Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s

TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)

1
Gii hn dng v nh l nhng gii hn m ta khng th tm chng bng
cch p dng trc tip cc nh l v gii hn v cc gii hn c bn trnh by
trong Sch gio khoa. Do mun tnh gii hn dng v nh ca hm s, ta
phi tm cch kh cc dng v nh bin i thnh dng xc nh ca gii
hn
Trong chng trnh ton THPT, cc dng v nh thng gp l :

0
, , , 0. , 1
0

Sau y l ni dung tng dng c th.
I. GII HN DNG V NH
0
0

Gii hn dng v nh
0
0
l mt trong nhng gii hn thng gp nht
i vi bi ton tnh gii hn ca hm s. tnh cc gii hn dng ny,
phng php chung l s dng cc php bin i ( phn tch a thc thnh nhn
t, nhn c t v mu vi biu thc lin hp, thm bt, ) kh cc thnh
phn c gii hn bng 0, a v tnh gii hn xc nh. Chnh cc thnh phn c
gii hn bng 0 ny gy nn dng v nh.
tnh gii hn dng v nh
0
0
, trc ht gio vin cn rn luyn cho
hc sinh k nng nhn dng.
1. Nhn dng gii hn v nh
0
0

gii bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s, hc sinh cn xc nh gii hn
cn tm thuc dng xc nh hay v nh. Nu gii hn l v nh th phi xt
xem n thuc dng v nh no c phng php gii thch hp. Bi vy vic
rn luyn k nng nhn dng cho hc sinh c quan trng, gip hc sinh nh
hng c cch gii, trnh nhng sai xt c th mc phi.
i vi dng v nh
0
0
, vic nhn dng khng kh khn lm v hc sinh
thng gp gii hn :

0
x x
f(x)
lim
g(x)

m
0 0
x x x x
limf(x) = limg(x) = 0


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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
2
Thc t hc sinh hay gp trng hp
0
x x
f(x)
lim
g(x)

m
0 0
f(x ) = (x ) = 0 g . Ngoi ra
trong mt s bi ton hc sinh phi thc hin cc php bin i chuyn v
dng v nh
0
0
, sau mi p dng cc phng php kh cc thnh phn c
gii hn bng 0.
Khi ging dy, gio vin nn a ra mt s bi ton nhn mnh cho
hc sinh vic nhn dng nh :

0
x x
f(x)
lim
g(x)

m
0
x x
limf(x) 0

=
hoc
0
x x
limg(x) 0

=

Trnh tnh trng hc sinh khng nhn dng m p dng ngay phng php gii.
V d p dng :
(Yu cu chung ca nhng bi tp l : Tnh cc gii hn sau).
V d 1 :
1 2
x 2
x - 2
L = lim
x +1

Bi gii :

1 2 2
x 2
=
x - 2 2 - 2
L = lim 0
x +1 2 1

=
+

V d 2 :
2 2
x 1
-
x + 2
L = lim
x 1

Bi gii :

2 2
x 1

-
x + 2
L = lim =
x 1

v
1
2 2
1
lim(x+2) = 1+2 = 3
lim(x - 1) = 1 - 1 = 0
x
x

V d 3 :
3 2
x 1
1 3
L = lim
x 1 x 1

| |
|
\ .

Bi gii :

2
2 2
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
=
1 3 x 3x +2
L = lim lim
3
x 1 x 1 x 1
(x-1)(x 2) (x-2) 1-2 1
lim lim
(x 1)(x+1) (x+1) 1+1 2


| | | |
= =
| |
\ .
\ .
| |
= = =
|
\ .

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
3
Dng v nh
0
0
c nghin cu vi cc loi c th sau :
2. Loi 1 :
0
x x
f(x)
lim
g(x)

m f(x), g(x) l cc a thc v f(x

0
) = g(x
0
) = 0
Phng php : Kh dng v nh bng cch phn tch c t v mu thnh
nhn t vi nhn t chung l (x x
0
).
Gi s : f(x) = (x x
0
).f
1
(x) v g(x) = (x x
0
).g
1
(x). Khi :
0 1 1
0 0 0
0 1 1
x x x x x x
)
)
(x - x f (x) f (x) f(x)
lim lim lim
g(x) (x - x g (x) g (x)

= =
Nu gii hn
1
0
1
x x
f (x)
lim
g (x)

vn dng v nh
0
0
th ta lp li qu trnh kh n
khi khng cn dng v nh.
V d p dng :
V d 4 :
2
4 2
x 2
2x - 5x +2
L = lim
x +x - 6

Bi gii :
Ta phn tch c t v mu thnh nhn t vi nhn t chung : x - 2

2
4 2
x 2 x 2
x 2
=
2x - 5x +2 (x - 2)(2x - 1)
L = lim lim
(x - 2)(x + 3) x +x - 6
2x - 1 2.2 1 3
lim
x + 3 2 3 5

= =
=

=
+

Vy
4
3
L
5
=
V d 5 :
2
5
x 2 2
x - 3x +2
L = lim
- 4x + 4 x

Bi gii :

2
2 5
x 2 x 2
x 2
2
=
x - 3x +2 (x - 2)(x - 1)
L = lim lim
(x - 2)
- 4x + 4
x - 1
lim
x - 2
x

= =
=

( V gii hn ca t bng 1, gii hn ca mu bng 0)
Vy
4
L =
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
4
V d 6 :
2
2
3 n
*
6 3 m
x 1
+

+
x+x x +...+x - n
L lim (m, n N )
x+x x +...+x - m

= e
Bi gii : Ta s phn tch t v mu thnh nhn t vi nhn t chung : x
1 bng cch tch v nhm nh sau :
x + x
2
+ x
3
+ ... + x
n
n = (x 1) + (x
2
1) + (x
3
- 1) + ...+ (x
n
- 1)
x + x
2
+ x
3
+ ... + x
m
m = (x 1) + (x
2
1) + (x
3
- 1) + ...+ (x
m
- 1)
Khi :
2 2
2 2
x 1 x 1
3 n 3 n
6 3 m 3 m
1 - 1)+( - 1) +
+ 1 - 1)+( - 1)
lim lim
(x- )+(x x +...+(x - 1) x+x x +...+x - n
L
x+x x +...+x - m (x- )+(x x +...+(x - 1)

= = =
x 1
n-1 n-2
m-1 m-2
1 1 + (x + 1) +...+ ( )

1 1 + (x + 1) +...+ ( )
lim
(x- ) 1
(x- ) +1
x + x +...+ x +
x + x +...+ x

(
(

=
(
(

=
n-1 n-2
m-1 m-2
x 1

1 + (x + 1) +...+ (x + x +...+ x +1)
lim
1 + (x + 1) +...+ (x + x +...+ x +1)

= =
n-1 n-2
m-1 m-2
1 + (1 +1) +...+ (1 + 1 +...+ 1 +1)

1 + (1 +1) +...+ (1 + 1 +...+ 1 +1)
= =
n(n + 1)
1 2 3 ... n n(n + 1)
2
m(m + 1)
1 2 3 ... m m(m + 1)
2
+ + + +
= = =
+ + + +

Vy
6
n(n + 1)
L
m(m + 1)
=
V d 7 :
4 3 2
7 4 3 2
1
2x - 5x +3x + x - 1
L lim
3x - 8x + 6x - 1
x
=
Bi gii :
3 2
7
3 2
x 1
3 2 2
3 2 2
4 3 2
4 3 2
x 1
x 1 x 1
=
(x-1)(2x - 3x +1)
L =lim
(x-1)(3x - 5x +x+1)
2x - 3x +1 (x-1)(2x - x -1)
= =
3x - 5x + x +1 (x-1)(3x - 2x -1)
2x - 5x +3x + x - 1
lim
3x - 8x + 6x - 1
lim lim


2
2
x 1 x 1
x 1
2x - x -1 (x -1)(2x+1)
=lim =lim
3x - 2x -1 (x -1)(3x+1)
2x+1 2.1+1 3
=lim = =
3x+1 3.1+1 4

=

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
5
Vy
7
3
L =
4

Kt lun:
Phng php gii bi tp loi ny l phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
vi nhn t chung l x - x
0
. Yu cu i vi hc sinh l :
Phi nm vng cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t, cc
hng ng thc, cng thc phn tch tam thc bc hai, a thc bc ba thnh nhn
t:
2
0
0
c
f(x) = ax + bx + c = (x - x ) ax -
x
| |
|
\ .
, ( f(x
0
) = 0)
Ngoi cc hng ng thc ng nh, hc sinh cn nh cc hng ng thc
b xung l : a
n
- b
n
= (a - b)(a
n -1
+ a
n - 2
b ++ ab
n - 2
+ b
n - 1
),
*
n N e
a
n
+ b
n
= (a + b)(a
n -1
- a
n - 2
b +- ab
n - 2
+ b
n - 1
), n l s t nhin l.
hc sinh d nh, cn ly cc trng hp c th nh : n = 2, 3, 4 v
trng hp c bit : x
n
- 1 = (x - 1)(x
n - 1
+ x
n - 2
++ x + 1).
Tu theo c im tng bi m bin i mt cch linh hot kh dng
v nh. Trong qu trnh thc hnh, nhiu khi sau cc bin i kh cc thnh
phn c gii hn bng 0 ta vn gp gii hn dng v nh
0
0
mi ( thng l
n gin hn so vi gii hn ban u). Ti y ta tip tc qu trnh kh n
khi gii hn cn tm khng cn dng v nh
0
0
th thi.
Bi tp t luyn
1)
3
4
x 1
x 3x 2
lim
x 4x 3

+
+
2)
x 0
(1 x)(1 2x)(1 3x) 1
lim
x

+ + +

3)
100
50
x 1
x 2x 1
lim
x 2x 1

+
+
4)
n 1
2
x 1
x (n 1) n
lim
(x 1)
+

+ +

3. Loi 2 :
0
x x
f(x)
lim
g(x)

m f(x), g(x) cha cc cn thc cng bc v f(x

0
)=g(x
0
)= 0
Phng php : Nhn c t v mu vi biu thc lin hp tng ng ca
biu thc cha cn thc (gi tt l phng php nhn lin hp hay dng biu
thc lin hp) trc cc nhn t x - x
0
ra khi cc cn thc, nhm kh cc
thnh phn c gii hn bng 0. Biu thc cha cn thc c th l t, mu hay c
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
6
t v mu ca phn thc cn tm gii hn ). Lu l c th nhn lin hp mt
hay nhiu ln kh dng v nh.
Cc cng thc thng c s dng khi nhn lin hp l :


3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3
( A B)( A B) = A - B , (A 0, B 0)
( A B)( A A B+ B ) =A B
> >

Gio vin cn cho hc sinh thy c hai cng thc ny xut pht t hai
hng ng thc sau hc sinh d nh :

2 2
2 2 3 3
(a - b)(a + b) = a - b
(a b)(a ab + b ) = a b

V d p dng:
V d 8 :
8
2
x 2
3x - 2 - x
L =lim
x - 4

Bi gii : Nhn c t v mu vi biu thc lin hp tng ng, ta
c :
8
2
2
x 2 x 2
3x - 2 - x ( 3x - 2 - x)( 3x - 2 + x)
L =lim lim
x - 4
(x - 4)( 3x - 2 + x)

=


2
2
x 2 x 2
x 2
3x - 2 - x (x - 2)(-x + 1)
lim lim
(x - 4)( 3x - 2 + x) (x - 2)(x + 2)( 3x - 2 + x)
x + 1 2 + 1 1
lim
16
(x + 2)( 3x - 2 + x) (2 + 2)( 3.2-2+2)

= = =

= = =

Vy
8
1
L =
16

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
7
V d 9 : 9
1
x+2 1
L lim
x+5 2

x

Bi gii :
9
1 1
( x+2 1)( x+2 1) ( x+5 2)
x+2 1
L lim lim
x+5 2 ( x+5 2)( x+5 2) ( x+2 1)

+ +

= = =
+ +
(

(

x x


1 1
(x + 2 - 1)( x+5 2) (x + 1)( x+5 2)
= lim lim
(x + 5 - 4)( x+2 1) (x + 1)( x+2 1)
x x
+ +
= =
+ +


1
x+5 2 1 5 2
= lim 2
x+2 1 1 2 1
x
+ + +
= =
+ + +

Vy L
9
= 2
V d 10 :
n
*
10
m
1
x - 1
L lim , (m, n N )
x - 1

= e
x

Bi gii :
n
10
m
1
n-1 n-2 m-1 m-2 n n n n m m m
m-1 m-2 n-1 n-2 m m m m n n n 1
x - 1
L lim
x - 1
( x - 1) ( x) +( x) +...+ x+1 ( x) +( x) +...+ x+1
=lim
( x - 1) ( x) +( x) +...+ x+1 ( x) +( x) +...+ x+1

= =
( (

=
( (

x
x

m m m-1 m-2 m
n n 1 n-1 n-2 n
(x - 1)( x + x +...+ x+1)
=lim
(x - 1)( x + x +...+ x+1)

=
x

m m m-1 m-2 m
n n 1 n-1 n-2 n
x + x +...+ x+1 m
=lim
n
x + x +...+ x+1

=
x

Vy
10
m
L =
n

Kt lun:
Phng php dng biu thc lin hp l phng php ch yu c s
dng tnh cc gii hn c cha cn thc cng bc. C th xem y l thut
ton c bn cho php tnh c kh nhiu gii hn ca hm s cha cn thc,
phng hng r rng, d hiu.Vic xc nh biu thc lin hp l khng qu
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
8
kh khn i vi hc sinh. Tuy nhin gio vin cn rn luyn k nng xc nh
v nhn biu thc lin hp khi tnh gii hn. Theo cch ny, nhiu bi ton tuy
gii c nhng phi qua cc php bin i di dng vi biu thc cng knh.
Nu dng cc gii khc nh thm bt, i bin s cho li gii ngn gn hn.

Bi tp t luyn
1)
3
x 1
x x 3
lim
x 1

2)
2
3
x 2
x 4
lim
2 3x 2

+

3)
2 2
x a
x b a b
lim
x a

4)
3 2 3
2
x 1
x 2 x x 1
lim
x 1

5)
n
x 0
1 ax
lim
x

+
6)
n n
x 0
a x a
lim
x

+

4. Loi 3:
0
x x
f(x)
lim
g(x)

m f(x) cha cc cn thc khng cng bc v f(x

0
)=g(x
0
)= 0
Phng php : S dng thut ton thm bt i vi f(x) c th nhn
biu thc lin hp. Chng hn nh :

0 0
m n
m n
0 0 0
x x x x
u(x) v(x) f(x)
L= lim = lim ,( u(x ) v(x ) = 0,g(x ) = 0)
g(x) g(x)

Ta bin i :
0 0
0 0
m n
m n
x x x x
m n
x x x x
u(x) - c + c - v(x)
u(x)- v(x)
L lim lim
g(x) g(x)
u(x) - c v(x) - c
= lim lim
g(x) g(x)


( (

= = =

Ti y cc gii hn
0 0
m n
1 2
x x x x
u(x) - c v(x) - c
L lim , L lim
g(x) g(x)

= = u tnh c
bng cch nhn lin hp.
V d p dng :
V d 11 :
3
11 2
x 1
x+3 x+7
L lim
x 3x+2

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
9
Bi gii :
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
3 3
11
2 2
3
2 2
lim lim
lim lim
x+3 x+7 ( x+3 2) + (2 x+7)
L
x 3x+2 x 3x+2
x+3 2 2 x+7
=
x 3x+2 x 3x+2




= = =


+ =



2 3 3 3
2
2 2 3 3 x 1 x 1
(2 x+7) 4 2 x+7 ( x+7)
( x+3 2)( x+3+2)
=lim lim
(x 3x+2)( x+3+2)
(x 3x+2) 4 2 x+7 ( x+7)

(
+ +

+
(
+ +


2
2 2 3 3 x 1 x 1
x+3 4 8 (x+7)
=lim lim
(x 3x+2)( x+3+2)
(x 3x+2) 4 2 x+7 ( x+7)


+ =
(
+ +



x 1 x 1 2 3 3
x 1 1 x
=lim lim
(x 1)(x 2)( x+3+2)
(x 1)(x 2) 4 2 x+7 ( x+7)

(


+ =

+ +

x 1 x 1 2 3 3
1 1
=lim lim
(x 2)( x+3+2)
(x 2) 4 2 x+7 ( x+7)

(

+ =

+ +


2 3 3
1 1
=
(1 2)( 1+3+2)
(1 2) 4 2 1+7 ( 1+7)
1 1 1
=
4 12 6
(

+ =

+ +
+ =

Vy
11
1
L
6
=
V d 12 :
3
12
2
0
1+2x - 1+3x
L lim
x
x
=

Bi gii :
3
3
12
2 2
0 0
1+2x - (x+1) + (x+1) - 1+3x
1+2x - 1+3x
L lim lim
x x

( (

= = =
x x


3
2 2
0 0
1+2x - (x+1) (x+1) - 1+3x
=lim +lim
x x

=
x x

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
10

0 2
2 2 3 3 3
0 2 2 2 3 3
1+2x - (x+1) 1+2x +(x+1)
=lim
x 1+2x +(x+1)
(x+1) - 1+3x (x+1) ( 1) 1+3x ( 1+3x)
+lim
x (x+1) ( 1) 1+3x ( 1+3x)

( (

(

( (

(

+
+ + +
+ + +
x
x
x
x


2 3
2 2 2 2 3 3 0 0
2 2 3 3
0 0
(1+2x) - (x+1) (x+1) - (1+3x)
lim lim
x 1+2x +(x+1) x (x+1) (x 1) 1+3x ( 1+3x)
- 1 x+3
lim lim
1+2x +(x+1) (x+1) (x 1) 1+3x ( 1+3x)
x x
x x


= + =
( (
+ + +

= + =
+ + +


2 2 3 3
- 1 0+3
1+2.0 +(0+1) (0+1) (0 1) 1+3.0 ( 1+3.0)
1 1
1
2 2
= + =
+ + +
= + =

Vy
12
1
L
2
=

Kt lun :
Phng php chung tnh cc gii hn ca biu thc cha cc cn thc
khng cng bc l thm, bt mt lng no , tch thnh nhiu gii hn ri
nhn lin hp. Cn lu l c th thm bt mt hng s ( thng chn l u(x
0
)
hoc v(x
0
)) hay mt biu thc. Vic thm bt da trn c im tng bi v
phi tht tinh t. Thut ton thm bt cn c p dng hiu qu i vi cc
dng v nh khc.
Bi tp t luyn
1)
3
x 0
1 x 1 x
lim
x

+
2)
3
2
x 2
x 11 8x 43
lim
2x 3x 2

+ +
+

3)
n m
x 0
1 ax 1 bx
lim
x

+ +
4)
3 2
x 0
2x 1 x 1
lim
sinx

+ +

5)
3
4
x 7
x 2 x 20
lim
x 9 2

+ +
+
6)
3
2
x 0
1 4x 1 6x
lim
x

+ +

5. Gii hn dng v nh
0
0
ca hm s lng gic
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
11
Phng php : Thc hin cc php bin i i s v lng gic s
dng cc kt qu gii hn c bn sau y :
+)
x 0 x 0
sinx x
lim 1, lim 1
x sinx

= =

+)
x 0 x 0 x 0
sinax sinax sinax
lim lim( .a) =a.lim =a
x ax ax

=

+)
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
sinax sinax bx ax sinax bx ax a
lim lim( . . ) lim .lim .lim
sinbx ax sinbx bx ax sinbx bx b

= = =

+)
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
tgax sinax a sinax a
lim lim( . ) lim .lim a
x ax cosax ax cosax

= = =

Trong qu trnh bin i, hc sinh cn vn dng linh hot cc cng thc lng
gic, thm bt, nhn lin hp

V d p dng
V d 13 :
13
x 0
1+sinax - cosax
L lim
1- sinbx - cosbx

=
Bi gii :
13
x 0 x 0
1+sinax - cosax 1- cosax+sinax
L lim lim
1- sinbx - cosbx 1- cosbx - sinbx


= = =


2
x 0 x 0
2
ax ax ax
ax ax ax
2sin sin cos
2sin +2sin cos
2 2 2
2 2 2
=lim lim
bx bx bx
bx bx bx
2sin - 2sin cos
2sin sin - cos
2 2 2
2 2 2

| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
+
= =

x 0 x 0
ax ax ax
sin sin cos
a
2 2 2
=lim .lim
bx bx bx
b
sin sin - cos
2 2 2

+
=
Vy
13
a
L
b
=

V d 14 :
14
2
x 0
1 cosax
L lim
x

=

Bi gii :
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
12
2 2
2
2 2 2
14
2 2
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
ax ax ax
2sin sin sin
1 cosax a a a
2 2 2
L lim lim lim . lim
ax ax
x x 2 2 2
2 2

(
| | | |
(
| |

( = = = = =
| |
(
| |
(
\ . \ .


Vy
2
14
a
L
2
=
V d 15 :
15 2
0
1 xsinx - cos2x
L lim
sin x
x
+
=
Bi gii :

15 2 2
0 0
1 xsinx - cos2x (1 - cos2x) xsinx
L lim lim
sin x sin x
x x
= =
+ +
=

2
2 2
0 0 0
0 0
2
2sin x xsinx sinx(2sinx x) 2sinx x
lim lim lim
sin x sin x sin x
x x
lim 2 lim 2 1 3
sin x sin x
x x x
x x


= = = =
| |
= + = + =
|
\ .
+ + +
+ =

Vy L
15
= 3
V d 16 :
*
16 2
x 0
1- cosx.cos2x...cosnx
L lim (n N )
x

= e
Bi gii :
16 2
x 0
2
x 0

1- cosx.cos2x...cosnx
L lim
x
1-cosx+cosx-cosxcos2x+...+cosx.cos2x...cos(n-1)x-cosx.cos2x...cosnx
lim
x

=
=
=



2
x 0
2 2 2
x 0 x 0 x 0
...
1-cosx+cosx(1- cos2x)+...+cosx.cos2x...cos(n-1)x(1- cosnx)
lim
x
1-cosx cosx(1-cos2x) cosx.cos2x...cos(n-1)x(1- cosnx)
lim lim lim
x x x

=
= + + +

Theo kt qu bi 14 ta c :

2
2
x 0
1
2
1-cosx
lim
x

=

2
2 2
x 0 x 0 x 0
.
cosx(1-cos2x) 1-cos2x 2
lim limcosx lim
2 x x

= =

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
13

2
x 0
2
2
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
. ... .
cosx.cos2x...cos(n-1)x(1- cosnx)
lim
x
1- cosnx n
limcosx limcos2x limcos(n-1)x lim
2 x

=
= =

Do
2 2 2 2 2 2
16
1 2 n 1 2 ... n n(n+1)(2n+1)
L ...
2 2 2 2 12
+ + +
= + + + = =
Trong bi tp ny ta s dng thut thm bt :
cosx, cosxcos2x,, cosxcos2xcos(n - 1)x
bin i v tnh gii hn cho. C th nhn thy thut thm bt ng vai tr
quan trng trong k nng bin i i vi bi tp ny.
V d 17 :
2
17 2
x 0
1 x cosx
L lim
x

+
=
Bi gii :

2 2
17 2 2
x 0 x 0
( 1 x cosx 1 x 1) (1 cosx)
L lim lim
x x

= =
+ + +
=

2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 2 2
x
( (
2
(
2sin
1 x 1 1 cosx 1 x 1) 1 x 1)
lim lim lim lim
x x x
x 1 x 1)

+
= + = + =
+
+ + +
+


2
2
2
2
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 2 2 2
x x
2 2
.
(
2sin sin
1 x 1 1 1
lim lim lim lim
x
2 x
x 1 x 1) 1 x 1
2

| |
|

= + = + =
|
+ +
|
\ .
+
+ +


1 1
1
2 2
= + =

Vy L
17
= 1.
Kt lun :
kh dng v nh i vi hm s lng gic, hc sinh cn nm vng
v vn dng linh hot cc php bin i i s, lng gic cng nh p dng
cc gii hn c bn. y ch c gii hn
x 0
sinx
lim 1
x

= c s dng trc tip,

cc kt qu cn li khi lm bi phi chng minh li.
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
14
vn dng gii hn
x 0
sinx
lim 1
x

= , cn a hm s cn tnh gii hn v
dng :
0 0 0
x x x x x x
sinf (x) f (x) tgf (x)
lim , lim , lim
f (x) sinf (x) f (x)

vi
0
x x
lim f (x) 0

= bng cch
thm, bt, i bin hay nhn, chia ng thi vi mt lng thch hp no .
Trong khi gii bi tp, hc sinh c th gp kh khn, lng tng a v cc
dng trn. Gio vin cn khc phc bng cch cho hc sinh lm cc bi tp nh :

2
2
0 1
sinx sin(x 1)
lim , lim , ...
1 cosx x 3x+2
x x



Bi tp t luyn
Tnh cc gii hn sau :
1)
0
1+sinx 1 sinx
lim
tgx
x

2)
0
(a+x)sin(a+x) asina
lim
x
x


3)
x 0
1 cosxcos2xco3x
lim
1 cosx

4)
2
2
0
2sin x+sinx 1
lim
2sin x 3sinx+1
x

5)
3
3

x
4
1 cotg x
lim
2 cotgx cotg x


6)
3
x 0
1 cosx cos2x cos3x
lim
1 cos2x

6. Gii hn dng v nh
0
0
ca hm s m v lgarit.
Phng php : Thc hin cc php bin i v s dng cc gii hn c
bn sau y :
+)
x
x 0
1
lim 1
x
e

=
+)
x 0
ln(1 x)
lim 1
x

+
=
Cc gii hn trn u c tha nhn hoc chng minh trong Sch gio khoa.
Ngoi ra gio vin cn a ra cho hc sinh hai gii hn sau :
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
15
+)
x xlna
x 0 x 0
a 1 1
lim lim .lna lna
x x.lna
e

| |
|
|
\ .

= = ( V
xlna
x 0
1
lim 1
xlna

=
e
)
+)
x 0 x 0 x 0
a
.
log (1 x)
ln(1 x) ln(1 x) 1
lim lim lim lna
x x.lna lna x

= =
+
+ +
=
V d p dng :
V d 18 :
ax bx
18
x 0
L lim
x
e e

=
Bi gii :

x 0 x 0
ax bx ax bx
18
1) 1)
lim lim
( (
L
x x


= =

=
e e e e


ax bx
x 0 x 0
ax bx
x 0 x 0
( 1) ( 1)
lim lim
x x
( 1) ( 1)
a. lim b. lim
ax bx
a b
e e
e e



= =

= =
=

Vy L
18
= a - b.
Trong bi tp ny s dng gii hn c bn ta thc hin thm bt 1
v tch thnh hai gii hn. Cn nhn mnh cho hc sinh khi x 0 th ax 0 ,
do vy
ax bx
x 0 x 0
( 1) ( 1)
lim 1, lim 1
ax bx


= =
e e
.
V d 19 :
sin2x sinx
19
x 0
L lim
sinx
e e

=
Bi gii :

sin2x sinx sin2x sinx
19
x 0 x 0
1) 1) ( (
L lim lim
sinx sinx
e e e e


= =

=

sin2x sinx
x 0 x 0
sin2x sinx
x 0 x 0
1 1
lim lim
sinx sinx
1 1
lim .2cosx lim
sin2x sinx
e e
e e


| |
|
|
\ .

= =

= =

x 0 x 0 x 0
sin2x sinx
. (2cosx)
1 1
lim lim lim
sin2x sinx
2 1 1

| |
|
|
\ .

= =
= =
e e

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
16
Vy L
19
= 1.
V d 20 :
x 2
20
x 2
2 x
L lim
x 2

Bi gii :

x 2 x 2
20
x 2 x 2
4) 4) 2 x (2 (x
L lim lim
x 2 x 2


= =

=



x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
x 2
x 2 x 2
1) 2)(x+2) 4 4
1
4
4(2 (x 2 x
lim lim lim lim
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
2
lim lim(x+2) 4ln2 4
x 2

= = =

=

=

Vy L
20
= 4ln2 - 4
V d 21 :
2
2 3 2x
21 2
x 0
1 x
L lim
ln(1+x )
e

+
=
Bi gii :

2 2
3 3 2 2x 2 2x
21 2 2
x 0 x 0
( 1) 1 x 1) ( 1 x
L lim lim
ln(1+x ) ln(1+x )



= =
+ +
=
e e


2 2
3 3 2 2x 2 2x
2 2 2
x 0 x 0 x 0
( 1) 1 1 x 1) ( 1 x 1
lim lim lim
ln(1+x ) ln(1+x ) ln(1+x )



= = =
+ + e e

3 3 2 2
3
3 2 2 2
3
2
2
2 2
2 2
x 0 x 0 2
2x
( ( ) 1
( ) 1
.
1 2x
ln(1+x )
1 x 1)( 1 x 1 x )
lim lim
( 1 x 1 x )ln(1+x )
2x

+ +
+ +
| |
|
|
\ .
=

=
+ + +
+ +

e

2
2
2
3 2 2 2
3
2
2
2x
x 0 x 0 x 0 2
.
( ) 1
1 2x
ln(1+x )
x
lim lim lim
2x
( 1 x 1 x )ln(1+x )

+ +
=

+ +
e


2
2
2 2
3 2 2
3
2
2
2x
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 2
. .
( ) 1
x 1
ln(1+x )
2x
ln(1+x )
1 7
.1 1.( 2)
3 3
1
lim lim lim lim
2x
1 x 1 x

+ +
=

=

= =

+ +
e
Vy
21
7
L
3
=
Kt lun :
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
17
tnh cc gii hn dng v nh ca hm s m v lgarit, hc sinh thc
hin cc php bin i p dng cc gii hn c bn. Yu cu hc sinh phi
thnh tho cc php ton v lu tha v lgarit.
s dng cc gii hn c bn, bng cch thm, bt, nhn lin hp,
hc sinh phi bin i hm s cn tm gii hn v mt trong cc dng :
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
f(x) f(x)
a
x x x x x x x x
ln 1+f(x) log 1+f(x)
1 a 1
lim , lim , lim , lim
f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x)
e


vi
0
x x
lim f (x) 0

=
Bi tp t luyn
Tnh cc gii hn sau :
1) 2)
x x
x x
x 0
5
4 3
lim
9

3)
x 0
2
2
x
3 cosx
x
lim

4)
x
3 4
x 0
(1 )(1 cosx)
lim
2x 3x
e

+

5)
x 0
1 1 x
lim .ln
x 1 x

| |
|
|
\ .
+

6)
sin2x sinx
2
x 0
lim
5x + tg x
e e

II. GII HN DNG V NH

Gii hn dng v nh

c dng l :

0
x x
(x )
f(x)
L lim
g(x)

= trong :
0 0
x x x x
(x ) (x )
f(x) g(x) lim lim


= =
kh dng v nh ny, phng php thng thng l chia c t v mu
cho lu tha bc cao nht ca t v mu ca phn thc
f(x)
g(x)
. C th nh sau :
1) Nu f(x), g(x) l cc a thc c bc tng ng l m, n th ta chia c
f(x), g(x) cho x
k
vi k = max{m, n}

m m 1
m m 1 1 0
n n 1
x
n n 1 1 0
a x +a x +...+a x+a
L lim
b x +b x +...+b x+b

= vi
*
m n
a ,b 0, m,n N = e
Khi xy ra mt trong ba trng hp sau :
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
18
+) m = n (bc ca t v mu bng nhau), chia c t v mu cho x
n
ta
c:
0 m 1 1
n n 1
m m
0 n 1 1 n n
n n 1
x x
m
n
a a a
a a
x x x
b b b b b
x x x
a
lim lim
b
+ +...+ +
L
+ +...+ +

= = =
+) m > n (bc ca t ln hn bc ca mu, k = m), chia c t v mu cho
x
m
ta c :

n
m n
m n+1
n
m n
0 m 1 1
m
m 1
m
x x
0 n 1 1
m
m
b
x
b
x
a a a
a
a
x x
x
lim lim
b b b
x x x
+ +...+ +
L
+...+ + +

= = =
+) m < n (bc ca t nh hn bc ca mu, k = n), tng t nh trn ta c
:

0 m m 1
n m n n m+1
x
0 n 1
n n
a a a
...
x x x
lim 0
b b
b ...
x x
L

+ + +
= =
+ + +

Hc sinh cn vn dng kt qu :
0 0 0 0
x x x x x x x x
1 1
limf (x) lim 0, limf (x) 0 lim
f (x) f (x)

= = = =
Sau khi xt ba trng hp ny, hc sinh cn t rt ra nhn xt kt qu gii
hn cn tm da vo bc ca t v mu. Lu l c th chia t v mu cho x
h

vi
h min{m, n}.
2) Nu f(x), g(x) l cc biu thc c cha cn thc th ta quy c ly gi
tr
m
k
( trong k l bc ca cn thc, m l s m cao nht ca cc s hng
trong cn thc) l bc ca cn thc . Bc ca t ( mu) c xc nh l bc
cao nht cc biu thc trn t ( di mu). Sau ta p dng phng php kh
nh vi trng hp f(x), g(x) l cc a thc. Qua hc sinh c th d dng
phn on kt qu gii hn dng

cn tm.
V d p dng :
V d 22 :
3 2
22 3
x
2x 3x 1
L lim
5x 6

+
=

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
19
Bi gii : Chia c t v mu cho x
3
ta c :

3
3
3 2
22 3
x x
3 1
2
2
x x
6
5
5
x
2x 3x 1
L lim lim
5x 6

=
+
=

+
=

Vy
22
2
L
5
= . Ta c th trnh by theo cch sau :

3
3
3
3
3
3
3 2
22 3
x x x
3 1
3 1
x 2
2
x x 2
x x
6
5 6
5
x 5
x
x
2x 3x 1
L lim lim lim
5x 6

| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
=
+
+
= =

+
=

V d 23 :
2 2
2
x
23
3x (2x 1)(3x x+2)
2x+1 4x
lim L

| |
|
|
\ .
+
=
Bi gii :
2 2 4 2
2 2
x x
23
3x (2x 1)(3x x+2) 12x (2x+1)(3x x+2)
2x+1 4x 4x (2x+1)
lim lim L

| |
= =
|
|
\ .
+ +
=

3 2
3 2
2 3
x x
5x x+2
4x
5 1 2
4
4 1
x x x
4
8 2
8+
x
4x
lim lim
8x

+
+
+ +
= = = =

Vy
23
1
2
L =
V d 24 :
24 5
x
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5)
L lim
(5x 1)


=

Bi gii :

24 5
x
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5)
L lim
(5x 1)

=

=

5 5
x
1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
x x x x x 1
5
1
5
x
lim

| || || || || |
| | | | |
\ . \ .\ .\ .\ .
| |
|
\ .

= =

Vy
24 5
1
L
5
=
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
20
V d 25 :
25
x 2
x+3
L lim
x 1

=
+

Bi gii :
Chia c t v mu cho x ta c :

25
x x 2 2
3
x+3
x
L lim lim
x 1 x 1
x
1+

= =
+ +

V phi a x vo trong cn bc hai nn ta xt hai trng hp :
*)
2
x x > 0 x x + =
Khi :
x + x + x + 2 2
2
2
1
3 3 3
x x x
lim lim lim 1
x 1 x 1
x
x
x
1+ 1+ 1+
1

= = =
+ +
+

*)
2
x x < 0 x x =
Khi , ta c :
x x x 2 2
2
2
1
3 3 3
x x x
lim lim lim 1
x 1 x 1
x
x
x
1+ 1+ 1+
1

= = =

+ +
+

V
x x
2 2
1, 1 lim lim
x+3 x+3
x 1 x 1
+
= =
+ +
nn khng tn ti
x 2
x+3
lim
x 1

+

V d 26 :
3 2 2
26
5 x 4 4 4
9x 1 x 4
L lim
16x 3 x 7

+ +
=
+ +

Bi gii : Chia c t v mu cho x ta c :

3 2 2
3 2 2
26
5 5 x x 4 4 4 4 4 4
9x 1 x 4
9x 1 x 4
x x
L lim lim
16x 3 x 7 16x 3 x 7
x x

= =
+ +

+ +
=
+ + + +

2
3
3
x 4 4
5
5
9x 1 1 4
x x x
lim
16x 3 1 7
x x x

=
+

+
+
+

Tng t Bi 25, ta xt hai trng hp :
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
21
*)
4 4 2
, x x x > 0 x x x + = =
Khi :
2
3
3 2 3
+
26
4
x x 4 4
5
5 4 5
3
5 4
9x 1 1 4 1
9
9 0 3
x x x x x
L lim lim
2
16 0
3 16x 3 1 7
x x x x x
1 4
x
1 7
16
x
+ +
+
=
+
+
+
= = =
+
+
+
+ +
+

*)
4 4 2
, x x x < 0 x x x = =
Khi ta c :
2 2
4
4 4
2
2
3
3 3
3
3 3
26
x x x 4 4 4 4
4 5
5 5
5
5 5
1
x x
3
x
x
9x 1 1 4
9x 1 1 4 1 4
9
x x
x x x x x
L lim lim lim
1 7
16x 3 1 7 16x 3 1 7
16
x x
x x x x x

= = = =

+
+

+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+ +

2
4
3
3
4
4 5
5
x
1
x
3
x
1 4
9
9 0 3
x x
2
1 7 16 0
16
x x
lim

+

= = =

+ +
+

V
+
26 26
L L

= nn ta c :
26
3
L
2
=
Kt lun :
So vi dng v nh
0
0
, dng v nh

d tm hn. Hc sinh cn xc
nh ng dng v ch cn quan tm n bc ca t v mu t phn on
kt qu gii hn cn tm. Ch i vi gii hn dng

ca hm s c cha
cn thc ta khng nhn lin hp. y l im khc bit cn phn bit trnh
nhm ln.
Vi gii hn khi x , cn lu hai kh nng x + v x
trong php ly gii hn c cha cn bc chn. Nu hc sinh khng n vn
ny th rt d mc phi sai lm. Hn na trng hp ny cn lin quan ti bi
ton tm tim cn ca hm s cha cn thc.
Bi tp t luyn
1)
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 3
2 2 x
2x 3 4x+7
lim
3x 1 10x 9

+ +
2)
20 30
50
x
(2x 3) (3x+2)
lim
(2x+1)

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
22
3)
2 n
n+1
x
n
2
(x+1)(x 1)...(x 1)
lim
(nx) 1

(

+ +
+
4)
2
x 2
x 2x 3x
lim
4x 4 x+2

+ +
+

5)
3 4 5 2
4 x 4 3
x 1 x 2
lim
x 1 x 2

+ +
+ +
6)
3
3 4
x
ln(1 x x)
lim
ln(1 x x)
+
+ +
+ +


III. GII HN DNG V NH
Dng tng qut ca gii hn ny l :

0
x x
(x )
lim f(x) g(x)

(

trong
0 0
x x x x
(x ) (x )
lim f(x) lim f(x)


= =
Phng php ch yu kh dng v nh ny l bin i chng v dng
v nh
0
,
0

bng cch i bin, nhn lin hp, thm bt,

V d p dng :
V d 27 :
( )
2
27
x
L lim x x x
+
= +
Bi gii :
Nhn v chia biu thc lin hp tng ng l :
2
x x+x + , ta c :

( )
2 2
2
27
x 2 x
( x x x)( x x+x)
L lim x x x
x x+x
lim
+ +
=
+ +
= + =
+


2 2
2 2 x x
x
x x+x x x+x
x x x
lim lim
+ +
= =
+
+ +

V x + nn chia c t v mu cho x ta c :

2 x x
1 1
2
1
x x+x
1 1
x
x
lim lim
+ +
= =
+
+ +

Vy
27
1
L
2
=
Trong v d ny, bng cch nhn lin hp, ta chuyn gii hn cn tm
t dng sang dng

.
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
23
V d 28 :
28
x
L lim x+ x x
+
(
(

=
Bi gii :

28
x x
( x+ x x)( x+ x x)
L lim x+ x x lim
x+ x x
+ +
(
= =
(

+
=
+


x x
x+ x x x
lim lim
x+ x x x+ x x
+ +

= = =
+ +


x x
1
x 1 1
lim lim
2
x+ x x
1+ 1
x
+ +
= = =
+
+
( chia c t v mu cho x )
Vy
28
1
L
2
=
V d 29 :
2
29
x
L lim x x 3 x

(
(

= + +
Bi gii : Trong v d ny cn lu khi x cn xt hai trng
hp x+ v x
+) Khi x+ th :

2 2
x x 3 x x x 3 + + + + +
Do
2
x
lim x x 3 x
+
(
=
(

+ + +
+) Khi x th gii hn c dng . Ta kh bng cch nhn lin
hp bnh thng

2 2
2
x x 2
( x x 3 x)( x x 3 x)
lim x x 3 x lim
x x 3 x

(
=
(

+ + +
+ + =
+


2 2
x x x 2 2 2
3
1
x x 3 x x 3
lim lim lim
x x 3 x x x 3 x x x 3
1
x
x

= = =
+
+ +
+ + +


Khi x th x < 0, do
2
x x =
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
24

x x 2
2
3 3
1 1
1 1
x x
lim lim
2 2
1 3
x x 3
1 1
1
x x
x

=

+ +

= =

+
+

Vy
2
x
lim x x 3 x
+
(
(

+ + = +,
2
x
1
lim x x 3 x
2

(
(

+ + =
Qua v d ny mt ln na nhn mnh cho hc sinh ch vi gii hn khi
x cn xt x+ v x i vi hm s cha cn thc bc chn.
V d 30 :
3 3 2 2
30
x
L lim x 3x x 2x
+
(
(

= +
Bi gii : V hm s cn tm gii hn cha cc cn thc khng
cng bc nn ta thm bt c th nhn lin hp.

3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2
30
x x
) L lim x 3x x 2x lim ( x 3x x ( x 2x x)
+ +
( (
= =
( (

= + +

x x
3 2 2 3
1 2
lim lim x 3x x x 2x x G G
+ +
( (
= =
( (

+
+)
( )
3 2 3
2 1
3 2 3 2 2 3 3
3 2 3
x x
x 3x
G
x 3x x x 3x x
x
lim x 3x x lim
+ +
+
(
= = =

+ + + +

+

( )
2 2
3 2 3 2 2 3 3
3 3
x x
3 3 3
1
3
3 3 x 3x x x 3x x
1 1 1
x x
x
lim lim
+ +
= = = =
| |
+ + + +
+ + + +
|
\ .

+)
2 2
2
2
x x
2
x 2x x
x 2x x
G lim x 2x x lim
+ +

(
= = =

+


2 x x
2 2 2
1
2 2 x 2x x
1 1
x x
lim lim
+ +

= = = =
+
+

Vy L
30
= G
1
- G
2
= 2
V d 31 :
*
31
m n
x 1
m n
L lim , (m, n N )
1 x 1 x

(
= e
(



Bi gii :
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
25

31 m n m n
x 1 x 1
m n m 1 n 1
L lim lim
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x

(
( | | | |
= = =
| |
(
(

\ . \ .



1 2
m n
x 1 x 1
m 1 n 1
lim lim G G
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x

| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .

+)
2 m 1
1
m m
x 1 x 1
m 1 m (1 x x ... x )
G lim lim
1 x 1 x 1 x

+ + + +
| |
= = =
|

\ .


2 m 1
m
x 1
(1 x) (1 x ) ... (1 x )
lim
1 x

+ + +
= =

m 2
m 1
x 1
(1 x) 1 (1 x) ... (1 x ... x )
lim
(1 x)(1 x ... x )

( + + + + + + +

= =
+ + +

m 2
m 1
x 1
1 (1 x) ... (1 x ... x ) 1 2 ... m 1 m 1
lim
1 x ... x m 2

+ + + + + + + + + +
= = =
+ + +

Tng t ta tnh c
2
n 1
G
2

=
Vy
31 1 2
m 1 n 1 m n
L G G
2 2 2

= = =
Trong bi tp ny ta s dng thut ton thm, bt tch gii hn cn tm
thnh hai gii hn v tnh cc gii hn ny bng cch bin i v dng
0
0
. Vic
thm bt biu thc phi tinh tv ph thuc vo c im tng bi.
Kt lun :
i vi dng v nh , ta phi tu vo c im tng bi m vn
dng linh hot cc k nng thm bt, nhn lin hp, phn tch thnh nhn t
bin i v kh dng v nh. Ta thng chuyn chng v cc dng v nh d
tnh hn l
0
0
,

.
Bi tp t luyn
1)
x
lim x x x x
+
(
+ +
(

2)
2 2
3 3
x
lim (x 1) (x 1)

(
+


3)
x
lim x x x x x x
+
+ +
(
(

4)
3 2
x
lim x 1 x

(
+


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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
26
5)
| |
x
lim ln(5x 8) ln(3x 5)
+
+ + 6)
5
x
lim (x 1)(x 2)...(x 5) x
+
+ + +
(



IV. GII HN DNG V NH 0.
Dng tng qut ca gii hn ny l :

| |
0
x
(x x )
lim f (x).g(x)

trong
0 0
x x
(x x ) (x x )
lim f (x) 0, lim g(x)


= =
kh dng v nh ny, ta thng tm cch chuyn chng v dng gii
hn khc d tnh hn nh
0
0
,

bng cch nhn lin hp, thm bt, i bin

V d p dng :
V d 32 :
( )
2
32
x
L lim x x 5 x
+
(
= +
(


Bi gii : Ta kh dng v nh ny bng cch nhn lin hp
a v dng v nh

( )
2 2
2
32
2 x x
x( x 5 x)( x 5 x)
L lim x x 5 x lim
x 5 x
+ +
+ + +
(
= + = =
(

+ +

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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
27

2 2
2 2 2 x x x
x(x 5 x ) 5x 5
lim lim lim
x 5 x x 5 x x 5 x
x
+ + +
+
= = =
+ + + + + +


2
x x > 0 x x + =
Do :
2 x x
2
5 5 5
lim lim
2 5
x 5 x
1 1
x
x
+ +
= =
+ +
+ +

Vy
32
5
L
2
=
V d 33 :
33
x 1
x
L lim(1 x)tg
2

t
=
Bi gii : t t 1 x = ta c :
x 1 t 0

33
t 0 t 0
(1 t) t
L lim t.tg lim t.tg
2 2 2

t t t (
( | |
= = =
|
(
(
\ .



t 0 t 0 t 0
t
t t 2 2
2
lim t.cotg lim lim
t t
2
tg tg
2 2

t
t
(
= = = =
(
t t
t t


Vy
33
2
L =
t

Bi tp t luyn
1)
( )
2
x
lim x 4x 9 2x

(
+ +
(

2)
( )
2 4 4
x
lim x 3x 5 3x 2

(
+
(


3)
( )
2 3 3
x
lim x 4x 5 8x 1

(
+
(

4)
x
4
lim tg2x.tg x
4
t

t (
| |

|
(
\ .


5)
( )
2 2
x a
x
lim a x tg
2a

t
(

(

6)
1 1
2
x x
x
lim x e e 2

(
| |
+
( |
\ .


V. GII HN DNG V NH 1

Dng tng qut ca gii hn ny l :
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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
28

| |
0
g(x)
x x
lim f (x)

, trong
0 0
x x x x
limf (x) 1, limg(x)

= =
Hai gii hn c bn thng c s dng khi tnh gii hn dng v nh 1

l :
+)
x
x
1
lim 1
x
e

| |
|
\ .
+ = (1)
+)
( )
1
x
x
lim 1 x e

+ = (2)

Trong qu trnh vn dng, hc sinh bin i v dng

0
x x
f(x)
1
lim 1
f(x)
e

| |
|
\ .
+ = nu
0
x x
limf (x)

=

( )
0
1
g(x)
x x
lim 1 g(x) e

+ = nu
0
x x
limg(x) 0

=
bin i gii hn cn tm, hc sinh vn dng mnh sau (da vo
tnh lin tc ca hm s m).
Nu hai hm s f(x), g(x) tho mn cc iu kin :
1)
0
x x
limf (x) a 0

= >
2)
0
x x
limg(x) b

=
th
| |
0
g(x)
b
x x
lim f (x) a

=
Hai gii hn c bn v mnh trn l c s tnh cc gii hn dng v
nh 1

V d p dng
V d 34 :
( )
1
x
34
x 0
L lim 1+ sin2x

=
Bi gii :
( ) ( ) ( )
sin 2x
1 1 sin 2x 1
x
.
x sin 2x x sin 2x
34
x 0 x 0 x 0
L lim 1+ sin2x lim 1+ sin2x lim 1+ sin2x

(
= = =
(


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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
29
Ta c :
( )
1
sin 2x
x 0
lim 1+ sin2x e

= ( hc sinh d hiu nn t t = sin2x)

x 0 x 0
sin2x sin2x
lim 2lim 0
x 2x

= =
Do :
( )
sin 2x
1
x
2
sin 2x
34
x 0
L lim 1+ sin2x e

(
= =
(


V d 5 :
4 3x
35
x
x 1
L lim
x 2

+
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .

Bi gii : s dng gii hn c bn ta bin i :
x 1 1
1
x 2 (x 2)
+
= +
+ +


4 3x
(x 2).
4 3x
(x 2)
35
x x
x 1 1
L lim lim 1
x 2 (x 2)

+
+ +
| | +
| |
= = +
| |
+ +
\ .
\ .

V
(x 2)
x
x x x
1
lim 1 e
(x 2)
4
3
4 3x 3x 4
x
lim lim lim 3
2
(x 2) x 2
1
x
+
+
+ + +

| |
+ =
|
+
\ .

= = =

+ +
+

nn
3
35
L e =
Bi 36 :
tg2 y
4
36
t 0
L lim tg y
4
t | |

|
\ .

t (
| |
=
|
(
\ .


Bi gii : t y x , x y 0
4 4
t t
= .Ta c :

2
1 tg y
tg2 y
2tgy 4
36
t 0 t 0
1 tgy
L lim tg y lim
4 1 tgy
t | |

|
\ .

| | t (
| |
= = =
| | (
+
\ .
\ .


2
2
2tgy 1 tg y
.
1 tg y 1 tgy
1 tgy 2tgy

2tgy 2tgy
t 0 t 0
2tgy 2tgy
lim 1 lim 1
1 tgy 1 tgy

+
+

(
| | | |
(
= + = +
| |
(
+ +
\ . \ .
(


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Nhng dng v nh thng gp trong bi ton tm gii hn ca hm s
TRNG THPT LNG PH (www.toanthpt.net)
30
V
1 tgy

2tgy
y 0
2tgy
lim 1 e
1 tgy
+

| |
+ =
|
+
\ .
v

( )
2
y 0 y 0
2tgy 1 tg y
. 1 tgy 1
1 tgy 2tgy
lim lim

| |
= + =
|
+
\ .

nn
1
36
L e

=
Kt lun :
Vi dng v nh 1

, vic nhn dng khng kh khn i vi hc sinh.

Tuy nhin, lm c bi tp, hc sinh phi vn dng tt cc k nng a
cc gii hn cn tm v mt trong hai gii hn c bn (1) v (2). Hai k nng
ch yu c s dng l i bin v thm bt.
Bi tp t luyn
1)
( )
2
cot g x
2
x 0
lim 1 x

+ 2)
1
sin x
x 0
1 tgx
lim
1 sin x

+
| |
|
+
\ .

3)
2
x
2
2
x
x 3
lim
x 2

| | +
|

\ .
3)
( )
cot g x
x 1
lim 1 sin x
t

+ t
5)
2
1
x
x 0
lim(cos2x)

6)
x
x
1 1
lim sin cos
x x

| |
+
|
\ .

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