG HIN C NGUN V TRUY CP NHN XT
PHIU CNG TC 2: Kh nng cung cp thng tin (V d) THNG TIN S mt bng S theo di sn xut S theo di s dng nguyn liu S theo di s dng cc ngun vo S cc quy trnh Cn bng nguyn liu Cn bng nng lng Cn bng nc H s cht lng v ph phm S theo di bo dng Phn tch cc dng thi KH NNG HIN C Khng c sn C sn C sn C sn C sn Khng c sn Khng c sn Khng c sn Khng c sn C sn Khng c sn S c thu thp t cc b phn khc S c thu thp t cc b phn khc Kh lu tr Kh lu tr NGUN V TRUY CP NHN XT C th v
Nhn xt: D liu hin c rt lch nhau v do phn ln d liu cn thit phi c thu thp li bi cc thnh vin ca nhm. D liu hin cn thiu cng s c nhm SXSH tng hp.
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4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Lit k cc bc quy trnh v nhn din cc dng thi

Khi thng tin chung v nh my c, nhm SXSH s lit k tt c cc bc x l ch yu, l tin x l, sy, in hoa, hon tt v khu vc ph tr. Nhm SXSH lc ny s tin hnh mt cuc kho st thc a. Kho st thc a l mt k thut c hiu qu nht ly thng tin trc tip v hot ng sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn. Nhm SXSH khng nn tin hnh kho st thc a khi ang ngng vn hnh (v d: vo cui tun, trong cc chu k sn xut thp hoc ca m). Nhm nn bt u kho st t khu vc tip nhn nguyn vt liu v kt thc b phn thnh phm. Khi kho st thc a, nhm SXSH cng cn xem xt cc khu vc ph tr sn xut nh ni hi, my pht in, thng cha nhin liu, trm bm, h thng lnh, trm x l nc th, trm x l nc thi, v.v Kho st thc a khng phi nhm mc ch tm li, m tm hiu thu o cc dng nguyn liu v nng lng v trn c s s pht kin cc tng nng cao hiu qu, tng li nhun v ci thin mi trng tng th. Tin hnh kho st thc a cng l mt c hi kt bn to thm mi lin h v quan h cng tc tim nng trong tng lai. Do , ngi thc hin khng c ph phn m phi c thi xy dng v a ra cc gi ci tin. Khi nghin cu ln u tin ti khu vc sn xut, nhm SXSH cn phi xc nh c u vo v u ra ca cc dng thi. Cc khu vc pht thi ch yu v r rng cn phi c ghi chp li theo gi trong phiu cng tc 3. Vic ghi nhn cc dng thi vi c im vt l (rn, lng, kh) s gip ch trong bc nh lng pht thi tip sau. Nu c th th nhm nn xc nh v ghi li nguyn nhn pht sinh dng thi. Trong mt nh my x l hng dt, thc hin khng tt khu qun l ni vi, c bit i vi vic s dng nc git, l mt trong nhng yu t chnh dn n pht thi mc cao. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu nh my vn ny hu nh b lng qun. Ngoi ra, y cng chnh l bc khi u n gin v hp dn nht tin hnh SXSH. Khi ang tin hnh kho st ln u ti khu vc sn xut, nhm SXSH nn c bit ch n cc b phn c thc hnh qun l ni vi yu km. Phiu cng tc 4 c th dng ghi li tnh trng qun l ni vi ti mi b phn. Mt s vn thng gp trong cng tc qun l ni vi cc nh my ca ngnh dt cng c cp trong phiu cng tc ny. Tuy nhin, ni dung ca phiu vn cha th coi l hon thin cho tt c cc nh my v nhm SXSH nn da vo gi ny xy dng cc thng tin cn thit khc ph hp vi nh my ca mnh. Sau khi ghi li thc trng qun l ni vi, cc s liu v chi ph c bn cn c ghi li trong phiu cng tc 5. bc ny, ch cn thu thp thng tin v chi ph nguyn liu u vo l . y l cc thng tin c th d dng thu c t b phn kho v phng vt t.
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PHIU CNG TC 3: Cc bc quy trnh km theo dng thi

u vo Vi Nc Kim Hi nc in H2O2 Loi khc Nc Axit Hi nc in Loi khc Mui Thuc nhum Qu trnh x l Dng thi
GI H, NU V TY TRNG
Nc thi ra (L) Nc ra (L)
NHUM
Nc ra (L) Dch nhum thi (L) Hi nc x (K) Kh x (K)
Nc H in in
Nc git mn in (L) IN HOA H b trn (L) Nc ra li v chi in (L)
Khng kh nng in Hi nc Nc Ho cht h vi
HON TT
Kh thi t ng khi (K) Nc thi (L)
Hi x (K) Kh thi t b DG (K) Kh thi l hi (K) X l hi (R) Bn t ty trng (R) Cc cht thi khc Nc ngng (L) Kh nn r r (K)
Du nhin liu Than in
CC KHU VC PH TR
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PHIU CNG TC 3: Quy trnh x l (V d) Ti Cng ty Dt May X, si bng v si PE c x l ti Nh my Si - ni sn xut cc loi si khc nhau. Si c a mt phn v Nh my Dt Nhum sn xut vi mc v mt phn a i dt khn bng v bn. Ti Nh my Dt Nhum, vi i qua cng on kim bng (ch i vi vi cotton), ty trng, nhum v hon tt (Peco). Vi c nu chui v ty trng loi b cc tp cht nh du m, cc ht chng tnh in ca x PE, v lm tng kh nng ngm thm v i lc vi thuc nhum cho vi. Sau khi c nu chui v ty trng, vi s c git nhiu ln loi b tt c cc ha cht cn st li. Sau khi sy, vi s qua cng on gn mu nhum nhanh hn. Sau khi nu chui, ty trng v nhum, vi s c vt, vng kh v sy n nh kch thc v cht lng b mt ca n. Sau , vi thnh phm c chuyn ti Nh my May sn xut hng may mc. Sau y l s quy trnh chung:
X cotton, PE
Chi
Ko dui
Si th
Si
Cun
Dt thoi
Kim bng (vi cotton)
Nu v ty
Nhum
Sy
C nh mu
Ct, may, thu
Thnh phm
Nhm SXSH quyt nh chn nh my nhum l trng tm nh gi SXSH do tiu th nguyn nhin liu cao v sinh ra nhiu cht thi.
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PHIU CNG TC 4: Hin trng qun l ni vi

B PHN Tin x l Nhum v In hoa Hon tt Ph tr THIU ST TRONG QUN L NI VI R r nc t cc ng, vi v van my Trn nc trong qu trnh git Ha cht b ri vi trong qu trnh s dng B sung qu nhiu nc v ha cht Nhit khng thch hp trong chu trnh nhum R r nc t cc ng, van v thit b Trn nc trong qu trnh git Ha cht b ri vi trong qu trnh s dng B sung qu nhiu nc v ha cht Ri vi thuc nhum, ho cht, cht mu phng phi mu H in b ri vi trong khi rt ln li in H in cn dnh li trn mp li in R r kh nng t thit b vng kh Hi ngng rt xung v lm bn vi trong my vng kh R kh nn t bnh tch p trong h thng kh nn t sai v tr ca van iu tit trn ng dn khi thi ni hi Khng bo n cc khyu, bch v ng ng thu hi nc ngng Nhng im khc
PHIU CNG TC 4: Hin trng qun l ni vi (V d) B PHN Tin x l THIU ST TRONG QUN L NI VI R r nc t cc ng, van v van my Trn nc trong qu trnh git Ha cht b ri vi trong qu trnh s dng B sung qu nhiu nc v ha cht Nhit khng thch hp trong chu trnh nhum R r nc t cc ng ng, v my mc Trn nc trong qu trnh git Ha cht b ri vi trong qu trnh s dng B sung qu nhiu nc v ha cht Ri vi thuc nhum, ho cht, cht mu phng phi mu H in b ri vi khi rt ln li in H in cn dnh li trn mp li in R r kh nng t thit b vng kh Hi ngng t ri xung v lm bn vi trong my vng kh R kh nn t bnh tch p trong h thng kh nn t sai v tr ca van iu tit trn ng dn khi thi ni hi Khng bo n cc khy, bch v ng ng thu hi nc ngng
Nhum v In hoa
Hon tt Ph tr
Nhn xt: V b phn nhum l trng tm ca GSXSH thi im ny nn cc gii php qun l ni vi y ch xc nh trong cng on x l t .
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PHIU CNG TC 5: Chi ph nguyn liu u vo

B phn/ ha cht u vo B phn tin x l Vi Ha cht gi h NaOH H2O2 Ha cht trung ha Cht git/ X phng Natri Nitrite Khc B phn Nhum v In hoa Thuc nhum Vi Gm in Axit Oxalic Pigment Khc B phn hon tt Ha cht hon tt Cht tr khc B phn ph tr Nc t mng cp nc TP Nc ging Than FO chy ni hi FO chy b DG Hi nc sinh ra in t li in TP in pht Ha cht lm mm nc Khc PHIU CNG TC 5: Chi ph nguyn liu u vo (V d) TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sn xut/Tiu th Vi thnh phm Ha cht Thuc nhum in Du FO Nc n v Kg Kg Kg kW Kg m
3
Chi ph / tn
Tiu th hng nm
Lng/tn vi
Chi ph/tn vi
2001 1.527.404.3 1.222.020.7 38.788.486 3.537.013 2.373.099 1.088.264
Sut tiu hao (kg/tn sn phm) 800 25,4 2315 1942 700
Nhn xt: i SXSH khng th thu thp thng tin chi tit nh mong mun trong qu trnh nh gi SXSH. Nhiu thnh phn d liu khc nhau dng ghp chung. Cc d liu trn y phc v c mc ch nh gi cc khu vc ph tr, nhng v mt s dng ho cht th cha mang li hiu qu cn thit.
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PHIU CNG TC 5: Chi ph nguyn liu u vo (V d) Cng ty Dt May Y c thnh lp nm 1971. Cng ty c 30 nm lch s v hin i tn thnh Cng ty C phn Dt May Y. Sn phm chnh ca cng ty l qun o ty trng v qun o thnh phm c lm t 100% cotton v mt s ph phm khc. Do , cc sn phm ty trng l mt trong cc mi quan tm chnh trong sn xut. Cc gi tr v tiu th nguyn liu th mi tn sn phm c trnh by trong bng di y.
u vo NaOH H2O2 H2SO4 Na2CO3 Na2SiO3 Optibland WS Javel BHV Mescour EX Mega trng Bensoft (Mesoft) Than in Nc
n v kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg m3 7.3 0.78 140 9.3 9.3 4.7 10.37 0.4
Vi 66 18.4 16.3 5.6 10.48 0.33 76.4 7.5 1.25
Khn
1400 120
Nhn xt: D khng thc s l l tng nhng y l mt cch xy dng chun mc tiu th cc loi ha cht v ngun lc tt hn nhiu khi so snh vi v d trn..
4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut

4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s quy trnh
Chun b s quy trnh l mt bc quan trng trong GSXSH. xy dng mt s quy trnh x l c hiu qu nht, nhm SXSH nn bt u t vic lit k cc cng on vn hnh quan trng k t khu tip nhn nguyn liu th n khi lu kho/xut xng thnh phm. Tip theo, mi cng on ny c th c th hin trong mt s khi bao gm cc bc chi tit cng vi u vo v u ra tng ng. Kt ni cc s khi ca cc cng on vn hnh n l th nhm s xy dng c mt lu m t quy trnh sn xut. i khi, cch tt nht xy dng v cng c mt lu quy trnh l tin hnh mt s cuc kho st thc a ti quy trnh . Khi xy dng mt lu quy trnh, nhm cn ch cc im sau:
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S dng cc hnh hp biu th cc cng on: Vi mi khi hp, vit tn ca cng on v tt c cc iu kin vn hnh c bit cn ch ; v d, vi cng on nu, c th ghi r nhit 180 C v p lc 1,2 at. Hin th tt c cc u vo v u ra ti mi khi, ch r nguyn liu th chnh, cc sn phm trung gian v thnh phm, nc, hi nc (nu c th); nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn. Trn lu quy trnh cn s dng cc biu tng khc nhau th hin thng tin v quy trnh. V d, ch thch r cng on vn hnh theo m hay lin tc. Bn cnh , nhm cng c th s dng cc ng lin nt hoc nt t th hin s pht thi lin tc hoc khng lin tc. Cn ch quan st cc hot ng lin quan ti khi ng, tt my hoc bo dng; nhng thay i lin quan ti sn phm hoc sn xut thi v, v.v iu ny c th c thc hin mt cch hiu qu nht khi chun b ring mt lu th hin cch thc vn hnh quy trnh hoc cng on trong mt iu kin c bit.
Mt lu th hin quy trnh sn xut cn lit k v, nu c th, phi m t c cc c im ca dng vo v dng ra. Cn c bit ch vi cc dng tun hon. Mc d c th xy dng cc lu quy trnh cho ton b nh my, nhng bc ny ta cha cn lm iu m ch cn phn tch nhng cng on hoc b phn gy lng ph nhiu nht tc l c tim nng SXSH ln nht. Ni cch khc, t hiu qu cao nht, nhm nn xc nh khu vc trng tm da vo thng tin thu thp c v kho st thc a tin hnh nhim v 2.
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S QUY TRNH CNG NGH (V d)

GREY MC VI FABRIC CONDENSATE WATER, Nc CHEMICALS Ho cht STEAM SCOURING AND BLEACHING NU CHUI V TY TRNG
Nc ngng
Hi
Nc WATER
HOT WATER COOLING LM NGUI
Nc nng
WATER
Nc
OVERFLOW WASHING GIT X TRN
WASTE WATER (CONTAINED Nc thi (cha ho cht) CHEMICALS)
WATER, STEAM
Nc, hi
WARM WASHING GT M
WASTE WATER (CONTAINED CHEMICALS)
Nc thi (cha ho cht)
WATER, STEAM
Nc, hi
HOT WASHING, GIT NNG
WASTEWATER (CONTAINED CHEMICALS, (cha ho cht) Nc thi
WATER, STEAM
Nc, hi
WARM WASHING GIT
WASTEWATER, (CONTAINED NC THI C HO CHT CHEMICALS, (cha ho cht) Nc thi
WATER
Nc
WASTEWATER, NC THI WASHING GIT
Nc thi
WATER, DYES, nhum, Nc, thuc CHEMICALS,, STEAM ho cht, hi DYEING NHUM
BNH NHUM CONDENSATE SPENT DYE BATH, DNG, Dch nhum T qua s CHT NGNG
dng, nc ngng
WATER
Nc
OVERFLOW WASHING GIT X TRN
WASTEWATER CONTAINED DYES, Nc thi CHEMICALS cha thuc nhum,
ho cht
WATER
Nc
COLD WASHING GIT LNH
WASTEWATER, CHEMICALS, Nc thi, CONDENSATEho cht,
nc ngng
WATER, CHEMICALS, STEAM
Nc, ho cht, hi
ACID WASHING GIT AXIT
WASTEWATER, CHEMICALS, CONDENSATE,
Nc thi, ho cht, nc ngng
Nc, ho cht, hi
SOAP WASHING GIT X PHNG
Nc thi, ho cht, WASTEWATER, CHEMICALS, CONDENSATE nc ngng
WATER, STEAM
Nc, hi
WASTEWATER, CHEMICALS, CONDENSATE HOT WASHING GIT NNG
WASTEWATER, CHEMICALS, CONDENSATE PIGMENT FIXING C NH MU
Nc, ho cht, hi
WATER
WASTEWATER, CHEMICALS OVERFLOW WASHING GIT X TRN
Nc,
Nc thi, ho cht
SN PHM FINISHED PRODUCTS
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4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn liu, cu t v nng lng

Sau khi lp s dng quy trnh chn, bc quan trng nht l tin hnh cn bng vt liu v nng lng cho quy trnh . Cn bng vt liu v nng lng (M & E) l cng c kim k c bn cho php theo di nh lng ca u vo v u ra v nguyn liu v nng lng. Cn bng vt liu Nn tng thc hin cn bng vt liu l s quy trnh cng ngh. Mt bc thit yu trong cn bng vt liu l kim tra rng ci g i vo mt cng on/quy trnh th s phi i ra ni no . V th, tt c u vo s c nhng u ra tng ng. Cn bng vt liu v nng lng c ngha quan trng i vi nh gi SXSH v thng qua ngi ta c th xc nh v nh lng nhng hao ht v pht thi m trc cha pht hin c. Php cn bng ny cng hu ch trong vic gim st tin b t c t chng trnh SXSH cng nh nh gi chi ph v li ch ca chng trnh. Mc d khng th c nhng hng dn ton din v vic lp cn bng vt liu v nng lng, nhng di y s l mt s gi hu ch. Cc thnh phn c trng ca php lp cn bng vt liu c cp n nh sau: Trc tin, lp mt bng cn bng vt liu tng th qua tng cng on chnh; v d, cng on tin x l, cng on nhum v in hoa, v cng on hon tt. Tip n, chn cng on l trng tm ca nh gi SXSH v tinh chnh bng cn bng vt liu. Trong ngnh cng nghip x l t hng dt, cn bng nguyn liu khng chim v tr quan trong v vi - tc l nguyn liu - khng b hao ht nhiu. Quan trng hn nhiu, l cn bng cu t nh nc, tn trch thuc nhum.
Phiu cng tc 6 c th gip bn lp mt bng cn bng vt liu.
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PHIU CNG TC 6: Cn bng nguyn liu

Cng on Vt liu u vo Tn Lng Lng vt liu u ra Dng thi Lng SS trong nc thi Lng cht rn
Gi h
Nc Ho cht Hi Cc ho cht khc Nc Nc Hi NaOH Cc ho cht khc Nc Hi Nc Hi NaOH H2O2 Cc ho cht khc Ho cht Nc Axit Nc Thuc nhum Cht tr Nc Hi Ho cht Nc Hi
Git Nu chui
Git Ty trng
Trung ho
Git Nhum
Git Sy
PHIU CNG TC 6: Cn bng vt liu v cn bng nc kt hp (V d): Cng ty Dt May X Cn bng vt liu c thc hin trn c s 1 m (380kg vi). Cc cng on 380 kg vi Nu v ty Vt liu u vo Tn Chemlubri BS Cottoclam MA Sulfolen 148 Albatex FFC Sirrix AS NaOH 40 Be Stabilon HN S lng 3,8kg 3,8kg 5,7kg 1,1kg 1,9kg 22,8l 3kg Dng thi Tn Nc thi S lng 4m3
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H2O2 50% Nc H nhit /lm mt Git x trn Git nng Git axit Git lnh Nhum Nc Nc Nc Rolyr 185 Nc CH3COOH Nc Molan 129 Chemlubri BS Remazol Yellow 3RS Remazol Red RR Cibacron blue FNR Na2SO4 Na2CO3 Nc Git x trn Git lnh Git (axit) Git x phng Git x phng Git x phng Git nng Cm mu Nc Nc Nc CH3COOH Nc Sandopour RSK Nc Sandopour RSK Nc Sandopour RSK Nc Nc CH3COOH Stabifix FFC Git Nc
11,4l 4m3 2m
3
Nc sch Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi
2m
6m3 4m
3
6m3 4m
3
1,9kg 4m3 3,8kg 4m

3
4m3 4m
3
3,8kg 3,8kg 5,928kg 0,8854kg 6,46 kg 228kg 76kg 4m 6m 4m

3 3
4m3
Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi
6m 4m
4m3
3
4m3
3
3,8kg 4m3 3,4kg 4m

3
4m3 4m
3
3,4kg 4m3 3,4kg 4m 4m

3 3
4m3 4m
3
4m3
1,9kg 3,8kg 4m
3
Nc thi
4m
Nhn xt: T cn bng nguyn liu mi m nh trn, ta thy doanh nghip ny dng 76m3 nc 3 x l 380kg vi hay 200m nc cho mt tn vi. Trong khi s liu t ng h nc li cho 3 thy cn 700m cho mi tn vi. iu ny ngha l c mt lng ln nc b r r, chy trn hoc git trn nhiu hn yu cu.
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PHIU CNG TC 6: Cn bng vt liu v cn bng nc kt hp (Vi d: Cng ty Dt ND)

Cng ty Dt ND c thnh lp nm 1899. Cng ty c trang b mt dy chuyn sn xut khp kn t xe si, dt, nhum, in hoa, hon tt v thu. Cc sn phm di do v chng loi v nhm hng: 1) cc loi si len cotton 100% chi k, PE, PE pha, viscose, acrylic c chun ha xut khu, dt thoi v dt kim (si mc v si nhum); 2) Vi may c nhiu loi kh t 0,8 n 1,6m. Vi nhum v in hoa c nhiu loi v cht liu, mu sc v mu m, PE gim trng, 100% cotton, gabain, vi poplin cao cp; 3) khn bng; 4) sn phm may mc p v hin i, p ng yu cu xut khu. Cn bng vt liu cho 1000m hay 287,5 kg vi m s 7645 (kh 1,15m) c trnh by trong bng sau: Cng on Vt liu u vo Tn Nc Xng A76 Rottamylas 188 Utravol GPN Tinh bt Nc NaOH Cottoclarin KD Securon 540 S lng 3 144 m 4,5l 1,04kg 0,26kg 9,6kg 3 10,8m 6,5 kg 1,3 kg 0,52kg Vt liu u ra Tn Nc Xng A76 Rottamylas 188 Utravol GPN Tinh bt Nc NaOH Cottoclarin KD Securon 540 Hemi + pectin Cht bo, sp Protein Khc Nc H2O2 Tinoclorit CBB Cottoclarin KD Securon 540 NaOH Mu t nhin Nc NaOH CH3COOH Nc Terasil en RLW Terasil FBN Dianix Xanh lam S2G CH3COOH Univadin DPL Fume sol SD Lamazin CO2 Eriopol OLS Na2CO3 Nc Cibacron en PGR Cibacron en CNN Gold Vng P2RN Gold Vng P2R Ur Na2CO3 Invadinlu Lamazin CO2 Irgasol Conew S lng 3 14,4 m 1,04kg 0,26kg 9,6 kg 3 10,8m 6,5kg 1,3kg 0,52kg Dng thi Lng Rn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1,2kg 0,6kg 28,8m3 0,6kg 2,0kg 0,11kg 0,13kg 1kg 2kg 0,1 kg 0,04kg 0,24kg + + + + + + + + + + + + Kh +
t lng Gi h
Nu v git sau nu
Git sau ty trng
Nc H2O2 Tinoclorit CBB Cottoclarin KD Securon 540 NaOH Nc NaOH CH3COOH Nc Terasil en RLW Terasil FBN Dianix Xan nc bin S2G CH3COOH Univadin DPL Fume sol SD Lamazin DO Eriopol OLS Na2CO3 Nc Cibacron en PGR Cibacron en CNN Gold Vng P2RN Gold Vng P2R Ur Na2CO3 Invadinlu Lamazin DO Irgasol Conew
14,4m3 2,0kg 0,52kg 1,04kg 0,52kg 1,3kg 10,8m3 16,15kg 1,6kg 28,8m3 4,91 kg 0,26kg 0,93kg 0,13kg 0,13kg 0,025kg 0,04kg 6,5 l 1,2kg 0,6kg 28,8m3 2,0kg 6,67kg 0,37kg 0,42kg 10kg 2kg 0,1kg 0,04 kg 6,5kg 0,24kg
14,4m3 0,3kg 0,52kg 1,04kg 0,52kg 1,3kg 10,8m3 16,15kg 1,6kg 28,8m3 0,98 kg 0,052kg 0,19kg 0,13kg 0,13kg 0,025kg 0,04kg
Kim bng
Nhum vi pha PE
Nhum Cotton pha
Nhn xt: y l mt v d tt hn v bng cn bng vt liu trong mt quy trnh sn xut cng nghip.
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Cn bng cu t Vic vi ngnh cng nghip x l hng dt, cn bng cu t ng quan tm chnh l tn trch i vi thuc nhum, cc ha cht x phng ha, cc ha cht trung ha v tn hao h in. Phiu cng tc 7, 8 v 9 s gip tin hnh cn bng cc cu t, xc nh tn hao h in v cn bng nc. i vi mt c s cng nghip x l hng dt, khi thc hin cn bng vt liu v cu t th cn ch cc im sau y. Vi mc nhp v khc nhau nhiu v hm lng tp cht. Cc tp cht ny mt phn l do nh my dt thm vo to iu kin tt hn cho qu trnh dt v mt phn l tng trng cho vi. Trong nhng trng hp ny, cc bng cn bng nguyn liu cn c thc hin cho vi ca cng mt l nhp v. Nn ly mu dch ha x phng khi my chy c 4 hoc 5 pht sau khi cho ha cht vo. iu ny s m bo ly c mu in hnh thc s. o mc nng axit trong cc mu trung ha, cn chun b mt mu tng hp vi nng axit cho sn v o axit tng ng. Phng php ny s xc nh mi quan h gia axit v nng axit ca dung dch. Do , bng cch o axit ca cc mu tip theo, c th tnh ton nng axit theo mi quan h ny. Cn ghi li mt cch chnh xc cc t l pha long s dng trong cc mu v kt hp cht ch cc iu chnh cn thit trong khi tnh ton kt qu cui cng. tn trch thuc nhum cn c o theo cc cch sau: o o mc hp th ca cc nng bit ti cc bc sng hp th cc i i vi nhng loi thuc nhum s dng. V biu v quan h gia nng v mc thp th ca cc thuc nhum khc nhau. Bit c mc hp th i vi mt mu no trong mu nhum th s c th xc nh c nng tng ng ca thuc nhum t biu v trn. Chnh lch gia cc mc nng thuc nhum gia dch nhum mi pha v dch nhum dng (ti mt bc sng no ) s cho bit tn trch ca mu no ca thuc nhum. Tng t, c th xc nh c tn trch i vi cc loi thuc nhum s dng khc.
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tnh ton hao ph h in trong cng on in hoa th phi c tnh tng lng h in u vo v u ra. Chnh lch v lng gia h in pht ra u ngy/ca v lng thu v vo cui ngy/ca s cho bit lng h in i vo cng on sn xut. Lng h in u ra l chnh lch v khi lng trn mi chiu di n v ca vi trc v sau khi in cng vi lng tn hao. Khi o lng h in u ra trn vi, chiu di n v cn thng nht l chiu di ca mu in c lp i lp li. PHIU CNG TC 7: Cn bng cu t
Cng on Nu chui X phng ho Trung ha Mu nhum
Thng s kim (mg/l) kim (mg/l) axit (mg/l) Nng thuc nhum (mg/l)
Dng vo
Dng ra
% tn trch
Nhn xt
a) b) c) Cht tr / thuc nhum In hoa COD
Lng h in
PHIU CNG TC 7: Cn bng cu t (V d) Ti Vit Nam hin nay cha c c s cng nghip no c cn bng cu t trong bo co SXSH. Tuy nhin, dng thi lng c phn tch v bo co cho bit c tr s pH cao. iu ny cho thy c mt lng kim ln trong nc thi. iu ny c th l do cng on kim bng v y l cng on c s dng mt lng ln dung dch kim. bt u, cc c s cng nghip dt nhum Vit Nam cn phi phn tch dng thi t cng on kim bng v xem xt kh nng tun hon hoc ti s dng hoc x l ring i vi kim.
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PHIU CNG TC 8: Hao ph h in

Tnh ton hao ph h in H in t phng phi mu H in thu li t my in sau khi lm sch li v chi Ton b chiu di in trn vi Khi lng ca mt tm vi trc khi in Khi lng ca tm vi sau khi in Chiu di ca mt tm vi H in c tn dng = (E-D)*C/(F* 1,000) Ton b hao ph c tnh hao ph h in i) Co sch mn in bng li gt (nu s dng) ii) Qua git mn in Th tch nc git mn in COD nc git mn in COD h in (chun b mu tng ng t cc mu sc khc nhau) Hao ph h in qua qu trnh git mn in iii) Qua qu trnh ra li v chi in Th tch nc ra li v chi in COD mu nc ra ghp chung Hao ph h in qua qu trnh ra li v chi in iv) H in cn d trong cc x cha (c th o bng phng php COD hoc bng cch xc nh khi lng trc v sau ca cc x cha v) Hao ht h in do trn trong khi chuyn t x cha ln li (c th o c bng cch thu li lng trn bng cc khay) Tng hao ph c nguyn nhn (P+Q+O+H+L) Hao ph h in khng r nguyn nhn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M(m3) N(mg/l) M*N)/(K/1000)=O(kg) L(m3) J(mg/l) K(g/gm) (J*l)/(K/1000)=L(kg) ~ H(kg) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A (kg) B(kg) C(m) D(gm) E(gm) F(m) G(kg) (A-B-G) = X(kg)
P(kg)
~ ~ ~
Q(kg) Y(kg) X Y (kg)
PHIU CNG TC 8: Hao ph h in (V d) Cha c c s cng nghip no Vit Nam bo co hao ph h in trong cc bo co SXSH. C th l do h in l mt thnh phn khng ng gi bng cc ha cht khc nh thuc nhum, Tuy nhin, h in nu i vo dng thi s gy ra ti lng nhim hu c cao trong dng thi v do lm cho chi ph x l tng ln nhiu.
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PHIU CNG TC 9: Cn bng nc Cng on Nc s dng (lt) Nc thi pht sinh (lt) Nc tun hon (lt) Nhn xt
Gi h Git Nu chui Git Ty trng Git Trung ha Git Nhum Git In hoa Git Khc
PHIU CNG TC 9: Cn bng nc (V d) Cn bng ny c cp n nh mt phn ca cn bng vt liu ca ngnh nh v d v Cng ty Dt May H Ni (Phiu cng tc 6).
Cn bng nng lng Tin hnh mt php cn bng nng lng l nhim v phc tp hn nhiu so vi cn bng vt liu. Nguyn nhn bi v ngi ta c th truy tm nguyn liu u vo cho mt hot ng thng qua cc u ra nh lng v quan st c, cn i vi cc dng nng lng th khng phi lc no cng c th lm c iu ny. Mc d i vi cc dng nng lng, ngi ta vn p dng chung mt quy lut c bn (tc l lng nng lng vo phi bng nng lng ra"), nhng cc dng nng lng u ra thng kh nhn bit hn so vi dng nguyn liu. V th, vic nhn din v nh gi cc dng tn tht nng lng n v mc khng hiu qu trong s dng nng lng l mt phn vic kh khn hn nhiu. iu ny c bit ng vi trng hp cc thit b s dng in nh my bm, my nn kh, , khi nng lng u vo l dng in nng v d dng o lng c, nhng mc hiu qu chuyn i sang u ra hu ch (nh lng nc bm c, lng kh nn, ) li khng th nh lng trc tip c. Sau y l cc v d v nhng tnh hung in hnh cho thy nu ch xem xt cc dng nng lng hu hnh th c th s b st cc tn tht nng lng u ra:
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Tn tht do vn hnh khng ti i vi cc thit b s dng nng lng; Tn tht do vn hnh khng ti (hiu qu thp) cc thit b s dng nng lng; Tn tht do tr khng i vi dng (tr khng cao nhng c th trnh c xy ra trn cc dy dn in v ng ng cht lng); Tn tht nng lng do thit b xung cp (bnh cng tc my bm, vng m my bm xung cp s lm tng tiu hao nng lng).
xc nh c chc chn u ra (k c dng nhn bit c v khng nhn bit c) t cc h thng nng lng, bn cnh nhng thng s thit yu nh nhit , dng, m, hm lng, v.v, trong khi GSXSH ngi ta cn phi nh gi/quan trc mt s thng s khc gm: kW (kilowatt in nng u vo); kV (kilovolt - in p t vo); I (ampe - cng dng in); PF (h s cng sut ca thit b in cm ng); Hz (tn sut dng xoay chiu); N (s vng/pht hoc tc quay ca); P (p sut cc dng cht lng/ kh); DP (st p trong cc dng cht lng v kh u vo/ra); Lux ( ri); GCV, NCV (gi tr calo tng v rng ca nhin liu); v.v Trong thc t, c th khng thc hin c php cn bng nng lng chnh xc v nghim ngt i vi mt qu trnh vn hnh sn xut; tuy nhin, i vi cc thit b ph tr nh ni hi, l nung, thit b ho hi, v.v th bn cn bng nng lng s rt hu dng trong vic xc nh v c tnh tn hao nng lng t cc thit b v h thng . Phiu cng tc 10 l mt bn cn bng nng lng c thc hin cho xng ni hi trong mt nh my dt.
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PHIU CNG TC 10: Cn bng nng lng cho ni hi
Than
Phun nc
Bi than
Than mn (bi than bi mt) Pht thi
Than
in
Nc
Sng th cng & tn nh
in
Ha cht iu ha
17,0 MJ/gi (thc)
Than 1,1 tn/gi (thc) Qut ht
Bm BFW Thng s chun 8 tn/gi, 13kg/cm2
0,5 MJ/gi (thc) Cng on Thng s quy trnh
THNG S THAM CHIU Sinh hi
Thng s chun 250mm WC, 200oC, 20kw
Khi thi Tn tht 13,2% (thc) 2,25 MJ/gi (thc)
Chun p Lng 12kg/cm2 6 tn/gi Ni hi
Vn hnh 10kg/cm2 4 tn/gi
Qut y Thng s chun 100mm ct nc; 30oC, 15kw
Tn tht x y 1,4% 0,24MJ/gi (thc) Than khng chy ht theo x 4,85% 0,83 MJ/gi (thc)
Thit b
11,40 MJ/gi (thc) in 9kw (thc) Khng kh 12,61 tn/gi (thc) 14,34 tn/gi (chun)
Hi t Tn tht n
Tch hi
Nc ngng nng 3% 0,09 MJ/gi (thc) Hi kh 97% 11,31 MJ/gi (thc)
H2 v m: 2,5 MJ/gi (thc ), 14.4% Bc x:0,17 Mj/gi (thc), 1% m trong khng kh: 0,03 MJ/gi (thc), 0,15%
PHIU CNG TC 10: Cn bng nng lng (V d) Hu ht cc doanh nghip dt nhum Vit Nam u quan tm n vic thc hin cn bng nng lng v nghin cu kim ton. Tuy nhin, v y l mt cng vic kh khn nu mun t c mt cn bng nng lng hon chnh cho ton b qu trnh sn xut, nn cc doanh nghip u ch thc hin cc cn bng nng lng quy m nh trn c s cu t, v d: quay vng nc ngng, v.v, tm ra cc la chn SXSH. Cho n nay, cha c mt cn bng nng lng chi tit no c thc hin.
4.2.3
Nhim v 5: M t c tnh dng thi
M t c tnh dng thi s gip nh gi lng cht nhim i vo mi trng v cc yu t pht sinh cht thi c th. Nhim v ny s gip xc nh chi ph
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x l v thi b cht thi. Dng thi xc nh cn c quan trc: ly mu v phn tch cc thng s khc khc nhau trong phng th nghim. Trong trng hp cng ty khng c phng th nghim ring, c th ly mu v gi n cc phng th nghim khc phn tch. Phiu cng tc 11 s gip trnh by c tnh nc thi. PHIU CNG TC 11: c tnh nc thi Cng on Gi h Git Nu Git Ty trng Git Trung ha Git Nhum Git In hoa Git Khc Th tch (lt) BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) TS (mg/l) Nhit (oC )
PHIU CNG TC 11: c tnh nc thi (V d: Cng ty Dt ND) c tnh nc thi ca dng thi tng c trnh by trong bng sau y: Thng s n v Mu ly t Nhum pH BOD5 COD Tng N Tng P Phenol mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 12 280 360 10,2 1,6 0,29 im thi cui 10,5 260 340 9,6 1,2 0,23 3,2 Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5945-1995 5,5-9 50 100 60 6 0,05 1
Du m
mg/l
3,8
Nhn xt: Khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH, vic m t nc thi cho mi dng rc thi v dng thi tng hp l rt cn thit. Nhng nh gi SXSH ch bo co cc gi tr tng hp. Vic m t tng dng gip xc nh hao ph v xc nh tnh kh thi ca vic ti sinh v ti s dng. TCVN 5945-1995 l tiu chun c p dng vo thi im nh gi SXSH.
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4.2.4 Nhim v 6: nh gi cho dng thi

m t c tim nng thu li t cc dng thi, mt yu cu c bn l phi tnh c chi ph cho cc dng thi . Chi ph ny cn phn nh hao ph quy ra tin do cht thi. R rng l mt dng thi th khng biu hin cc chi ph nh lng c tr khi gn lin vi s hao ph trc tip v nguyn liu v sn phm, v d: hao ph h in do trn hoc ri vi, hao ph kim do khng thu hi trit dch kim bng. Tuy nhin, khi phn tch k hn th ta c th thy mt s yu t chi ph trc tip v gin tip lin quan n cc dng thi. Danh sch cc chi ph thnh phn c th cn thit c trnh by di y: Chi ph nguyn liu trong dng thi; Chi ph sn phm trong dng thi; Chi ph cho hi nc v in s dng trong qu trnh; Chi ph x l v thi b; Chi ph cho nc, x l nc v bm nc; Cc chi ph khc.
Cc yu t chi ph k trn phi c xc nh cho tng dng thi v t c th tnh c tng chi ph cho mi n v cht thi. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, tnh ton tt c cc thnh phn chi ph l mt vic kh; tnh ton hao ph vt liu, ngi ta cn phn tch xc nh cc thnh phn khc nhau trong cht thi v tip theo l khi lng ca chng. V d: tnh ton hao ph thuc nhum trong dng thi, ngi ta cn phi o lng thuc nhum trong dng thi bng phng php hp th nh m t phn trn, hoc hao ph s-a c th c xc nh mt cch tng i bng cch tnh ton kim hydroxit ca dng thi. Tng t nh th, tnh ton chi ph x l ca dng thi, c th tham kho gi tr trung bnh v chi ph x l trn mi kg COD hoc BOD gim c t qun c trm x l nc thi. S liu ny sau c th p c cho cc dng thi tng ng. i khi, dng thi khng cha nhiu cht nhim nhng c nhit rt cao, v d: nc ngng khng c thu hi, trong cc trng hp ny th chi ph dng thi s tng ng vi hao ph nhit nng tnh ton qua than, du, gas hoc in tu theo bn cht ca nhin liu s dng trong quy trnh. Phiu cng tc 12 s h tr vic nh gi cho cc dng thi.
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PHIU CNG TC 12: nh gi cc dng thi Dng thi Nc thi (lt) Thnh phn cht thi S lng Chi ph n v thnh phn Tng chi ph thnh phn Chi ph c dng thi
Gi h Git Nu Git Ty Git Trung ha Git Nhum Git In hoa Git Khc
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PHIU CNG TC 12: nh gi cc dng thi (V d: Cng ty Dt ND) Dng thi Nc Rottamylas 188 t lng v gi Utravol GPN h Tinh bt Tng cng Nc Nu chui Git NaOH sau khi nu chui Cottoclarin KD Securon 540 Tng cng Nc H2O2 Tinoclorit CBB Ty trng Git Cottclarin KD Securon 540 NaOH Tng cng Nc Kim bng NaOH CH3COOH Tng cng Nc Terasil en RLW Terasil FBN Dianix Xanh lam S2G Nhum PE CH3COOH Univadin DPL Fumasol DPL Lamazin Eriopol OLS Na2CO3 Tng cng Nc Cibacron en PGR Cibacron en CNN '' Gold vng P2RN Nhum cotton ' Da cam P2N Ur Na2CO3 Invadinlu Lamazin Igrasol Conew Tng cng 28.800,00 0.6 2,00 0.11 0.13 1,00 2,00 0,10 0,04 0,24 3,70 252.419,66 387.883,64 29.468,23 35.642,91 21.451,70 2.198,96 29.571,58 101.385,59 47.418,64 28.800,00 0,98 0,052 0,19 0,13 0,13 0,025 0,04 1,2 0,6 3,70 99.625,87 274.050,46 76.957,12 8.905,09 34.739,32 60.616,15 101.385,59 36.472,09 2.198.96 10.800,00 16,15 1,60 3,70 3.524,73 8.412,43 14.400,00 0,30 0,52 1,04 0,52 1,30 3,70 4.436.41 21.606,92 27.580,21 24.014,89 3.524,73 10.800,00 6,50 1,30 0,52 3,70 3.524,73 27.580,21 24.014,89 u ra S lng kg 14.400,00 1,04 0,26 9,60 n gi VND/kg 3,70 39.350,80 27.954,84 101.474 39.960 22.911 35.854 12.488 111.213 53.280 1.331 11.236 28.683 12.488 4.582 111.600 39.960 56.924 13.460 110.344 106.560 97.633 14.251 14.622 1.158 4.516 1.515 4.055 43.767 1.319 289.396 106.560 151.452 775.767 29.468 46.336 21.452 4.398 2,957 4.055 11.380 1.153.825 Thnh tin VND 53.280 40.925 7.269
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4.2.5 Nhim v 7: R sot li quy trnh xc nh nguyn nhn

Sau khi xc nh c chi ph cho cc dng thi, nhm SXSH cn tin hnh phn huy ng tr tu tp th tm ra cc nguyn nhn sinh cht thi. Phn lm vic ny cn c s tham gia ca nhn vin t cc b phn lin quan trong doanh nghip. Ti y, nhm SXSH s c gng tm ra logic ng sau cc hot ng thc hnh sn xut khc nhau ti doanh nghip. Phn tch ny ng vai tr quan trng nht v cc nguyn nhn tm c sau s tr thnh cng c ra cc la chn php SXSH. Trc khi tin hnh phn tch nguyn nhn, nhm SXSH cn nghin cu k v s dng ca quy trnh x l, phn tch dng thi v cc bng cn bng nhm h tr hiu qu cho vic xc nh nguyn nhn sinh ra dng thi ti cc cng on khc nhau. C th s dng phng php t cu hi h thng phn tch nguyn nhn. C th s dng chui cu hi nh di y tm ra cc la chn SXSH: 1. Mc ch tin hnh cng on ny l g? S n mt lc m nhm SXSH thy rng cng nhn vin ti mt cng on no khng c kh nng a ra cc cu tr li tha ng cho vn . iu hon ton c th xy ra y l bi v y chnh l cc thc hnh sn xut c t lu v tr thnh thng l m h vn tip tc tun theo. Trong trng hp ny, gii php tt nht l trnh lp li hot ng mt cch trit sau mt vi ln th nghim thnh cng phng php thc hnh khc. iu ny s gip trnh pht sinh dng thi do hot ng vn hnh c ti cng on ny, v ng thi dn n vic gim tiu th nguyn liu th ti y. V d: S dng my sy ni trc khi hon tt trn my vng: Sau khi gn ha cht hon tt, vi c cho qua my vng sy kh. V vi s c sy trong my vng, nn mc ch ca ng tc sy kh trc my vng hon tt l khng hp l. R rng, khng th gi vi trong tnh trng m t sau khi git in, vi phi c sy kh ngay lp tc. Chnh v vy, hon ton c th trnh c cng on dng thit b sy nh sp xp lch trnh sn xut ph hp. Git qu nhiu sau khi nhum do tn trch thuc nhum km: Hiu sut vn hnh km c th l cu tr li cho vn ny. Trong cc trng hp ny, c th phi tin hnh bin php ci thin hiu qu x l ca cc cng on trc. lm c nh vy, cc iu kin x l ti u theo cng ngh phi c duy tr nghim ngt trong thit b nhum nhm m bo kh nng tn trch thuc nhum mc cao hn.
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2. Mc ch ca cc loi ha cht khc nhau c a vo trong cc cng on l g? C th cc ha cht no vn ang c thm vo qu trnh x l hng dt m khng v mt mc ch c th no c (v d: ch l do thng l t lu c). Trong trng hp ny, sau khi th nghim thnh cng th c th ngng vic s dng loi ha cht . V d, ammonium sulphate, hot ng nh mt tc nhn gii phng axit, c thm vo trong h in. Tuy nhin, mc ch ca vic a ha cht ny vo khng thc hin c do axit citric cng ang c thm vo h in duy tr pH axit. Do , gii php SXSH c th p dng y l ngng s dng ammonium sulphate trong h in. 3. Ha cht ang c thm vo c vt qu s lng yu cu hay khng? Nu cu tr li cho cu hi trn l c th nhm SXSH cn tm ra nguyn nhn ng sau vic thm d ha cht v gim lng a vo. Nng ha cht ny trong dng thi l cao th c ngha l dng d tha ha cht . V d, nu nng kim trong dch nu chui s dng mc cao th c ngha l cng on ny dng kim vi lng d tha. C th gim lng ha cht a vo m khng nh hng n n cht lng vi x l. 4. Tc ng mi trng ca cc loi ha cht khc nhau c s dng trong quy trnh x l l g? Nu ha cht ang s dng c tc ng xu n mi trng (c th ha cht c hi hoc gy nn nng COD/BOD cao), th cn c gng thay th chng bng cc ha cht an ton hn v sinh thi. V d, cc axit hu c gy ra nng BOD cao v c dng trong qu trnh trung ha c th c thay th bng cc axit v c an ton hn, li khng pht sinh BOD trong dng thi. 5. Hin trng ca cc hot ng qun l ni vi nh th no? C th c thiu st trong qun l ni vi do: a) s sut ca con ngi; b) nhn cng cha c o to y ; . Nhng thiu st bao gm vi/van/bch b r r; lng kim, h in, b trn ra; hay vi nc chy lin tc. Nhng thiu st nh th c th khc phc bng cch o to, hng dn cng nhn v nng cao thc v SXSH.
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6. C th gim lng cht thi sinh ra bng cch iu chnh thit k thit b c khng? Nu cu tr li l "C", th cn iu chnh thch hp mt s thit k thit b hin c loi b nhng khim khuyt trong h thng. V d: H thng hin c khng c b phn no cho php tho lng nc d trn vi trc khi a vi vo sy kh trong my vng kh. Khe chn khng c th s gip ch trong vic lm gim lng nc d tha trc khi mang sang cng on sy. C th to ra mt mt c cu tch loi h in trn mn in v h d thu c c th ti s dng li. 7. Liu vic sao nhng trong khi vn hnh/bo dng c lm pht sinh thm cht thi khng? Cn tin hnh cc bin php ph hp gim thiu lng cht thi sinh ra do s sao nhng trong qu trnh vn hnh/bo dng. Nhm SXSH cn tin hnh kho st thc a pht hin s thiu nht qun ny. V d: c th gim hao ph nhit khi thay th by hi b hng hay bo n nhit trn ng dn hi nc. 8. Xu hng cng ngh mi nht trong ngnh cng nghip dt? Hu ht cc doanh nghip trong ngnh vn p dng cc cng ngh truyn thng lu i. y chnh l nhng nguyn nhn quan trng gy ra hiu sut qu trnh thp. Do vy, iu cn thit l phi nng cp bng cc cng ngh tin b hin c trong ngnh. Ngoi vic s thu c ci tin v cht lng sn phm, iu ny cn gip bo tn ti nguyn v gim lng cht thi pht sinh. lm c nh vy, nhm SXSH s phi tin hnh nghin cu qua ti liu/i hc tp kinh nghim thu thp s liu v cc cng ngh mi nht hin c, nh gi kh nng p dng trong iu kin hin ti ca n v mnh. V d, s dng b gia nhit bng cht lng thay cho h thng t chy gas trc tip s gp phn lm gim lng nhin liu s dng xung t 40-50% bn cnh mt s li ch khc. 9. Liu dng thi c gi tr tun hon/thu hi/ti s dng khng? Tim nng ny thng c sn trong dng thi, v trong hm lng cc vt liu u vo cn d vn tng i cao hoc c th sn xut mt s sn phm ph c ch t dng thi ny. C th dng bng cn bng vt liu nh gi kh nng tun hon/thu hi/ti s dng t dng thi. V d: Hi nc ngng t t my sy vng c th ti s dng lm nc cp cho ni hi v y l nc mm v c nhit tng i cao.
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Trong quy trnh nhum, thuc nhum hu nh c tn trch trong trng hp nhum phn tn, nhng cc cht tr th c khng tn trch. Lng dch nhum ny c th c ti s dng lm dch nhum cho m khc sau khi b sung thuc nhum. Biu Ishikawa hay biu xng c, v c bn, thng hay c s dng nhm xc nh nguyn nhn ca vn trong khi nhm thc hin nhim v xc nh nguyn nhn hay trong khi xut cc la chn trnh b st hoc loi tr cc nguyn nhn ny sinh vn .
Biu Ishikawa c th c s dng khi nhm SXSH c gng tm ra tm ra nguyn nhn gc r v cc gii php tim nng. c bit, biu ny rt hu ch khi vn ny xy ra quy m tng i ln v c th lin qua ti nhiu hot ng v v th s c nhiu nguyn nhn. Biu xng c c th c s dng lp cu trc mi quan h nguyn nhn-kt qu ca vn . Phn tch nguyn nhn-kt qu cho php phn tch vn theo phng php c tnh h thng hn l ch tm ra ra cc gii php tm thi i ph vi vn .
Biu xng c (xem hnh pha di) l cng c c lc phn tch nguyn nhn trong cc tnh hung phc tp lin quan ti nhiu yu t. Khi lp c biu ny, nhm SXSH s da vo a ra cc la chn SXSH. Di y, chng ti a ra mt v d trong mt quy trnh nhum minh ho k thut c s dng khi lp biu xng c. xy dng biu nh trn hnh di y, chng ti ly v d v my nhum Winch dng trong quy trnh nhum. My Winch l mt thit b c phn nhum np h, c mt trng cun vi xung quanh, ko vi ln i qua dch nhum trong khong thi gian nht nh. y l mt trong cc thit b gi r nht c s dng trong qu trnh nhum nn c s dng rng ri trong cc doanh nghip va v nh. Bc u tin l xc nh vn chnh cn phi phn tch v vit vn vo bn cnh phn u ca xng c (bn phi). V d: y xc nh vn chnh cn quan tm (RFT - right first time) - mt vn thng gp nht trong ngnh nhum: nh mu ca vi nhum khng ng vi yu cu ca khch hng. Vn ny s dn n lng hng b khch hng t chi rt ln, lm gim nng sut v sinh ra nhiu cht thi (vi nhum khng ng mu). Bc tip theo l xc nh cc nguyn nhn c bn ca vn . Mt khi c xc nh, cc nguyn nhn ny cn c sp xp theo cc nhm: "Con ngi", Phng php", "Vt liu", v "Thit b". V d nguyn nhn s cp ca RFT l: a) Thiu s gim st (nhm "Con ngi") b) Quy trnh nhum khng c tin hnh thch hp (nhm "Phng php") c) Cht lng vt liu u vo km (nhm "Nguyn liu") d) Nhit ti u ca dch nhum khng c duy tr (nhm "Thit b")
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Nh trn biu v d di y, c th th thy rng cc nguyn nhn s cp c lit k ny trn s hnh xng chnh". Cc nguyn nhn s cp sau s c tip tc chia nh thnh mt hay nhiu nguyn nhn th cp. V d, theo im b) trn, "Quy trnh nhum khng c tin hnh thch hp" l do: a) S dng qu nhiu mui trong quy trnh nhum; hoc b) Khng theo ng quy trnh khng trong khi nh lng ho cht.
CON NGI
PHNG PHP
Thiu gim st Thiu hng dn cng vic r rng Thiu o to
Thao tcnhum khng c thc hin ng Lng mui dng qu d
Khng theo ng quy trnh khi nh lng ho cht
Cht lng nc
Hm lng tp Nhit ti u Cht tr qu cht cao trong khng c duy hn s dng thuc nhum tr trong b Kim sot quy trnh Cht lng nhum Bo qun vi khng cht ch nn nguyn liu khng thch hp hot ng khng u vo km thng nht THIT B NGUYN LIU
Tip xc vi v dch nhum cha tt
nh mu ca vi nhum khng ng
Nguyn nhn s cp c in m Nguyn nhn th cp c in thng
Tng t, ti im c), cht lng nguyn liu u vo km c th l do: Cc tp cht c trong thuc; Cc cht tr cho nhum qu hn s dng; Bo qun vi trc nhum khng ng cch; hoc Cht lng nc s dng cho quy trnh nhum khng t cht lng yu cu.
Cc nguyn nhn th cp ny c lit k trn nhnh xng c th cp. C mt s nguyn nhn nht nh xut hin mt vi ln khi phn tch cc nguyn nhn s cp (hoc thm ch cc nguyn nhn th cp). V d thng gp i vi nhng nguyn nhn thuc loi ny l "cht lng nc s dng trong quy trnh nhum khng t yu cu" v "thiu cc hng dn cng vic r rng v ngn gn". iu ny c th gip tm ra cc nguyn nhn chung m nu c c khc phc th gii quyt c mt vi vn lin quan n nng sut v mi trng. Cc la chn cho php khc phc cc nguyn nhn chung, mt cch t nhin, tr thnh cc la chn c u tin khi lp k hoch thc hin.
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C th theo bm st logic ny (ngha l tip tc t cc cu hi "Ti sao") - th cc nguyn nhn th cp s li c th phn tch su hn thnh cc nguyn nhn bc 3. Cc nguyn nhn c nhn nh trn biu xng c ch l cc nguyn nhn c th xy ra v bc tip theo s l xc nh mc quan trng ca cc nguyn nhn ti vn c bn ang phn tch. Trong v d nu trn, nhm SXSH cn phi phn tch mc quan trng ca tng nguyn nhn tim nng lit k ti hin tng "cht lng nhum khng t yu cu". Phn tch ny cn phi c thc hin trn quan st, lu gi cc h s/ghi chp, v tin hnh cc th nghim c k hoch v c kim sot tt nhm c lp mt nguyn nhn th cp no . Vic lm ny s gip nhm kim chng c cc nguyn nhn s cp v th cp, ng thi sp t th t u tin cho vic loi tr nguyn nhn. Cc nguyn nhn c nhn nh c th l do ch quan hoc do khch quan v nhm SXSH c th ghi li cc nguyn nhn ny trong phiu cng tc 13. C th c rt nhiu nguyn nhn t nhng thiu st n gin trong qun l ni vi n cc nguyn nhn phc tp v cng ngh. PHIU CNG TC 13: Tm tt phn tch nguyn nhn
Dng thi
Cng on
Nguyn nhn ch quan
Nguyn nhn ngu nhin
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PHIU CNG TC 13: Tm tt phn tch nguyn nhn (V d: Cng ty Dt ND) Dng thi t lng - gi h Nguyn nhn Mc ch ca gi h l lm cho vi mm hn, d thm nc hn h tr cho cc cng on tip sau. Tuy nhin hiu sut gi h khng cao. Cng on ny ny c vai tr rt quan trng: loi b tap cht trn vi, tng tnh mao dn ca vi. Trong bc ny c s dng NaOH, cht thm t, nhit (nu) v git sau khi nu. Cng on ny thng gy lng ph hi nc, nc v c coi l im gy nhim nng. Di tc ng ca dch ty trng, cc phc cht t nhin v cc tp cht b ph hu v c tch ra khi si vi, nh vy lm tng trng v tnh mao dn. Cng on ny tr nn lng ph v ho cht, in, hi nc v nc nu vi sau s nhum nh m Cng on ny gip ci thin cht lng vi. Sau cng on ny, vi tr nn bng lng, thm nc tt, bn mu hn. Quy trnh ny c thc hin trong dung dch NaOH m c si vi c cng ra. Do , phng php x l ny s km hiu qu i vi loi vi dy khi mt dt cao. Thuc nhum, ho cht v cc cht tr c cho theo lng yu cu. cc iu kin c th, thuc nhum s c gn ln vi. T l gn thuc nhum c xc nh theo lng thuc nhum, cht ph gia v cc iu kin vn hnh. Do c t la chn v thuc nhum v ho cht, hiu sut ca quy trnh ny khng cao. Ti u ho cc thnh phn s dng v kim sot vn hnh; s dng cc cht ngm thm ci thin hiu sut kim bng v cc bc git tip theo. La chn SXSH c th gi h nhanh chng v hon ton, nn s dng cc cht tr thm t v cc enzyme. Ti u ho cc thnh phn ho cht, kim sot quy trnh cht ch hn, s dng cc cht thm hiu qu hn, nhit ph hp. Cch nhit ng ng hi nc. i vi vi nhum nh m th nn b qua cng on ny. Bo n b git
Nu chui Git
Ty trng - Git
Kim bng
Nhum vi pha polyester
Ti u ho cc thnh phn trong nhum vi PE. S dng phng php nhum tn trch i vi vi PE khi nhum mu ti. S dng loi thuc nhum khng gy hi cho mi trng vi kh nng gn mu tt hn; S dng cc ho cht, cht ph gia cht lng cao.
Nhum vi pha cotton
Thuc nhum, ho cht v cc cht ph gia cho theo lng yu cu, cc iu kin c th, thuc nhum c c nh vo vi sao cho mu hai pha phi ng nht. Phng php nhum khng ph hp. T l gn thuc nhum c xc nh theo lng thuc nhum, ho cht, cht ph gia v cc iu kin vn hnh. Vic loi b thuc nhum v ho cht cn d s lm cho vi sng hn v bn mu hn. La chn s kt hp cc thuc nhum khng ph hp, to ra nhiu cht thi Lng ph nhit nng.
Ti u ho cc thnh phn s dng v kim sot vn hnh; S dng phng php nhum tn trch i vi mu ti S dng phng php nhum cun lnh S dng loi thuc nhum c th dng nhum Pe Dng loi thuc nhum khng gy hi cho mi trng v c kh nng gn mu tt hn S dng ho cht v cht ph gia cht lng cao. Ti s dng nhit t h thng lm mt ( phn cui ca my Hotflu) cho bung sy ca Hotflu.
Nhn xt: Cc nguyn nhn c xc nh v theo cc la chn SXSH cng c xc nh.
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4.3 Bc 3: xut cc c hi SXSH

4.3.1 Nhim v 8: xut cc c hi SXSH
Nu nhn bit v ch ra c cc nguyn nhn sinh ra dng thi th ta c th xc nh c cc c hi SXSH no cn c xem xt. M t tm tt cc dng thi trnh by trong phiu cng tc 13 s gip thc hin cc c lng nh tnh nhanh v cc c hi SXSH. Trong nhim v ny, cc k thut nh ng no suy ngh hay tho lun nhm s c s dng a ra tt c cc c hi SXSH c th c. Vic tm ra cc c hi tim nng ph thuc vo s hiu bit v s sng to ca cc thnh vin trong nhm.
ng no suy ngh l cng c c s dng ph bin tm ra cc tng. Tuy nhin mc ny th ta cha cn phi ging gii mt cch chi tit cc tng. Mc tiu chnh ca vic ng no suy ngh l a ra tht nhiu tng nhm gii quyt mt vn c th c nhn din. Nhm SXSH s dng cng c ny trong khi mun tm ra nguyn nhn ct li hoc khi tm kim cc gii php c th cho mt vn . ng no suy ngh cng c th c s dng trong qu trnh xy dng k hoch thc hin v sp xp u tin cho cc gii php khc nhau. Th tc di y c th c tin hnh khi ng no suy ngh. Cc bc ny c th c thay i linh hot trong cc trng hp c th. Duy tr bui hp trong khng kh tht thoi mi; i trng ch nn gi vai tr iu phi thun li cho bui hp; Mi cc thnh vin c lin quan ti vn cn tho lun; Xc nh tht r vn . Cn phi bo m rng tt c mi ngi trong cuc hp u c chung cch hiu vn trnh tnh hung cc tng b lc ra ngoi mc tiu chnh; S dng phng php bnh xe t do (tc l t do a ra kin) hoc th thnh nguyn tp th (ln lt ng gp cc kin) xc nhn cng nhiu kin cng tt; Vit ra mi kin. Ch gch b cc kin vit ra khi chng minh c chng hon ton bt kh thi.
a ra cc c hi SXSH th bn cnh vic ng no suy ngh cng nn xem xt k cc gii php SXSH khc c trnh by trong Chng 3. Cc gii php SXSH trong chng ny ch mang tnh gii thiu v vn cn phi c thm cc phn tch chi tit trong bi cnh hin ti ca nh my ca bn. Mt vi ngun tr gip khc trong vic pht trin cc c hi SXSH c th l: Chuyn gia n t cc nh my ln khc; Chuyn gia t vn bn ngoi; Chuyn gia ca cc trng i hc v cc trung tm sn xut sch; Hip hi Cng nghip; Cc t chc quc t khc nh UNIDO, UNEP, v.v
Phiu cng tc 14 tm tt v trnh by cc c hi SXSH khc nhau cho cc cng on khc nhau ca nh my. Ngoi ra ta cng c th nhn bit c k thut SXSH i vi tng c hi SXSH.
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PHIU CNG TC 14: Tm tt cc dng thi v cc c hi SXSH CNG ON DNG THI

Qun l ni vi
C HI SXSH
Gim ti ngun Thay i nguyn liu u vo Kim sot quy trnh tt hn Ci tin thit b Thay i cng ngh Ti s dng Ti s dng ti ch To ra sn phm ph hu ch Ci tin sn phm
Cng on tin x l
1 2 3 4 5
Cng 1 on 2 nhum 3 4 5 Cng on in hoa 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Cng on hon tt
1 Khu vc 2 thit b 3 ph 4 tr 5
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BNG CNG TC 14: Tm tt cc dng thi v cc c hi SXSH (V d: Cng ty Dt ND)

C HI Gim ti ngun Ci tin Thay Thay Kim thit b i nguyn sot cng liu u quy ngh vo trnh tt hn Ti s dng Ti s To ra dng cc sn ti ch phm ph Ci tin sn ph m
CNG DNG ON THI
Qu n l ni vi
Cng on tin x l
Cng on nhum
t lng gi h Nu chuigit Ty trng - git Kim bng Nhum mu c pha polyester Nhum mu c pha cotton
Nhn xt: Cc dng thi khc nhau c phn loi theo cc c hi khc nhau.
4.3.2 Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH

Cc c hi c xy dng trn s c kim tra tnh kh thi. Quy trnh lc b nn n gin, nhanh v trc tip v thng ch mang tnh cht nh tnh. Mi im cn phi tht r rng, khng nn c bt k thnh kin m h no. Mc ch ca vic lc b nhm trnh tin hnh phn tch kh thi chi tit khng cn thit cho cc c hi khng thc t hoc khng kh thi (v d, thu hi ha cht kiu truyn thng, hoc s dng phng php ty thun tu hydrogen peroxide). Phiu cng tc 15 s gip nhn din v sng lc cc c hi SXSH: (a) c th trin khai ngay m khng cn phn tch kh thi (cc gii php r rng); (b) cn phi phn tch kh thi t m hn; v (c) c th loi b. Trong bng ny ch cn nh du vo mc ph hp, v khng cn phn tch chi tit. PHIU CNG TC 15: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH
TT 1 2 3 4 5 C hi SXSH Trin khai ngay Phn loi Phn tch thm Loi b
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PHIU CNG TC 15: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH (V d: Cng ty Dt ND)

TT Cc c hi SXSH Phn loi Thc hin ngay Cn nghin cu thm C Loi b Nhn xt / L do
gi h nhanh v ht sch, nn s dng cc cht thm t v enzyme loi tt hn Ti u ha thnh phn, kim sot quy trnh tt hn, s dng tt hn cht ngm, nhit ph hp Cch nhit cho ng hi nc V nhum mu nh m nn b quy trnh ny Cch nhit cho b git. Ti u ha thnh phn, kim sot quy trnh tt hn,; s dng cht thm t nng cao hiu qu kim bng v git tip theo Ti u ha thnh phn i vi nhum Pe
Thay th nguyn liu Kim sat quy trnh tt hn Qun l ni vi Thay i cng ngh Qun l ni vi Kim sat quy trnh tt hn Kim sot quy trnh tt hn Thay i cng ngh Thay th nguyn liu Thay th nguyn liu Kim sat quy trnh tt hn Thay i cng ngh Thay i cng ngh Thay th nguyn liu Thay th nguyn liu Thay th nguyn liu Ti dng s C
Nghin cu kh nng sn c nguyn liu Cn th nghim
3 4
Cn th nghim C
5 6
Cn th nghim Cn th nghim Cn th nghim Nghin cu kh nng sn c nguyn liu Nghin cu kh nng sn c nguyn liu Cn phi th nghim Cn phi th nghim
8 9
p dng nhum Pe tn trch cho cc mu nh m. S dng cc thuc nhum c ngun gc thin nhin c kh nng c nh mu tt hn S dng cc ha cht v cht tr loi tt hn Ti u ha thnh phn, kim sot quy trnh tt hn. p dng cng ngh nhum tn trch i vi cc mu nh m p dng phng php nhum cun lnh S dng thuc nhum loi c th c cng s dng cho nhum Pe S dng cc thuc nhum c ngun gc thin nhin c kh nng c nh mu tt hn S dng cc ha cht v cht tr loi tt hn Ti s dng nhit t h thng lm mt (ti ui my Hotflu) cho bung sy kh Hotflu.
C C
10
11
12 13 14
C C C
Nghin cu kh nng sn c nguyn liu Nghin cu kh nng sn c nguyn liu Nghin cu kh nng sn c nguyn liu C Khng cn quan tm
15
16
17
Nhn xt: C 17 c hi SXSH. Trong s ny c: 1 c hi c th thc hin ngay lp tc 14 c hi cn phi nghin cu thm. Trong s ny c 6 la chn l thay th nguyn liu v yu cu phi c s nghin cu v kh nng sn c nguyn liu. 7 la chn cn li cn phi phn tch thm v yu cu phi c s th nghim thc t. Ch duy nht mt la chn tht s rt cn phi phn tch hn na (la chn s 13). 2 c hi b loi b v khng em li li ch cho cng ty.
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4.4 Bc 4: La chn gii php SXSH

Vic chn mt gii php SXSH thc hin i hi khng ch phi xem xt tnh kh thi kinh t v k thut, m cn phi c li cho mi trng. Danh sch cc c hi cn phn tch thm trn s c nghin cu theo cc kha cnh sau:
4.4.1 Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi v mt k thut

Vic nh gi k thut s quyt nh xem liu c hi SXSH xut c tht s phc v cho ng dng c th hay khng. Thng thng vic nh gi s bt u bng vic kim tra nh hng ca gii php c nu ra i vi quy trnh, sn phm, t l sn xut, an ton, v.v. Trong trng hp c s khc bit ng k so vi thc t sn xut hin ti th c th yu cu kim tra ti phng th nghim v chy th nh gi tnh kh thi v mt k thut. Bng kim tra mu nh gi k thut c trnh by trong phiu cng tc 16. PHIU CNG TC 16: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt k thut
A) Ni dung C 1 Phn cng Thit b Thit b o Cng ngh 2 3 4 Khu vc Tch cc Sn lng Cht lng sn phm Tit kim nng lng Hi nc in Tiu th ha cht An ton Bo dng linh hot khi vn hnh Khc Khng gian Nhn lc Dng sn xut B) TC NG K THUT Tc ng Tiu cc YU CU K THUT Yu cu Khng Sn c trong nc
Cc gii php khng c tnh kh thi v k thut (do khng c sn cng ngh, thit b, khng gian hoc bt c l do no khc) cn phi a vo danh sch ring cc cn b k thut nghin cu k hn. Cc gii php c tnh kh thi v mt k thut th s c tip tc phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t.
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4.4.2 Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi v mt kinh t

Tnh kh thi kinh t thng l cc thng s chnh ban lnh o chp nhn hoc t chi xut SXSH. mi vic c thun li th cn phi c mt vi gii php SXSH tht hp dn v mt kinh t bo co ln ban lnh o. Chin lc ny s gip thu ht c s quan tm v cam kt cao hn. Phn tch kinh t c th c thc hin bng rt nhiu phng php khc nhau, v d, phng php tnh ton thi gian hon vn, phng php IRR (t l hon vn ni ti), phng php NPV (gii tr hin ti rng), v.v Vi cc khon u t nh, cc gii php ngn hn c tnh kh thi kinh t cao th ch cn p dng phng php n gin nht l tnh thi gian hon vn l . Phiu cng tc 17 di y s gip phn tch tnh kh thi kinh t. Phiu ny c th c iu chnh cho ph hp vi cc gii php khc nhau, nhng cn phi ch xy dng n cng n gin v cng r rng cng tt. Cn lu rng khng nn gt b ton b cc gii php khng c tnh kh thi v kinh t v th t c th c mt vi gii php trong s em li ci thin ng k v mi trng v v th, c th c thc hin d khng tnh hp dn v kinh t. PHIU CNG TC 17: Phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t
Tn/m t gii php SXSH u t Phn cng 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thit b Yu cu v t Chi ph khc TNG Chi ph vn hnh hng nm Li Khu hao Bo dng Nhn cng tay ngh cao Nhn cng tay ngh thp Hi nc/ nhin liu in Ha cht Chi ph do dng my Chi ph khc TNG VND TIT KIM RNG = TIT KIM CHI PH VN HNH VND Tit kim Hi nc in Ha cht 1 Ha cht 2 Bt Nc Nhn cng Gim ph x l cht thi Gim ph thi b cht thi Chi ph khc TNG VND
HON VN = (U T/TIT KIM RNG) X 12 THNG
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4.4.3 Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi v mt mi trng

Cc gii php SXSH phi c nh gi t kha cnh tc ng ti mi trng. C rt nhiu trng hp, li ch mi trng th hin rt r rng: gim c tnh v/hoc lng cht thi. Cc tc ng khc c th l nhng thay i kh nng x l, thay i v kh nng p dng cc quy nh v mi trng. nhng giai on trc y, kha cnh mi trng c v nh khng phi l yu t thc p nh cc kha cnh kinh t. Tuy nhin, cn phi nhn thc rng trong tng lai gn, v hin din ra cc nc ang pht trin, cc kha cnh mi trng s tr thnh yu t xem xt quan trng nht bt k tnh kh thi kinh t l g. Phiu cng tc 18 l bn danh mc gip nh gi tnh kh thi mi trng. PHIU CNG TC 18: Phn tch cc kha cnh mi trng
Tn/m t gii php Mi trng Khng kh Nc Thng s Bi Kh Khc BOD COD TS Khc Cht thi rn Bn ha cht Bn hu c Tc ng mi trng nh tnh nh lng
Cht thi rn
4.4.4 Nhim v 13: La chn cc gii php thc hin

Sau khi nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng, ta s la chn cc gii php SXSH trin khai. Hin nhin l cc gii php hp dn nht chnh l nhng gii php c li ch kinh t ln nht, tnh kh thi k thut cao. Tuy nhin, ngy cng c nhiu trng hp, c bit l khi chu p lc, th cc yu t v mi trng li l tiu ch la chn u tin. C nhiu trng hp khi c rt nhiu gii php SXSH c xy dng th s dn n kh khn trong vic chn la cng nh t u tin thc hin cho cc gii php. Phiu cng tc 19 s gip nh gi v lp th t u tin thc hin cc gii php. Ta cng cn xc nh cc ngun lc cn thit (ti chnh, nhn lc, thi gian, v.v) v xy dng mt k hoch thc hin. Gii php c cho im theo phng php dng trng s chuyn gia, phn no da trn nhn xt ch quan ca cc thnh vin. PHIU CNG TC 19: La chn gii php SXSH thc hin
Gii php SXSH Kh thi k thut (25) T TB C Kh thi kinh t (50) T TB C Kh thi mi trng (25) T TB C Tng im Hng
Ghi ch: Trng s 25, 50, 25 ch mang tnh v d. im c th c cho vi mc kh thi thp (T) l t 0 n 5, trung bnh (TB) t 6 n 14, cao (C) t 15 n 20.
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PHIU CNG TC 19: La chn bin php SXSH tin hnh (V d: Cng ty Dt ND)
Cc la chn SXSH Cc yu cu v k Chi ph u t c Chi ph s dng thut c mong i mong i Thp TB Cao Thp TB Cao Thp hn nhiu 3 Thp hn Bng hoc cao hn 1 Cc li ch mi trng u tin v la chn c mong i Thp hoc khng 1 x x x x x TB Cao Tng im u tin
3 gi h nhanh v ht sch, nn s dng cc cht ngm v enzyme loi tt hn. Ti u ha thnh phn, kim sot quy trnh tt hn, s dng tt hn cht ngm, nhit ph hp V nhum mu nh m nn b quy trnh ny Ti u ha thnh phn, kim sot quy trnh tt hn,; S dng cht ngm nng cao hiu qu bun bn v k l git ra Ti u ha thnh phn i vi nhum Pe p dng nhum Pe tn trch cho cc mu nh m S dng cc thuc nhum c ngun gc thin nhin c kh nng c nh mu tt hn S dng cc ha cht v cht tr loi tt hn Ti u ha thnh phn, kim sot quy trnh tt hn p dng nhum tn trch cho cc mu nh m S dng thuc nhum loi c th c s dng cho vic nhum Pe ging S dng cc thuc nhum c ngun gc thin nhin c kh nng c nh mu tt hn. S dng cc ha cht v cht tr loi tt hn x x
2 x x
1 x
2 x x
3 6 7 11 6 11 5 1 12
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
7 9 7 6 8 9 7 6 6
6 3 7 13 4 2 8 9 10
x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x
Nhn xt: Bng ny nn c vit ra v in y sau khi tin hnh cc cng vic trong Phiu cng vic 16 v 17 v t c mt s gi tr. Mc d h thng chm im khng hon ton chnh xc ging nh nu trong bng cng vic mu nhng n li rt ging bn mu. Do vy m cc la chn SXSH c u tin thc hin.
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4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH

Cc gii php c chn sau s c trin khai. Mt s lng ln cc gii php c th c tin hnh ngay sau khi c nhn din (v d: bt cc ch r r, ng van, dng vic chy khng ti, v.v); mc d vy, vn mt vi s gii php khc s yu cu phi c k hoch thc hin mt cch c h thng.
4.5.1 Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin

Nhm SXSH cn phi chun b cho bn thn cng nh nhng ngi lin quan khc trong nh my trin khai gii php chn. Cng tc chun b c th bao gm xin ph duyt ti chnh, yu cu phi hp t cc b phn c lin quan, thit lp cc mi lin kt trong trng hp cc gii php c lin quan n nhiu b phn, v.v Cc cng vic ny, ngoi kha cnh k thut, cn cn phi c nhng ngi lin quan thc hin cn thn m bo rng s h tr v cng tc ca h c lin tc sut giai on trin khai. Lin kt tt, nhn thc tt v trao i thng tin tt rt c ch cho cng vic thc thi cc gii php. Cc bng kim nh cng vic lin quan, cc b phn phng ban cn phi lin h, cc a ch cn bit, v.v cng rt hu ch. Phiu cng tc 20 s h tr cho vic lp k hoch trin khai. Phiu ny ghi li nhng ngi chu trch nhim trin khai, theo di tin trin khai v hn hon thnh. Phiu ny cng cho thy tng quan v nhng li ch kinh t v mi trng c th so snh vi cc kt qu thc t t c sau qu trnh trin khai. PHIU CNG TC 20: K hoch thc hin
Gii php c chn Ngy trin khai Ngi ph trch Kt qu Kinh t Mi trng D Thc D Thc kin kin nh gi tin Phng Giai on php
4.5.2 Nhim v 15: Thc hin cc gii php

Vic trin khai cc gii php SXSH cng tng t nh cc ci tin cng nghip khc v khng cn phi m t qu chi tit y. Cc nhim v bao gm chun b s v bn v, ch to/mua sm thit b, v vn chuyn n cng trng, lp t v vn hnh. Khi cn c th tin hnh o to nhn lc song song v ngay c nhng gii php tuyt vi nht cng c th b tht bi do khng c tip qun bi nhng ngi c o to y . Nhm trin khai cn bit r v cng vic cng nh mc ch cng vic mc c th, v c nhng gi hu ch thng xut pht t i trin khai.
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4.5.3 Nhim v 16: Quan trc v nh gi Kt qu

Cui cng, cc gii php c trin khai cn phi c quan trc nh gi vic thc hin. Cc kt qu thu c cn phi ph hp vi nhng g c tnh/tnh ton trong nh gi k thut; v cc nguyn nhn sai lch, nu c, cng phi c nu ra. C th dng phiu cng tc 21 thc hin mc tiu ny. Cc vn sp xy ra cn phi c bit nh du v lu tm. Cn phi chun b bn bo co y trnh ln ban lnh o. Nhng ngi c lin quan cn phi c bit cc kt qu ny. Cng tc trin khai ch c coi l kt thc sau khi thc hin thnh cng v duy tr hot ng n nh trong mt thi gian di.
4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH

Thch thc ln nht i vi SXSH trong mt ngnh cng nghip c quy m nh l vic duy tr Chng trnh SXSH. Vic tha mn Chng trnh SXSH s sm mt tc dng, v thc trng li quay tr li im xut pht. Lng nhit huyt v nhp lm vic ca i cng theo chiu hng gim dn. Thng thng l mc qun l nh im, mc m chu trch nhim v cc kt thc bi thm nh vy. Vic khng thc hin cam kt, u th trong sn xut mi mc chi ph, khng khen thng, nh gi thc hin v thay i cc trng hp u tin ch l mt vi l do trong cc l do m ta thng gp. Do vy, ta cn phi kim tra v trnh cc nguyn nhn ny. Nn tin hnh vic gim st v kim tra cc bin php c thc hin tng cng vic gim thiu cht thi. Cn phi n lc phng php SXSH ha chung vo quy trnh tin hnh thng thng ca cng ty. Mi lin quan ca mt s lng ln nhn cng v vic tng thng xng ng l cha kha chc chn cho s n nh lu di. Nu tin hnh cc gii php SXSH trong phm vi nghin cu, i SXSH nn quay tr li bc II Phn tch cc bc quy trnh- v xc nh v la chn cc bin php hao ph tip theo. Quy trnh tip din cho n khi tt c cc bin php c s dng ht. n lc trong bin php c tin hnh u tin, cc c hi SXSH b sung s tr nn c th nhn bit c, cho php quy trnh c tip tc. Ni tm li, quan im gim thiu nhim phi c pht trin trong phm vi cng ty. Tc l SXSH phi tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong cc hot ng ca cng ty. Tt c cc chng trnh SXSH thnh cng cho n tn hm nay u c khi dng t quan im ny.
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PHIU CNG TC 21: Quan trc kt qu thc hin SXSH

Tn u vo Cc li ch k thut n v Trc khi p dng SXSH Sau khi p dng SXSH Tit kim hng nm Cc li ch kinh t Tng tit kim hng nm: Cc li ch mi trng
Nguyn liu Nc Thuc nhum Du .
Gim tiu th nguyn liu Gim ...m3 nc thi Gim tn CO2 Gim ... kg ho cht thi Gim BOD, COD
PHIU CNG TC 21: Quan trc kt qu thc hin SXSH (V d: Cng ty Dt ND) Tn nguyn liu hoc ti nguyn Cc li ch v k thut n v Trc khi p dng SXSH 387 147,7 6,1 417,5 110 Sau khi p dng SXSH 334,4 144,2 5,1 366,6 85,2 Tit kim hng nm Cc li ch v kinh t v mi trng VND Lng kh thi
Nc Ha cht Thuc nhum in Xng v du
m / tn SP kg/tn SP kg/tn SP kwh/tn SP kg/tn SP
341.000 m 22.000 kg 4,526 kg
.. ng
324.605 kwh 157.729 kg
Nhn xt: Cc gii php SXSH c tin hnh v quan trc i chiu vi mc tiu kinh t ti Cng ty Dt ND. Bng trn th hin cc li ch v k thut, kinh t v kha cnh mi trng thu c.
1,477,430,000
Gim 800 tn CO2 thi ra.
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Tr ngi trong vic thc hin SXSH v cch khc phc

Chng ny cp n cc tr ngi khc nhau khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. ng thi cc bin php khc phc cc tr ngi ny cng c xut. Cc bin php ny c th thuc phm vi ngnh hoc cng c th l cc quyt nh mang tnh chnh sch ca chnh ph.
Gn y SXSH c chng minh l mt trong nhng cch thc tip cn ch ng nhm nng cao kh nng sinh li, ci thin mi trng lm vic v gim nhim trong ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy. Tuy nhin, cn tn ti mt s loi ro cn c th lm ngng tr hoc cn tr tin ca mt chng trnh SXSH. Chng ny s bn n mt s ro cn i vi vic trin khai chng trnh SXSH, gm: Ro cn thi ; Ro cn h thng; Ro cn t chc; Ro cn k thut; Ro cn kinh t; Ro cn chnh ph.
Vic xc nh cc tr ngi thng s h tr pht sinh ra nhng gi vt qua. V th chng ny s a ra nhiu bin php i ph v g b cc ro cn. y l nhng bc ch ng, tch cc m nhng ngi ng h SXSH c th p dng khc phc tr ngi khi xy dng tng v thc hnh mi thng km hm chng trnh SXSH. Th t trnh by cc ro cn cng nh gii php trong phn ny phn nh trnh t m cc ro cn thng pht sinh. Tuy nhin, cch phn loi ny khng phi l bt buc p cho tt c cc nh my, bi l cc ro cn gp phi trong bt k nh my no cng u c th l kt qu ca nhiu cn tr ng thi. Xin c li khuyn cho cc cn b lnh o nh my l nhng ro cn cng nh bin php cn phi c xc nh c th cho tng doanh nghip v khng bao gi c bin php chung no ph hp cho mi doanh nghip.
5.1 Cc ro cn thi
Thi phn nh trong cc cu ni nh S lun phi chu tn km nu quan tm n mi trng v SXSH trong thi gian ti l iu khng tng vn cn ph bin trong cng nghip. Tuy nhin nhng cch nhn ny s t i nu xem xt n kinh nghim thc tin hoc c tnh chi ph thc t, v v th, chnh l cc v d hon ho v nhng ro cn thi cn tr doanh nghip quan tm cc gii php SXSH. Cc nh gi SXSH hoc cc nghin cu khc thng ch ra rng nhiu loi ro cn khc nhau c a ra di cc thut ng ti chnh
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hoc k thut nhng k thc li l vn thi . Ta c th phn loi ro cn thi nh sau: Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng; Khng mun thay i.
5.1.1 Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng

Qun l tt ni vi mang tnh vn ha nhiu hn l k thut. Rt nhiu doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs) l nhng doanh nghip gia nh v v vy hiu bit v vn ha qun l ni vi cha y . Cc doanh nghip ny t khi hnh thnh khng c c mt h thng qun l chuyn nghip. T nhng ngi cng nhn n ngi iu hnh cao nht u coi nhng thiu st trong qun l ni nh mt phn tt yu ca hot ng cng nghip ch khng phi l do li qun l hoc hiu qu km. Li suy ngh ny trong cng nghip gy ra cc vn mi trng, l kt qu do s th trc cc vn mi trng v mt h thng nh gi khng ng mc cc vn mi trng khi ch quan tm ti cc chin lc kinh doanh v mc ch kim li trong thi gian ngn.
5.1.2 Khng mun thay i

Nhn s ca nh my thng khng mun thay i do s tht bi hoc do khng hiu bit. Rt nhiu cng nhn vn hnh khng c o to mt cch chnh quy v ngn ngi trc cc hot ng th nghim v h s rng nhng thay i so vi thc hnh tiu chun lm h mt kh nng kim sot quy trnh v gim nng sut. V th m ngi ta thng t chi th nghim cc gii php SXSH. S e ngi chnh l nn tng pht sinh hi chng ng bt ti l ngi u tin (NMF not me first), ngha l ngi ta khng sn sng th bt k tng no nu nh cha c thc hin thnh cng u trc.
5.1.3 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn thi

Cc gii php sau y rt c hiu qu i ph vi cc ro cn thi : Thnh cng sm; C s tham gia ca cng nhn; Khch l hot ng th nghim; Cng b nhng thnh cng u tin v SXSH.
Thnh cng u tin v SXSH Nhng thnh cng u tin c th khch l ban lnh o cng nh cng nhn vn hnh v qun c tip tc cc th nghim SXSH. Cc nh gi trc ht cn phi nhn din cc gii php hin nhin vi chi ph thp hoc khng tn chi ph. Cc gii php ny dn n vic loi b cc thiu st trong qun l ni vi, bo dng v kim sot quy trnh, c con s tit kim ti chnh r rng, v thng c xc nh trong cuc kho st thc a ln u tin ti cng ty.
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C s tham gia ca cng nhn loi b c cc ro cn thc trong ton b i ng cng nhn vin ca doanh nghip, th ngay t u mi nhn vin u phi c tham gia xy dng cc gii php SXSH. Khch l cc hot ng th nghim (c bit l vi cc gii php chi ph thp hoc khng tn ph). Ni lo s v tht bi v nhng iu v hnh c th c loi b bng nhng hng dn c th ng trng tm th nghim nh sa i quy trnh lm vic hoc chn loi nguyn liu th hoc cc ph gia thay th. hn ch ti a ri ro, cc hot ng th nghim nn bt u bng nhng thc hnh khng tn chi ph hoc chi ph thp, chng hn nh ci thin cng tc qun l ni vi v ti u ha quy trnh, v dn dn s m rng da trn cc bi hc kinh nghim thu c. Cng b nhng thnh cng ban u trong thc hin SXSH: Cc nh my nn nhn mnh nhng li ch c v ti chnh ln mi trng ca nhng thnh cng ban u trong thc hin SXSH nng cao nhn thc trong ton th lc lng lao ng v duy tr s cam kt cng nh s tham gia ca nhng ngi c thm quyn quyt nh chnh.
5.2 Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng

Cc d liu quan trc sn xut v cc quy trnh thng thng phn tch d liu c ngha rt quan trng gip trnh c nhng cuc tho lun mang tnh ch quan v phin din trong khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. Vic thu thp d liu v xy dng cc h thng thng tin trong ni b cng ty l iu kin tin quyt thit lp ln mt c s chnh xc v ng tin cy trong SXSH v cc hot ng khc. Tuy nhin, c kin cho rng cc li ch kinh t mang tnh tc thi ca vic khng lu gi h s sn xut c th lm lu m cc u im ca hot ng thu thp v nh gi d liu mt cch thch hp nhm hng ti ti u ha quy trnh sn xut. Mc d vic thu thp cc d liu nn l mt iu kin quan trng bt u cc hot ng SXSH nhng thng th cc cng vic ny cha phi bt buc phi lm ngay cho ti khi nhng thiu st trong qun l ni vi v bo dng thit b c hon ton loi b. Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng c th c xc nh nh sau: Thiu k nng qun l chuyn nghip; Cc h s sn xut s si; Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu;
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5.2.1 Thiu cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip

Hin nhiu cng ty vn c th cn c s thiu ht trong nhng lnh vc sau thuc cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip: K nng lnh o: rt t ch doanh nghip hoc nhng ngi c quyn quyt nh l nhng nh qun l chuyn nghip v thng khng thc hin ng vai tr lnh o v dn dt cn thit pht trin doanh nghip. Kt qu l nhn vin b hn ch t duy sng to trong nhng cng vic chi tit hng ngy m khng c cc mc tiu cho tng lai. K nng gim st: Nhng ngi qun c trong cc doanh nghip va v nh thng l nhng ngi c c ln v h c thnh tch tt trong cng vic m khng phi l ngi c o to k nng gim st: nh hng dn, qun l v dn dt nhng ngi cng nhn khc. V vy m nhng ngi cng nhn vn hnh thng xem cc qun c nh nhng ng nghip cp cao thay v xem h nh nhng qun c phn xng ngi c nhng ch o v tm nhn rng, v l ngi chu trch nhim trc h.
5.2.2 Cc h s sn xut s si
Cc nh my thng khng thc hin c y cng tc ghi chp h s tiu th nc, nng lng, nguyn liu; kim k ha cht, nhin liu v nguyn liu th; cc phiu ghi chp hng ngy ti xng v thng tin u vo, u ra, thi gian dng my, v.v...; hoc cc ghi chp v mi trng nh cht lng v khi lng cht thi lng, rn v kh. Do duy tr hot ng ghi chp h s nn cc k nng phn tch nh gi d liu khng c rn ra, y l mt thiu st lm nh hng n vic xc nh cc gii php mt cch c h thng.
5.2.3 Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu

Khi khng c mt h thng qun l tt, th cc lung chc nng, trch nhim bo co, v trch nhim cng vic s khng c r rng. S m h v cc tiu ch thc hin s lm cho cng nhn ln trnh cc cng vic khng thng l nh cc gii php lin quan n SXSH. Cc l hng trong h thng qun l c bit r rng trong cc kha cnh sau: Nng cao tnh chuyn nghip cho cng nhn: rt nhiu cng ty cha thc hin y hoc khng thc hin cng tc o to mt cch h thng nhm nng cao cc k nng ngh nghip cho cng nhn v vy m ngi cng nhn khng c cp nht vi nhng khi nim mi trong cng nghip nh SXSH. Lp k hoch sn xut: Cc k hoch sn xut thng c lp trn c s tng ngy mt, iu ny lm cn tr cng vic lu di mang tnh h thng, chng hn nh vic thu thp s liu u vo hoc nh gi tc ng cho cc bin php trin khai.
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5.2.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn mang tnh h thng

Cc bin php khc phc sau y c a ra nhm gii quyt cc cn tr mang tnh h thng: Lp h s v bn v s nh my chi tit y ; Xy dng b phn bo dng SXSH trong ni b cng ty; o to mt nhm SXSH cp nh my; Xy dng cc ch s qun l n gin; Pht ng qun l tt ni vi t tt c cc cp; Qung b cc v d thnh cng.
Lp h s v bn v s nh my chi tit y Cc nh my c th hon thin cc bn v s v ti liu v c s mnh bao gm tt c nhng d n sa cha v m rng cng sut gn y nht. Cc ti liu ny s l ngun thng tin quan trng cho cng tc phn tch v nh gi d liu trong cc nh gi SXSH. Xy dng b phn bo dng SXSH trong ni b cng ty Thng thng, cc cng ty c b phn bo dng ni b v cc thit b ch to c bn s lun i trc mt bc so vi cc cng ty phi ph thuc vo cc nh thu bo dng v sa cha bn ngoi. o to mt nhm SXSH ca nh my Vic t chc mt cuc tp hun cho nhm SXSH ca nh my khi bt u tin hnh nh gi SXSH l mt trong nhng khuyn co hng u. Cuc tp hun ny cn phi lm r cc mc tiu SXSH gim cc tc ng mi trng bng cch nng cao hiu qu sn xut v chng minh c nhng li ch ca vic sn xut c k hoch v s cn thit phi thu thp v nh gi cc h s sn xut mang tnh thc cht. Cng ty cng cn phi ch minh ha nhng phng php gii quyt vn , nu c km cc v d ca chnh cng ty th cng tt, chng hn nh nhng thiu st trong qun l ni vi hoc bo dng. c c nhng kt qu tt nht, nhng ngi ra quyt nh ch cht, bao gm c ch s hu doanh nghip ln cc qun c phn xng cn phi tham gia hot ng ny. Xy dng cc ch s qun l n gin Khi khng c nhng k nng qun l chuyn nghip, th cng ty cn xy dng cc ch s n gin gip ban lnh o v cc qun c c th kim sot c cc quy trnh sn xut v hn ch ti a vic lng ph nguyn liu,
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nc v nng lng. Cc ch s n gin nh lng nguyn liu u vo v nng lng tiu th trn mt n v sn phm u ra c th l th hin c cc li ch khi ci thin cng tc qun l ni vi, v l c s khi xng cc n lc lin tc trong vn ny. Pht ng qun l ni vi tt c cc cp Nh c th thy rt nhiu cng ty thc hin kim sot cng tc qun l ni vi, cng tc ny s c ci thin khi c cp lnh o lm gng. Ban lnh o cao nht ca doanh nghip c th u n xc nh nhng thiu st trong vic qun l ni vi, v d nh thit b v ng ng b r r v nguyn liu ri trn, v theo di st vic loi tr nhng thiu st ny. Qung b cc v d thnh cng Cc v d thc hin SXSH thnh cng c th gip to ra v nng cao nhn thc v SXSH. Nhng trng hp ny cn phi c ghi chp li chi tit gm cc d liu trc v sau lin quan n c kinh t v mi trng, qua chng minh vai tr quan trng ca h thng thng tin chnh xc i vi s thnh cng ca chng trnh SXSH. Ti liu v cc cuc hi tho chung cng nh chuyn ngnh c th l nhng bin php qung b hu hiu cho nhng thnh cng t c.
5.3 Cc ro cn t chc
C cu t chc ca mt cng ty c th cn tr vic a vo p dng cc thc hnh qun l mi trng. V th, vic nh gi mi lin h ca cc nhim v v trch nhim n qun l sn xut v cc vn mi trng c phn chia nh th no trong cng ty v khuyn ngh thay i thun li cho chng trnh SXSH l rt quan trng. Qun c phn xng v cc nhn vin k thut cn tham gia vo nhm d n, cng nh s hp tc vi cc t vn vin bn ngoi. Cc ro cn mang tnh t chc c th c phn thnh 3 nhm tch bit nhng lin quan vi nhau (c bit l trong cc SMEs): Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh; Qu ch trng vo sn xut; Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn.
5.3.1 Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh

Thng ngi a ra mi quyt nh l gim c iu hnh, d ch l nhng quyt nh v gii php n gin t tn km. Cc v lnh o ny thng khng nm c nhng tc ng tch cc ca cc cng c to ng lc, v d nh cng nhn v tng thng cho nhn vin hoc cc ch khen thng v khch l. Khng c chia s trch nhim a ra quyt nh, cc nhn vin khc thiu ch ng tham gia cc nhim v mi c tnh thch thc nh SXSH,
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v nu thnh lp nhm SXSH, cc thnh vin ca nhm c th s cho l h khng c vai tr g thc s trong chng trnh ny.
5.3.2 Qu ch trng vo sn xut

Sc p sn xut c th dn n vic khng ch trng dnh thi gian v cng sc cn thit tin hnh nh gi SXSH. mt s cng ty, s ch trng ny c duy tr bi thc t l tin lng cho cng nhn c thanh ton theo hnh thc khon sn phm, theo cng lm ra nhiu sn phm th thu nhp ca ngi cng nhn cng cao. V trong mt h thng kiu ny th s c khuynh hng b b qua vn v SXSH v cc tiu chun v qun l ni vi nng cao s lng sn phm.
5.3.3 Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn

Ngi lao ng b phn sn xut khng tham gia vo cc hot ng SXSH tr phi h c gim c iu hnh ra lnh. Cc cng nhn k thut thng gp phi tnh trng cng vic qu ti v khng c thi gian tham gia vo thc hin nh gi SXSH. i khi h c cc nhn vin trnh thp tham gia vo cc cuc hp nhm SXSH vi l do cng vic qu ti.
5.3.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn mang tnh t chc

Cc c ch i ph vi cc ro cn mang tnh t chc gm: Chia s thng tin; T chc nhm d n c nng lc; Cng nhn v khen thng nhng n lc thc hin SXSH; Xc nh chi ph i vi sn xut v pht thi.
Chia s thng tin Chia s cc d liu v chi ph gia cn b qun l v cc cng nhn vn hnh s khuyn khch nhng cng nhn vn hnh lm vic cn thn hn vi cc nguyn liu t tin. Chia s thng tin v cc nguyn nhn hng thit b nhn din c hoc cc sn phm khng t tiu chun, gia cc cng nhn vn hnh, gia ngi cng nhn k thut v qun c, s to iu kin thun li cho tip cn gii quyt vn loi b cc nguyn nhn pht sinh lng ph. T chc mt i d n c nng lc Mt i SXSH c t chc tt v c nng lc l mt iu kin then cht thc hin nh gi SXSH v loi b cc ro cn ca SXSH. Tuy nhin, vic thit lp mt nhm SXSH hiu qu c th khng phi l mt vic d dng khi tnh n kh nng t c cng nhn v mc u tin dnh cho hot ng SXSH hin cn ang thp, t l tham gia cng nhn t, v cung cch qun l
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chuyn quyn. V th cn phi to ra c th cn bng gia tnh hung mong mun l mt i d n thc hin tt chc nng ca mnh - c th t mnh xy dng v thc thi gii php SXSH - v tnh hung ph bin l cu trc t chc hn ch quyn quyt nh v cn tr s sng to trong gii quyt vn . Cc cng ty nn chn i trng l ngi c thm quyn quyt nh vic thc thi ch t l cc gii php chi ph thp v khng tn chi ph. Nhm ny cng cn phi c mt hoc vi v qun c v cng nhn c lin quan trc tip nht (cc cng nhn trong phn xng). Cng nhn v khen thng cc n lc thc hin SXSH Khi nhm nhn nh v nh gi c cc c hi SXSH, th cng ty cn phi thit lp ra cc c ch ng vin cho nhm chng hn nh cng nhn rng ri v chng trnh, cc phn thng, v cng b nhng thnh cng ban u. Xc nh chi ph sn xut v pht thi m rng phm vi qun l vt ra ngoi qun l thnh phm nhm tin ln mt bin php qun l ton din hn v tnh hiu qu ca sn xut th vic xc nh cc chi ph cho tng yu t sn xut khc nhau v dng thi l v cng cn thit. Thng thng, cc nh qun l c th c khuyn khch thc hin nh nhng php tnh n gin v gi tr bng tin ca nguyn liu, ha cht v nhng sn phm b tht thot cho mt dng thi c bit no .
5.4 Cc ro cn k thut
SXSH thng yu cu phi c nhng thay i k thut trong cc h thng thit b, cng c, cc nguyn liu u vo, ph gia, quy trnh v thit b. Do vic trin khai SXSH ph thuc vo cng ngh, cc yu t k thut thng tr thnh nhng ro cn trong qu trnh ny. Cc ro cn k thut trong cc nh my hay doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs) c th nhm li nh sau: Nng lc k thut hn ch; Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch; Cc hn ch cng ngh.
5.4.1 Nng lc k thut hn ch

Vi hu ht cc SMEs, nng lc sn xut b gii hn trong phm vi kinh nghim ca ngi cng nhn m hu ht khng c nng lc trnh k thut gim st, iu khin v ci tin cng ngh sn xut. Cc hn ch v tay ngh k thut c th nm di cc dng: Ngun nhn lc khng c o to hoc c o to khng y : khng c nhn s k thut trong cng ty hoc ti a phng, v vy m
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nhiu cng ty phi ph thuc vo cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. Thiu cc phng tin quan trc: khng c cc phng tin quan trc trin khai nh gi SXSH nn nhiu cng ty phi ph thuc vo mt s lng c hn cc c quan bn ngoi, chi ph tn km v thng c tr s xa. Khi khng c y trang thit b quan trc th vic thu thp d liu nn s b nh hng. Cc iu kin bo dng cn hn ch: B phn bo dng ti cc doanh nghip va v nh thng ch c trang b v cung cp nhn s va cho cc hot ng bo dng thng thng v ng tic l nh vy th khng c kh nng ng ph vi cc trng hp s c thit b h hng xy ra. cc cng ty ny, cc cng vic bo dng ln nh i tu, qun li ng c v lm v sinh ni hi thng phi nh n cc cng ty bn ngoi vi chi ph m cc SMEs u e ngi v v th lm nh hng n cng tc trin khai SXSH.
5.4.2 Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch

Thng thng cc SMEs hay gp hn ch trong vic tip cn cc ngun thng tin k thut v nhng trng hp thnh cng v gim tiu th ti nguyn v cc k thut t lng ph. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc cng ty u khng c ti liu k thut thch hp. Cc thng tin t nc ngoi khng phi lc no ph hp hoc khng phi l c vit ring cho thc t v quy m k thut trong hot ng ca cc SMEs.
5.4.3 Cc hn ch v cng ngh

Cc khong cch cng ngh vn cn tn ti cc SMEs bt chp nhng n lc hin i ha, do cc quy trnh li v theo li mn bin i hu ht cng ngh c truyn thng thiu nghin cu yu t k thut v ha hc c bn ca h thng. Chnh s b qua ny dn n tnh trng tn dng thit b khng hiu qu, di mc ti u v rt cuc l pht thi mc cao.
5.4.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn k thut

Cc nh my c kh nng vt qua nhng ro cn k thut l nhng ni c cng nhn c o to nhng k nng k thut ph hp v khng phi ph thuc vo cc ngun bn ngoi v cc nhu cu ch to ca cng ty mnh. Cc ro cn tip cn cng ngh ph hp c th c khc phc thng qua cc bin php sau: Nhn vin c trnh k thut cao; Trang b c s vt cht cho cng tc gia cng ti nh my;
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Qung b cc v d thnh cng khi p dng cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH; H tr theo nhu cu cho cng tc nghin cu v pht trin v mi trng.
Nhn vin c trnh k thut cao Nhng cng ty s hu nhng cng nhn c trnh k thut s gp t kh khn hn khi bt u tin hnh SXSH. Cc nhn vin ny c th d dng tip thu nhng khi nhim mi v SXSH v c th vn dng phng php lm vic chung trong nhng tnh hung c th ti cng ty mnh. Trang b c s vt cht cho cng tc gia cng ti nh my Cc doanh nghip va v nh c truyn thng tn dng cc thit b c, b thi ra ni khc mang v sa cha s dng theo mt cch mi v ci tin, v qua tch ly thm trnh chuyn mn trong vic tm ra k thut sa cha n gin nhng thng minh. c bit cc cng ty thc hin ch to ti ch (nh c cc xng c kh, in hay dn dng) th thng c nhng kh nng chuyn mn gip h c th nhn din ra cc gii php SXSH hoc bin nhng xut ci tin m cc chuyn gia bn ngoi gi thnh cc gii php. Qung b cc trng hp thnh cng khi p dng cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH. Qung b cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH thnh cng c th to ra mt ng lc mnh m xa b nhng tr ngi k thut c hu. Vic pht hnh cc ti liu k thut SXSH v t chc cc hi tho v hi ngh chuyn l nhng hot ng hu hiu trong cng tc qung b nhng thnh cng ny. chun ha vic thc hin cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH trong phm vi ngnh th cc k thut cng nh cng ngh ny cn phi c qung b ti cc doanh nghip thng qua cc t chc trung gian nh cc c quan dch v cng nghip, cc t chc chuyn nghip, cc hip hi cng nghip v thm ch l c nhng nh cung cp thit b. H tr theo nhu cu cho cc nghin cu v pht trin v mi trng Cng tc nghin cu v pht trin s gip xa b nhng khu vc m ti ngay c cng ngh tin b nht cng khng th ngn chn c cc vn mi trng theo cc quy m sn xut c th ca cc doanh nghip va v nh.
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5.5 Cc ro cn kinh t
Cc ro cn kinh t chnh ca SXSH l: Cc u i ti chnh ch yu u tin khi lng sn xut hn l cc chi ph sn xut; Nguyn liu th gi thp v d kim; Chnh sch u t hin hnh; Vn c chi ph cao v v kh tip cn.
5.5.1 u tin cho khi lng sn xut hn l chi phi ph sn xut

Cc u i ti chnh ph bin hin nay, nh min gim v thu thu mn bi, thu thu nhp doanh nghip, v.v... ch yu lin quan n khi lng sn xut v rt t hoc khng c lin quan g ti cc chi ph sn xut. V th cc doanh nghip thng c xu hng tp trung ti a ha sn xut to ra li nhun ti chnh ti a v xp vic thc hnh gim chi ph sn xut nh SXSH sang hng th yu.
5.5.2 Nguyn liu th gi r v d kim

Nhit tnh xc nh v trin khai cc bin php SXSH thng b lm ngui i bi cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu sn v r mt nhiu vng c ti nguyn thin nhin, chng hn nh cc ph phm nng nghip, nc, v nhin liu.
5.5.3 Chnh sch u t hin hnh

Bn cht lm thi ca cc hot ng u t trong ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy l mt yu t bt li cho SXSH mt s phng din lin quan ln nhau: Gii hn php phn tch kinh t trong phm vi cc chi ph v li ch trc tip: Yu t kinh t ca tt c cc khon u t bao gm c cc gii php SXSH c tnh ch yu da trn c s khon hon vn trc tip v cc khon thu ti chnh ngn hn. V th, ch c tng cng sut sn xut, gim tiu th nguyn nhin liu v gim nhng chi ph sn xut hin nhin, nh lao ng, mi c c bit ch . Nhng li ch tch ly t lng in tiu th gim v chi ph kim sot nhim gim thng khng c tnh n thng xuyn, do cc chi ph thc hin cc gii php nhm thu c nhng khon tit kim cha pht sinh. Cc khon tit kim thu c t cc gii php mi trng thng l mt phn quan trng trong cc li ch kinh t ca cc gii php SXSH. V th, khi khng gp c cc tiu ch vo trong qu trnh phn tch kinh t th cc gii php SXSH kh m c chp nhn.
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5.5.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn kinh t

Cc nh my c nn tng ti chnh vng vng, v nhng doanh nghip khng ngn ngi trin khai cc gii php khng tn km hoc chi ph thp thng m rng c cc c hi khc phc cc ro cn kinh t cho mnh. Cc cng ty c th tn dng cc bin php sau: Ti chnh vng mnh; Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh; Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch; Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di; Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh.
V thc t cho thy cc cng ty c k.h nng ti chnh vng mnh thng t chu nh hng ca cc ro cn kinh t hn cho nn cn s dng thc trng ti chnh ca cng ty nh mt tiu ch la chn cng ty d trnh din u t cho SXSH.
5.5.5 Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh

Trin khai cc gii php SXSH chi ph thp hoc khng tn chi ph c th m ng cho vic trin khai cc gii php c la chn c chi ph cao hn trong tng lai gn. Trnh din tnh kh thi kinh t ca cc gii php ny c th gip cng ty nh lng c khon h tr ti chnh tng thm.
5.5.6 Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch

Nhn thc v cc chi ph pht sinh do lng ph l mt im quan trng ca bt c chng trnh SXSH no. dn chng tim nng tit kim nh SXSH, cng ty cn phi tin hnh c tnh chi ph cho rt nhiu yu t trong mt dng thi, v.d: nng lng, nguyn liu th, nc, v sn phm. Khi phn b c cc chi ph ca cc yu t ny, cng ty c th xc nh chi ph cho mt dng thi v c tnh cc khon tit kim thu c t vic gim thiu hoc xa b dng thi . Hot ng ny cng s gip xc nh c khon ti chnh tht thot qua cng thi.
5.5.7 Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di

Cc chnh ph cn phi trnh vic thng xuyn thay i cc chnh sch cng nghip, mt kiu duy tr vic lp k hoch u t thin cn trong khu vc kinh t t nhn. Cc k hoch u t cng nghip di hn s gip cc nh my tch hp SXSH vo vic lp k hoch u t v khuyn kh h tr nn c tnh cnh tranh cao hn m khng cn c s bo h ti chnh gi to.
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5.5.8 Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh

thc y vic trin khai cc gii php SXSH u t ln, cc k hoch ti chnh, trong t u tin cho cc n SXSH hn so vi cc n cui ng ng, c th c nh nc hoc cc c quan ti tr xy dng. Cc k hoch nh th (c tnh d tip cn v th tc n gin) s c nh hng ln ti chi ph vn v tnh sn sng ca cc khon u t cho SXSH i vi cc SME. Cc chnh ph c th to ra nhng u i ti chnh cho SXSH, chng hn chit khu khu hao 100% cho cc khon u t SXSH t nhn, hay mt chnh sch mua vo ca chnh ph h tr cc cng ty cam kt tham gia thc hin SXSH, hay tr cp thu doanh nghip cho cc cng ty tin hnh nng cp nng lc t ng.
5.6 Cc ro cn t pha chnh ph

Cc chnh sch Nh nc c tc ng n vic ra quyt nh v v vy c th cn tr hoc khuyn khch cc cng ty p dng SXSH. Cc ro cn chnh ph bao gm c cc chnh sch cng nghip trong khuyn khch trin khai SXSH, cc chnh sch mi trng trong khuyn khch hot ng x l cui ng ng thay v cc gii php phng nga.
5.6.1 Cc chnh sch cng nghip

Nh trnh by, chnh sch cng nghip lun thay i s khng c li i vi n lc SXSH. Hin vn cha c cc chnh sch u i nh cp trong phn ny i vi SXSH.
5.6.2 Cc chnh sch mi trng

Cc c quan c thm quyn c xu hng p t mt b gii hn v cc tiu chun pht thi ra mi trng m khng c cc hng dn lm th no gim pht thi. V th cc doanh nghip chn cc gii php kim sot cui ng ng truyn thng nhm p ng nhng quy nh php l, hn l p dng cc thc hnh SXSH hin l iu khng nht thit phi thc hin c tha nhn bi cc c quan cng quyn.
5.6.3 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn chnh ph

Chnh ph c th thc hin cc bin php sau thc y hot ng SXSH: u i ti chnh; Thc thi bt buc lut mi trng.
u i ti chnh Chnh ph c th xy dng cc k hoch ti chnh, trong t u tin cho cc n SXSH so vi cc n x l cui ng ng. Cc k hoch ny (d tip
Trang 106/107
cn v th tc n gin), c th c tc ng rt ln ti chi ph vn v tnh sn sng ca cc khon u t SXSH i vi cc SME. Chnh ph c th a ra cc chnh sch u i ti chnh cho SXSH, v d nh chit khu khu hao 100% cc khon u t SXSH t nhn, chnh sch mua vo ca chnh ph h tr cc cng ty cam kt thc hin SXSH, v gim thu cho cc cng ty thc hin nng cao nng lc t ng. Thi hnh bt buc lut mi trng Nu lut mi trng khng c cng ch thi hnh th cc doanh nghip s khng nht thit phi nhn ra mt iu l cn gp cc quan ngi v mi trng vo trong hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh.
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Tai Lieu Huong Dan SXSH Nganh Det Nhuom

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Mc lc

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

H Ni, thng 9 nm 2008 Nhm bin son

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

1 Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

1.1 Ngnh dt may Vit nam

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ko dui (to thnh ci si)

Chi th (Loi b x ngn) ci si Chi k (tip tc lm thng si do ko dui)

Xe si (hnh thnh si)

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Hnh 3: S quy trnh x l vi

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Qu trnh x l s b sinh ra mt s vn lin quan n mi trng do cc loi ho cht s dng nh sau:

X l bng kim (nu chui, kim bng)

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Hin trng cht thi

Bng 4: Dung t nc/vi trong mt s loi thit b x l t

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

pH tnh axit AOX

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

1.3.3 Cht thi rn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

2 Chng 2: Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng php lun SXSH

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

2.2 Nhu cu v SXSH

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Bng 7: Bng so snh mc s dng ti nguyn trong ngnh sn xut dt

kg/tn kg/tn m /tn tn FO /tn kWh/tn

5-80 200-1.000 130-600 1,5-2,5 885-2.000

5-80 92-1.032 100-150 0,24-0,32 240-350

Bng 8: Tim nng SXSH trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut dt

0,5-1 100-400 100-500 100-400 50-150 20-40

2.3 Phng php nh gi Sn xut sch hn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

Su bc thc hin SXSH

1. Khi ng 6. Duy tr SXSH

2. Phn tch cc bc quy trnh

5. Thc hin cc gii php SXSH

3. xut cc la chn SXSH

4. La chn cc gii php SXSH

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh dt nhum

BC 2 : PHN TCH CC BC QUY TRNH