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a dng nm ln Vit Nam v gi tr ti nguyn ca chng


Cp nht ngy 22/6/2011 lc 11:00:00 AM. S lt c: 941.

Nu c tnh s loi nm c th c trn lnh th Vit Nam gp 6 ln s loi thc vt bc cao th s loi c th ln ti 72000 loi. iu c ngha l hn 90% s loi nm c th c ca Vit Nam cn cha c nh loi v nu tn trong danh lc

M u Vit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia c a dng sinh hc cao trn th gii vi khong 12000 loi thc vt bc cao v 3000 loi ng vt c xng sng c m t, trong c nhng loi c hu. Cu trc a cht c o, a l thy vn a dng, kh hu nhit i gi ma, nhng kiu sinh thi khc nhau gp phn to nn s a dng ca khu h nm Vit Nam. Vit Nam, L Qu n (1726 - 1784) nhc n Linh chi l mt sn vt qu him ca t rng i Nam. Trong thi k Php thuc, nhng nghin cu v nm ca Vit Nam ni chung v nm ln ni ring c thc hin u tin t cui th k 19, u th k 20 bi cc tc gi nc ngoi nh Patouillard N. (1890, 1897, 1907, 1909, 1913, 1915, 1917, 1920, 1923, 1927, 1928), Hariot P. & Patouillard N. (1914), Heim R. & Maleneon G. (1918)... Min Nam Vit Nam, Phm Hong H (1953), Joly P. (1968), cng bc u cng b mt s loi nm. min Bc Vit Nam, sau khi ha bnh lp li, vic nghin cu nm ni chung v nm ln ni ring c tin hnh Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni v mt s c quan khc vi cc cng trnh ca Nguyn Vn Din (1965), Trng Vn Nm (1965), Trnh Tam Kit (1965, 1966), H. Kreisel (1966), Nguyn Vn Quyt (1969), Trnh Tam Kit (1970), Cao Vn Bnh (1970), Trnh Vn Trng (1970), Trnh Tam Kit (1975) T ngy t nc thng nht, cc nghin cu v nm cng c tip tc tin hnh bi mt s tc gi nc ngoi nh Joly P. & Perreau J. (1977), Pfister D. H. (1977), Parmasto E. (1986); cc tc gi trong nc nh Trnh Tam Kit (1977, 1981, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005, 2008, 2010), Ng Anh (1978, 1999, 2003), Phan Huy Dc (1991, 1996), L Xun Thm v Hong Th M Linh (2001), Trnh Tam Kit v cc tc gi khc (2001), Trnh Tam Kit, Trnh Th Tam Bo (2004, 2005, 2006, 2008), Trnh Tam Kit v Phan Vn Hp (2008), on Vn V, Trnh Tam Kit (2008); cng nh cng b chung gia cc tc gi nc ngoi v Vit Nam ca H. Drfelt, T. T. Kiet & A. Berg (2004), Trnh Tam Kit, Trnh Th Tam Bo & H. Dorfelt (2007) Cng cn phi ni thm rng, vic nui trng nm n Vit Nam thc y vic nhp nhiu chng ging nm n nc ngoi tin hnh nghin cu, thun ha v nui trng Vit Nam dn ti s c mt ca tp on ging vi khong 50 chng nm n v nm cho dc liu. Mt s chng pht tn bo t v hnh thnh qu th trong iu kin t nhin ca Vit Nam v gp phn phong ph cho khu h nm. Nhn chung khu h nm Vit Nam ni chung v nm ln ni ring cn cha c nghin cu mt cch y so vi thc vt bc cao v ng vt c xng sng v c cng b ch yu bi cc kha lun, lun vn tt nghip c nhn, thc s, tin s v cc bi bo ng trong cc tp ch khoa hc trong nc v mt s t nc ngoi. Cc sch xut bn chuyn v phn loi nm cng cn rt t, c th k ra mt s cng trnh ca Trnh Tam Kit (1981, 1996), Bi Xun ng (1976, 1984) Trnh Tam Kit v cc tc gi khc (2001) V vy, nhng nhn xt nu ra di y ch mi mang tnh cht s b bc u v khu h nm ln Vit Nam. c im chung v khu h nm ln Vit Nam Ti thi im hin nay (2010), c khong 2500 loi nm c ghi nhn cho lnh th Vit Nam, trong s khong 1400 loi thuc 120 chi l nhng loi nm ln (Macro fungi). Ta c th so snh

mt s nhm nm ln c iu tra bc u ca Vit Nam vi nm ln ca Trung Quc v th gii thy r mc a dng ca chng (Bng 1). Bng 1. S lng loi v ging ca mt s b Nm Vit Nam so snh vi Trung Quc v Th gii

Taxa Myxomycota Ascomycota Meliolales Xylariales Pezizales Basidiomycota Agaricales Aphyllophorales Auriculariales Boletales Dacrymycetales Hymenogastales Lycoperdales Nidulariales Phallales Russulales Tremellales

S lng loi/s S lng loi/s S lng loi/s lng lng ging VN lng ging TQ ging trn th gii 22/13 888/62 18/1 68/12 18/8 250/7 303/15 7/1 50/12 4/3 1/1 22/6 11/3 11/4 35/5 17/8 360/10 400/73 800/120 600/100 15/1 500/40 37/7 48/7 60/10 30/4 73/19 150/6 82/73 1600/24 2487/209 1030/177 6000/300 1500/150 20/5 1100/90 80/11 120/15 270/33 60/5 140/32 500/10 270/53

i su phn tch khu h nm ln Vit Nam v s a dng ca cc taxon, ta thy cc loi nm m (Basidiomycota) chim u th r rt vi hn 90% tng s loi; sau l nm Nang (Ascomycota) chim khong 8%; nm Nhy (Myxomycota) chim 1,5% v nm Ni cng sinh (Glomeromycota) chim khong 0,5%. Trong ngnh nm m th tuyt i a s nm ln thuc ngnh ph Agaricomycotina Doweld (2001); ch c mt s rt t loi thuc 2 ngnh ph Pucciniomycotina R. Baeuer, Beregow (vi 12 loi thuc chi Septobasidium thuc b Septobasidioles) v Ustilagomycotina Doweld (2001) vi cc lp thuc Ustilagomycetes (vi 2 i din thuc lp nm Than l Ustilago maydis trn ng v Ustilago esculenta trn c ning u n c) v Exobasidiomycetes (vi mt vi loi thuc chi nm m ngoi Exobasidium gy bnh phng l). Trong ngnh ph Agaricomycotina, i a s nm ln thuc v lp Agaricomycetes. Hai lp cn li ch c s lng loi rt khim tn l Tremellomycetes (17 loi thuc b Tremellales) v lp Dacrymycetes ( vi 5 loi thuc b Dacrymycetales). Trong lp Agaricomycetes, cc b c s lng loi nhiu nht l Aphyllophorales sensu lato (hn 300 loi), Agaricales sensu lato (gn 300 loi), Boletales (gn 60 loi), Russulales (gn 40 loi). Cc b c t loi nht l Hymenogastrales (1 loi), Ceratiomycetales (1 loi). Nu c tnh s loi nm c th c trn lnh th Vit Nam gp 6 ln s loi thc vt bc cao (Hawksworth 1991, 2001) th s loi c th ln ti 72000 loi. iu c ngha l hn 90% s loi nm c th c ca Vit Nam cn cha c nh loi v nu tn trong danh lc. Trong danh lc Thc vt Vit Nam phn Nm (2001), s lng loi nm ch c khong 2250 loi, trong cc loi nm Nang (Ascomycota) cn rt t so vi cc loi nm m (Basidiomycota). Trong khi , nhn chung trn th gii s lng loi nm Nang c tnh chim 2/3 trong tng s cc loi nm c m t. Mt khc, ngay trong nm m (Basidiomycota) th cc loi nm Than (Usilagomycetes), Nm r (Pucciniomycetes) mi ch c nu ra vi mt s t cc i din. Thm vo , cc loi nm thy sinh trong nc ngt v nc mn ca Vit Nam hu nh cn cha c cng b no. Ngay i vi nm ln, s lng cc taxon nh tn c cng ch l bc u. Ch ring chi Marasmius cng c ti khong 500 loi phn b ch yu vng nhit i, nhng Vit Nam mi ch c dn ra mt s loi c trng. Tnh trng tng t nh vy cng c th k ra vi cc chi nm c qu th vi kch thc b nh Mycena, Marasmiellus, Trong khi nh loi nm, chng ta hin nay ch yu da vo cc kha nh loi v m t loi chun ca cc tc gi nc ngoi khi nghin cu khu h nm ca Chu u, Bc M, Nht Bn v mt s t ti liu c c ca khu h nm ng Phi, Trung Quc, Lin X c Qua d nhn ra c s khc bit gia cc loi nm ca Vit Nam v cc nc khc, nht l

nm n i. Trong mt s trng hp, khi c cn c th mt s loi mi v th mi cho khoa hc cng c m t. C th k lm v d nh: Favolaschia tonkinensis (Pat.) Sing. = Laschia tonkinensis Pat., Flammunila hanoiensis Pat., Nm bao gc mp nhn - Amanita excelsa (Fr.) Bertillon var. nigrogranulata Drfelt, Kiet R Berk var. nov. , Nm d nh - Chaetocalathus columallifer (Berk.) Singer var. microspora Drfelt, Kiet & Berg var. nov., Nm sao t ming en Geastrum frimbriatum Fr. var. melanocyclum Drfelt, Kiet & Berk var. nov., Lactarius sanguifluus Fr. var. asiaticus Drfelt, Kiet & Berk var. nov., Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr. var. asiaticus Drfelt, Kiet & Berk var. nov., Polyporus ciliatus Fr.: Fr. var. tropicus Dfrelt, Kiet & Berg var. nov., Xerocomus langbianensis Drfelt, Kiet & Berk sp. nov., ... y cng cn phi ni thm, c mt s loi c cc tc gi ngi Php trc kia m t l loi mi cho khoa hc. Tuy nhin, sau khi kim tra mu chun, cc tc gi khc nh chnh li v cho rng chng l cc synonym ca cc loi c m t. C th k lm v d nh: Lentinus tonkinensis Pat. (1917) thc ra l Nm hng Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler., Lentinus bavianus Pat. l synonym ca Lentinus squarrosulus Mont., Favolus annamensis Pat. l synonym ca Polyporus udus Jungh., ... Ngay c chi Amanita c khu phn b ton th gii vi rt nhiu loi nm gy ng c cht ngi nguy him v cng c nhng loi nm n qu, trong khi nh loi, cc nh nm hc Trung Quc cng da ch yu vo cc chuyn kho nm ca Chu u, Bc M, Nht Bn. Nhng nghin cu gn y Trung Quc c s phi hp vi cc tc gi nc ngoi, trong c ch ti cc c im sinh hc phn t v siu cu trc ch ra c khong 30 loi mi, hon ton tch bit vi cc loi c m t kh ging nhau v mt hnh thi. Gn y, khi nghin cu chi Xylaria Vn Quc gia Cc Phng ca Vit Nam, Trn Huyn Trang (2010) ch ra s loi mi ghi nhn cho lnh th Vit Nam l kh ln (20 loi) v 17 loi c th l mi cho khoa hc. C th thy nhn nh ca Readhead (1989) v cc nghin cu nm Bc M khu h nm c nghin cu rt t so vi khu h ng vt v thc vt bc cao hay ca Mao (2000) Trung Quc nhng nghin cu v h thng v phn loi nm tt hu t nht khong 50 nm so vi vic nghin cu cc cy c mch v ng vt c xng sng cng ng cho tnh trng nghin cu nm Vit Nam. S a dng v cc yu t a l ca nm ln Vit Nam Khu h nm Vit Nam rt a dng. Chng c to thnh t: Cc loi lin nhit i Gm cc taxon thuc cc chi: Amauroderma, Cookeina, Heterochaete, Deflexula, Podoscypha, Haddowia, Favolaschia, Lentinus, Tomophagus, vi s loi kh ln; c th k lm v d nh: Amauroderma auriscalpium (Pers.) Pat., Amauroderma macer (Berk.) Pat., Amauroderma subrugosum (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend, Ganoderma tropicum (Jungh) Bres., Ganoderma tornatum (Pers.) Bres., Tomophagus colossus Murr., Hymonochaete attenuata Lev., Hymenochaete cacao Berk., Stereum lobatum Fr., Nigrofomes melanoporus (Mont.) Murr., Perenniporia matius (Berk.) Ryv., Volvariella volvacea (Fr.) Sing., Volvariella murinella Gill., Deflexula fascicularis (Bres.), Phallus aurantiacus Mont., Dictyophora multicolor Berk. & Br., ... Cc loi nhit i c Chng c s chi t hn cc yu t lin nhit i, nhng cng c th gp mt s chi nh: Sarcoxylon, Microporus v mt s loi ca cc chi khc nh: Cerrena meyenii (Klotzch) L. Hansen, Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr., Lentinus tuberregium (Fr.) Fr., Lentinus similis Berk. and Broome, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont., Pseudofavolus tenuis (Hooker) Cunn., Rigidoporus durus (Jungh.) Imaz., Ryvarden (1993) cho rng rt c th chi Microporus c hnh thnh sau khi c s tch ca Chu M ra khi Chu Phi. Cc loi nhit i - Phi Bao gm mt s loi in hnh nh: Nm l keo Favolaschia tonkinnensis (Pat.) Singer (Laschia tonkinnensis Pat.), Nm mi Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) R. Heim, Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Podabrella microcarpa (Berk. & Br.) Sing., Cc loi nhit i Chu Gm mt s i din nh: Cookenia institia (Berk. and M. A. Curtis) Kuntze, Heterochaete cretacea Pat., Termitomyces heimii Natarajan,

Cc loi ng v Bc M Ch gm mt s taxon nh: Wolfiporia cocos (Schu.), Boletus griseus Forst., Boletus aff. ornatipes Peck, Cc loi ng Gm mt s i din nh: Ganoderma amboinense Pat., Ganoderma sinenese Zhao & Zang, Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler. (qua nui trng ch ng, nm hng ngy nay c c Bc M v Chu u), Cc loi n i c bit chng ta c th gp cc loi nm phn b vng n i trong rng ca cc vng ni va v ni cao nh Sapa - Phansipang, Tam o Vnh Phc, Ba V H Ni, P Mt Ngh An, Bch M Bnh Tr Thin, Lt - Lm ng. C th nh: Thelephora nigrescens Bres., Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr., Flammulina velutipes (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst., Gomphus floccosus (Schw.) Sing., Gomphus glutinosus (Pat.) Petersen, Tremella mesenterica Petz.: Fr., Cortinarius violaceus (L.: Fr.) Fr., Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis: Fr.) Quel., Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Pilat, Aleuria aurantia (Pers.: Fr.) Fuck. Cc loi Bc bn cu C s lng taxon kh ln, bao gm cc i din thuc cc chi: Inocybe, Lactarius, Clavaria, Spongipellis, Favolus, Fistulina, Lepista, Suillus, vi mt s loi in hnh nh: Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr., Lepista sordida (Fr.) Singer, Russula nigricans (Bull.) Fr., Russula viescens (Schaeff.) Fr., Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers., Russula foetens (Pers.) Fr., Russula emetica (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers., Russula delica Fr., Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr., B. erythropus (Pers.: Fr.) Krombh, Aureoboletus gentilis (Quel.) Pouz., Suilus luteus (L.: Fr.) S. F. Gray, Xerocomus badius (Fr.: Fr.) J.E. Gilb., Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Cantharellus tubaeformis (Bull.) Fr., Tremiscus helveloides (Dc.: Fr.) Donk., Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.: Fr.) Karst.; mt s loi nm ph g nh: Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.: Fr.) Karst., Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.: Fr.) Karst., Trametes hirsuta (Wulf.: Fr.) Pilat, Cc loi ton th gii Vit Nam c cc loi in hnh nh: Schizophyllum communne Fr.: Fr. (mc khp mi ni v quanh nm), Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr., Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr., Irpex lacteus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murrill, Daldinia concentrica (Bolt.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not.. Ngoi ra cng phi k n cc loi gn nh c khu phn b ton th gii (thc ra ban u chng khng phi l ton th gii nhng qua trng trt, chn nui gn vi cc hot ng sng ca con ngi, chng c khu phn b rng khp mi ni) nh: Agaricus campetris L.: Fr., Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc., Agaricus bisporus (Lange.) Imbach, Macrolepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Quel., Coprinus disseminatus (Pers.: Fr.) S. F. Gray, Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.,... Gi tr ti nguyn nm ln Vit Nam Cc loi nm ln ca Vit Nam t ra c gi tr ti nguyn rt ng k v nhiu mt, bao gm: Cc loi nm n c C khong hn 200 loi trong khong 50 loi l nm n qu. Tuyt i a s nm n ca Vit Nam thuc cc i din ca nm m Basidiomycota v mt s t loi thuc nm Ti Ascomycota. C th k lm v d nh: cc loi Mc nh thuc chi Auricularia (7 loi), Ngn nh Tremella (5 loi), Nm hng Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, Nm rm - Volvariella volvacea (Fr.) Sing., Nm mi Termitomyces (3 loi), Nm thng - Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr., Nm chm - Boletus aff. felleus (Bull. : Fr.) Karst., Nm trng khng l - Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegle. Lodge, Nm c dy Entoloma clypeatus (L.) Qul., Nm bo ng Pleurotus spp., Nm mo g Cantherellus cibarius Fr., Nm ngc chm - Hypsizigus marmoreus (Peck) Bigelow, Nm kim chm Flammulina velutipes (Curt. ex Fr.) Sing., ... ng ch l mt i din ca Nm than Ustomycetes l Ustilago esculenta P. Henn. - Yenia esculenta (P. Henn.) Liou k sinh trn gc ca cy Ning c dng lm thc phm, trc kia c by bn ch, hin nay tr nn rt him.

Cc loi nm dng lm dc liu Cc loi nm c th dng lm dc liu c khong hn 200 loi (Trnh Tam Kit, 2008) trong c rt nhiu loi l dc liu qu nh : Linh chi mt nm Ganoderma lucidum complex, Linh chi s Ganoderma capense (Lloyd) Teng; Linh chi nhiu nm Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat., Linh chi hi min - Tomophagus colossus Murrill, Nm l phn nhiu nm Lariciformes officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz., Nm l g st - Inonotus obliquus (Pers.: Fr.) Pil. v mt s khc, Nm vn chi - Trametes versicolor (Fr.) Pilat., Nm phin chi - Schizophyllum commune Fr., Nm hng Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, Nm kim chm Flammulina velutipes (Curt. ex Fr.) Sing., Mc nh - Auricularia, Ngn nh Tremella, ng trng h tho - Cordycep sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. - Cordycep militaris (L.) Link, Nhng nghin cu bc u v cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc ca mt s nm ln Vit Nam cho thy chng rt giu cc cht c trng lng phn t ln nh polysaccharide, polysaccharide peptide, lectine, v cc cht c trng lng phn t nh nh cc flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid, c tc dng chng vim, tng cng p ng min dch, h tr iu tr cc bnh him ngho nh ung th, suy gim min dch, tit niu, tim mch, Cc loi nm c Cc loi nm c Vit Nam cng kh phong ph. Nhng nghin cu bc u ch ra danh lc ca hn 30 loi (Trnh Tam Kit, 2008). Trong s cc loi nm c ca Vit Nam, nhm nguy him nht l cc loi gy ng c cht ngi nh: Nm c xanh en - Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Serc., Nm c tn trng - Amanita verna (Lam.) Pers., Nm c trng hnh nn - Amanita virosa Lam.: Fr. gy ra rt nhiu v ng c, c bit l cc vng ni ni c nhiu ng bo cc dn tc thiu s sinh sng. Mt s loi nm c khc gy ng c thn kinh, tiu ha, gy o gic khc cng rt nguy him. C th k ra nh: Nm rui, nm c - Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker., Nm c nu - Amanita pantherina (D.C) Secr., Cortinarius aff. gentilis (Fr.: Fr) Fr. - Cortinarius aff. gentilis (Fr.) Fr. - Nm c r st, Entoloma lividum (Bull.) Qul., Chlorophyllum molypdites (Meyer. ex Fr.) Mass. Nm phin xanh, Mycena pura (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kummer, Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) Qul., Clitocybe aff. rivulosa (Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm, Nm phin m (Nm phn) - Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Qul. - Panaeolus retirugis (Fr.) Gill., Cc loi nm c kh nng ng dng trong cng ngh sinh hc v bo v mi trng Khong 50 loi nm c kh nng sinh enzyme v mt s hot cht qu c th c ng dng trong cng ngh sinh hc v bo v mi trng. Kt lun Nhn chung, t cc ti liu dn ra trn, chng ta c th thy khu h nm Vit Nam ni chung v nm ln ni ring mi ch c nghin cu bc u. Tuy vy, khu h nm ln Vit Nam cng rt a dng, c cu thnh t nhiu yu t a l v c gi tr ti nguyn to ln. khc phc tnh trng tt hu so vi vic nghin cu thc vt bc cao v ng vt c xng sng, bo tn ngun gen nm ln v pht huy nhng gi tr ti nguyn qu, chng ta cn u t thch ng nhm y mnh vic nghin cu mt cch y khu h nm ln Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. Ti liu tham kho chnh 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Phm Hong H (1953), Cy c min Nam Vit Nam, Trung tm Hc liu B Gio Dc, Si Gn. Trnh Tam Kit (1981), Nm ln Vit Nam, Tp 1, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni. Trnh Tam Kit (1996), Danh lc nm ln Vit Nam, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. Trnh Tam Kit v cc tc gi (2001), Danh lc cc loi thc vt Vit Nam (phn Nm), Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. Drfelt, T. T. Kiet & A. Berg, 2004. Neue Makromyceten-Kollektionen von Vietnam und deren systematische und kogeographische Bedeutung, Feddes Reperttorium 115 (2004) 1-2, 164177. Heim, R. & Malencon, G., 1928. Champignon du Tonkin recuellies par M. V. Demange. Ann. Crypt. Exot. 1, 58-74. Paris. Joly, P., 1968. Elements de la flore mycologique du Viet Nam. IV. La flore des pinedes du planteau du Lang-Bian. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France, 84(4), 529-565. Joly, P & Perreau, J., 1977. Sur quelques chapignons sauvages consomnes au Viet Nam. Travaux dedies a Goerges Viennot-Bourgin. Soc. Franc. Phytopath., Paris, pp. 159-168.

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Kiet T. T. (1975), Einige Charakteristika der Grosspilzflora Nord-Vietnams, Feddes Repert. Berlin 86(1-2), pp. 113-117. Kiet T. T. (1998), Preliminary checklist of macrofungi of Vietnam, Feddes Repertorium, Berlin, 109(3-4), pp. 257-277. Kiet T. T. (1998), Charakteriska der Grosspilzflora Vietnam, Feddes Repert. Berlin 109(3-4), pp. 249-255. Trinh Tam Kiet, Trinh Tam Bao, B. Albrech, D. Henrich (2007), New records and new Taxa of Vietnams Macro Fungi and their ecological characteristics, Procceedings ICCC11: 2007, Goslar, Germany. Trinh Tam Kiet (2008), Poisonous mushrooms of Vietnam, Genetics and Applications, No 4, pp. 70-73. Kreisel, H., 1966. Holzzerstorende Pilze aus Viet Nam. Biol. Rundschau 4 (5): 245-246. Berlin. Pamasto, E, 1986. Preliminary licstjof Vietnamese Aphyllophorales s.str., Talin Patouillard, N., 1890. Contributions a la flore mycologique du Tonkin (3e serie). J. Bot. (Paris) 11, 335-349, 367-374. Patouillard, N., 1907. Champignons nouveaux du Tonkin. Bull. Soc. Myc. France 23, 69-79. Patouillard, N., 1913-1927. Quelques champignons du Tonkin. Bull. Soc. Myc. France. Patouillard, N., 1923. Contributions a letude des champignons de lAnnam. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris. 29, 332-339. Patouillard, N., 1927. Quelques champignons du Tonkin (Suite). Bull. Soc. Myc. France 43, 24-34. Pfister, D. H., 1977. Annotated index to fungi described by Patouillard. Contr. Reed Herb. 25. 211 pp. Zhu L. Yang, 2005. Diversity and Biogeography of Higher Fungi in China, In: Evolutionary Genetics of Fungi (ed. by Jianping Xu) Norfolk, U. K.: Horizon Bioscience.

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a dng cc taxon v yu t a l cu thnh khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu


(Cp nht ngy: 16/01/2010 21:41:00) Nm c ngha rt quan trng trong i sng ca con ngi, chng c vai tr thc tin trong nn kinh t, khoa hc v cc chu trnh vt cht, nng lng trong thin nhin.

Ng Anh, Trn Th Thu i Hc Khoa Hc Hu M U Nm c ngha rt quan trng trong i sng ca con ngi, chng c vai tr thc tin trong nn kinh t, khoa hc v cc chu trnh vt cht, nng lng trong thin nhin. Nhiu loi c dng lm thc phm giu cht dinh dng (Termitomyces albuminosus, Macrocybe gigantea) cha nhiu protein, axit amin, cc cht khong v vitamin: A, B, C, D, E...(Oei P., 1996) [56]. Mt s loi c ng dng trong cng nghip dc phm, dng iu ch cc hot cht iu tr bnh nh: Laricifomes officinalis l nguyn liu chit agaricin dng cha bnh lao hoc dng lm thuc nhun trng v lm cht thay th cho quinine (Lincoff G. H., 1988)[48]. Cc ch phm t nm Linh Chi (Ganoderma) c dng h tr iu tr nhiu bnh nh: bnh gan, tit niu, tim mch, ung th, AIDS (Kim B. K. et al., 1994)[46]. Trong qu th ca Ganoderma lucidum c mt s cc hot cht nh: methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate v nhng cht c bn khc c hot tnh khng virus. Do , chng c tc dng km hm qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca virus HIV (Kim B. K. et al., 1994)[46]. Cc hot cht t Ganoderma applanatum c hiu lc chng khi u cao (Stamets P.,

Chilton J. S., 1983) [60]. V vy, chng c s dng h tr iu tr ung th: ung th phi, ung th v v ung th d dy (Chen K. et al, 1993 ; m Nhn, 1996) [29]. Cc dn xut adenosine c trong Ganoderma capense v G. amboinensec tc dng gim au, th gin c, c ch kt dnh tiu cu (Shimizu A., Kasahara Y.& Hikino H., 1987) [trch t 29].Cc ch phm t Linh chi cn c kh nng bo v phng x, hn ch v loi tr nhng tn thng phng x m v t bo, do Linh chi c kh nng o thi phng x (on Suy Ngh, 2000) [28]. Cc nm cng sinh hnh thnh r nm (mycorrhiza) cng sinh vi thc vt c th ng dng trong lm nghip, c bit trong vic trng rng, nh Pisolithus tinctorius hnh thnh r nm ngoi dinh dng(ectomycorrhiza) cng sinh vi cy thng nha (Pinus) (Lincoff G. H., 1988)[48] hoc cy bch n (Eucalyptus), gip gia tng t l sinh trng ca cy (Smith A. H., 1980) [61]. P.tinctoriushnh thnh thnh r nm cng sinh cht ch vi r cy thng, gip cy tng cng s hp th vn chuyn cc yu t dinh dng nh: N, P, K, Ca..., nn n c ng dng trong cc d n ti sinh hoc trng mi cc rng thng nha, bch n cc vng t ngho dinh dng hay t ct. Ngoi gi tr ti nguyn v thc phm, dc phm ca nm ln, cc loi nm hoi sinh c vai tr quan trng trong chu trnh tun hon vt cht v nng lng trong thin nhin. Nm hoi sinh s dng h men ca chng phn gii cc cht hu c, cc cnh l kh ca thc vt thnh cht mn, cht khong. Nm c th phn gii cc cht hu c phc tp thnh cc cht n gin, c th ng ho cc cht n gin thnh cc cht phc tp. Do , n l yu t quan trng lm tng ph nhiu ca t[24]. Ngoi li ch ca nm, mt s loi nm c c th gy ng c, i khi gy cht ngi nh: Amanita muscaria, A. phalloides hnh thnh cc cht c amanitin, phalloidin rt c, nu n khong vi miligam (0,003 - 0,005g) c th lm cht mt ngi (Trn Cng Khnh, Phm Hi, 1984; Smith A. H., 1980) [22, 61]. Mt s nm k sinh gy bnh thc vt, c bit mt s cy trng, cy rng lm thay i tnh cht l ho v c hc ca cy, lm cho cy cht hoc b yu v gy , tc hi n cc ngnh nng - lm nghip (R.L. Gilbertson, L. Ryvarden, 1986) [45]. Nm k sinh gy bnh mc li (heart rot pathogens) nh:Phellinus conchatus, P.punctatus, Laricifomes officinalis (R.L. Gilbertson, L. Ryvarden, 1986)[45]; nm k sinh gy bnh mc r (root rot pathogens) nh Phaeolus schweinitzii gy bnh mc r r cy thng. (Pinus merkusii, P.khasya) (R.L. Gilbertson, L. Ryvarden, 1986)[45]. Cc nm hoi sinh trn g gy mc trng (white rot), mc nu (brown rot) ph hu g rng, g xy dng cc cng trnh kin trc gy thit hi nghim trng(Ng Anh, 2003)[2]. Nm hoi sinh hnh thnh cc men cellulase, lignase, hemicellulase phn hu cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose v polysaccharide t g lm cho g b mc nt. Do , bn ca g

gim, tr nn mm, xp v cu trc ca g b nt. V d:Gloeophyllum trabeum l loi quan trng nht ph hu g nh ca, c bit ph bin mi nh.(R.L. Gilbertson, L. Ryvarden, 1986)[45]. Hin nay khu h nm ln Vit Nam c ghi nhn 1250 loi. (Trnh Tam Kit et al., 2001)[ ]. Vit Nam vng nhit i vi a hnh a dng, kh hu phc tp, h thc vt v nm rt a dng. Tuy nhin, ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phong ph nc ta cha c nghin cu mt cch hon chnh. Tha Thin Hu c a hnh a dng, gm cc vng sinh thi nh : vng ni, vng i, vng ng bng v vng ct ven bin - t ngp mn (Ng Anh, 2003)[21]. V vy, khu h nm y rt a dng v thnh phn loi, yu t a l, dng sng v gi tr ti nguyn. n nay, Tha Thin Hu chng ti xc nh 465 loi nm ln, trong c 78 loi nm dc liu thuc 15 h trong ngnh nm m (Basidiomycota )..c bit c nhiu loi nm dc liu qu him trong h nm Linh Chi (Ganodermataceae ) (Ng Anh, 2008)[5, 6, 7]. NGUYN LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU i tng nghin cu: i tng nghin cu l cc loi nm ln phn b Tha Thin Hu. Cc loi c nui cy bo tn ngun gene l nhng loi nm dc liu trong h nm Linh chi, c bit cc loi nm dc liu qu him: Xch chi(Ganoderma lucidum,G. resinaceum), C Linh chi (Ganoderma australe), Hong chi(Ganoderma colossum), Thanh chi (Ganoderma philippii), T chi (Ganoderma fulvellum, G. dahlii), Hc chi(Ganoderma subresinosum) v Linh chi nhit i (Ganoderma tropicum). a im nghin cu: Cc mu vt c thu thp 8 huyn v thnh ph Hu - tnh Tha Thin Hu. Thi gian nghin cu: 1978 2009. Phng php nghin cu 1. Phng php thu thp, phn tch v xc nh mu Cc mu vt c thu thp ti mt s a im thuc 8 huyn v thnh ph Hu thuc tnh Tha Thin Hu. Mu vt c phn tch v xc nh phng php ca cc tc gi : Lincoff G. H. (1988)[48], Ryvarden L., Gilbertson R.L. (1993)[57], Smith A. H. (1980)[61], Singer R. (1986)[63] & Zhao J. D(1989)[65]. 2. Phng php phn lp v nui cy Cc mu vt c phn lp v nui cy theo cc phng php ca cc tc gi : Peter Oei (1996)[56], Paul Stamets , & Chilton & J.S. (1983)[60]. KT QU NGHIN CU I. S a dng v thnh phn loi nm dc liu Tha Thin Hu

Sau qu trnh nghin cu khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu ,chng ti xc nh c 465 loi thuc 140 chi, 56 h, 28 b, 4 lp trong 3 ngnh: Myxomycota, Ascomycota &Basidiomycota. S a dng v cc taxon ca khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu c th hin trong bng 1 .

Bng 1: a dng v taxon ca khu h nm ln (macromycoflora) Tha Thin Hu TT Ngnh Lp B H Chi Loi % 1 Myxomycota 2 3 3 3 3 0,64 2 Ascomycota 1 3 3 6 13 2,79 3 Basidiomycota 1 22 50 131 449 96,55 4 lp 28 b 56 h 140 chi 465 loi

TT 1 2 3 4 5

Bng 2: Cc h a dng nht H S chi S loi Coriolaceae 26 86 Ganodermataceae 2 53 Hymenochaetaceae 6 45 Polyporaceae 3 22 Tricholomataceae 18 25 5 h 55 chi 231 loi

% 18,49 11,39 9,67 4,73 5,37 49,67

5 h Coriolaceae, Ganodermataceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae, vTricholomataceae l nhng h a dng nht, gm 55 chi, 231 loi, ch chim 39,28% s chi nhng chim 49,67% s loi xc nh trong khu h.
Trong 56 h th h Coriolaceae chim u th tuyt i, gp 86 loi, chim 18,49% tng s loi xc nh; hHymenochaetaceae 45 loi, 9,67%; h Ganodermataceae gp 53 loi, 11,39%; h Tricholomataceae gp 25 loi, 5,37%, hPolyporaceae gp 22 loi, 4,73%.

Bng 3: Cc chi a dng nht


TT CHI H S LOI %

1 2 3 4 5

Coriolopsis Ganoderma Phellinus Polyporus Trametes 5 Chi

Coriolaceae Ganodermataceae Hymenochaetaceae Polyporaceae Coriolaceae 4 H

13 44 25 14 24 120 Loi

2,79 9,46 5,37 3,01 5,16 25,80

Trong 140 chi nghin cu th chiGanoderma chim u th nht, gp 44 loi, chim 9,46% tng s loi xc nh; Chi Phellinus gp 25 loi; 5,37%; chi Trametes gp 24 loi, 5,16%; chiPolyporus gp 14 loi, 3,01% v chi Coriolopsisgp 13 loi, 2,79% Nh vy 5 chi a dng nht chim 3,57% tng s chi ca khu h nm ln (5/140chi), trong 5 chi a dng nht c 120 loi, chim 25,80% tng s loi ca khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu. Bng 4: nh gi tnh a dng v loi ca cc ngnh
TT 1 2 3 Ngnh Myxomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota a dng mc h T l s loi trung bnh/h 1 (3loi/3 h) 4,33 (13 loi/3 h) 8,98 (449 loi/50 h) a dng mc chi T l s loi trung bnh/chi 1 (3 loi/3 chi) 2,16 (13 loi/6 chi) 3,42 (449 loi/131 chi)

So snh vi thnh phn loi ca khu h nm ln mt s vng nh: Thanh - Ngh - Tnh: 239 loi Gp phn nghin cu thnh phn loi v c im sinh hc ca mt s loi nm ln ph hoi g vng Thanh - Ngh Tnh" (Trn Vn Mo, 1984) [27]; Ty Ninh: 134 loi, Gp phn nghin cu nm ln mt s a im trong tnh Ty Ninh (Nguyn Th c Hu, 2000)[15], chng ti nhn thy thnh phn loi nm ln Tha Thin Hu phong ph v a dng hn cc vng Thanh - Ngh - Tnh v Ty Ninh. So snh vi mt s cng trnh cng b v nm ln Vit Nam nh: Patouillard nm 1928 cng b 178

loi trong Nouvelle contribution la flore mycologique de lAnnam et du Laos [54]; Phm Hong H nm 1953 cng b 49 chi; 31 loi trong Cy c min Nam Vit Nam [16], L Vn Liu nm 1977 m t 118 loi nm n v nm c trong Mt s nm n c v nm c rng [24], Parmasto E. nm 1986 tng kt 310 loi c cc nh nm hc cng b t trc n nm 1986 trong Danh mc bc u cc loi nmAphyllophorales v Polyoraceae s. str. Vit Nam [30], Phan Huy Dc nm 1996 cng b 133 loi trong Nghin cu phn loi b Agaricales vng ng bng Bc B Vit Nam [10], m Nhn nm 1996 cng b 37 loi trong Nghin cu thnh phn loi v mt s c im sinh hc nm Linh Chi (Ganodermataceae Donk) Vit Nam [29], Trnh Tam Kit, Ng Anh v cc tc gi khc nm 2001 cng b 1250 loi nm ln trong cng trnh Danh lc cc loi thc vt Vit Nam (Trnh Tam Kit, Ng Anh,2001)[21]. T s so snh vi cc kt qu nghin cu v nm ln Vit Nam t trc n nay, chng ti nhn thy thnh phn loi nm ln Tha Thin Hu rt a dng. Chng ti gp 420 loi trong tng s 1250 loi nm ln Vit Nam, chim 33,60% tng s loi c cng b Vit Nam.
Ngoi nhng taxon c cng b cc vng lnh th ca Vit Nam, chng ti pht hin 2 h mi: h Dichstereaceae Julich & h Hyphodermataceae Julich; 3 chi mi: Dichostereum Pilat, Hyphodontia J. Erikss & Xylodon (Pers.) Gray; v 44 loi mi cho khu h nm ln Vit Nam.[3, 13, 14, 17, 38].

* Cc taxon mi ghi nhn cho khu h nm ln Vit Nam Bng 4.7: Cc taxon mi ghi nhn cho khu h nm ln Vit Nam.
TT 1 2 Chi mi Dichostereum Pilat Hyphodontia J. Erikss H mi Dichstereaceae Julich Hyphodermataceae Julich

Xylodon (Pers.) Gray

Hyphodermataceae Julich

DANH LC CC LOI MI GHI NHN CHO KHU H NM LN VIT NAM 1. Amauroderma oblongisporum Furtado 2. Amauroderma schomburgkii (Mont. et Berk.) Torrend 3. Cortinarius sublanatus (Sow.) Fr. 4. Dichostereum effuscatum (Cke & Ell.) Boid. & Lanq. 5. Ganoderma atrum Zhao 6. Ganoderma calidophilum Zhao, Xu et Zhang 7. Ganoderma curtisii(Berk.)Murr. 8. Ganoderma duropora Lloyd 9. Ganoderma fornicatum (Fr.) Pat. 10. Ganoderma koningsbergii (Lloyd) Teng 11. Ganoderma lamaoense Steyaert 12. Ganoderma meijiangense Zhao 13. Ganoderma multiplea Hou 14. Ganoderma sanmingense Zhao et Zhang 15. Ganoderma sinchuanense Zhao et Zhang 16. Ganoderma theaecolum Zhao 17. Hexagonia hydnoides (Fr.) M. Fidalgo 18. Inocybe lanuginose Fr. 19. Lentaria byssiseda Corner 20. Lenzites tricolor var. daedalea Bourd. & Galz. 21. Lepiota clyeolaria (Bull.) Quel. 22. Lepiota licmophora (Berk. & Br.) 23. Lopharia involuta (Kl.) Bres. 24. Lopharia mellisii (Berk.) Bres. 25. Lycoperdon stellare (Peck) Lloyd 26. Panaeolus cinctulus (Bonton) Sacc. 27. Phellinus glaucescens (Petch) Ryv. 28. Phellinus luctuosus (Ces.) Ryv. 29. Phellinus portoricensis (Overl.) Fidalgo 30. Phellinus purpureo-gilvus (Petch) Ryv. 31. Phellinus sanfordii (Lloy) Ryv. 32. Pholiota praecox (Pers.) Qul. 33. Polyporus antilopus (Kalchbr.) Lloyd 34. Stereum aurantiacum (Pers.) Lloyd 35. Trametes conchifer (Schw.: Fr.) Pil. 36. Trametes elegans (Spreng.: Fr.) Fr. 37. Trametes nivosa (Berk.) Murr. 38. Trametes serialis Fr. 39. Trametes suaveolens L. : Fr.

40. Xylaria columnifera Mont. 41. Xylaria fecjensis (Berk.) Fr. 42. Xylaria fibula Mass. 43. Xylaria fissilis Ces. 44. Xylaria graminicola Ger. II. a dng v cc yu t a l cu thnh khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu Thnh phn loi nm ln Tha Thin Hu rt phong ph v a dng, gm nhiu yu t a l cu thnh khu h [2,38]. 1. Yu t ton cu (Cosmopolite) 2. Yu t Bc bn cu (North hemisphere ) 3. Yu t lin nhit i (Pantropic) 4. Yu t c nhit i (Paleotropic) 5. Yu t n i Bc ( North temperate) 6. Yu t ng (East Asia ) 7. Yu t Nam Trung Quc (South China) 1. Yu t ton cu (Cosmopolite): Yu t ton cu bao gm cc loi phn b gn khp th gii t vng nhit i n vng n i, t vng c nhit i n vng tn nhit i. Mt s loi ton cu nh: Bovista pusillum Batsch : Pers., Coprinus atramentarius (Bull. : Fr.) Fr. Daldinia concentrica (Bolt. : Fr.) Cs. & De Not. , Ganoderma lucidum(W. Curt. : Fr.) P. Karst., Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers. : Fr.) Murr., Laetiporus sulphureus (Fr.) Murr., Macrolepiota excoriata(Schaeff. : Fr.) S. Wasser, Perenniporria medulla panis (Jacq. : Fr.) Donk, Phaeolus schweinitzii Fr.) Pat. , Phellinus robustus(Karst.) Ryv., Polyporus arcularius Batsch: Fr., Schizophyllum commune Fr., Stereum hirsutum (Willd. : Fr.) Gray, Trametes pubescens (Schum. : Fr.) Pilt, Trichaptum biforme (Fr. in Kl.) Ryv. , Xylaria polymorpha (Pers. : Fr.) Grev... 2. Yu t Bc bn cu: ( North hemisphere ) Bao gm cc loi phn b khp vng Bc bn cu. Chng gn gi vi cc loi chu u v gn nh tng t nhau. Mt s loi Bc bn cu nh: Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers. : Fr.) Karst. Boletus erythropus (Fr.:Fr.)Krombh. Cantharellus friesiiQul., Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Berk. & Broome, Panusrudis Fr., Phellinus nigricans (Fr.) P.Karst. , Russula foetens(Pers. : Fr.) Fr. , Suillus granulatus (L. : Fr.) Kuntze, Suillusluteus (L. : Fr.) Gray. 3. Yu t lin nhit i ( Pantropic): Yu t lin nhit i bao gm cc loi phn b c vng c nhit i v tn nhit i, tc l cc loi phn b vng nhit i chu Phi, chu M, chu , v chu c. Mt s loi lin nhit i nh: Amauroderma rugosum (Bl. et Nees)

Torrend, Auriculariadelicata (Fr.) Henn., Coltricia oblectabilis (Lloyd) Ryv.,Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Ktze., Corliolopsis polyzona(Pers.) Ryv., Favolus brasilensis (Fr.) Fr., Ganoderma australe(Fr.) Pat., Ganoderma philippii (Bres. et Henn.) Bres.,Gloeophyllum striatum (Sw.: Fr.) Murr., Grammothele lineata Berk. & Curt., Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fr.) Hymenochaete cacao Berk., Hypocrea sulphurea (Schw.) Sacc., Lentariasurculus (Berk.) Corner, Lentinus fulvus Berk. , Macrocybe crassa (Berk.) Pegler & Lodge, M. gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lodge, Nigrofomes melanoporus (Mont.) Murr. , Phallus multicolor (Berk. & Br.) Lloyd, Phellinus setulosus (Lloyd) Imaz.,Polyporus virgatus Berk. & Curt., Pycnoporus sanguineus (Fr.) Murr., Rigidoporus vinctus (Berk.) Ryv., Sarcoxylon aurantiacumPat., Trametes scabrosa (Pers.) G.H. Cunn., Trichaptumbyssogenum (Jungh.) Ryv., Volvariella volvacea (Bull. : Fr.) Sing... 4. Yu t c nhit i (Paleotropic): Bao gm cc loi phn b khp vng nhit i chu , chu Phi v chu c. Cc loi c nhit i nh: Cerrena meyenii (Kl.) Hansen, Coriolopsis badia (Berk.) Murr., Coriolopsissanguinaria (Kl.) Teng, Favolus spatulatus (Jungh.) Lv.,Ganoderma petchii (Lloyd) Stey., Lentinus connatus Berk., L. sajor caju (Fr.) Fr., L. squarrosulus Mont. , Microporus affinis(Blume & Nees ex Fr.) Kunt. , M. xanthophus (Fr.) Kunt. ,Podabrella microcarpa (Berk.& Br.) Sing. , Termitomycesalbuminosus (Berk.) Heim, Trametes lactinea (Berk.) Pat... 5. Yu t n i Bc(North temperate ): Gm cc loi phn b vng n i chu , chu u, chu M, c th lan rng n vng ni nhit i, thm ch c vng n i Nam (South temperate) nh : Gomphidius roseus (Fr.) Fr. ,Inonotus cucicularis (Bull. : Fr.) Karst. Inonotus dryadeus (Pers.: Fr.) Murr., Sparassis crispa Wulf. : Fr., Thelephora palmataScop. : Fr. 6. Yu t ng - (East Asia ) Gm cc loi phn b vng nhit i v n i t dy Hymalaya n ng Trung Quc hay Nht Bn, c th phn b m rng n vng ni nhit i, nh cc loi: Amaurodermayunnanense Zhao et Zhang, Daedalea dickinsii (Berk.) Aoshima, Ganoderma amboinense (Lam.: Fr.) Pat. , G. sinenseZhao, Xu et Zhang, G. tenue Zhao, Xu et Zhang... 7. Yu t Nam Trung Quc: (South China) Gm cc loi phn b Vit Nam v cc vng nhit i ca Ty v Nam Trung Quc nh: Aleurodiscus mirabilis (Berk. & Curt.) Hoehn, Ganoderma diaoluoshanense Zhao et Zhang,Gloeoporus tienmuensis (Teng) Teng, Lenzites lurida (Lv.) Teng, Nigroporus aratus (Berk.) Teng, Trametes manilaensis(Lloyd) Teng.

Tm li, thnh phn loi ca khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu rt a dng v cc yu t a l cu thnh khu h. Trong cc yu t a l th yu t nhit i, ch yu l yu t lin nhit i (pantropical species) chim t l rt nhiu (55 loi). Ngc li, yu t n i Bc chim t l rt t (7 loi) trong thnh phn loi ca khu h. Cc yu t c vng phn b hp nh yu t ng (Eastern Asia species) (8 loi) chim t l rt t trong thnh phn loi ca khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu. Tha Thin Hu c a hnh a dng gm cc sinh cnh khc nhau nh: vng ni, vng i, vng ng bng v vng ct ven bin - t ngp mn. vng ni c nhiu ni cao nh ng Ngi cao 1777m, Bch M: 1450m, Ni Mang: 1780m. iu kin kh hu cc sinh cnh cng khc nhau. c bit nhng vng ni cao nh Bch M c cc iu kin sinh thi ph hp cho nm sinh trng, pht trin nh nhit trung bnh nm: 180C, m tng i: 85 - 90%, lng ma trung bnh nm: 3000 - 3500mm. nhng ni cao c cc yu t kh hu khc nhau nh kh hu nhit i, n i. Vit Nam vi hn 30% din tch c cao trn 500 mt, cho nn cc ni cao thc t c iu kin nhit i v thm ch c c iu kin n i(Nguyn Ngha Thn,1997) [36]. Nh Bch M c nhiu kiu kh hu khc nhau gm: kh hu nhit i, nhit i v n i. (Kiu kh hu nhit i v n i cao t 900, 1000 mt tr ln) (L B Tho, 1998)[35]. V vy, Tha Thin Hu c bit vn quc gia Bch M c h thc vt rt phong ph. Theo Thi Vn Trng [39] th Vn Quc Gia Bch M vi h thc vt rt c o, tiu biu cho vng thc vt chuyn tip gia hai min a l thc vt l min ng Bc b - Bc Trung b v min Nam B Nam Trung B". Do cc iu kin a hnh, kh hu, th nhng, thm thc vt a dng nn thnh phn loi ca khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu cng rt a dng, gm nhiu yu t a l cu thnh. Trong khu h nm, ngoi cc yu t nhit i, n i, bc bn cu.. cn nhiu loi c kh nng phn b nhiu yu t kh hu khc nhau nh phn b c vng n i, nhit i v nhit i nh: Auricularia auricula(Hook.) Andrew., Tremella fuciformis Berk. iu ny chng t s thch nghi ca loi nhiu vng kh hu khc nhau [2]. S phn b ca nm ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: a hnh, t ai, kh hu, loi thm thc vt, loi cy ch... Cc yu t ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau, nhng thng mt yu t duy nht l yu t chnh ca s phn b (Ryvarden L., Gilbertson R. L.,1993)[57]. III. Gi tr ti nguyn ca nm ln Tha Thin Hu Thnh phn loi nm ln Tha Thin Hu rt a dng v gi tr ti nguyn, gm nhiu loi nm c dng lm thc phm, dc phm, cc loi nm hoi sinh tham gia vo cc chu trnh tun hon vt cht trong t nhin, mt s nm cng sinh vi thc vt c ng dng trong ngh trng rng. Nhiu loi nm trong qu trnh sng c th sn sinh ra cc cht c ch c ngha ln trong i sng nh eter, axit axtic, glycerin, axit tanic, cc loi axit amin, men, cc cht khng sinh.

Trong s loi xc nh c 80 loi nm n, 78 loi nm dc liu, 32 loi cng sinh vi thc vt v 160 loi hoi sinh trn t. Ngoi li ch nh trn, c 10 loi rt c c th gy cht ngi, 41 loi k sinh gy bnh cho cy, 185 loi nm hoi sinh gy mc ph hy g rng, 22 loi hoi sinh ph hu g xy dng cc cng trnh kin trc thuc di sn vn ho th gii Hu gy tc hi nghim trng. Trong 465 loi thuc 56 h nm ln Tha Thin Hu c 78 loi nm dc liu trong 15 h:Auriculariaceae, Agaricaceae, Boletaceae, Coriolaceae, Ganodermataceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Lentinaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Polyporaceae, Sclerodermataceae, Schizophyllaceae, Stereaceae, Tremellaceae, Tricholomataceae v Xylariaceae. Trong 15 h nm dc liu Tha Thin Hu th h nm Linh Chi ( Ganodermataceae) chim u th vi 46 loi nm dc liu. Trong c nhiu loi nm dc liu qu him nh: C Linh Chi ( Ganoderma applanatum), Hong Chi ( Ganoderma colossum ) , T Chi ( Ganoderma fulvellum ), Thanh Chi (Ganoderma philippii ) , Xch Chi ( Ganoderma ramosissimum ), Linh Chi Nhit i ( Ganoderma tropicum ) & Hc Chi (Ganoderma subresinosum )[4, 5, 6]. H nm l ( Coriolaceae ) Tha Thin Hu c 9 loi nm dc liu , trong c cc loi nm dc liu qu him nh : nm Vn Chi ( Trametes versicolor ), nm l Lariciformes officinalis . . Trong h nm g ( Hymenochaetaceae ) c 4 loi nm dc liu. Trong loi Phellinus linteus l loi nm dc liu qu him vi hot cht thuc nhm polysaccharide c hot tnh chng khi u rt cao (97 %) [62]. Ngoi cc loi nm dc liu nh trnh by trn , c nhiu loi nm loi nm n c dng lm dc liu nh mt s loi trong cc h : Auriculariaceae, Boletaceae, Lentinaceae &Tremellaceae. KT LUN 1. Thnh phn loi nm ln Tha Thin Hu rt a dng, n nay 465 loi thuc 140 chi, 56 h, 28 b, 4 lp trong 3 ngnh Myxomycota, Ascomycota v Basiddiomycotac cng b; trong ngnh Basidiomycota chim u th nht, gp 449 loi chim 96,55% tng s loi trong khu h. 2. Cc h a dng nht gm: Coriolaceae gp 86 loi, chim 18,49%, h Ganodermatceae: 53loi, 11,39%;Hymenochaetaceae: 45 loi, 9,67%; Polyporaceae: 22 loi, 4,73% v Tricholomataceae: 25 loi, 5,37%. Cc chi a dng nht gm: Coriolopsis gp 13 loi, chim 2,79%; Ganoderma: 44 loi, 9,46%; Phellinus: 25 loi, 5,37%,Polyporus: 14 loi, 3,01% v Trametes: 24 loi, 5,16%. 3. C 49 taxon mi pht hin cho khu h nm ln Vit Nam gm 2 h mi: Dichstereaceae Julich, Hyphodermataceae Julich; 3 chi mi: Dichostereum Pilat, Hyphodontia J. Erikss, Xylodon (Pers.) Gray v

44 loi mi. 4. Khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu rt a dng v cc yu t a l cu thnh gm 7 yu t a l: Ton cu, Bc bn cu, Lin nhit i, C nhit i, n i Bc, ng v Nam Trung Quc. 5. Khu h nm ln Tha Thin Hu a dng v gi tr ti nguyn gm: nm n: 80 loi, nm dc liu: 78 loi, nm cng sinh vi thc vt: 32 loi, nm hoi sinh trn t: 160 loi, nm c : 10 loi, nm hoi sinh trn cc cng trnh kin trc thuc di sn vn ho th gii Hu: 22 loi, nm hoi sinh trn g rng: 185 loi v nm k sinh gy bnh trn thc vt: 41 loi.

SUMMARY DIVERSITY ON TAXA AND MYCOGEOGRAPHYCAL AREAS OF THE THUA THIEN HUE MACROMYCOFLORA Ngo Anh, Tran Thi Thuy College of Sciences HUE UNIVERSITY The species composition of the Thua Thien Hue macromycoflora is very abundant. Up to now, we have determined 465 species belonging to 140 genera, 56 families, 28 orders, 4 classes of 3 phyla Myxomycota, Ascomycota andBasidiomycota. Among them, five the most abundant families areCoriolaceae, Ganodermataceae,Hymenochaetaceae,Polyporaceae andTricholomatac eae. Five the most abundant genera are Coriolopsis, Ganoderma, Phellinus, Polyporus and Trametes. Forty nine new taxa have been recorded to the Thua Thien Hue macromycoflora, consisting of two families:Dichstereaceae Julich & Hyphodermataceae Julich; 3 genera: Dichostereum Pilat, Hyphodontia J. Erikss & Xylodon (Pers.) Gray and 45 new species. The species composition of the Thua Thien Hue macromycoflora is very abundant, consisting of seven mycogeographycal areas: Cosmopolite, North hemisphere, Pantropic, Paleotropic, North temperate, East Asia and South China.

In which, the natural resources consist of useful group: Edible mushrooms: 80 species, medicinal ones: 78 species, plant symbiotic ones: 32, soil saprophytic ones: 160 species andharmful group: poisonous mushrooms: 10 species, heritage saprophytic ones: 22 species, forestry wood saprophytic ones: 185 species and plant parasitic ones: 41 species. Ngo Anh, Khoa Sinh hc Trng i Hc Khoa Hc Hu. E. mail: ngoanh1956@yahoo.com Mobile: 091 9501536

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http://megafun.vn/cuoc-song/suc-khoe/kien-thuc/201202/5-loai-thuc-pham-vang-chong-lai-ungthu-da-day-188509/ Ung th d dy c lin quan n n ung, v liu thc phm dung np theo chnh ngun ny c th ngn chn ung th d dy? Cu tr li l c. Gn y, cc chuyn gia dinh dng nc ngoi thng qua nghin cu cho thy nu bn thng xuyn n cc loi thc phm sau y c th ngn nga hoc lm gim t l mc ung th d dy. Nm

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l chng ung th l rt cao. Cc loi thc phm t nm giu cht x th v calcium (canxi thc phm) khng ch c hiu ng chng ung th, m cn ci thin kh nng min dch c th.

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IV. NG DNG CA HIN TNG PHT QUANG SINH HC IV.1. S pht quang ca cc sinh vt khng l nm S pht quang vi khun v om m c khai thc rng ri nh trong h thng nh du(marker) cho s thm d v truy tm du vt ca nhng t bo trong mi trng v nh nhng cm bin sinh hc (biosesor) cho vic thm d nhng cht nhim. ng dng c ch pht quang ca om m: C ch pht quang ca om m s dng nng lng l ATP (Adenosin Tri Phosphat), do c ng dng trong phng php kim tra nhanh s nhim khun trong thc phm, chn on mt s bnh c lin quan n vi sinh vt, kim tra s nhim ca nc thi, iu ny da vo nguyn tc: nu c nhiu vi sinh th c nhiu ATP v nh sng pht ra cng mnh. Phng php ny thc hin rt n gin v nhanh chng nn pht hin nhanh s nhim khun c th gii quyt kp thi, so vi cc phng php c in mt rt nhiu thi gian. ng dng pht quang ca sa: Pht hin cc bi mn sau chin tranh: Trong cc qu mn ngi ta dng thuc n TNT. C mt s loi vi khun c kh nng phn hu TNT, chng pht trin mnh cc v tr c mn. Li dng c im , cc nh khoa hc chuyn gen quy nh c tnh pht sng ca sa vo cc vi khun ny to ra dng vi khun phn hu TNT ng thi c thm c tnh pht sng. Sau phun ging vi khun ny vo nhng khu vc nghi ng c mn, nu c mn vi khun s pht trin mnh v ngi ta nhn ra nhng v tr nh nh sng pht ra. C ch pht sng ca sa cn c ion Ca2+, do c th dng phn ng ny nh lng Ca2+trong mu kim tra. Pht quang sinh hc cng c ng dng quan trng trong sinh hc phn t, ngi ta gn gen pht sng vo on gen cn chuyn, sau khi chuyn gen gip pht hin cc c th chuyn gen nh nh sng pht ra. Nc pht sng c th xc nh chnh xc nhng t bo ung th. Hin tng ny l do ly t nhng sinh vt nht nh pht sng nh om m. iu ny c thc hin i vi nhng t bo ung th chiu sng bng cch a vo nhng bnh nhn ung th, trc khi phu thut, mt lng nc gen m c nh gn duy nht vo nhng t bo ung th. T , trong sut ca phu thut, mt cht lng m bao gm gen pht sng b sung s c phun ln vng . V m t bo ung th v th c pht hin ra chnh xc bi s pht sng, cho php bc s phu thut ct n ri khi nhng t bo khc m khng e s vic li nhng cht c hi, hoc nhng sai st g v sau. B mt ca s pht quang sinh hc trong nhng sinh vt sng l nm trong nhng gene. to ra nhng s lng thng mi v luciferin v luciferas, nhng gene thu c t nhng ng vt bin c lng vo vi khun. Vi khun t nhn ln mt cch nhanh chng, to ra ngun cung cp gen. Nhng phi mt hn 10.000 la/ 1ngy r tm i dng nhng sinh vt pht quang v nh sng c to ra bi phn ng ha hc, tuy nhin, khng ko di mi mi. Nhng nh nghin cu hy vng vt qua c nhng trc trc k thut ny. IV.2.S pht quang ca nm iu u th hn nhng sinh vt pht Quang khc l: Nhng loi nm pht quang th pht ra nh sng mt cch lin tc sut i sng ca n. Nhng nhm nm Omphalotus c th l vt thay th cho cc loi pht quang khc m cn ang khan him v s lng. S pht trin ca nhng cm bin sinh hc ca si t nm da vo pht quang sinh hc cho nhng chun on hc mi trng: Gn y vn pht quang nm mi c tin hnh nghin cu rng ri. Cc nh khoa hc trn th gii cho rng n c tim nng ln phc v cho khoa hc. Mt s trung tm khoa hc mi trng trn th gii ang nghin cu cc loi nm pht quang phc v cho cng tc bo v mi trng. S pht trin ca nhng cm bin sinh hc si nm c dng cung cp mt thit b cho vic thm d cht nhim c trong mi trng(nh nhng s nhim acid ca t vng cao m tiu biu cho kiu t chnh Scotland) ni tri bi nm. Nhng cm bin sinh hc ca nm cng c kh nng c s iu tra v vai tr quan trng ca nm trong nhng qu trnh ca mi trng. [15] Ngoi ra, nhng cm bin sinh hc ca nm s b sung nhng cm bin sinh hc hin c m c da trn vi khun pht quang t nhin (nh Vibrio fischeri), vi khun nh du sng (nh E.coli HB101 pUCD607 v Pseudomonas putida F1 Tn5 luxCDABE), Nm men nh du sng (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) v giun trn nh du pht sng (Caenorhabditis elegans). [15] Nhng cm bin sinh hc da trn pht quang sinh hc c t ra nh l nhng dng c thch hp cho vic kim tra c tnh sinh thi. Hai con ng i n iu ang c xem xt cho s pht trin ca nhng cm bin sinh hc : (i) Nm pht quang t nhin v (ii) Nm pht quang c thay i v mt di truyn. Trc y, s thm d v truy tm du vt ca nhng t bo trong mi trng v nhng cm bin sinh hc cho vic thm d nhng cht nhim th t c nghin cu i vi s pht quang sinh hc ca nm, mc d nm pht quang l mt trong hu ht nhng dng ph bin ca pht quang sinh hc trn cn l nguyn nhn thng xuyn ca khc g pht sng. iu c ngh rng sinh ha hc ca h thng pht quang sinh hc nm th khc vi sinh ha hc ca nhng h thng khc c bit. Nhng kho st hin nay ang c nghin cu trn cc loi nm pht quang t nhin trong 42 loi trong 9 ging, tt c trong chng u l nm m. V nm pht quang bao gm Armilaria mellea,

Mycena citricolor (cn c tn l Omphalotus flavida), Omphalotus olearius (Clitocybe illudens) v Panellus stipticus.[15] Nhng nghin cu hin nay Th nghim sinh hc si nm da trn s pht quang sinh hc cho vic xt nghim c tnh sinh thi. Nm pht quang t nhin, trong A.mellea v M.citricolor c trng ang c s dng nh nhng cm quang sinh hc. S dng nm pht quang nh nhng vt thng bo trong nhng s nghin cu v mi trng, iu th cn thit xc nh c hay khng mt mi quan h gia s pht quang v hot ng trao i cht. nh hng ca nhng iu kin nui cy(nhit , nh sng, v pH) trn s pht trin t nm v s pht quang ca 4 loi nm pht quang, A. mellea, M. citricolor, O. olearius v P. stipticus. nh hng ca thnh phn mi trng trn s pht trn cu t nm v s pht Quang ca 4 loi nm pht quang, A. mellea, M. citricolor, O. olearius, P. stipticus. Nhng ng dng kh nng pht sng ca nhng nghin cu v Pht quang sinh hc: c mt tin b nh cho nhng loi dng cho khoa hc nh n l mt tin trnh sinh ha duy nht c mt vt ch th c th nhn thy c hn l c th o lng. nh sng pht ra trong phn ng pht quang sinh hc hin c th c o lng mt cch chnh xc bi vic dng my o nh sng (luminometer). Kh nng ny dng thm d mt cch d dng v chnh xc nhng lng nh ca nh sng dn n vic s dng phn ng pht quang sinh hc trong nghin cu khoa hc lin quan nhng ng dng ca tin trnh sinh ha.[15] Nhng nghin cu gn y ang c pht trin: Xt nghim bnh lao (Tuberculosis): Vi xt nghim bnh bng phng php thng thng trong y hc, ngi bnh phi i s chun on bnh 3 thng mi c cho ung ng thuc khi bnh. iu ny tng lai s rt phc tp v c n 11 loi thuc khc nhau s dng lm suy gim vi trng lao (TB), ch ra c ng mc tiu trc khi xc nh chng vi khun th c hi thnh cng ch l 1/11. Gn y vic a phng php pht quang sinh hc vo nhng xt nghim bnh lao phi cho thy rng gim mnh thi gian cho vic chun on bnh n ch cn 2 ngy. K thut lin quan n vic chn gen m ha cho luciferase vo h gen ca vi khun lao ca ngi bnh. Gen c hng dn thng qua mt vector ca virt v np vo ng thi, t vi khun to c luciferase. Khi luciferin c b sung vo mi trng nui cy, nh sng s c to ra. V t hn 10.000 vi khun cn m ha cho luciferase to mt lng nh sng c th thm d c, cho nn thi gian nui cy chng vi khun trong mu bnh c gim xung ch cn 2 n 3 ngy. V phn ng Luciferase-Luciferin i hi c ATP, nn s khng chng vi khun trong mi trng nui cy c th c kim tra bi vic b sung mt loi thuc c hiu trong vic iu tr bnh lao phi. Bng vic lm gim thi gian cn ch ra ng loi thuc cho iu tr, ng dng ny ca pht quang sinh hc mt ngy no s sn sng cu mt s trong 3 triu ngi b cht mi nm do vi trng lao.[4] Cm bin pht quang sinh hc cng c s dng trong vi nm nh mt cm bin ca nhiu hp cht. Nh thy trong v d trn v bnh lao, Pht quang sinh hc c th s dng tnh nhy cho s c mt ca ATP v ATP cn cho phn ng to nh sng. Nhng k thut khc c dng trong vic d tm nhng ion thy ngn (Hg) v ion Al3+ (aluminum) gia nhng ion khc bng vic s dng vi khun mang gen pht sng c ni vi nhng n v iu ha (regulon) khng li ion c trong mi trng.V d, nu mt vi khun khng li thy ngn (Hg) trong mi trng c thy ngn, nhng gen m ha cho s khng thy ngn ca n s c hot ha. S hot ha nhng gen cng s hot ha gen luciferase ni vi n, v th vi khun s to luciferase bt c khi no c mt thy ngn. Vic b sung luciferin v vic th nghim cho s to nh sng vi mt my o s pht sng th hu dng trong vic xt nghim nhng cht nhim trong ngun nc khi chng nng qu thp c th thm d bng phng php thng thng. Nhng lnh vc khc hin ang s dng pht quang sinh hc trong nghin cu khoa hc bao gm : nhng ng dng trong s tin ha, sinh thi hc, lch s hc , vt l hc, sinh ha hc v dc hc. Bt c lnh vc no lin quan n mt sinh vt sng u c th s dng k thut pht quang sinh hc nh mt cm bin sinh hc. Tm li : nh sng c pht ra bi nm pht quang trong nhiu th k t ra vn lm th no c c nhng ng dng thc tin. Cu tr li cho nhng vn trn l ngy nay khm ph v t kt qu trong vic ng dng v dc hc ca n. Nghin cu tng lai vi nm pht quang sinh hc ang c pht trin trn phm vi rng khp th gii, c bit l Bc M, Chu Au. [4] IV.3. c t ca nm pht quang Trong mt s loi nm pht quang th mt s c cha c t, chng cng ang c nghin cu v kh nng chng ung th, lm thuc Khng phi tt c nm pht quang u c. Sau nhng cuc kim tra v ghi nhn v nm pht quang cho thy khng c s tng quan gia kh nng n c ca nm v s pht quang ca n. Mt trong s nhng nm m nh Armillaria mellea nm mt c lit k l loi nm dng n rt ngon. Trong khi nm Jack O Latern - Omphalotus olearius c bit l c v l nguyn do ca nhng bnh co tht rut. Gi tr dng lm thc n ca nm Mycena galericulata th cha c bit. V nm Panellus stipticus c lit k l c, c ghi nhn ng vai tr nh mt tc nhn ng t v hu dng trong vic lm ngng chy mu. S pht quang sinh hc ca O.olearius c lin quan ti mt vi sesquiterpenes gi l illudins. Mt trong nhng cht ny, illudin S, c tm thy l hot ng chng li mt tnh trng hn lon ca nhng t bo ung th khc nhau trong ng nghim. Nhng illudin S th c phn qu c cho vic s dung tri bnh. Nhng dng tng hp tng t c chun b gn y th t c hn, hoc dng cha hot ng.

Cht c ca nm pht quang Omphalotus cn c ghi nhn c kh nng tr cc dng bnh ung th ngi nh: ung th v, ung th i trng, ung th phi, ung th bung trng ang c cc nh khoa hc tch chit v th nghim.

http://www.vietnamforestry.org.vn/libraryfolder/Lam%20san%20ngoai%20go.pdf http://nguyenhuuhuan.info/forum/showthread.php?t=6798

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