Dien Tu Tuong Tu

LI NI U
in t tng t l mn hc c s, nhm cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c bn

nht phn tch, thit k cc mch in trong h thng mch in t. Tp bi ging ny c chia
thnh 7 chng. Trong mi chng c bn phn. Phn gii thiu chung nu cc vn ch yu
ca chng. Phn ni dung phn tch chi tit cc vn ch yu . Phn tm tt tng hp li cc
yu cu quan trng ca chng m ngi hc cn nm c. Phn cui nu cc cu hi v bi tp.
nghin cu ti liu c thun li, ngi hc cn c trc kin thc ca cc mn hc L thuyt
mch v Cu kin in t.
Chng 1: Mch khuch i tranzito. cp cc cch mc mch khuch i c bn, vn
hi tip trong mch khuch i, cch ghp gia cc tng trong mt b khuch i, cc mch khuch
i cng sut v mt s mch khuch i khc: nh khuch i Cascade, khuch i Darlingtn,
mch khuch i di rng, mch khuch i cng hng.
Chng 2: B khuch i thut ton (BKTT) nu cc c im v tnh cht ca b khuch
i thut ton, cc bin php chng tri v b im khng ca khuch i thut ton, cng nh cc
ng dng ca n: mch khuch i, mch cng, mch tr, mch vi phn, mch tch phn, mch to
hm lga, hm m, mch nhn tng t, mch lc tch cc.
Chng 3: Mch to dao ng sin: nh ngha, iu kin ca mch to dao ng sin. Phn tch
mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p, dao ng sin ghp RC, mch dao ng sin ba im. Mch to
dao ng sin n nh tn s dng phn t p in thch anh. Mch to sin kiu xp x tuyn tnh.
Chng 4: Mch xung, nu cc tham s ca tn hiu xung, tranzito v BKTT lm vic ch
xung, cc mch to xung: gm mch a hi t dao ng, a hi i, trigger, dao ng nght, mch
hn ch, mch to in p rng ca, mch to dao ng iu khin bng in p (VCO).
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s. iu bin, cc mch iu bin, iu ch n bin. iu
tn v iu pha, mch iu tn iu pha. Tch sng: cc mch tch sng iu bin, iu tn, iu
pha. Trn tn, mch trn tn. Nhn chia tn s dng vng gi pha (PLL).
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A. Gii thch qu trnh bin i A/D v cc mch thc hin.
Gii thch qu trnh bin i D/A v cc mch thc hin. Nu tm tt qu trnh chuyn i A/D,
D/A phi tuyn.
Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun. Phn tch mch cung cp ngun mt chiu: bin p, chnh
lu, lc v n p. Phng php bo v qu dng, qu p ca b ngun. Cui chng trnh by ngun
chuyn mch: s khi, chc nng cc khi v nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun ny.
Cui cng l phn hng dn tr li cc cu hi v gii cc bi tp gip ngi hc c th
t kim tra kin thc ca mnh.
Mc d c nhiu c gng, nhng do thi gian ngn, trnh cn c hn nn tp bi ging
chc cn thiu st, rt mong bn c gp kin sa cha, b sung thm, xin cm n!
Tc gi
t
tt
~
Chng 1: Mch khuch i Tranzito
CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I TRANZITO
GII THIU CHUNG
Chng ny cung cp cho ngi hc cc kin thc c bn v mch khuch i, bao gm cc
vn sau:
- nh ngha mch khuch i, cc ch tiu v tham s chnh ca mt b khuch i: H s
khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in, h s khuch i cng sut, tr khng vo, tr
khng ra, mo tn s, mo phi tuyn, hiu sut.
- Nguyn tc chung phn cc cho tranzito ch khuch i. Vi tranzito lng cc thun
PNP cn cung cp in p mt chiu U
BE
< 0, U
CE
< 0. Vi tranzito ngc NPN cn cung cp in
p mt chiu U
BE
> 0, U
CE
> 0. Mch in cung cp ngun mt chiu phn cc cho tranzito c: bn
phng php: phng php nh dng cho cc gc, phng php nh p cho cc gc, phng
php cung cp v n nh im lm vic dng hi tip m in p mt chiu, phng php cung
cp v n nh im lm vic dng hi tip m dng in.
- Vn hi tip, hi tp trong cc tng khuch i: hi tip dng, hi tip m, hi tip
dng in, hi tip in p, hi tip mc song song, hi tip mc ni tip. nh hng ca hi tip
n cc ch tiu k thut ca mch.
- Cc s khuch i c bn dng tranzito lng cc: tng khuch i pht chung, tng
khuch i gp chung v tng khuch i gc chung.
- Cc s khuch i dng tranzito trng xt hai loi: tng khuch i cc ngun chung,
tng khuch i cc mng chung.
- Tng khuch i o pha c: mch khuch i o pha chia ti, mch khuch i o pha
ghp bin p.
- Phng php ghp tng trong b khuch i: phng php ghp tng bng t in, ghp
tng bng bin p, ghp tng trc tip.
- Mt s mch khuch i khc: mch khuch i Darlingtn, mch khuch i Casct, mch
khuch i gii rng, mch khuch i cng hng.
- Mch khuch i cng sut: c im ca mch khuch i cng sut, cc ch lm vic
ca tng khuch i A, B, AB, C. Yu cu ca tng khuch i cng sut cho cng sut ra ln, mo
nh v hiu sut cao. Mch khuch i cng sut n lm vic ch A gim mo nhng c
hiu sut thp. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng hai tranzito thng cho lm vic ch
AB (gn B) c cng sut ra ln, mo nh m hiu sut cao. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko
dng tranzito cng loi c mch ghp bin p, mch khng dng bin p. Cc mch khuch i ny
cn c mch khuch i y pha pha trc. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc
loi c u im khng cn tng khuch i o pha.
t
tt
~
P
K
t
U
r
t

t
(1-1)
3
Kt thc chng 1 yu cu ngi hc nm c cc mch khuch i nu. Hiu c tc
dng cc linh kin trong mch. Ch cp in mt chiu v nguyn l lm vic ca mch. Tnh
ton c mt s ch tiu k thut ch yu theo iu kin cho trc.
Khi phn tch tng khuch i tn hiu nh, ta dng phng php mch in tng ng
xoay chiu, tn s trung bnh. Phn mch khuch i cng sut, do tn hiu vo ln nn dng
phng php th c chnh xc cao.
NI DUNG
1.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V CC THAM S C BN CA MCH
KHUCH I
1.1.1. nh ngha mch khuch i
Mt trong s nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca tranzito l s dng n trong cc mch
lm tng cng in p hay dng in ca tn hiu m thng gi l mch khuch i.Thc cht
khuch i l mt qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin, nng lng mt chiu ca
ngun cung cp, khng cha thng tin, c bin i thnh nng lng xoay chiu theo tn hiu
iu khin u vo, cha ng thng tin, lm cho tn hiu ra ln ln nhiu ln v khng mo. Phn
t iu khin l tranzito. S tng qut ca mch khuch i nh hnh 1-1, trong E
n
l
ngun tn hiu vo, R
n
l in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu, R
t
ti ni nhn tn hiu ra.
Hnh 1-2 a ra cu trc nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i. Phn t c bn l phn
t iu khin tranzito c in tr thay i theo s iu khin ca in p hay dng in t ti cc
iu khin (cc gc) ca n, qua iu khin quy lut bin i dng in ca mch ra bao gm
tranzito v in tr R
C
. Ti li ra gia cc gp v cc pht, ngi ta nhn c mt in p bin
thin cng quy lut vi tn hiu vo nhng ln c tng ln nhiu ln. n gin, gi thit
in p t vo cc gc c dng hnh sin.
T s hnh 1-2 ta thy rng dng in v in p xoay chiu mch ra (t l vi dng
in v in p tn hiu vo) cn phi coi l tng cc thnh phn xoay chiu dng in v in p
trn nn ca thnh phn mt chiu I
0
v U
0
. Phi m bo sao cho bin thnh phn xoay chiu
khng vt qu thnh phn mt chiu, ngha l I I

0
v U U

0
. Nu iu kin khng c
Hnh 1-1: S tng qut ca mch khuch i.
I
v
Mch khuych
i
Ngun cung cp
(E
C
)
U
v
R
n
E
n
I
r
U
r
R
t
U
v
t
U
r
tt
~
P
K
t
U
r
t

t
(1-1)

0 10
2
10
4
2.10
4
(Hz)
U
vo

(mV)
4
tho mn th dng in, in p mch ra trong tng khong thi gian nht nh s bng khng v
s lm mo dng tn hiu.
Nh vy m bo cng tc cho tng khuch i (khi tn hiu vo l xoay chiu) th mch
ra ca n phi to nn thnh phn dng mt chiu I
0
v in p mt chiu U
0
. Chnh v vy, mch
vo ca tng, ngoi ngun tn hiu cn khuch i, ngi ta cng phi t thm in p mt chiu
U
V0
(hay dng in mt chiu I
V0
). Cc thnh phn dng in v in p mt chiu xc nh ch
lm vic tnh ca tng khuch i. Tham s ca ch tnh theo mch vo (I
V0
, U
V0
) v theo
mch ra (I
0
, U
0
) c trng cho trng thi ban u ca s khi cha c tn hiu vo.
Hnh 1-2: a. Nguyn l xy dng mt tng khuch i.
b. Biu thi gian.
1.1.2. Cc ch tiu v tham s c bn ca mt tng khuch i
nh gi cht lng ca mt tng khuch i ngi ta a ra cc ch tiu v tham s c
bn sau:
1.1.2.1. H s khuch i.
Ni chung v tng khuch i c cha cc phn t in khng nn K l mt s phc.
K
= K exp(j.
k
)
Phn m un |K| th hin quan h v cng (bin ) gia cc i lng u ra v u vo,
phn gc
k
th hin dch pha gia chng. Nhn chung ln ca |K| v
k
ph thuc vo tn s
ca tn hiu vo. Nu biu din |K| = f
1
() ta nhn c ng cong gi l c tuyn bin - tn
s ca tng khuch i. ng biu din
k
=f
2
() gi l c tuyn pha - tn s ca n.
Thng ngi ta tnh |K| theo n v logarit, gi l n v xi ben (dB)
I
0
P
K
U
v
t
i R
C
U
r
U
r
t
+E
C
R
t
C
E
B
U
v
a.
U
0
i
u
ra
I
0
0
b.

t
t
i lng u ra
i lng tng ng u vo
K =
(1-1)

0 10
2
10
4
2.10
4
(Hz)
U
vo

(mV)
5
K lg 20 ) dB ( K
(1-2)
Khi ghp lin tip n tng khuch i vi cc h s khuch i tng ng l K
1
, K
2
,...K
n
th h
s khuch i chung ca b khuch i xc nh theo:
K = K
1
.K
2
...K
n
.
hay
K(dB) = K
1
(dB) + K
2
(dB) +... + K
n
(dB) (1-3)
c tuyn bin ca tng khuch i l ng biu din quan h U
ra
=f
3
(U
v
) ly mt tn
s c nh ca gii tn ca tn hiu vo.
Dng in hnh ca K =f
1
() v U
ra
=f
3
(U
v
) i vi mt b khuch i in p tn s
thp cho ti hnh 1-3.
1.1.2.2. Tr khng li vo v li ra
Tr khng vo, tr khng ra ca tng khuch i c nh ngha (theo hnh 1-1a)
V
V
V
I
U
Z
;
r
r
r
I
U
Z
(1-4)
Ni chung chng l cc i lng phc: Z = R+jX.
1.1.2.3. Mo tn s
Mo tn s l mo do khuch i ca mch khuch i b gim vng hai u gii tn.
vng tn s thp c mo thp M
t
, vng tn s cao c mo tn s cao M
C
. Chng c xc nh
theo biu thc:
C
0
C
t
0
t
K
K
M ;
K
K
M
(1-5)
U
B
U
CE
>0
U
B
U
CE
<0

C
P2
U
B
Hnh 1-3: a. c tuyn bin - tn s
b. c tuyn bin (f = 1kHz) ca mt b khuch i tn s thp

0 10
2
10
4
2.10
4
(Hz)
f
|K|
(a)
K
0
U
vo

(mV)
U
ra
(V)
(b)
0
K
0
6
Trong : K
0
l h s khuch i vng tn s trung bnh.
K
C
l h s khuch i vng tn s cao.
K
t
l h s khuch i vng tn s thp.
Mo tn s cng c th c tnh theo n v xi ben.
1.1.2.4. Mo khng ng thng (mo phi tuyn).
Mo khng ng thng do tnh cht phi tuyn ca cc phn t nh tranzito gy ra th hin
trong tn hiu u ra xut hin thnh phn tn s mi (khng c u vo). Khi u
vo
ch c thnh
phn tn s th u
ra
ni chung c cc thnh phn n (vi n = 0,1,2...) vi cc bin tng ng l
n
. Lc h s mo khng ng thng do tng khuch i gy ra c nh gi l:
%
U
) U ... U U (
/
n
1
2 1 2 2
3
2
2

+ + +
(1-6)
1.1.2.5. Hiu sut ca tng khuch i
Hiu sut ca mt tng khuch i l i lng c tnh bng t s gia cng sut tn hiu
xoay chiu a ra ti P
r
vi cng sut mt chiu ca ngun cung cp P
0
.
0
P
P
r

Trn y nu mt s ch tiu quan trng ca mt tng (hay mt b khuch i gm nhiu
tng). Cn c vo cc ch tiu ny ngi ta c th phn loi cc b khuch i vi cc tn gi vi
c im khc nhau. V d theo h s khuch i K c b khuch i in p. Lc ny yu cu c
bn l c K
Umax
, Z
vo
>> Z
ngun
v Z
ra
<< Z
ti
; b khuch i dng in vi K
i max
, Z
vo
<< Z
ngun
, Z
ra
>>
Z
ti
hay b khuch i cng sut cn K
Pmax
, Z
vo
Z
ngun
, Z
ra

Z
ti
.
Cng c th phn loi theo dng c tuyn tn s K = f
1
(), t c b khuch i mt
chiu, b khuch i tn s thp, b khuch i tn s cao, b khuch i chn lc tn s...v.v.
1.2. PHN CC V CH LM VIC MT CHIU
1.2.1. Nguyn tc chung phn cc tranzito
Mun tranzito lm vic nh l mt phn t tch cc th cc tham s ca n phi tho mn
iu kin thch hp. Nhng tham s ny ca tranzito nh phn cu kin in t nghin cu,
chng ph thuc rt nhiu vo in p phn cc cc chuyn tip gp, pht. Ni mt cch khc cc
gi tr tham s ph thuc vo im lm vic ca tranzito. Mt cch tng qut, d tranzito c mc
theo kiu no, mun n lm vic ch khuch i cn c cc iu kin sau: chuyn tip gc-
pht lun phn cc thun, chuyn tip gc - gp lun phn cc ngc.
i vi tranzito n-p-n iu kin phn cc n lm vic ch khuch i l:
U
BE
= U
B
- U
E
> 0
U
CE
= U
C
- U
E
> 0 (1-7)
v U
E
0
U
B
U
CE
<0

C
P2
U
B
U
BE
+E
C
U
CE0
Hnh 1-6: Mch cung cp v n nh
im lm vic bng hi tip m in p
mt chiu.
7
Trong U
E
, U
B
, U
C
l in th cc cc pht, gc, gp ca tranzito nh trn hnh 1-3.
Vi tranzito p-n-p th iu kin phn cc c du ngc li.
Hnh 1-4 biu din in p v dng in phn cc ca tranzito ch khuch i

1.2.2. Mch cung cp in p phn cc cho tranzito
cung cp in p phn cc cho tranzito ngi ta thng dng mt ngun chung. Hnh 1-4
biu th cc mch cp in .
Hnh 1-5a cp in p cho cc gc theo phng php nh dng. in p U
BE0
c ly t
ngun E
C
dn qua in tr R
B
vo cc gc. in tr R
B
c tr s ln hn nhiu so vi in tr mt
chiu ca mt ghp gc-pht, do dng nh thin I
B0
c xc nh gn ng.
I
B
I
C
U
C
U
E
I
E
U
B
U
CE
>0
U
BE
>0
I
B
U
B
(a)
I
C
U
C
U
E
I
E
U
CE
<0
U
BE
<0
(b)
Hnh 1-4: a) Biu din in p v dng in phn cc tranzito n-p-n.
b) Tranzito p-n-p.
I
P
+I
B0

C
P2
U
BE0
U
B
(a)
R
C
R
B
I
B0
+E
C
C
P1
C
P2
R
2
(b)
R
C
R
1
I
B0
+E
C
C
P1
I
P
Hnh 1-5: Mch cp in cho tranzito
U
BE
+E
C
U
CE0
mt chiu.
8

B
C
B
R
E
I
0
Dng in mt chiu u ra (dng cc gp) I
C0
v in p mt chiu u ra U
CE0
:
I
C0
= .I
B0
; U
CE0
= E
C
-I
C0
.R
C
(1-8)
Mch ny n gin nhng n nh im lm vic km.
Hnh 1-5b cung cp in cho cc gc theo phng php nh p nh b phn p R
1
, R
2
mc
song song vi ngun cung cp cc gp E
C
. in p ti im lm vic ca cc gc c xc nh
theo biu thc:
U
BE0
= I
P
.R
2
= E
C
-(I
P
+I
B0
).R
1
(1-9)
Trong I
P
l dng phn p chy qua in tr R
1
, R
2
. Thng chn I
P
>>I
B0
, do biu thc
trn gn ng:

1
.R I E U
p C BE

(1-10)
Ta thy U
BE0
khng ph thuc vo cc tham s ca tranzito v nhit nn n nh. R rng
dng I
P
cng ln U
BE0
cng n nh, nhng khi R
1
, R
2
phi c gi tr nh.
Thng chn I
P
=(0,3 3).I
Bmax
(1-11)
Trong I
Bmax
l dng xoay chiu trong mch cc gc vi mc tn hiu vo ln nht. Lc ny
thin p U
BE0
hu nh khng ph thuc tr s dng cc gc I
B0
, do c th dng cho mch khuch
i tn hiu ln (ch B). Tuy nhin khi tr s R
1
, R
2
nh th cng sut tiu th ngun cng tng.
nng cao n nh im lm vic ngi ta hay dng cc mch cung cp in p phn
cc sau.
Hnh 1-6 l s cung cp v n nh im lm vic bng hi tip m in p mt chiu.

Hnh 1-7: S cung cp v n nh
im lm vic nh hi tip m dng
in mt chiu.
U
R2
C
p2
R
2
R
C
R
1
+E
C
C
p1
U
E R
E
C
E
U
BE
+E
C
R
C R
B
C
p2
C
p1
I
B
U
CE0
U
BE0
mt chiu.
Hnh 1-9: Mt s mch hi tip thng dng:
a. Hi tip ni tip in p
b. Hi tip dng in
c. Hi tip song song in p
u
r
R
t
c.
u
r
R
t

u
r
R
t
9
S hnh 1-6 ch khc s hnh 1-5a ch in tr R
B
c ni ln cc gp. y R
B
va lm nhim v a in p vo cc gc bng phng php n nh dng cc gc, va dn in
p hi tip v mch vo.
Nguyn l n nh nh sau:
Nu c mt nguyn nhn mt n nh no lm cho dng mt chiu I
C0
trn cc gp tng
ln th in th U
CE0
gim lm U
BE
gim, ko theo dng I
B0
gim lm cho I
C0
gim (v I
C0
= .
0 B
I
),
ngha l dng I
C0
ban u c gi nguyn.
Hnh 1-7 l s cung cp v n nh im lm vic nh hi tip m dng in mt chiu.
Trong s ny R
E
lm nhim v hi tip m dng in mt chiu. Nguyn tc n nh nh
sau: khi I
C0
tng do nhit tng hay do tp tn tham s ca tranzito th in p h trn R
E
(U
E0
=I
E0
.R
E
) tng. V in p U
R2
ly trn in tr R
2
hu nh khng i nn in p U
BE0
= U
R2
-
U
E0
gim, lm cho I
B0
gim, do I
C0
khng tng ln c, tc l I
C0
c gi n nh. Nu nhit
gim lm I
C0
gim th nh mch hi tip m dng in mt chiu, U
BE0
li tng, lm cho I
B0
tng,
I
C0
tng gi cho I
C0
n nh.
1.3. HI TIP TRONG CC TNG KHUCH I
Hi tip l vic thc hin truyn tn hiu t u ra v u vo b khuch i. Thc hin hi
tip trong b khuch i s ci thin hu ht cc ch tiu cht lng ca n v lm cho b khuch
i c mt s tnh cht c bit. Di y ta s phn tch nhng quy lut chung khi thc hin hi
tip trong b khuch i. iu ny cng c bit cn thit khi thit k b khuch i bng IC tuyn
tnh.
Hnh 1-8 l s cu trc b khuch i c hi tip
Mch hi tip c h s truyn t , ch r quan h gia tham s (in p, dng in) ca tn
hiu ra mch vi tham s (in p, dng in) ca mch ra b khuch i.
H s khuch i K v h s truyn t ca mch hi tip ni chung l nhng s phc.

K
= K.exp(j
K
)
= .exp(j
)
Ngha l phi ch n kh nng dch pha min tn s thp v tn s cao do tn ti cc phn
t in khng trong mch khuch i cng nh mch hi tip. Nu b khuch i lm vic tn s
trung bnh, cn trong mch hi tip - khng c thnh phn in khng th h s K v l nhng s
u ra
K
u vo
Hnh 1-8: S khi b khuch i c hi tip
b. Hi tip dng in
u
r
R
t
c.
u
r
R
t

u
r
R
t
10
thc. Nu in p hi tip t l vi in p ra ca b khuch i ta c hi tip in p, nu t l vi
dng in ra ta c hi tip dng in. C th hi tip hn hp c dng in v in p.
Xt u vo, khi in p a v hi tip ni tip vi ngun tn hiu vo th ta c hi tip
ni tip. Khi in p hi tip t ti u vo b khuch i song song vi in p ngun tn hiu th
c hi tip song song.
Hai c im trn xc nh mt loi mch hi tip c th: hi tip in p ni tip hoc song
song, hi tip dng in ni tip hoc song song, hi tip hn hp ni tip hoc song song. Hnh 1-
9 minh ho mt s th d v nhng mch hi tip ph bin nht trong khuch i.
Nu khi hi tip ni tip nh hng n tr s in p vo bn thn b khuch i u
y
, th khi
hi tip song song s nh hng n tr s dng in vo b khuch i. Tc dng ca hi tip c th
lm tng, khi
K
+

= 2n, hoc gim khi
= (2n +1). (n l s nguyn dng) tn hiu tng

hp u vo b khuch i c gi l hi tip dng v tng ng gi l hi tip m.
Hi tip m cho php ci thin mt s ch tiu ca b khuch i, v th n c dng rt
rng ri. nh gi nh hng ca hi tip n cc ch tiu ca b khuch i ta s xt th d hi
tip in p ni tip hnh 1-9a.
H s khuch i khi c hi tip:
V
r
ht
U
U
K
ht V Y
U U U + (1-12)
b. Hi tip dng in
y
u
v
u
R
n
u
r
R
t
K
~

I
ht
I
r
n
E
c.
I
v
u
r
R
t
K
~
I
v
I
r
I
t
n
E
u
ht

R
n
I
t
y
u
v
u
K
~
u
r
R
t
I
v
I
r
I
t
n
E
u
ht
R
n
a.
b.
11
Chia c hai v ca (1-12) cho Ura, ta c:
r
ht
r
V
r
Y
U
U
U
U
U
U
+
hay
+
ht
K K
1 1
(1-13)
y
ht
r
u
u
l h s truyn t ca mch hi tip.
T (1-13) ta tm c:

K
K
K
ht
. 1
(1-14)
n gin vic phn tch ta a vo tr s thc K v:

. 1 K
K
K
ht
(1-15)
Theo (1-15) khi 1 > K. > 0 th h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip K
ht
ln hn h
s khuch i ca bn thn b khuch i K. chnh l hi tip dng, U
ht
a ti u vo b
khuch i cng pha vi in p vo U
v
, tc l U
y
= U
v
+U
ht
.
in p ra b khuch i khi c hi tip dng l:
U
r
= K.(U
v
+ U
ht
) > K.U
v
v do K
ht
>K
Trng hp K. 1 (khi hi tip dng) c trng cho iu kin t kch ca b khuch i.
Lc ny u ra ca b khuch i xut hin mt ph tn s khng ph thuc vo tn hiu u vo.
Vi tr s phc
K
v bt ng thc
. K
1 tng ng vi iu kin t kch mt tn s c
nh v tn hiu u ra gn vi dng hnh sin. B khuch i trong trng hp ny lm vic nh
mt mch to dao ng hnh sin.
Khi K.<0 th
K
K
K
K
ht
<
+
. 1
(1-16)
l hi tip m (U
ht
ngc pha vi U
v
) v U
y
= U
v
- U
ht
, ngha l h s khuch i ca b khuch
i c hi tip m K
ht
nh hn h s khuch i khi khng c hi tip.
nh gi n nh h s khuch i khi c hi tip, thc hin vi phn biu thc
. 1 K
K
K
ht
+
C
. ) 1 (
. ) 1 .(
2

K
K dK K dK
dK
ht
+
+
=
2
) . 1 ( K
dK
+
(1-17)
12
Bin i (1-17) v ch n (1-16) ta nhn c biu thc c trng cho s thay i tng
ng ca h s khuch i.
ht
ht
K
dK
=
. 1
/
K
K dK
+
(1-18)
T (1-18) thy s thay i tng i h s khuch i ca b khuch i khi c hi tip m
nh hn 1 + K. ln so vi khi khng hi tip. n nh h s khuch i s tng khi tng su
hi tip. V d, gi thit s thay i tng i ca h s khuch i dK/K = 20% v 1+K.=100 th
s thay i tng i ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i c hi tip l dK
ht
/K
ht
= 0,2%.Tnh
cht ny c bit qu gi trong iu kin h s khuch i thay i do s thay i ca tham s theo
nhit nht l i vi tranzito v s ho gi ca chng. Nu h s khuch i K ln v hi tip m
su th thc t c th loi tr s ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo s thay i cc tham s trong
b khuch i. Khi trong mu s ca (1-16) c th b qua 1 v h s khuch i ca n do h s
truyn t ca mch hi tip quyt nh.
ht
K
(1-19)
Ngha l thc t khng ph thuc vo K v mi s thay i ca n.
V d K = 10
4
v = 10
-2
th:
100
1

ht
K

ngha vt l ca vic tng n nh ca h s khuch i c hi tip m l ch khi thay
i h s khuch i K th in p hi tip s b thay i dn n thay i in p U
y
(hnh 1.9a)
theo hng b li s thay i in p ra ca b khuch i. Gi s khi gim K do s thay i tham
s b khuch i s lm cho U
ht
gim v U
r
gim, in p U
y
= U
v
- U
ht
tng dn n U
r
tng, chnh
l ngn cn s gim ca h s khuch i K (hnh 1-9a).
Tng n nh ca h s khuch i bng hi tip m c dng rng ri ci thin c
tuyn bin , tn s (hnh 1-10) ca b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung. V min tn s
thp v cao h s khuch i b gim. Tc dng hi tip m min tn s k trn s yu v h s
khuch i K nh v s dn n tng khuch i gii bin tn v m rng gii thng f ca b
khuch i.
f
K
u
K
uht
2
u
K
2
uht
K
K
f
f
ht
0
Hnh 1-10: nh hng ca hi
tip m n c tuyn bin -
tn s
~

T
2
~
13
Hi tip m cng lm gim mo khng ng thng ca tn hiu ra v gim nhiu (tp m)
trong b khuch i.
Di y ta s kho st nh hng ca hi tip m n in tr vo b khuch i.

V
R
=
V
V
I
U
Hnh 1-9a thc hin hi tip m ni tip.

ht Y V
U U U +
.
Mt khc ta c
Y ht
U K U . .
. V vy:

Vht
R
=
V
Y
I
U K ). . 1 ( +
=
) . 1 .( K R
V
+
(1-20)
Nh vy thc hin hi tip m ni tip lm tng in tr vo ca b khuch i ln (1+K.)
ln. iu ny rt cn thit khi b khuch i nhn tn hiu t b cm bin c in tr trong ln hoc
b khuch i dng tranzito lng cc.
Tng t, in tr ra ca b khuch i l:

rht
R
=
) . 1 ( K
R
r
+
(1-21)
Ngha l gim i (1+K.) ln. iu ny m bo in p ra ca b khuch i t ph thuc
vo s thay i in tr ti R
t
.
T nhng phn tch trn, c th rt ra nhng quy lut chung nh hng ca hi tip m n
ch tiu b khuch i l:
Mi loi hi tip m u lm gim tn hiu trn u vo b khuch i (U
y
hay I
y
) v do
lm gim h s khuch i K
ht
, lm tng n nh ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i.
Ngoi ra hi tip m ni tip hnh 1-9a,b lm tng in tr vo.
Hi tip in p ni tip (hnh 1-9a) lm n nh in p ra, gim in tr ra R
rht
. Cn hi tip
dng in ni tip (hnh 1-9b) lm n nh dng in ra I
t
, tng in tr ra R
rht
.
Hi tip m song song (hnh 1-9c) lm tng dng in vo, lm gim in tr vo R
vht
, cng
nh in tr ra R
rht
.
Cn ni thm l hi tip dng thng khng dng trong b khuch i nhng n c th xut
hin ngoi mun do ghp v in bn trong hay bn ngoi gi l hi tip k sinh, c th xut
hin qua ngun cung cp chung, qua in cm hoc in dung k sinh gia mch ra v mch vo
ca b khuch i.
Hi tip k sinh lm thay i c tuyn bin - tn s ca b khuch i do lm tng h s
khuch i cc on ring bit ca gii tn hoc thm ch c th lm cho b khuch i b t kch
ngha l xut hin dao ng mt tn s xc nh.
Hnh 1-13: Xc nh ch tnh ca tng EC
a) Trn c tuyn ra
b) Trn c tuyn vo
I
C0
~

T
2
~
U
BE

T

R
1

R
2

R
n

E
n

U
V

C
P2

R
C

R
E

C
E

U

CE0

U
E0

I
E0

+E
C

14
loi b hin tng trn c th dng cc b lc thot, dng dy dn bc kim, b tr mch in
v cc linh kin hp l.
Di y l cc th d v nhng mch hi tip m thng gp (hnh 1-11)

hnh 1-11a trn in tr R
E
c hi tip m dng in mc ni tip.
Trong mch hnh 1-11b ta thy, nu xt tng tng ring bit th trn
2 1
,
E E
R R u thc hin
hi tip m dng in mc ni tip. Ngoi ra cn c hi tip m in p ni tip ly t cc gp ca
tranzito T
2
v cc pht ca tranzito T
1
qua C v R. Nh vy trn R
E1
c c hai loi hi tip m in
p v dng in.
1.4. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT).
Di y s trnh by phng php phn tch tng khuch i dng tranzito lng cc theo
ba cch mc mch: pht chung (EC), gp chung (CC), v gc chung (BC). Gi thit tn hiu vo l
hnh sin min tn s trung bnh v vy tr khng ca t coi nh bng khng, cn nh hng in
dung k sinh ca s v tranzito, cng nh s ph thuc v h s khuch i dng , ca
tranzito vo tn s coi nh khng ng k.
1.4.1. Tng khuch i pht chung (EC)
Mch in nguyn l mt tng khuch i EC cho trn hnh 1-12.
Trong s ny C
P1
, C
P2
l cc t ni tng. T Cp
1
loi tr tc dng nh hng ln nhau ca
ngun tn hiu v mch vo v dng mt chiu. T C
P2
ngn thnh phn mt chiu v ch cho thnh
phn xoay chiu ra ti. R
1
, R
2
xc nh ch tnh ca tng, cp in mt chiu cho cc B.
R
C
:

ti mt chiu ca tng.
R
E:
in tr n nh nhit, C
E
t thot thnh phn xoay chiu xung mt.
E
n
:

ngun tn hiu vo,
R
n
: in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu.
a) Trn c tuyn ra
b) Trn c tuyn vo
I
C0
Hnh 1-11: S cc mch hi tip m.
a) Hi tip dng in trn R
E
; b) Hi tip in p nh khu RC
T
1
~
C
P2
R
C1
R
1
R
2
R
E1
R
n
E
n
U
v
C
P1
U
r
+E
C
b)
R
C2
R
E2
R
3
R
4
C
P3
T
2
R
C
~
C
P2
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
E
R
n
E
n
U
v
C
P1
U
r
+E
C
a)
U
BE

T

R
1

R
2

R
n

E
n

U
V

C
P2

R
C

R
E

C
E

U

CE0

U
E0

I
E0

+E
C

15
Rt: in tr ti.
Nguyn l lm vic ca tng EC nh sau: khi a in p xoay chiu ti u vo xut hin
dng xoay chiu cc gc ca tranzito v do xut hin dng xoay chiu cc gp mch ra ca
tng. Dng ny gy h p xoay chiu trn in tr R
C
. in p qua t C
P2
a n u ra ca
tng tc l ti R
t
. C th thc hin bng hai phng php c bn l phng php th i vi ch
mt chiu v phng php gii tch dng s tng ng i vi ch xoay chiu tn hiu
nh.
Phng php th da vo c tuyn vo v ra ca tranzito c u im l d dng tm c
mi quan h gia cc gi tr bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu (in p ra
r
U
v dng in ra
r
I
)
v l s liu ban u tnh ton. Trn c tuyn hnh (1-13a), v ng ti mt chiu (A-B). S
ph thuc U
CE0
= f(I
C0
) c th tm c t phng trnh cn bng in p mch ra ca tng:
U
CE0
= E
C
- I
C0
.R
C
- I
E0
R
E
= E
C
- I
C0
R
C
-
0 C
I
.R
E
(1-22)
V h s gn ng 1, nn c th vit
U
CE0
= E
C
- I
C0
(R
C
+R
E
) (1-23)
Biu thc (1-23) l phng trnh ng ti mt chiu ca tng. Da vo c tuyn vo I
B
=
f(U
BE)
ta chn dng cc gc tnh cn thit I
B0
, chnh l xc nh c to im P l giao im
ca ng I
B
= I
B0
vi ng ti mt chiu trn c tuyn ra hnh 1-13a.
xc nh thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ra v dng ra cc gp ca tranzito phi dng
ng ti xoay chiu ca tng. Ch rng in tr xoay chiu trong mch cc pht ca tranzito
bng khng (v c t C
E
mc song song vi in tr R
E
) cn ti R
t
c mc vo mch cc gp, v
in tr xoay chiu ca t Cp
2
rt nh b qua.
a) Trn c tuyn ra
b) Trn c tuyn vo
I
B2
I
B1
I
B
=0
u
C
I
C
C
P
CCP
D
B
P
A
C
I
I
C0
C
u
U
C0
I
B
=I
B0
a)
I
C0
(E)
B
I
u
BE
u
C0
u
B
E
I
B
b)
P
u
B0
0
I
B
0
Hnh 1-12: Tng khuch
i E chung
I
V
C
P1
U
BE

T

~
R
1

R
2

R
n

E
n

U
V

C
P2

R
C

R
E

C
E

U

CE0

I
B0
I
C
I
t
R
t
U
r
U
E0

I
E0

+E
C

I
P
16
Nu coi in tr xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp E
C
bng khng, th in tr xoay chiu ca
tng gm hai in tr R
C
v R
t
mc song song, ngha l
R
t~
=R
t
//R
C
. T thy r in tr ti mt chiu ca tng R
t=
=R
C
+ R
E
ln hn in tr ti
xoay chiu Rt
~
. Khi c tn hiu vo, in p v dng in l tng ca thnh phn mt chiu v xoay
chiu, ng ti xoay chiu i qua im tnh P. dc ca ng ti xoay chiu ln hn dc
ng ti mt chiu. Xy dng ng ti xoay chiu theo t s s gia ca in p v dng in
CE
U
=
C
I
.(R
C
// Rt). Khi cung cp in p vo ti u vo ca tng th trong mch cc gc xut
hin thnh phn dng xoay chiu i
b
lin quan n in p vo U
v
theo c tuyn vo ca
tranzito.V dng cc gp t l vi dng cc gc qua h s , trong mch cc gp cng c thnh
phn dng xoay chiu i
C
v in p xoay chiu U
ra
lin h vi i
C
bng ng ti xoay chiu.
Khi ng ti xoay chiu c trng cho s thay i gi tr tc thi dng cc gp i
C
v in p
trn tranzito U
C
hay ngi ta ni l s dch chuyn im lm vic. im lm vic dch t P i
ln ng vi 1/2 chu k dng v dch chuyn i xung ng vi 1/2

chu k m ca tn hiu vo. Nu
chn tr s tn hiu vo thch hp v ch tnh ng th tn hiu ra ca tng khuch i khng b
mo dng. Vic chn im lm vic tnh v tnh ton s c thc hin theo mt tng khuch i
c th. Nhng tham s ban u tnh ton l bin in p ra
r
U
v dng in ti
t
I
, cng sut
ti P
t
v in tr ti R
t
. Gia nhng tham s ny c quan h cht ch vi nhau, nn v nguyn tc
ch cn bit hai trong nhng tham s l tnh cc tham s cn li.
tn hiu ra khng b mo dng, cc tham s ca ch tnh phi tho mn nhng iu
kin sau: (hnh 1-13a).
17

0 0 C r C
U U U + >

(1-24)
) (
0 0
E I I I
C C C
+ >
(1-25)
y
0 C
U
l in p cc gp ng vi on u ca c tuyn ra (cn gi l in p U
CE
bo ho)
) (
0
E I
C
l dng cc gp ban u ng vi nhit cc i, chnh l cao ca ng c
tuyn ra tnh ng vi dng I
B
=0.
Quan h dng
C
I
vi in p ra c dng

t C
r
C
R // R
U
I

~ R
U
t
r
(1-26)
tng h s khuch i ca tng, tr s R
C
phi chn ln hn R
t
t 3 5 ln.
Da vo dng I
C0
chn, tnh dng cc gc tnh:
I
B0
=
) (
0 0
E I I
C C

(1-27)
t da vo c tuyn vo ca trazito tm c in p
0 BE
U
ng vi
0 B
I
tm c.
Dng cc pht tnh c quan h vi dng
0 B
I
v I
C0
theo biu thc.

0 0
0 0
0 0 0
) ( ) 1 .(
) (
) ( ). 1 (
C C
C C
C B E
I E I
E I I
E I I I + +
+ +
(1-28)
Khi chn E
C
(nu nh khng cho trc), cn phi theo iu kin:
E
C
=U
C0
+I
C0
.Rc+U
E0
. (1-29)
y
U
E0
= I
E0
.R
E
Khi xc nh tr s U
E0
phi xut pht t quan im tng in p U
E0
s lm tng n nh
nhit cho ch tnh ca tng (v khi R
E
ln s lm tng su hi tip m mt chiu ca tng), tuy
nhin lc cn phi tng in p ngun cung cp E
C
. V vy m U
E0
thng chn bng (0,1 0,3)
E
C

Ch n biu thc (1-29) ta c:

9 , 0 7 , 0
.
0 0
C C C
C
R I U
E
(1-30)
in tr R
E
c th tnh t

0
0
C
E
E
I
U
R
(1-31)
18
Khi tnh cc phn t ca b phn p u vo cn lu vi quan im n nh nhit cho ch
tnh ca tng, sao cho s thay i ca dng cc gc tnh I
B0
(do khng n nh nhit ca in
p U
BE0
) phi t nh hng n s thay i in p U
B0.
Mun vy th dng phn p I
P
qua b phn
p R
1
R
2
phi ln hn dng I
B0
qua in tr R
1
. Tuy nhin vi iu kin I
P
>> I
B0
th R
1
, R
2
s phi
nh v chng s gy ra r mch tn hiu vo, lm gim in tr vo ca tng khuch i.
V th khi tnh cc phn t ca b phn p vo ta phi hn ch theo iu kin:

V B
r R R R ) 5 2 ( //
2 1

. (1-32)

0
) 5 2 (
B P
I I
. (1-33)
y r
V
l in tr vo ca tranzito, c trng cho in tr xoay chiu mch gc - pht (r
V
=
B BE
I U / )
in tr R
1
,R
2
c th tnh theo:

p
B
I
U
R
0
2

=
p
E BE
I
U U
0
+
(1-34)

0
0
1
B p
B C
I I
U E
R
+
(1-35)
Khi chn tranzito cn ch n cc tham s gii hn nh: di tn s cng tc (theo tn s f

hay f
) cng nh cc tham s v dng in, in p v cng sut. Dng in cc gp cho php cc

i I
C.C.P
phi ln hn tr s tc thi ln nht trong khi lm vic, ngha l
P . C . C C CO C
I I
I max I < + . V mt in p ngi ta thng chn tranzito theo U

C0.C.P
> E
C
. Cng
sut tiu hao trn cc gp P
C
=U
C0
.I
C0
phi nh hn cng sut cc i cho php ca tranzito P
C.C.P
.
ng cong cng sut gii hn cho php l ng hypecbon. i vi mi im ca n ta c
U
C0.CP
.I
C.CP
=P
C.CP
.
Tm li vic tnh ch ca tng khuch i l gii quyt nhim v chn hp l cc phn t
ca s nhn c nhng tham s cn thit ca tn hiu ra trn ti.
Cc h s khuch i dng in K
i
, in p K
u
v cng sut K
p
cng nh in tr vo R
V
,
in tr ra R
r
l nhng ch tiu quan trng ca tng khuch i. Nhng ch tiu c th xc nh
c khi tnh ton tng khuch i theo dng xoay chiu. Phng php gii tch da trn c s thay
th tranzito v tng khuch i bng s tng ng dng xoay chiu ch tn hiu nh. S
thay th tng EC v trn hnh 1-14, y tranzito c thay bng s thay th tham s vt l.
Tnh ton theo dng xoay chiu c th thc hin c khi s dng s thay th tranzito vi cc
tham s r , trong r
B
l in tr khi vng cc gc, r
E
l in tr vi phn ca tip gip pht, r
C
in tr vi phn ca tip gip gp.
n gin ta gi thit tng khuch i c tnh min tn s trung bnh, tn hiu vo l
hnh sin v in tr ca ngun cung cp i vi dng xoay chiu bng khng. Cc t C
p1,
C
p2,
C
E
c
tr khng rt b, xem nh bng khng. Dng in v in p trong s tnh theo tr s hiu dng.
in tr vo ca tng:
R
V
=R
1
//R
2
//r
V
(1-36)
~

<> r
E
nn:

E E B B BE
r I r I U . . + hay l

B BE
I U [
E B
r r ). 1 ( + + ] (1-37)
Chia c hai v ca phng trnh (1-37) cho I
B
ta c:
r
V
= r
B
+ (1+).r
E
.
Tnh gn ng bc mt ca R
V
theo r
V
v gi tr c th ca r
B
, , r
E
vi iu kin R
1
//R
2

(2 3)r
V
ta s c R
V
ca tng EC khng vt qu (1 3)K
Xc nh h s khuch i dng in ca tng: K
i
= I
t
/I
V
t hnh 1-14 c:

B
I
V
V
V
r
R
I
(1-38)
Khi xc nh dng I
t
qua I
B
th khng tnh n r
E
v n rt nh so vi in tr ca cc phn t
mch ra:

t
t C C
B t
R
R R E r
I I
// // ) (
. .
(1-39)
n biu thc (1-38) ta c:

t
t C C
V
V
V t
R
R R E r
r
R
I I
// // ) (
. . .
(1-40)
v h s khuch i dng xc nh bi:

t
t C C
V
V
i
R
R R E r
r
R
K
// // ) (
. .
(1-41)
H s khuch i dng K
i
t l vi h s ca tranzito, cc in tr phn p cp in mt
chiu cc gc v in tr R
C
, R
t
. Biu thc (1-41) cho ta thy cn chn R
1
//R
2
>>r
V
v R
C
> R
t
.
Nu coi R
V
r
V
v r
C
(E) >>R
C
//R
t
th h s khuch i dng gn ng.
20

t
t C
i
R
R R
K
//
.
(1-42)
Nh vy tng EC c h s khuch i dng tng i ln, v nu nh R
C
>> R
t
th n gn
bng h s khuch i ca tranzito.
Xc nh h s khuch i in p ca tng

n
r
u
E
U
K

V n
t
i
V n V
t t
u
R R
R
K
R R I
R I
K
+

+
.
) .(
.
(1-43)
Thay (1-42) vo (1-43) ta c:

V n
t C
u
R R
R R
K
+

//
.
(1-44)
T (1-44) ta thy nu cng ln v in tr mch ra ca tng cng ln so vi in tr mch
vo th h s khuch i cng ln. c bit, h s khuch i in p s tng khi in tr trong ca
ngun tn hiu gim.
Tng khuch i EC thc hin o pha ca in p ra i vi in p vo. Vic tng in p
vo s lm tng dng cc gc v dng cc gp ca tranzito, h p trn R
c
tng lm gim in p trn
cc gp. Vic o pha trong tng khuch i EC c biu th bng du - trong biu thc K
u
H s khuch i cng sut
i u
V
r
P
K K
P
P
K .
trong s EC khong (0,2
5).10
3
ln.
in tr ra ca tng.
// ( )
r C C
R R r E
(1-45)
V r
C
(E) >> R
C
nn R
r
= R
C
1.4.2. Tng khuch i gp chung (CC)
Hnh 1-15a l s tng khuch i CC, cn gi l tng lp E v in p ra ca n ly cc
E ca tranzito, v tr s gn bng in p vo (
V BE V r
U U U U
) v trng pha vi in p
vo.
in tr R
E
trong s ng vai tr nh R
C
trong EC, ngha l to nn mt in p bin i
u ra trn n. T C c nhim v a tn hiu ra ti R
t
. in tr R
1
, R
2
l b phn p cp in mt
chiu cho cc gc, xc nh ch tnh ca tng. tng in tr vo thng ngi ta khng mc
in tr R
2
. Tnh ton ch mt chiu tng t nh tnh ton tng EC. kho st cc tham s
ca tng theo dng xoay chiu, cn chuyn sang s thay th (hnh 1.15b)
I
C
E
n
Hnh 1-15: a. S tng khuch i CC; b. S thay th
U
BE
+ E
C
I
B
E
n
I
B
I
E
E
R
t
I
t
I
V
I
bo
R
n
R
2
I
C0
U
v
I
E
T
C
P2
Ur R
E
I
t
R
t
a.
R
1
C
P1
<<
B
I
V r
B
C
r
C
U
r
R
E
r
E
R
1
//R
2
U
V
R
n
E
n
D
b.
I
C
21
in tr vo ca tng: R
V
=R
1
//R
2
//r
V
.
Ta c
B V
I U
[ ) Rt // R r ).( 1 ( r
E E B
+ + + ].
Chia U
V
cho I
B
ta c:

). Rt // R r ).( 1 ( r r
E E B V
+ + +
(1-46)
T biu thc (1-46) ta thy r
V
ca tranzito trong s CC ln hn trong s EC. V r
E
thng rt nh hn R
E
//R
t
, cn r
B
nh hn s hng th hai ca v phi biu thc (1-46), nn in tr
vo ca tng lp cc pht E bng:

). R // R ).( 1 //( R // R R
t E 2 1 V
+
(1-47)
Nu chn b phn p u vo R
1
, R
2
ln th in tr vo s ln. Tuy nhin khi khng th
b qua in tr r
C
(E) mc song song vi mch vo, nn in tr vo phi tnh:

// R // R R
2 1 V

[
) R // R ).( 1 (
t E
+
]//r
C
(E) (1-48)
in tr vo ln l mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca tng gp chung, dng lm
tng phi hp vi ngun tn hiu c in tr trong ln.
Vic xc nh h s khuch i dng K
i
cng theo phng php ging nh s EC. Cng thc
(1-38) ng vi tng CC. V dng I
t
y ch l mt phn ca dng I
E
nn biu thc (1-39) c dng:

t
t E
B t
R
R // R
. I ). 1 ( I +
(1-49)
V xt n (1-39) ta c:

t
t E
V
V
V t
R
R // R
.
r
R
). 1 .( I I +
(1-50)
H s khuch i dng trong s CC:

t
t E
V
V
i
R
R // R
.
r
R
). 1 ( K +
(1-51)
ngha l n ph thuc vo quan h R
V
v r
V
, R
E
v R
t
. Gi thit R
V
=r
V
th
Hnh 1-17: a) S tng o pha
b) c) d) Biu thi gian
R
C
+E
C

E
n
Hnh 1-16: a. S khuych i BC
b. S thay th
22

t
t E
i
R
R // R
). 1 ( K +
(1-52)
Khi R
E
= R
C
v in tr R
t
ging nhau th h s khuch i dng in trong s pht
chung v gp chung gn bng nhau.
H s khuch i in p tnh theo (1-43) ta c:

V n
t E
u
R R
R // R
). 1 ( K
+
+
(1-53)
Khi V
R
>> n
R
v gn ng R
V
) R R ).( 1 (
t E
+ +
th K
u
1. Nh vy tng khuch i gp
chung khuch i cng sut tn hiu trong khi gi nguyn tr s in p ca n.
V K
u
=1 nn h s khuch i K
p
xp x bng K
i
v tr s.
in tr ra ca tng CC:

E E
2 1 n B
E E r
r // R )
1
R // R // R r
r //( R R
+
+
+
(1-54)
in tr ra ca tng nh c (1
50). N c dng phi hp mch ra ca tng khuch

i vi ti c in tr nh, khi tng gp chung dng lm tng ra ca b khuch i c vai tr
nh mt tng khuch i cng sut n ch A khng c bin p ra.
1.4.3 Tng khuch i gc chung (BC).
Hnh (1-16a) l s mt tng khuch i gc chung. Cc phn t R
1
, R
2
, R
E
dng xc
nh ch tnh I
E
. Cc phn t cn li cng c chc nng ging s EC.
kho st cc tham s ca tng khuch i BC theo dng xoay chiu ta s dng s
tng ng hnh 1-16b.
E V
R R
//[ B E
r r ). 1 ( +
] (1-55)
T (1-55) ta thy in tr vo ca tng c xc nh ch yu bng in tr r
E
vo khong
(10 50). in tr vo nh l nhc im c bn ca tng BC v tng s l ti ln i vi
ngun tn hiu vo.
i vi thnh phn xoay chiu th h s khuch i dng in ca tranzito l:
E
C
I
I

v
<1. H s khuch i dng ca tng l:

t
t C
i
R
R // R
. K
(1-56)

R
C
+E
C

I
E
I
V
C
P2
C
B
I
B
r
E
U
r
C
P
1
I
C
+E
C
R
1
R
C
R
n
E
n
u
V
R
E
R
t
R
2
I
B
T
a.
<<
I
V
b.
.I
E
I
C
r
C
R
E
R
n
R
C
r
B
R
t
U
r
I
1
E
n
B
C
E
U
V
Hnh 1-16: a. S khuych i BC
b. S thay th
23

H s khuch i in p:

V n
t C
u
R R
R // R
. K
+

(1-57)
T (1-57) ta thy khi gim in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu vo s lm tng h s khuch i
in p.
in tr ra ca tng BC l:

C C C r
R E r R R ) ( //
(1-58)
Cn ch rng c tuyn tnh ca tranzito mc BC c tuyn tnh ln nn tranzito c th
dng vi in p cc gp ln hn s EC. Chnh v vy tng khuch i BC c dng khi cn
c in p u ra ln.
1.5. TNG KHUCH I O PHA
Tng o pha dng khuch i tn hiu v cho ra hai tn hiu c bin bng nhau nhng
pha lch nhau 180
0
(hay ngc pha nhau).
S tng khuch i o pha chia ti v hnh 1-17a. Tn hiu ly ra t cc pht v cc gp
ca tranzito. Tn hiu ra
2 r
U ly t cc pht ng pha vi tn hiuvo U
V
cn tn hiu ra
1 r
U ly t
cc gp ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Dng tn hiu v trn hnh 1-17b, c, d.
Ta s kho st ch tiu ca tng tnh tng t nh tng CC.

2 1 V
R // R R
//[
) R // R r ).( 1 ( r
2 t E E B
+ + +
] (1-59)
hoc tnh gn ng:

) R // R r ).( 1 ( R
2 t E E V
+ +
(1-60)

U
C0
C
P2
a)
U
V
t
0
R
1
R
C
R
n
R
2
R
E
R
t
2
R
t
1
C
P3
C
P1
E
n
+E
C
U
r1
U
r2
U
V
T
_

U
r2
0
t
2
r
U
U
r
t
0
U
C0
c)
d)
b)
I
D0
U
0S
I
1

i
0
I
1

24

H s khuch i in p u ra 1 xc nh tng t nh s EC, cn u ra 2 xc nh
tng t nh s CC.
V n
1 t C
u
R R
) R // R (
. K
1
+

(1-61)
V n
2 t E
u
R R
) R // R (
). 1 ( K
2
+
+
(1-62)
Nu chn R
C
=R
E
v c
2 t 1 t
R R
th
gi tr h s khuch i
1
u
K
gn ng bng
2
u
K
v s ny cn gi l mch o pha
chia ti.
Tng o pha cng c th dng bin p,
s nguyn l nh hnh 1-18.
Hai tn hiu ly ra t hai na cun th
cp c pha lch nhau 180
0
so vi im 0.
Khi hai na cun th cp c s vng
bng nhau th hai in p ra s bng nhau.
Mch ny c h s khuch i ln, d dng
thay i cc tnh ca in p ra v cn c tc
dng phi hp tr khng nhng cng knh,
nng n v mo ln nn hin nay t c dng.
1.6. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO TRNG(FET).
Nguyn l xy dng tng khuch i dng tranzito trng cng ging nh tng dng tranzito
lng cc. im khc nhau l tranzito trng iu khin bng in p. Khi chn ch tnh ca
tng dng tranzito trng cn a ti u vo (cc ca G) mt in p mt chiu c gi tr v cc
tnh cn thit.
1.6.1. Tng khuch i cc ngun chung (SC)
I
D0
U
0S
I
1

i
0
I
1

Hnh 1-18: S tng o pha dng bin p
C
P
T
R
1
L1
R
n
R
2
R
E C
E
E
n
+E
C
U
V
_
U
r1
U
ra2
L
2
25
S khuch i SC dng MOSFET c knh n t sn cho trn hnh 1-19a.
Ti R
D
c mc vo cc mng D, cc in tr R
1
, R
G
, R
S
dng xc lp U
GS0
ch tnh.
in tr R
S
s to ra hi tip m dng in mt chiu n nh ch tnh khi thay i nhit
v do tnh tn mn ca tham s tranzito. T C
S
dng kh hi tip m dng xoay chiu. T C
P1

ghp tng vi ngun tn hiu vo. Nguyn tc chn ch tnh cng ging nh s tranzito lng
cc hnh 1-12. Cng thc (1-24) v (1-25) dng chn ch tnh, y c th vit di dng:

DS
r
0 DS
U U U + >

(1-63)

D
0 D
I I

>
(1-64)
im lm vic tnh P dch chuyn theo ng ti mt chiu s qua im A v B (hnh 1-19b).
i vi im A: I
DS
= 0, U
DS
= +E
D
, i vi im B: U
DS
= 0, I
D
= E
D
/(R
D
+R
S
). in tr ti xoay
chiu xc nh theo R
t
= R
D
//R
t
. Trong b khuch i nhiu tng th ti ca tng trc chnh l
mch vo ca tng sau c in tr vo R
V
ln. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th ti xoay
chiu ca tng xc nh ch yu bng in tr R
D
c chn ti thiu cng nh hn R
V
mt bc
na. Chnh v vy i vi tng tin khuch i th dc ca ng ti xoay chiu (ng C-D)
khng khc lm so vi ng ti mt chiu v trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta coi chng nh l
mt ng.
Trong ch tnh:

) R R ( I E U
S D 0 D D 0 DS
+
(1-65)
trong : I
D0
l dng mng tnh
r
i
U
V
Ph
n t
hi
u c
U
r

R
t

hn
h
U
r
C
L
S

B
kh
u
I
t
Hn
h
7-1.
S

kh
i b
ngu
n.

Tr
D
1
a)
Hnh 1-19: a) S tng khuych i SC.
b) th xc nh ch tnh.
b)
U
V
I
D
I
D0
U
GS0
U
G
0
+E
D
E
n
I
D
I
S0
R
1
R
D
R
t
R
S
R
G
R
n
U
S0
U
DS
U
r
C
S
C
P1
T
C
P2
U
DS0
U
PMax
U
DS
C A
P
DMax
D
B
P
U
S0
+U
RD
U
DS
I
D0
U
0S
I
1

i
0
I
1

I
DMax
U
r
U
GS
D
I
26

0 DS
U
l in p cc mng - ngun tnh.
in p
0 GS
U
l tham s ca c tuyn ra tnh i qua im P (hnh 1-19b).
Da vo c tuyn ca FET, ta thy ch tnh in p cc G c th c cc tnh dng
hoc m i vi cc ngun v thm ch c th bng khng.
Kho st trng hp
0 U
0 GS
<

in tr R
S
v R
G
xc nh in p
0 U
0 GS
<
trong ch tnh. Tr s v cc tnh ca
in p trn in tr R
S
l do dng in I
S0
=I
D0
chy qua n quyt nh, in tr R
S
c xc nh
bi:

0
0
D
GS
S
I
U
R
(1-66)
in tr R
G
dn in p
0 GS
U
ly trn R
S
ln cc ca G ca FET. in tr R
G
phi chn
nh hn in tr vo. iu ny rt cn thit loi tr nh hng ca tnh khng n nh theo nhit
v tnh tn mn ca cc tham s mch vo n in tr vo ca tng. Tr s R
S
thng chn t
(1 5)M
.
Ngoi vic m bo in p
0 GS
U
yu cu, in tr R
S
cn to ra hi tip m dng in mt
chiu trong tng, ngn cn s thay i dng I
D0
do tc dng ca nhit v tnh tn mn tham s
ca tranzito v v th n nh ch tnh ca tng. tng tnh n nh th cn tng R
S
nhng phi
bo m
0 GS
U
. Trong trng hp ny phi b in p
0 S
U
bng cch cung cp cho cc ca in
p U
G0
qua in tr R
1
.

1
0 0 0 0
. .
R R
R
E R I U U U
G
G
D S D G S GS
+

(1-67)

G
GS S
G D
R
U U
R E
R
0 0
1
.
(1-68)
in p ngun cung cp:

D D S DS D
R I U U E .
0 0 0
+ +
(1-69)
Tr s R
D
c nh hng n c tnh tn s ca tng, n c tnh theo tn s trn ca gii
tn. Vi quan im m rng di tn th phi gim R
D
. Sau khi chn in tr trong ca tranzito r
i
,
th ta c th chn R
D
=(0,05 0,15).r
i
.
Vic chn in p
0 S
U
cng theo nhng iu kin ging nh in p U
E0
trong tng EC,
ngha l tng in p
0 S
U
s lm tng n nh ca im lm vic tnh do R
S
tng, tuy nhin khi
cn tng E
D
. V th
0 S
U
thng chn trong khong (0,1 0,3)E
D
. Cng tng t (1-30) ta c:

9 , 0 7 , 0
R . I U
E
D 0 D 0 D
D
(1-70)
r
i
U
V
Ph
n t
hi
u c
U
r

R
t

hn
h
U
r
C
L
S

B
kh
u
I
t
Hn
h
7-1.
S

kh
i b
ngu
n.

Tr
D
1
U
V
+
U
V
U
r
R
2
R
3
+

T
1
U
o
U
2m
b)
t
I
o
2
U
C

U
2

U
0
i
o
U
0
a)
b)
t
t
I
o
Hn
h 7-
3:
S

chn
h
lu
v

th
dn
g
sn
g
ca
chn
h
lu
1
pha
na
sn
g
27
Khi
0 GS
U
0 phi mc in tr R
S
t yu cu v n nh ch tnh. Lc bt buc
phi mc R
1
. Chn cc phn t da vo cng thc (1-67) n (1-70), khi (1-67), (1-68) phi cho
0 U
0 GS

hoc l thay i du trc in p
0 GS
U
.Ch
GSO
U
>0 l ch in hnh ca
MOSFET c knh cm ng loi n.V th nu thc hin i du trc
GSO
U trong cng thc (1-67),
(1-68) c th dng chng tnh mch thin p R
1
, R
G
ca tng ngun chung.
Chn loi FET phi ch n cc tham s tng t nh trong tng EC, phi tnh n dng
mng cc i I
Dmax
, in p mng cc i
DS
U
max
, v cng sut tiu tn cc i trong tranzito P
Dmax
.
Ging nh s EC dng tranzito lng cc, tng ngun chung cng lm o pha tn hiu
vo. V d t vo u vo na chu k in p dng, s lm tng dng mng v gim in p
mng; u ra s nhn c na chu k in p cc tnh m.
Di y ta s phn tch tng khuch i v mt xoay chiu.
S tng ng thay th tng SC v trn hnh 1-20a c tnh n in dung gia cc in
cc ca tranzito.
S thay th da trn c s s dng ngun dng mch ra. in tr R
D
, R
t
mc song song
mch ra xc nh ti xoay chiu R
t~
=R
D
//R
t
. in tr R
1
, R
G
cng c mc song song. V in tr
vo thng ln hn in tr
n
R
nhiu, nn in p vo ca tng coi nh bng E
n

T ni tng
1 p
C
,
2 p
C
v t C
S
kh ln nn in tr xoay chiu coi nh bng khng.V th
trong s thay th khng v nhng t .
H s khuych i in p tng tn s trung bnh :
) // .(
) // .( .
~
~
t i
V
t i V
V
t
u
R r S
U
R r U S
U
U
K
(1-71)
Hay l: K
u
= -
~ t i
~ t i
R r
R . r . S
+
(1-72)
Tr s
i
Sr
gi l h s khuych i tnh ca FET.Thay
i
Sr v ta c:
Hnh 1-20: S tng ng thay th tng S chung
C
GD
a)

C
GD
C
GS
C
DS
R
t
R
D
r
i
SU
V
R
1
// R
G
U
V
U
r
b)
C
GS
C
DS
R
t
R
D
r
i
U
V
R
1
// R
G
R
1
U
V
Ph
n t
hi
u c
U
r

R
t

hn
h
U
r
C
L
S

B
kh
u
I
t
Hn
h
7-1.
S

kh
i b
ngu
n.

Tr
D
1
R
G
B
U
2
H
nh
7-
2.
Bi
n
p
ng
u
n.

s
nh
(3
U
M
))
R
U
r

R
t
Z
D

U
o
U
2m
h
U
V

+

++
U
V
+
U
V
U
r
R
2
R
3
+

T
1
U
o
U
2m
b)
t
I
o
2
U
C

U
2

U
0
i
o
U
0
a)
b)
t
t
I
o
Hn
h 7-
3:
S

chn
h
lu
v

th
dn
g
sn
g
ca
chn
h
lu
1
pha
na
sn
g
R
t
-
UU
Ht
U
Ch

Z
D
R
1

2
28
~
~
.
t i
t
u
R r
R
K
+

(1-73)
Da vo (1-73) c th v s thay th tng SC vi ngun in p
v
U .
(hnh 1-20b).
Trong trng hp nu tng SC l tng khuych i trong b khuych i nhiu tng th
D V D ~ t
R R // R R
.Nu nh tnh
i D
r R << th h s khuych i in p ca tng c tnh:

D U
R . S K
(1-74)
in tr vo ca tng SC l:

G 1 V
R // R R
(1-75)
in tr ra ca tng:

D i D r
R r // R R (1-76)
Khi chuyn sang min tn s cao th phi ch n in dung vo v ra ca tng, ngha l
cn ch n in dung gia cc in cc
GD GS
C , C
ca tranzito, cng nh in dung lp rp
mch vo
L
C (in dung ca linh kin v dy dn mch vo i vi cc m ca ngun cung cp).
tn s cao nhng in dung k sinh k trn s to nn thnh phn in khng ca dng
in mch vo

CL CGD CGS Cv
I I I I + +
(1-77)
Dng I
CGS
, I
CL
xc nh bng in p vo U
V
, cn dng I
CGD
xc nh bng dng cc mng -
ca. V in p cc mng ngc pha vi in p vo, nn in p gia cc ca v cc mng s
bng:
( )
v u r v
u K 1 u u + +

Dng in vo in dung ca tng:

I CV
= j..C
GS
.u
v
+ j.C
GD
.(1+K
u
).U
V
+j..C
L
.U
V
hay
I CV
j..U
V
[C
GS
+(1+K
u
).C
GD
+C
L
]=j..C
V
.U
V
y C
V
l in dung vo ca tng:
C
V
=C
GS
+(1+K
u
).C
GD
+C
L
(1-78)
in dung ra ca tng ph thuc vo in dung gia cc in cc khong mng - ngun v
mng - ca, cng nh in dung lp rp mch ra. Tnh in dung ra cng theo phng php nh
tnh in dung vo, c kt qu:

S GD
u
u
DS r
C C .
K
K 1
C C +
+
+
(1-79)
R
3
i
0
U
o
0

u
2a
D
2
b
i
2a
i
2b
a
u
1
D
1

u
2b
H
nh
7-5:
S

chnh
lu 1
pha
ton
sng
vi
th
cp
bin
p c
im
gia
khi
ti
thun
tr,
dng
sng
u
vo,
u
ra b
chnh
lu
v
in
p
ng
c trn
it

ca
mc
hU
B1
+
+
T
1
R
G
B
U
2
H
nh
7-
2.
Bi
n
p
ng
u
n.

s
nh
(3
U
M
))
R
U
r

R
t
Z
D

U
o
U
2m
h
U
V

+

++
U
V
+
U
V
U
r
R
2
R
3
+

T
1
U
o
U
2m
b)
t
I
o
2
U
C

U
2

U
0
i
o
U
0
a)
b)
t
t
I
o
Hn
h 7-
3:
S

chn
h
lu
v

th
dn
g
sn
g
ca
chn
h
lu
1
pha
na
sn
g
R
t
-
UU
Ht
U
Ch

Z
D
H
n
h
7-
4:
S

n
n 1
ph
a
n
a
s
ng
ti
du
ng
tn
h
v
d
ng
s
ng
tr
n
ti
R
1

2
29
1.6.2. Tng khuch i cc mng chung (DC)
S tng khuch i cc mng chung gn ging s CC. Hnh 1-21a v s DC dng
FET c knh t sn. in tr R
1
, R
G
cng R
S
dng xc nh ch lm vic tnh ca tranzito.
Vic chn v tnh ton m bo ch tnh c tin hnh tng t nh tng SC. Ti mt
chiu ca tng l R
S
, cn ti xoay chiu l: R
t
=R
S
//R
t
.
i vi tng DC in p ra ti trng pha vi in p vo

GS V t
U U U
(1-80)
Theo s thay th th U
t
li l hm s ca U
GS
tc dng ln u vo ca tranzito.

) // ( .
~ t i GS t
R r U S U
hay
) // .(
~ t i
t
GS
R r S
U
U
(1-81)
H s khuch i in p ca tng tnh theo:

) R // r .( S 1
) R // r .( S
U
U
K
~ t i
~ t i
V
t
u
+

(1-82)
V r
i
>>R
t~
nn:

~ t
~ t
R . S 1
R . S
Ku
+
(1-83)
H s khuch i K
u
ph thuc vo h dn ca tranzito v ti xoay chiu R
t~
ca tng. H
s khuch i tin ti 1 khi tng S v R
t~
. V vy i vi tng DC nn dng tranzito c h dn
ln.
tm c cc tham s tng ng ca s thay th ta s bin i cng thc (1-82) sau
khi thay vo n S=/r
i
v khai trin:
U
V(N-
1)

a) 1 2
N-1
Hn
h 7-
18:
B
n
nh
hi
tip
c

khuy
ch
i
N
H
nhZ
D2
R
4
T
2
Z
D1
U
B2
R
2
R
3

xung
R
2
U
V
R
1
R
3
i
0
U
o
0

u
2a
D
2
b
i
2a
i
2b
a
u
1
D
1

u
2b
H
nh
7-5:
S

chnh
lu 1
pha
ton
sng
vi
th
cp
bin
p c
im
gia
khi
ti
thun
tr,
dng
sng
u
vo,
u
ra b
chnh
lu
v
in
p
ng
c trn
it

ca
mc
hU
B1
+
+
T
1
R
5
H
nu
2b
b
)
u
0
i
2a

I
o
i
2
u
2a
u
2M
2
U
0
t
u
2
I
2M
a)
R
t
R
7
i
2a
R
9
R
11
C
R
2
R
R
t
t
R
n
R
2
U
r
U
V
R
4
U
R
T
1
_
R
1
U
Ch

Z
D
u
khin
C
R
6
+
R
8
1
R
10
D
1
H
nh
7-6:
Chn
h lu
ton
sng
bin
p
im
gia
ti
dung
tnh
v
dng
sng.
R
12
C
P2
C
b
C
E1
C
u
2a
C
E2
u
2b
C
E3
C
2
i
2a
U
r
i
2b
U
V
Hnh 1-23: S b khuch i nhiu tng ghp in dung.
I
o
U
GS
R
G
B
U
2
H
nh
7-
2.
Bi
n
p
ng
u
n.

s
nh
C
GD
U2
U
2m
b)
u
Dn
g
I
M
i
o
0
t
(3
U
M
)
C
GS
u
oo
R
U
r

R
t
Z
D

U
o
U
2m
h
R
i
// R
G
U
V

+

+
R
t R
S
U
r
(
5) 5
R
n
+ E
D
(
2)
E
n
C
P1
U
P
C
P2
U
V
+
U
V
U
r
R
2
R
3
+

T
1
U
o
U
2m
b)
t
I
o
2
U
C

U
2

U
0
i
o
U
0
a)
b)
t
t
I
o
Hn
h 7-
3:
S

chn
h
lu
v

th
dn
g
sn
g
ca
chn
h
lu
1
pha
na
sn
g
U
G
U
1
U
S0
R
t
-
UU
Ht
U
Ch

Z
D
R
S
T
2
R
1
H
n
h
7-
4:
S

n
n 1
ph
a
n
a
s
ng
ti
du
ng
tn
h
v
d
ng
s
ng
tr
n
ti
U
R
a)
t
R
1

2
_
t
t
Hnh 1-21: Tng khuch i cc mng chung
a) S nguyn l; b) S tng ng.
T
U
r
30

i t
t i
t i
r R
R r
R r
+
~
~
~
.
//
Sau khi bin i ta c:

~
~
). 1 (
.
t i
t
u
R r
R
K
+ +
(1-84)
Chia c t s v mu s v phi cng thc (1-84) cho
+ 1
v thay K
u
=U
t
/U
V
, ta c:

~
~
) 1 /(
. .
1
t i
t
V t
R r
R
U U
+ + +
(1-85)
Da vo (1-85) ta s c s thay th ca tng hnh 1-21b. mch ra ca s thay th
c ngun in p tng ng

V
U .
1 +
Vi in tr tng ng ) 1 /( r
i
+ . Mch vo ca s thay th hnh 1-21b gm ba phn
t ging nhau nh s thay th SC.
Da vo s hnh 1-21b xc nh c in tr ra ca tng DC

r
R =R
S
//
S
1
1
1
+
(1-86)
in tr ra ca tng DC nh hn tng SC, v vo khong (100 3000) .
V in p gia cc ca v cc ngun ca tranzito trong s lp li cc ngun bng
r V
U U
nn dng in vo bn thn ca tranzito s nh hn trong s SC, v khng n nh
nhit ca in tr gia ca v ngun nh. Do cho php ta dng R
1
, R
G
ln. V vy tng DC c
in tr vo R
V
ln (ti vi M) hn tng SC.
in dung vo ca tng DC s nh hn ca tng SC.
i vi tng DC th cn thit phi tnh n thnh phn dng in dung vo mch ca - mng
v ca - ngun ca tranzito, cng nh thnh phn dng in dung lp rp mch vo ca tng. V
in p cc mng khng i, thnh phn dng in dung C
GD
v C
1
c xc nh bng in p
vo. Thnh phn dng in dung C
GS
ph thuc vo in p

V u t V GS
U ). K 1 ( U U U
Dng vo tng l:

V CV
U . . j I [
L GS GD
C Ku C C + + ) 1 .(
]
t :
L GS GD V
C Ku C C C + + ) 1 .(
(1-87)
U
V(N-
1)

a) 1 2
N-1
Hn
h 7-
18:
B
n
nh
hi
tip
c

khuy
ch
i
N
H
nhZ
D2
R
4
T
2
Z
D1
U
B2
R
2
R
3

xung
Di tn trung bnh
i
2a 2
U
i
2b
2
f
U
0
0
0
t
-
U
U
B
A
U
Z
U
ZM
ax

U
ZM
in
b
)
I
0
i
0
U
o
t
u
0
u
2
u
2a

u
2b
U
C
U
2M
u
0
R
t
I
00
T
3
R
2
U
V
R
1
R
3
i
0
U
o
0

u
2a
D
2
b
i
2a
i
2b
a
u
1
D
1

u
2b
H
nh
7-5:
S

chnh
lu 1
pha
ton
sng
vi
th
cp
bin
p c
im
gia
khi
ti
thun
tr,
dng
sng
u
vo,
u
ra b
chnh
lu
v
in
p
ng
c trn
it

ca
mc
hU
B1
+
+
T
1
R
5
H
nu
2b
b
)
u
0
i
2a

I
o
i
2
u
2a
u
2M
2
U
0
t
u
2
I
2M
a)
R
t
R
7
i
2a
R
9
R
11
C
R
2
R
R
t
t
R
n
R
2
U
r
U
V
R
4
U
R
T
1
_
R
1
U
Ch

Z
D
u
khin
C
R
6
+
R
8
1
R
10
D
1
H
nh
7-6:
Chn
h lu
ton
sng
bin
p
im
gia
ti
dung
tnh
v
dng
sng.
R
12
C
P2
C
b
C
E1
C
u
2a
C
E2
u
2b
C
E3
C
2
i
2a
U
r
i
2b
U
V
I
o
U
V
+
U
V
U
r
R
2
R
3
+

T
1
U
o
U
2m
b)
t
I
o
2
U
C

U
2

U
0
i
o
U
0
a)
b)
t
t
I
o
Hn
h 7-
3:
S

chn
h
lu
v

th
dn
g
sn
g
ca
chn
h
lu
1
pha
na
sn
g
31
Nh vy in dung vo ca tng DC nh hn ca tng SC. T (1-87) ta thy nu Ku 1
trong tng DC th nh hng ca in dung C
SG
n in dung vo s gim nhiu.
1.7. CC PHNG PHP GHP TNG TRONG B KHUCH I
Mt b khuch i thng gm nhiu tng mc ni tip nhau nh hnh 1-22 (v thc t mt
tng khuch i khng m bo h s khuch i cn thit). y tn hiu ra ca tng u hay
tng trung gian bt k s l tn hiu vo cho tng sau n v ti ca mt tng l in tr vo ca tng
sau n. in tr vo v ra ca b khuch i s c tnh theo tng u v tng cui.
Theo h thc (1-88) h s khuch i ca b khuch i nhiu tng bng tch h s khuch
i ca mi tng (tnh theo n v s ln) hay bng tng ca chng (tnh theo n v dB)

) ( ... ) ( ) (
... . ... .
1
2 1
2
2 1
dB K dB K dB K
K K K
U
U
U
U
E
U
E
U
K
N
N
u u u
u u u
VN
rN
V
r
n
ra
n
t
u
+ +

(1-88)
Vic ghp gia cc tng c th dng t in, bin p hay ghp trc tip.
1.7.1. Ghp tng bng t in
B khuch i nhiu tng ghp t in v trn hnh 1-23. Cc iu phn tch trong mc
1.6, ng cho mt tng trung gian bt k nu thay R
t
cho R
V
. S tng trong b khuch i nhiu
tng xc nh theo cng thc (1-88) xut pht t h s khuch i yu cu. Vic tnh ton cc tng
(chn v m bo ch lm vic tnh, tnh ton ch xoay chiu) phi theo th t t tng cui
cng tr v tng u tin. c
C
6
K
U
1
+
C
2
D
1
R
t

+
C
1
_
U
V
f
C
I
I
U
0

I
0
D
2
f
b
)

U
2
0
D
2

B
lc

C
1
-/2
CC
2
Hnh 1-22: S khi b khuch i nhiu tng
U
V(N-
1)

a)
U
r2
U
r1
=U
V2
U
r
N
R
n
R
t
1 2
N-1
Hn
h 7-
18:
B
n
nh
hi
tip
c

khuy
ch
i
N
H
nhZ
D2
R
4
T
2
Z
D1
U
B2
R
2
R
3

xung
U
V1
R
1
T
3
E
n
a)
u
2a
b
a
D
2
D
1
a
)
Hn
h
7-
7:
Ch
nh
lu
to
n
sn
g
bi
n
p
gi
a
vi
ti
c
m
v
d
ng
sn
g
T
4
R
7
R
3
R
4
R
5
Z
D1
R
1
T
3
T
1

R
6
T
2
Z
D2
R
8
R
t
U
r
+
Di tn trung bnh
i
2a 2
U
i
2b
2
f
U
0
0
0
t
-
U
U
B
A
U
Z
U
ZM
ax

U
ZM
in
b
)
I
0
i
0
U
o
t
u
0
u
2
u
2a

u
2b
U
C
U
2M
u
0
R
t
I
00
T
33
b)
U
1
f
_
+
R
t
U
0
D
2
D
1
C
2
+

u
2
u
1
b
a
Hnh
7-9:
S
nn
bi p
na
sng
R
t
R
t
a)
+
R
2
U
V
R
1
R
3
i
0
U
o
0

u
2a
D
2
b
i
2a
i
2b
a
u
1
D
1

u
2b
H
nh
7-5:
S

chnh
lu 1
pha
ton
sng
vi
th
cp
bin
p c
im
gia
khi
ti
thun
tr,
dng
sng
u
vo,
u
ra b
chnh
lu
v
in
p
ng
c trn
it

ca
mc
hU
B1
+
+
T
1
R
5
H
nu
2b
b
)
u
0
i
2a

I
o
i
2
u
2a
u
2M
2
U
0
t
u
2
I
2M
a)
R
t
R
7
i
2a
R
9
R
11
C
R
2
R
R
t
t
R
n
R
2
U
r
U
V
R
4
U
R
T
1
_
R
1
U
Ch

Z
D
u
khin
C
R
6
+
R
8
1
R
10
D
1
H
nh
7-6:
Chn
h lu
ton
sng
bin
p
im
gia
ti
dung
tnh
v
dng
sng.
R
12
C
P1
a
D
2
C
P2
C
b
C
P3
C
E1
C
u
2a
C
E2
u
2b
C
E3
T
1
u
1
~
T
2
T
3
C
2
i
2a
+E
C
U
r
i
2b
U
V
E
n
~
H
t
u
0
t
U
o
i
0
u
C
u
2b
u
2a
I
2
U
0
_
+
C
I
o
32
Trc ht ta tnh tng cui cng. Tng ny phi m bo a ra ti R
t
cng sut tn hiu yu
cu. Da vo h s khuch i tng cui, ta xc nh cc tham s tn hiu vo ca n. V chnh
l s liu ban u tnh tng trc cui, v tip tc cho n tng u tin ca b khuch i.
u tin ta tnh tn s trung bnh f
0
, b qua nh hng ca t in trong b khuch i v
khng tnh n s ph thuc ca cc tham s ca tranzito vo tn s. Trong trng hp cn thit
phi ch n c tnh ca tranzito v nh hng ca t in bin tn ca tn hiu cn khuch
i, iu ny s lm cho in p u ra ca b khuch i thay i c bin ln pha khi tn s tn
hiu vo thay i. min tn s thp, khi ti thun tr th nhng s ph thuc k trn l do t in
trong s quyt nh, cn min tn s cao th ch yu l do cc tham s ca tranzito quyt nh.
Trong thc t ngi ta c th nghin cu nh hng ca cc yu t trn mt cch c lp hai
min tn s thp v cao.
Di y ta xt c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn s thp.
Trong (1-4) khi tnh h s khuch i ca tng n gi thit in tr xoay chiu ca t
in bng khng. Nhng gi thit nh vy ch ng tn s trung bnh. Khi tn s gim th dn
in ca cc t ni tng s gim. Do c h p trn t nn in p ca ngun tn hiu t vo tng
u tin hay in p ra tng trc t vo tng sau s b gim. H p trn t s lm gim bin tn
hiu u ra mi tng ca b khuch i ni chung tc l lm gim h s khuch i min tn s
thp (hnh 1-24).
nh hng ca t ni tng th hin rt r trong b khuch i ghp t ch h s khuch i
K
u
0 khi f0. Nh vy l tr s ca t ni tng c nh hng n h s khuch i min tn
thp.
T C
E
cng nh hng n h s khuch i min tn thp. V khi tn s gim s lm gim
tc dng r mch ca t i vi in tr R
E
v do lm tng mc hi tip m dng xoay chiu
trn R
E
v do lm gim h s khuch i.
Vic gim mun h s khuch i tn s thp K
t
c c trng bng h s mo tn s
thp ca b khuch i.

t
t
K
K
M
0
chnh l tch h s mo tn s ca mi t trong b khuch i.

N 2 1
t t t t
M .... M . M M
(1-89)

C
6
K
U
1
+
C
2
D
1
R
t

+
C
1
_
U
V
f
C
I
I
U
0

I
0
D
2
f
b
)

U
2
0
D
2

B
lc

C
1
-/2
CC
2
a)
u
2a
b
a
D
2
D
1
a
)
Hn
h
7-
7:
Ch
nh
lu
to
n
sn
g
bi
n
p
gi
a
vi
ti
c
m
v
d
ng
sn
g
T
4
R
7
R
3
R
4
R
5
Z
D1
R
1
T
3
T
1

R
6
T
2
Z
D2
R
8
R
t
U
r
+
b)
u
2b
t
Hnh 1-24:
a) Dng tng qut c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i ghp in dung;
b) nh hng ca t ni tng n c tuyn tn thp
f
U
P
u
1
~
Di tn trung bnh
i
2a 2
U
i
2b
2
K
UO
f
t
U
+
L
ch
f
C
_
f
U
0
0
0
t
-
U
U
B
A
U
Z
U
ZM
ax

U
ZM
in
b
)
I
0
i
0
U
o
t
u
0
u
2
u
2a

u
2b
U
C
U
2M
u
0
R
t
I
0
Di thng
L
c
+
C
L
ch
t
K
U
2
a)
f
t
L
M
23
8
f'
t
U
P
C
1
f''
t
C
2
K
U0
2
1
C''
P
> C
P
' > C
PP
T
33
b)
U
1
f
_
+
R
t
U
0
D
2
D
1
C
2
+

u
2
u
1
b
a
Hnh
7-9:
S
nn
bi p
na
sng
R
t
R
t
a)
+
R
1
.
I
Z
R
H
nh
7-
15:
c
tnh
V-A
ca
it
Zene
r v
s

n
p
mt
chi
u
dng
it
Zene
r

7-
24:
Ngu
n
cp
in
n
p
i
xng

.
R
3
i
0
U
o
0

u
2a
D
2
b
i
2a
i
2b
a
u
1
D
1

u
2b
H
nh
7-5:
S

chnh
lu 1
pha
ton
sng
vi
th
cp
bin
p c
im
gia
khi
ti
thun
tr,
dng
sng
u
vo,
u
ra b
chnh
lu
v
in
p
ng
c trn
it

ca
mc
hU
B1
+
+
T
1
R
5
H
nu
2b
b
)
u
0
i
2a

I
o
i
2
u
2a
u
2M
2
U
0
t
u
2
I
2M
a)
R
t
R
4
U
R
T
1
_
R
1
U
Ch

Z
D
u
khin
C
R
10
D
1
H
nh
7-6:
Chn
h lu
ton
sng
bin
p
im
gia
ti
dung
tnh
v
dng
sng.
E
n
~
H
t
u
0
t
U
o
i
0
u
C
u
2b
u
2a
I
2
U
0
_
+
C
W
22
C
4
R
C
T
2
H
n
h
7-
12
:
B
lc
L
C
R
5
R
6
W
1
C
E
H
nh
B
n
nh
H
nh
7-13:
B
lc
RC
U
o~V
U
o~r
C
R
R
t
U
o~r
U
o~V
R
t
R
n
RR
0
+
+
_
Z
D
1
+E
C
Hnh
7-32:
Phn
chuy
n
mch
vU
V
b)
+
_
a)
I
I
ZMax
I
ZTB
I
Zmin
H
nh
7-14:
Khi
n
nh
in
p
3
2
1
7
9XX
33
H s mo tn s tnh theo:

2
)
.
1
( 1
t t
t
M

+
(1-90)
i vi t C
P1
hnh 1-88 th hng s thi gian
) R R .( C
1 V n 1 P
+
trong
n
R
l in tr
ca ngun tn hiu vo,
1 V
R
l in tr vo ca tng u tin. Tng t ta s xc nh c hng
s thi gian
cho cc t khc trong s .

Tn s thp nht ca gii thng s c chn lm s liu ban u khi tnh b khuch i
vng tn s thp. H s mo tn s ng vi tn s thp ca gii thng c gi tr tu thuc vo
nhim v ca b khuch i. V d i vi b khuch i m thanh thng chn bng
2
.
Nh trn gi thit, min tn s trung bnh cc t in khng gy nh hng g v s dch
pha ca tn hiu u ra ca b khuch i i vi tn hiu u vo s l n, y n l s tng
khuch i lm o pha tn hiu.
min tn s thp v trong mch c t in nn dng in nhanh pha hn so vi in p.
Nh vy s dch pha ca in p ra b khuch i so vi in p vo min tn s thp c c tnh
vt trc. Gc dch pha ca b khuch i bng tng gc dch pha ca mi t, v gc dch pha ca
mi t l:

t t
t
.
1
acrtg

. (1-91)
c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s ca b khuch i min tn thp v trn hnh 1-25.
ng nt lin l c tuyn xt khi nh hng ca mt t, cn ng t nt l c tuyn xt khi
nh hng ca tt c cc t trong b khuch i.
c im cng tc ca b khuch i min tn s cao l s ph thuc h s khuch i
ca tranzito vo tn s v s tn ti in dung mt ghp gp C
CE
. Nhng nhn t ny nh hng
n c tuyn tn s ca b khuch i min tn cao. min tn cao s gim mun h s ca
tranzito cng nh tc dng r mch ca in dung C
CE
lm gim h s khuch i.
H s mo tn s cao xc nh theo cng thc:
2
C C C
) . ( 1 M + (1-92)
y
C
l hng s thi gian tng ng ca tng min tn s cao.

Gc dch pha do mt tng khuch i gy ra l:
K
U0
u
1
H
nh
7-
10:
S

ch
nh
lu
bi
p
to
n
sn
g
rr
C
6
K
U
1
+
C
2
D
1
R
t

+
C
1
_
U
V
K
1U0
f
C
I
I
U
0

I
0
D
2
f
b
)

U
2
0
7
8X
X
L
1
0
D
2

B
lc

C
1
C
C
1
-/4
+
U
R
-/2
CC
2
a)
+
U
V
b)
R
2
Hnh 1-26: nh hng tnh cht tn s
caTranzito n c tuyn
a) Bin -tn s; b) Pha-tn s.
R
2
C
5
iZ
D

U
Ch

U
CE

T
1
U
V
B
so
sn
h
B
khu
ch
i
C
P2
U
r

R
t
C
P1

+
R
C
B
H
nh
7-
33:
CW
2
U
V
H
nh
7-
17:
S

n
p
H
nh
7-
4:
S

nn
1
pha
na
sn
g
ti
dun
g
tnh
v
dn
g
sn
g
trn
ti
1

chi
u
vn
g
khu
yc
h
i

+
T
1
+

T
1
+
U
V
D
3
+
R
1
U
Ht
U
Ch

Z
D
C
L
U
ra1
T
2
a)
u
2a
b
a
D
2
D
1
a
)
Hn
h
7-
7:
Ch
nh
lu
to
n
sn
g
bi
n
p
gi
a
vi
ti
c
m
v
d
ng
sn
g
T
4
R
7
R
3
R
4
R
5
Z
D1
R
1
T
3
T
1

R
6
T
2
Z
D2
R
8
R
t
U
r
+
0
0
t
-
U
U
B
A
U
Z
U
ZM
ax

U
ZM
in
b
)
I
0
i
0
U
o
t
u
0
u
2
u
2a

u
2b
U
C
U
2M
u
0
R
t
I
0
Hnh 1-25: nh hng ca t ni tng n c tuyn
a) Bin - tn s; b) Pha -tn s.
Hnh 7-8: S chnh lu cu 1 pha vi cc ti
khc nhau
/2
+a
i
2a
r
/4
1
U
0
+
_
f
t
0
C
7
b
U
2
D
4
D
33
b)
U
1
K
UO
i
2b
K
UO
t
R
t
f
f
_
+
R
t
U
0
D
2
D
1
C
2
+

u
2
u
1
b
a
Hnh
7-9:
S
nn
bi p
na
sng
R
t
R
t
a)
+
b)
0
3
4a)
C
2
C
1
3
2
1
R
1
Z
D1
R
1
.
I
Z
R
H
nh
7-
15:
c
tnh
V-A
ca
it
Zene
r v
s

n
p
mt
chi
u
dng
it
Zene
r

7-
24:
Ngu
n
cp
in
n
p
i
xng

.
W
22
C
4
R
C
T
2
H
n
h
7-
12
:
B
lc
L
C
R
5
R
6
W
1
C
E
H
nh
B
n
nh
H
nh
7-13:
B
lc
RC
U
o~V
U
o~r
C
R
R
t
U
o~r
U
o~V
R
t
R
n
RR
0
+
+
_
Z
D
1
+E
C
Hnh
7-32:
Phn
chuy
n
mch
vU
V
b)
+
_
a)
I
I
ZMax
I
ZTB
I
Zmin
H
nh
7-14:
Khi
n
nh
in
p
3
2
1
7
9XX
34

C C C
arctg .
(1-93)
c tuyn bin tn s v pha tn s min tn cao hnh 1-26
Trong b khuch i c nhiu tng th: mo tn s cao bng tch mo ca cc tng, cn
mo pha bng tng mo phaca tng tng
Tc l:
Cn C C C
M M M M .... .
2 1
(1-94)
Cn C C C
+ + + ...
2 1

(1-95)
1.7.2. Ghp bng bin p
Hnh 1-27 l s b khuch i ghp bng bin p. Cun s cp W
1
mc vo cc gp T
1
,
cun th cp W
2
mc vo cc gc T
2
qua t C
P2
. Ghp tng bng bin p cch ly in p mt chiu
gia cc tng m cn lm tng h s khuch i chung v in p hay dng in tu thuc vo bin
p tng hay gim p.
u im ca mch ny l in p ngun cung cp cho cc gp ca tranzito ln v in p
mt chiu cun dy b, do cho php ngun c in p thp. Ngoi ra tng ghp bin p d dng
thc hin phi hp tr khng v thay i cc tnh in p tn hiu trn cc cun dy. Tuy nhin n
c nhc im l c tuyn tn s khng bng phng trong gii tn. Kt cu mch nng n, cng
knh, h hng sa cha thay th phc tp.
1.7.3. Mch ghp trc tip
Mch ghp trc tip cho hnh 1-28. mch ny cc gp ca tranzito trc u trc tip vo
cc gc ca tranzito sau. Cch trc tip ny lm gim mo tn s thp trong b khuch i, c
dng trong b khuch i tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu (tn hiu bin thin chm). Nhc im
ca mch l khng tn dng c khuch i ca tranzito do ch cp in mt chiu.
1.8. MT S MCH KHUCH I KHC
1.8.1. Mch khuch i arlingtn
Khi cn tr khng vo tng khuch i ln dng vo nh, h s khuch i ln ta ni
mch khuch i theo arlingtn. Mch gm hai tranzito T
1
v T
2
u nh hnh 1-29.
I
C
Z
+
U
V
_
(
i
n
p
1
chi
u)
c
h
a
n
n
h)
Ng
u
n
ch
u
n
h
n
R
2
C
5
iZ
D

U
Ch

U
CE

T
1
U
V
B
so
sn
h
B
khu
ch
i
C
P2
U
r

R
t
C
P1

+
R
C
B
H
nh
7-
33:
CW
2
U
V
H
nh
7-
17:
S

n
p
H
nh
7-
4:
S

nn
1
pha
na
sn
g
ti
dun
g
tnh
v
dn
g
sn
g
trn
ti
1

chi
u
vn
g
khu
yc
h
i

+
T
1
+

T
1
+
U
V
D
3
+
R
1
U
Ht
U
Ch

Z
D
C
L
U
ra1
T
2
f
_
+
R
t
U
0
D
2
D
1
C
2
+

u
2
u
1
b
a
Hnh
7-9:
S
nn
bi p
na
sng
R
t
R
t
R
1
.
I
Z
R
H
nh
7-
15:
c
tnh
V-A
ca
it
Zene
r v
s

n
p
mt
chi
u
dng
it
Zene
r

7-
24:
Ngu
n
cp
in
n
p
i
xng

.
R
2
T
1
R
2
U
r
Z
D
R
4
I
=
I
Z
+
I
t
R
6
T
1
R
1
Z
D
R
t
I
t
U
V
R
3
R
5
+
U
V
T
2
T
1
R
t
Kho
ng
n
nh
(
vng
Zene
r)
+E
C
I
C 1
3
2
i
t
R
1
R
t
L
M23
8
1
15B
u
r
D
1
U
r
H
nh
7-
16:
S

khi
b
n
nh
in
p
c
hi
tip
2
+
U
V
u
V
_
+
Hnh 1-28: Mch khuch i ghp trc tip
u
ra
Hn
h 7-
19:
B
n
p
hi
tip
c
khuy
ch
i
so
snh
vi
ngu
n
dng
2
(
5)U
Ch

Z
D
Hnh 1-31: a) Tng khuch i gii rng
b) c tuyn bin tn s.
HT
2
Z
D2
R
8
R
t
U
r
+
Hnh 7-20: B n p dng khuych i thut ton
+
Hnh 1-27: Tng khuch i ghp bin p
W
22
C
4
R
1
R
3
C
H
nh
7-
11
C
R
C
R
2
R
E R
4
T
2
H
n
h
7-
12
:
B
lc
L
C
R
5
R
6
T
1
W
1
C
P
1
L
Ch
C
P2
C
C
E
H
nh
B
n
nh
H
nh
7-13:
B
lc
RC
U
o~V
U
o~r
C
R
R
t
U
o~r
U
o~V
R
t
R
n
RR
0
+
+
_
Z
D
1
E
n
T
1
7
8
X
X
+E
C
Hnh
7-32:
Phn
chuy
n
mch
vU
V
b)
+
_
a)
I
I
ZMax
I
ZTB
I
Zmin
H
nh
7-14:
Khi
n
nh
in
p
3
2
1
7
9XX
U
r
T
2
35
Khi cp ngun tho mn T
1
,T
2
lm vic ch khuch i ta c:

2 C 1 C C
I I I +
cn
2 B 1 E
I I
B qua thnh phn dng ngc ban u ta c:
1 B 2 1 1 B 2 1 1 B 2 1 B 1
1 B 1 2 1 B 1 2 B 2 1 B 1 C
I . . I . . I . I .
I ). 1 .( I . I . I . I
+ +
+ + +
V 1 ,
2 1
>> trong
2 1
, th t l h s
khuch i dng ca tranzito T
1
, T
2
.
Vy h s khuch i dng ca s arlingtn:
2 1
. (1-96)
Ta tnh c in p vo ca mch:
2 V 1 B 1 V 1 B BE
r ). 1 .( I r . I U + +
.
Nn in tr vo l:

2 V 1 1 V
1 B
2 BE
V
r ). 1 ( r
I
U
r + +
(1-97)
1.8.2. Mch Casct (Kaskode)
Mch gm hai tranzito ghp vi nhau, T
1
mc pht chung cn T
2
mc gc chung. S nh
hnh 1-30.
Khi c tn hiu vo T
1
khuch i t tn hiu ra
1 ra
U
ln cc pht gc T
2
iu khin tip T
2
khuch i tip cho
2 ra
U
.
Ta chng minh c h s khuch i in p ca T
1
:
1 K
1
u

ca T
2
:
2 V
C 2
u
r
R .
K
2

nn h s khuch i chung:
2 V
C 2
u u
r
R .
K . K K
2 1

(1-98)
trong r
v2
l in tr vo ca tranzito T
2
.
u im c bn ca mch ny l ngn cch nh hng ca mch ra n mch vo ca tng
khuch i, c bit tn s cao.
I
E1
=I
B2
D
4
T
i
Mch
hi tip
I
C1
I
C
Z
+
U
V
_
(
i
n
p
1
chi
u)
c
h
a
n
n
h)
Ng
u
n
ch
u
n
h
n
I
C2
I
E2
T
1
I
B1
T
2
Hnh 1-29: Mch arlingtn
+115
U
r1
Phn t
hiu chnh
+
E
C
Hnh 1-30: Mch khuch i Casct.
R
1
R
2
C
5
iZ
D

U
Ch

U
CE

T
1
U
V
B
so
sn
h
B
khu
ch
i
R
C
D
2
R
3
C
P2
U
r

R
t
C
P1

+
R
C
B
H
nh
7-
33:
CW
2
U
V
H
nh
7-
17:
S

n
p
H
nh
7-
4:
S

nn
1
pha
na
sn
g
ti
dun
g
tnh
v
dn
g
sn
g
trn
ti
1

chi
u
vn
g
khu
yc
h
i

+
T
1
+

T
1
+
T
2
C
S
U
V
U
r
R
2
R
3
r
D
1
U
V
D
3
+
R
1
U
Ht
U
Ch

Z
D
C
L
U
ra1
T
2
U
ra2
D
+
U
V
_
2
R
1
.
I
Z
R
H
nh
7-
15:
c
tnh
V-A
ca
it
Zene
r v
s

n
p
mt
chi
u
dng
it
Zene
r

7-
24:
Ngu
n
cp
in
n
p
i
xng

.
R
3
T
1
U
1
H
nh
7-
2U
B1
+
+
T
1
U
V
R
1
T
3
Z
D2
R
4
T
2
Z
D1
u
ra
Hn
h 7-
19:
B
n
p
hi
tip
c
khuy
ch
i
so
snh
vi
ngu
n
dng
2
(
5)U
Ch

Z
D
b) c tuyn bin tn s.
HT
2
Z
D2
R
8
R
t
U
r
+
+
u
v
36
1.8.3. Mch khuch i gii rng
Tn hiu c gii tn rng in hnh l tn hiu video. khuch i c gii tn rng nh
vy mch khuch i thng dng thm mt phn t hiu chnh. Mch in ca mt tng c hnh 1-
31.
mch ny L, R
3
, C
2
l cc phn t hiu chnh c chn ph hp sao cho khong tn s
trung bnh ca gii tn
<<
<<
2 tb
tb
C .
1
, L .
, xem 0 nn ti ca tng l R
4
. Thng R
4
chn nh
hn cc tng khuch i khc. khong tn s cao f
C
c
C
.L ln nn ti ca tng gm R
4
v
C
.L nn U
ra
tng ln.
tn s thp
2 t
t
C .
1
, L .
<<
ln nn ti ca tng l R
4
v R
3
. Nh vy nh cc phn t
hiu chnh lm tng ti xoay chiu vng tn s hai u ca gii tn nh vy in p ra tng ln
hai u vng . ng 1 biu th h s khuch i tng i khi khng c phn t hiu chnh,
ng 2 l khi c cc phn t hiu chnh.
1.8.4. Mch khuch i cng hng (chn lc)
Mch khuch i cng hng dng ph bin cc tng khuch i c tn s cao.
Ti ca tng l mch cng hng song song. Mch in hnh hnh 1-32.
mch ny L
1
C
2
, L
2
C
3
cng hng tn s vo. Khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i cc mch
L
1
C
2
, L
2
C
3
cn phi iu chnh tn s cng hng theo. Tc l:
V 0
3 2 2 1
f
C L
1
C L
1

.
a)
R
(4)R
2
R
3
3
R
1
_
U
B2
R
3
T
1
U
1
H
nh
7-
2U
B1
+
+
T
1
U
V
R
1
T
3
Z
D2
R
4
T
2
Z
D1
R
2
U
V
U
2
R
4
R
U
R
C
P1
2
(1T
t
t
C
P2
C
2
R
1
+E
C
u
V
U
ht
u
ra
Hn
h 7-
19:
B
n
p
hi
tip
c
khuy
ch
i
so
snh
vi
ngu
n
dng
b)
U
r
U
V
R
2
R
3
)
U
ch
K/K
0
U
1
1
1
2
(
5)U
Ch

Z
D
f
t
R
1
f
tb
f
C
T
1
_
f
b) c tuyn bin tn s.
HT
2
Z
D2
R
8
R
t
U
r
+
+
R
E
T
1
R
6
L
+
R
1
T
3
C
3
K
hi
+
U
V
F
T
4
u
v
Hnh 1-33: Minh ha ch cng tc ca tng khuch i cng sut
a) c tuyn truyn t ca Tranzito
b) c tuyn ra ca Tranzito
c) Dng in ra ng vi cc ch khi in p vo l sin
U
R
0
H
3
2
1
C
2
C
1
L
M2
38
a)
+
U
V
+
U
r
3
2
1
C
2
C
1
L
M7
8X
X
+
++
_
H
nh
8-
21:
B
n
p
c
mc
h
bo
v
qu
dn
g,
qu
p
m
ch
C
C
C
I
C
H
nh
7-
30:
M
ch
lc
nhi
u
tn
s
ca
ob)
R
1
R
2

vo
t
E
C
U
P
R
H
nh
7-
31:
B
ch
78
X
X
b
)
I
IC
C
2
2
1
T
1
I
C

I
r
+
U
V
ch
U
CE
+

C
_
AB
D
3

Tr
D
1
L
P
0
UD
2
0
+
+
_
Hn
h 8-
23:

a)
Nn
g
cao
i
n
p
ra
ca
vi
m
ch
n
p
b)
Nn
g
cao
dn
g ra
ca
vi
mc
h n
p
T
I
C
I
3
4
5
6
U
V~
+
U
r
-
U
r

=
I
Z
+
I
t
(AB)
Hn
h7-
32:
Ph
n
chu
y n
m+
U
V
1
3
2
i
t
R
1
R
t
L
M23
8
R
t
+
U
V
R
1
Z
D
T
1
R
2
t
.

.
H
n
h
7
-
2
6
:
n
d
n
g
d
n
g
I
C
3
c
h
n
R
R
2
t
I
C
H
nh7
-25:
Mc
h n
dn
g
dn
g
trans
istor
0
R
t
U
1

W
1
37
c im ca mch, ngoi tc dng khuch i tn hiu n cn c kh nng chn lc tn hiu
theo tn s. Khi c tn hiu vo th thnh phn tn hiu tn s bng v ln cn tn s cng hng
ca khung C
2
L
1
, b khung ny chn li a vo tranzito khuch i. Dng in ra st p trn khung
L
2
C
3
, cm ng qua L
3
cho in p ra cc tn s .
1.9. TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT
1.9.1. c im chung v yu cu ca tng khuch i cng sut
Tng khuch i cng sut l tng khuch i cui cng ca b khuch i, c tn hiu vo
ln. N c nhim v khuch i cho ra ti mt cng sut ln nht c th c. Vi mo cho
php vo bo m hiu sut cao.
Do khuch i tn hiu ln, tranzito lm vic trong min khng tuyn tnh nn khng th
dng s tng ng tn hiu nh nghin cu m phi dng phng php th.
Cc tham s c bn ca tng khuch i cng sut l:
- H s khuch i cng sut K
p
l t s gia cng sut ra v cng sut vo.

V
r
p
P
P
K
- Hiu sut l t s cng sut ra v cng sut cung cp mt chiu P
0
.

0
r
P
P

Hiu sut cng ln th cng sut tn hao trn cc gp ca tranzito cng nh.
Cc ch lm vic ca tng khuch i. Tng khuch i c th lm vic cc ch A,
AB, B v C tu thuc vo ch cng tc ca tranzito.
Hnh 1-34: Tng khuch i cng sut ch A mc pht chung
a) S b) Minh ho dng tn hiu trn h c tuyn ra
R
4
+
U
V
_
D
4
W
2
U
22
S

Tr
D
1
0
U
R
U
V
U
2
U
1
H
nh 7-
27:
M t
khi
nim
v
ngun
chuy
n
mch
3
:
Chuy
n
mch
kiu
y
ko
song
song
5
BB
C
t
tt
C
8
t
Z
D
2
++
+E
C
Hnh
7-28:
Dy
xung
in p
trn W1,
W2 v
in p
ra ca
mch
hnh 6-
10
R
2
R
t
Hnh 1-32: Tng khuch i cng hng dng Tranzito trng
C
Z
D1
+E
C
L
1
-
+
C
4
R
3
R
4
R
5
C
2
L
2
L
3
R
7
C
3
K
hi
+
U
V
F
T
4
C
P
R
u
r
U
V~
u
v
U
R
0
H
3
2
1
C
2
C
1
L
M2
38
a)
+
U
V
+
U
r
3
2
1
C
2
C
1
L
M7
8X
X
+
++
_
H
nh
8-
21:
B
n
p
c
mc
h
bo
v
qu
dn
g,
qu
p
m
ch
C
C
C
I
C
H
nh
7-
30:
M
ch
lc
nhi
u
tn
s
ca
ob)
R
1
R
2

vo
0
(
3
2
1
R
1
Z
D1
+
U
V
+
U
r
7
8X
X
3
R
1
C
1
L
ch
t
E
C
U
P
R
H
nh
7-
31:
B
ch
78
X
X
b
)
I
IC
C
2
2
1
T
1
I
C

I
r
+
U
V
ch
U
CE
+

C
_
AB
D
3

Tr
D
1
L
P
0
UD
2
0
+
+
_
Hn
h 8-
23:

a)
Nn
g
cao
i
n
p
ra
ca
vi
m
ch
n
p
b)
Nn
g
cao
dn
g ra
ca
vi
mc
h n
p
T
I
C
I
3
4
5
6
U
V~
+
U
r
-
U
r

=
I
Z
+
I
t
(AB)
Hn
h7-
32:
Ph
n
chu
y n
m+
U
V
1
3
2
i
t
R
1
R
t
L
M23
8
R
t
+
U
V
R
1
Z
D
T
1
R
2
t
.

.
H
n
h
7
-
2
6
:
n
d
n
g
d
n
g
I
C
3
c
h
n
R
R
2
t
I
C
H
nh7
-25:
Mc
h n
dn
g
dn
g
trans
istor
0
R
t
U
1

W
1
38
Ch A l ch tng khuch i c tn hiu hnh sin vo. ch ny gc ct =180
0
,
dng tnh lun ln hn bin dng in ra nn mo nh nhng hiu sut rt thp - ch dng khi
yu cu cng sut ra nh.
R
4
+
U
V
_
D
4
W
2
U
22
S

Tr
D
1
0
U
R
U
V
U
2
U
1
H
nh 7-
27:
M t
khi
nim
v
ngun
chuy
n
mch
3
:
Chuy
n
mch
kiu
y
ko
song
song
5
BB
C
t
tt
C
8
t
Z
D
2
++
+E
C
Hnh
7-28:
Dy
xung
in p
trn W1,
W2 v
in p
ra ca
mch
hnh 6-
10
R
2
R
t
U
R
t
1
I
C
2
C
0
H
3
2
1
C
2
C
1
L
M2
38
a)
+
U
V
+
U
r
3
2
1
C
2
C
1
L
M7
8X
X
+
++
_
H
nh
8-
21:
B
n
p
c
mc
h
bo
v
qu
dn
g,
qu
p
m
ch
C
C
C
a)
U
BE
+
U
r
U
BE
+
+
U
V
I
C
H
nh
7-
30:
M
ch
lc
nhi
u
tn
s
ca
ob)
R
1
R
2

vo
0
H
nh
7-
22:
S

vi
mc
h
n
p
d
ng
0
(
3
2
1
R
1
Z
D1
+
U
V
+
U
r
7
8X
X
3
R
1
C
1
L
ch
t
Khu vc tt
+a)
C
2
C
1
I
C
+
U
r
U
2
E
C
U
P
R
H
nh
7-
31:
B
ch
78
X
X
b
)
I
IC
C
2
2
1
T
1
I
C

I
r
+
U
V
ch
U
CE
+

C
_
I
B
=0
I
Z
0
2
20~
A
2
AB
D
3

Tr
D
1
L
P
B
U
T
1
1
0
UD
2
0
+
+
_
Hn
h 8-
23:

a)
Nn
g
cao
i
n
p
ra
ca
vi
m
ch
n
p
b)
Nn
g
cao
dn
g ra
ca
vi
mc
h n
p
T
P
Cma
x
3
2
1
7
9X
X
7
8X
X
Khu vc
bo ho
b)
C
+
U
V
3
2
1
0
C
1
C
2
t
I
C
I
3
4
5
6
U
V~
+
U
r
-
U
r

=
I
Z
+
I
t
I
C0
(A)
C
6
I
C
U
C
C
0
1
t
L
1
I
C0
I
C
1
t
H
n
h
7-
24
:
N
gu
n
c
p
i
n
n
p
i
x
ng
(AB)
Hn
h7-
32:
Ph
n
chu
y n
m+
U
V
1
3
2
i
t
R
1
R
t
L
M23
8
R
t
+
U
V
R
1
Z
D
T
1
R
2
t
.

.
H
n
h
7
-
2
6
:
n
d
n
g
d
n
g
I
C
3
c
h
n
R
R
2
t
I
C
C
4
(B)
T
1
T
2
t
C
C
(C)
I
C
H
nh7
-25:
Mc
h n
dn
g
dn
g
trans
istor
c)
+
D
1
D
2
T
r
D
3
i
D2
D
2
i
D1
0
_
i
u
kh
i
n
ng
m

S
0
0
R
t
U
1

W
1
T
1
C
R
2
R
3
T
2
C
2
C
1
R
t
1
E
C
2
U
V
W
V
H
nh
7L
ch
H
nh
7-
30:
Mc
h
lc
nhi
u
tn
s
cao
u
vo
ch
iu
ch

rn
g
xun
g
W
t
(
1+
R
2
/
R
1
)
U
ch

khi
U
ht
= 0
39
Ch AB tng khuch i hn na hnh sin ca tn hiu vo, gc ct 90
0
< <180
0
. Lc ny
dng tnh b hn ch A nn hiu sut cao hn. im lm vic ca ch AB gn khu vc tt
ca tranzito.
Ch B tng khuch i na tn hiu hnh sin vo, c gc ct =90
0
. ch ny dng
tnh bng khng nn hiu sut cao.
Ch AB v B c hiu sut cao nhng gy mo ln. gim mo phi dng mch khuch
i kiu y ko m ta s xt sau y.
Ch C tng khuch i tn hiu ra b hn na hnh sin, gc ct <90
0
. N c dng
trong cc mch khuch i cao tn c ti l khung cng hng chn lc sng hi mong mun v
c hiu sut cao.
Ch D tranzito lm nhim v nh mt kho in t ng m. Di tc dng ca tn hiu
vo iu khin khi tranzito thng bo ho l kho ng, dng I
C
t cc i, cn kho m khi
tranzito tt, dng I
C
= 0.
Hnh 1-33 minh ho ch cng tc ca tng khuch i cng sut.
1.9.2. Tng khuch i cng sut ch A
Trong tng khuch i ch A, im lm vic thay i i xng xung quanh im tnh. So
vi tng khuch i tn hiu nh, n ch khc l tn hiu vo ln nn I
C0
phi ln theo. Xt tng
khuch i n mc pht chung v c h s khuch i ln v mo nh. Mch in tng khuch i
hnh 1-34.
Vi ngun E
C
chn, R
C
cho ta dng ng ti theo phng trnh.
R
4
+
U
V
_
D
4
W
2
U
22
S

Tr
D
1
I
C
C
L
E
C
T
2
U
CE
T
3
+
U
R
_
I
B0
O
Q
+
U
V
_
P
0
U
R
U
V
U
2
U
1
H
nh 7-
27:
M t
khi
nim
v
ngun
chuy
n
mch
3
:
Chuy
n
mch
kiu
y
ko
song
song
5
BB
C
t
t
I
C0
TT
C
8
t
Z
D
2
++
U
CE
(
4)
U
C0
_
I
B
=0
U
r
+E
C
Hnh
7-28:
Dy
xung
in p
trn W1,
W2 v
in p
ra ca
mch
hnh 6-
10
R
2
R
t
u
r
=u
CE
R
C
u
V
C
U
ch
U
ht
C
R
C
K
hi
iu
khin
R
B
(
U
V~
3
)
C
B
C
1
U
R
0
H
3
2
1
C
2
C
1
L
M2
38
a)
+
U
V
+
U
r
3
2
1
C
2
C
1
L
M7
8X
X
+
++
_
H
nh
8-
21:
B
n
p
c
mc
h
bo
v
qu
dn
g,
qu
p
m
ch
C
C
C
(AB)
Hn
h7-
32:
Ph
n
chu
y n
m+
U
V
1
3
2
i
t
R
1
R
t
L
M23
8
R
t
+
U
V
R
1
Z
D
T
1
R
2
t
.

.
H
n
h
7
-
2
6
:
n
d
n
g
d
n
g
I
C
3
c
h
n
R
R
2
tt
I
C
H
n
h
7-
31
:
B
ch
n
h
l
u
l
c
s
c
p
tr
on
g
b
ng
u
n
ch
uy
n
m
c
h
U
CE
+

C
__
T
1
C
R
2
R
3
T
2
C
2
C
1
R
t
1
E
C
2
U
V
W
V
H
nh
7L
ch
H
nh
7-
30:
Mc
h
lc
nhi
u
tn
s
cao
u
vo
ch
iu
ch

rn
g
xun
g
W
t
(
1+
R
2
/
R
1
)
U
ch

khi
U
ht
= 0
40
U
C
+ I
C
.R
C
= E
C
.
Chn im lm vic sao cho khi tn hiu vo tn hiu ra ch bin i trong vng khuch i,
t xc nh c
C
U
,
C
I
.
Chn tranzito cn tho mn:

C 0 C max C CCP
I I I I

+ > (1-99)

C 0 C C CP . C
U U E U

+ > (1-100)

0 C C C CP . C
I . E P P >
(1-101)
T hnh 1-34 ta thy cng sut ra ca tng 2 / U . I P
C C r

chnh l din tch tam gic OPQ.
Theo gi tr I
C0
tm c I
B0
, sau xc nh U
B0
v R
B
.
Cng sut ra ca tng:

2
U . I
P
C C
r

(1-102)
Cng sut tiu th ca ngun cung cp:

C 0 C 0
E . I P
(1-103)
Hiu sut ca mch cc gp:

C 0 C
C C
0
r
E . I . 2
I . U
P
P

T hnh v ta thy khi
2
E
U U
C
0 C C

v
0 C C
I I
th c
max
=25%.
Nu dng mch ra ghp bin p, thc hin c phi hp tr khng v tn dng c ngun
nui E
C
, hiu sut cc i c th t 50%.
Cng sut tiu hao trn mt ghp gp:
. I . U .
2
1
E . I P P P
C C C 0 C r 0 C

(1-104)
T 1-104 ta thy cng sut P
C
ph thuc vo tn hiu ra. Khi khng c tn hiu P
C
=P
0
nn ch
nhit ca tranzito phi tnh theo cng sut P
0
.
1.9.3. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch B hay AB c bin p
S tng khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p ra v trn hnh (1-35) gm hai tranzito
T
1
, T
2
. Ti c mc vi tng khuch i qua bin p ra BA
2
. Mch cc gp ca mi tranzito mc
vi na cun s cp bin p. T s bin p l n
2
=W
21
/W
t
=W
22
/W
t
.
0
U
R
U
V
U
2
U
1
H
nh 7-
27:
M t
khi
nim
v
ngun
chuy
n
mch
3
:
Chuy
n
mch
kiu
y
ko
song
song
5
BB
I
C
H
n
h
7-
31
:
B
ch
n
h
l
u
l
c
s
c
p
tr
on
g
b
ng
u
n
ch
uy
n
m
c
h
U
CE
+

C
__
I
B
(
1
+
R
+
U
V
+
U
R
D
2

C
1
T
1
D
3

Tr

D
1
L
i
b1
H
n
h
7-
36
:C
7
R
1

C
3
T
U
1
U
P
2
U
P
U
2
U
P
t
0
.

.
H
n
h7
-
32
:
P
h
n
ch
uy
n
m
c
h
v
n
n
l
c
th

c
p
c
a
b
ng
u
n
xu
ng
c
ng
su
t
n
h
6
7
T
1
T
r
D
3

L
+
L
1
C
C
i
b2
U
C
H
n
h
7-
33:
Ch
uy
n
m
ch
ki
u
y
k
o
so
ng
so
ng
Z
D
1
0
2
U
B
0
_
(
4)
++
T
3
I
C2
D
2
-
+
I
C1
D
2
-
+
- +
U
C
C
T
1
C
R
1
+
-
U
P
(
2)
(
5)
D
2
-
+
R
2
R
3
Hnh 1-35: Tng y ko ghp bin p
Hnh7-29: S khi ca b ngun
chuyn mch
T
2
C
2
C
1
R
t
1
E
C
2
U
V
W
V
H
nh
7L
ch
H
nh
7-
30:
Mc
h
lc
nhi
u
tn
s
cao
u
vo
ch
iu
ch

rn
g
xun
g
W
11
W
12
A
C
90
2
40V
W
21
W
22
W
t
(
1+
R
2
/
R
1
)
U
ch

khi
U
ht
= 0
41

Bin p BA
1
c h s bin p l n
1
=W
V
/W
11
=W
V
/W
12
m bo cung cp tn hiu vo cc gc
ca hai tranzito. Tng c th lm vic ch B hay AB. Trong ch AB thin p ly trn cc
gc ca hai tranzito c ly t ngun nui E
C
bng b phn p R
1
, R
2
. Trong ch B thin p ban
u bng khng nn khng cn R
1
. Khi in tr R
2
c dng m bo cng tc cho mch
vo ca tranzito trong ch gn vi ch ngun dng.
u tin xt s lm vic ch B. Lc khng c tn hiu vo in p trn cc gc ca
hai tranzito bng khng. Nu khng tnh n dng in ngc cc gp th c th coi dng in
bng khng. in p trn ti bng khng. Trn cc gp cc tranzito c in p bng E
C
.
Khi c tn hiu vo, bt u na chu k dng, khi trn W
11
ca bin p BA
1
c na chu
k in p dng, cn trn W
12
c na chu k in p m i vi im chung. Kt qu l tranzito
T
2
tt, T
1
lm vic c dng
1 B 1 C
I . I
. Trn cun W
21
s to nn in p
t
2
2 1 C ~ t 1 C 21
R . n . I R . I U Trn ti c na sng in p dng
2
2
21
t
n
U
U
.
Khi tn hiu vo chuyn sang na chu k m, cc tnh trn cun th cp bin p vo i du.
Lc T
1
tt, T
2
khuch i a ra ti na chu k tn hiu sau. tn hiu ra khng mo cn chn
2
. Nh vy hai tranzito T
1
, T
2
thay nhau lm vic theo cc tnh ca tn hiu vo Qu trnh
lm vic m t trn hnh (1-36). ng ti mt chiu xut pht t im to (0, E
C
) v in tr
mt chiu ca cun dy khng ng k. Do
0
0

BE
U
nn dng cc gp xc nh t dng in
ngc ca n. ng ti xoay chiu ct ng ti mt chiu ti (I
C0
, U
C
= E
C
) vi
t
2
2 ~ t
R . n R .
Cng sut ra ca tng tnh c theo din tch tam gic:

2
I . U
P
C C
r

(1-105)
Cng sut a ra ti c tnh n hiu sut ca bin p l:

2 a / b r t
. P P
(1-106)
Tr s trung bnh dng tiu th t ngun:

1
I
0
0
2.
sin .
C
C
I
I d
)
)
(1-107) (
I
C
H
n
h
7-
31
:
B
ch
n
h
l
u
l
c
s
c
p
tr
on
g
b
ng
u
n
ch
uy
n
m
c
h
i
C
I
C0
U
CE
+

C
_
U
CE
E
C
2
20~
U
CE
Hnh 1-36: th tnh tng cng sut
00
I
B
(
1
+
R
+
U
V
+
U
R
D
2

C
1
T
1
D
3

Tr

D
1
L
i
b1
H
n
h
7-
36
:C
7
R
1

C
3
T
U
1
U
P
2
U
P
U
2
U
P
t
0
.

.
H
n
h7
-
32
:
P
h
n
ch
uy
n
m
c
h
v
n
n
l
c
th

c
p
c
a
b
ng
u
n
xu
ng
c
ng
su
t
n
h
6
7
T
1
T
r
D
3

L
+
L
1
C
C
i
b2
U
C
H
n
h
7-
33:
Ch
uy
n
m
ch
ki
u
y
k
o
so
ng
so
ng
Z
D
1
0
2
U
B
0
_
(
4)
++
T
3
C
P2
D
3

U
R2

+14
V
U
V2
D
2
H
nh
7-
34
Mc
h
iu
ch

rn
g
xun
gg
_
+
1
(1+
R
2
/
R
1
)
U
ch

khi
U
ht
= 0
R
2
(
1+
R
1
/
R
2
)
U
ch
=U
h
t

khi
U
1
= 0
i
C1
H
nh
C
4
R
2
C
2
C
1
L
1
C
C
C
6
3
4
5
6
7
C
7
R
1
C
3
t
D
2
D
3
U
R2

+14V
U
V
H
nh
7-
36:
Mt
b
ngu
n
mc
h di
rng
cng
sut
nh
W
V
H
nh
7L
ch
H
nh
7-
30:
Mc
h
lc
nhi
u
tn
s
cao
u
vo
ch
iu
ch

rn
g
xun
g
42
Cng sut tiu th t ngun cung cp:

C C
0
I . E . 2
P

(1-108)
Hiu sut ca mch cc gp:

C
C
0
r
C
E . 4
U
.
P
P
(1-109)
Hiu sut ca tng:
C
C
a b
E
U
.
4
.
2 /

Nu
1
/

a b
th
% 5 , 78
khi
C C
E U
.
Thc t
C C
E U
< do vng cong ca c tuyn v

b/a
= 0,8 nn =0,6
0,7.
Cng sut tiu th trn mt ghp gp:

C C
C C
r 0 C
I U .
2
1 I . E . 2
P P P

(1-110)
hay
~
2
~
2
1
.
. 2
t
C
t
C C
C
R
U
R
E U
P
(1-111)
P
C
ph thuc vo
C
U
.

max C
P
khi
C C
E . 64 , 0 U

max C
P
=
t
2
C
2
2
2
R
E
.
n .
2
(1-112)
trnh mo do tnh khng ng thng on u c tuyn vo tranzito khi dng cc gc
b, l hin tng mo gc nh v trn hnh 1-37.Ta cho tng lm vic ch AB. Khi cn
c in p U
BE
v I
B0
ban u (nh c R
1
, R
2
). ch ny U
BE0
, I
B0
, I
C0
b nn cc cng thc dng
cho ch B vn ng, xem hnh 1-38.
U
BE
I
B
(
1
+
R
+
U
V
+
U
R
D
2

C
1
T
1
D
3

Tr

D
1
L
i
b1
H
n
h
7-
36
:C
7
R
1

C
3
T
U
1
U
P
2
U
P
U
2
U
P
t
i
b2
0
.

.
H
n
h7
-
32
:
P
h
n
ch
uy
n
m
c
h
v
n
n
l
c
th

c
p
c
a
b
ng
u
n
xu
ng
c
ng
su
t
n
h
6
7
T
2
+
T
1
T
2
C
6
T
1
T
r
D
3

L
+
L
1
C
C
Hnh 1-37: nh hng khng ng thng ca
c tuyn vo Tranzito n mo dng tn hiu
trong ch B
C
1
t
R
t
_
+
D
1
D
2
I
B
R
C
4
D
4
T
1
I
Z
C
C
+
U
V
_
T
2
i
b1
Z
D
R
5
R
6
i
b2
U
C
H
n
h
7-
33:
Ch
uy
n
m
ch
ki
u
y
k
o
so
ng
so
ng
Z
D
1
0
2
I
B0
T
1
I
B0
U
B
0
T
2
U
B
0
_
(
4)
++
T
3
Hnh 1-38: Gim mo khng ng
thng trong ch AB
C
P2
D
3

U
R2

+14
V
U
V2
D
2
H
nh
7-
34
Mc
h
iu
ch

rn
g
xun
gg
_
+
1
(1+
R
2
/
R
1
)
U
ch

khi
U
ht
= 0
R
2
(
1+
R
1
/
R
2
)
U
ch
=U
h
t

khi
U
1
= 0
i
C1
H
nh
C
4
R
2
C
2
C
1
L
1
C
C
C
6
3
4
5
6
7
C
7
R
1
C
3
t
D
2
D
3
U
R2

+14V
U
V
H
nh
7-
36:
Mt
b
ngu
n
mc
h di
rng
cng
sut
nh n
+
I
t
U
01 0000
43
1.9.4. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko khng bin p
1.9.4.1. Mch dng tranzito cng loi:

Cho trn hnh 1-39.a, b. Mch 1-39a cp ngun xng cn hnh 1-39b cp ngun n.Do tn
hiu c bin bng nhau nhng pha ngc nhau nn hai tranzito T
1
, T
2
thay nhau lm vic
khuch i tn hiu ra ti. tng lm vic ch AB cn chn b phn p R
1
R
4
ph hp.
1.9.4.2. Mch dng tranzito khc loi trn hnh 1-40.
I
B
(
1
+
R
+
U
V
+
U
R
D
2

C
1
T
1
D
3

Tr

D
1
L
i
b1
H
n
h
7-
36
:C
7
R
1

C
3
T
U
1
U
P
2
U
P
U
2
U
P
t
0
.

.
H
n
h7
-
32
:
P
h
n
ch
uy
n
m
c
h
v
n
n
l
c
th

c
p
c
a
b
ng
u
n
xu
ng
c
ng
su
t
n
h
6
7
i
b2
U
C
H
n
h
7-
33:
Ch
uy
n
m
ch
ki
u
y
k
o
so
ng
so
ng
Z
D
1
0
2
T
1
U
CU
h
t
R
1
_
I
U
1
(
3)
U
ch
R
1
U
1
R
3
R
U
P
(
2)
(
5)
R
2
C
5
D-
+
+
-
R
4
R
t
C
P1
C
P2
D
3

U
R2

+14
V
U
V2
D
2
H
nh
7-
34
Mc
h
iu
ch

rn
g
xun
g
U
V1
R
3
+E
C
T
11
_
+
1
(1+
R
2
/
R
1
)
U
ch

khi
U
ht
= 0
a)
2
i
C2
i
C1
R
1
A
C
90
2
40V
R
3
R
2
(
1+
R
1
/
R
2
)
U
ch
=U
h
t

khi
U
1
= 0
R
4
t
R
t
U
P
C
P1
U
2
C
P2
U
P
U
V2
0
U
V1
2
+E
C
U
P
C
U
1
b)
T
i
C2
i
C1
H
nh
C
4
R
2
C
2
C
1
L
1
C
C
C
6
3
4
5
6
7
C
7
R
1
C
3
T
1
C
C
T
2
+
R
5
R
6
Hnh 1-39: Mch y ko khng bin p dng tranzito cng loi.

R
4
ZD
1
+
T
2
+
T
2
T
1
T
1
R
T
3
T
2
I
Z
R
t
Z
D
C
9
I
C
STR5
0115B
R
1
R
2
C
P
+
115
U
r1
_
+
t
D
2
D
3
U
R2

+14V
E
C2
T
1
R
3
E
C1
R
2
1
T
1
T
2
A
C
90 2
40V
R
t
R
1
R
2
C
P
+
C
-E
C
Hnh 1-40: Mch y ko khng bin p ra dng tranzito khc loi
U
V
U
V
U
V
H
nh
7-
36:
Mt
b
ngu
n
mc
h di
rng
cng
sut
nh n
+
I
t
U
01 0000
44
Cc tranzito T
1
, T
2
khc loi: n-p-n v p-n-p nhng phi cng tham s, c bit l h s (
1
=
2
). c im ca mch ny ch cn mt tn hiu vo hai n thay nhau lm vic cho tn hiu ra
ti. trnh mo do tranzito lm vic ch B, mc hai it vo gia cc cc gc to in p
O
BE
U
ban u, khi tranzito cng sut lm vic sang ch AB.

2 0 1 0 2 1
T EB T BE D D
U U U U
.
Mch in nh hnh 1- 41a; hnh 1-41b dng cho tranzito arlingtn .

TM TT
Vn chnh ca chng l khuch i tn hiu. Mch khuch i c nhim v khuch i
tn hiu ln ln vi mo cho php.
Kt thc chng yu cu ngi hc hiu v nm c:
nh ngha mch khuch i, cc tham s c trng cho b khuch i: h s khuch i in
p, h s khuch i dng in, h s khuch i cng sut, tr khng vo, tr khng ra, mo tn
s, mo phi tuyn, hiu sut.
Vn phn cc cho tranzito ch khuch i. Vi tranzito lng cc thun PNP cn
cung cp in p mt chiu sao cho U
BE
<0, U
CE
< 0 tip gip pht phn cc thun, tip gip gp
phn cc ngc. Loi tranzito NPN cn cung cp in p mt chiu U
BE
> 0, U
CE
> 0. Cn nm
c bn kiu mch cung cp in p mt chiu phn cc cho tranzito, tc dng cc linh kin trong
mch, so snh c u nhc im ca cc phng php .
Hi tip: hi tip l ly mt phn tn hiu u ra a tr v u vo. C hi tip dng v hi
tip m.
Hi tip dng l in p hi tip v cng pha vi tn hiu vo, loi hi tip ny dng trong
cc mch to dao ng.
Hnh 1-41: Tng khuych i y ko ni tip v tng kch
a) Dng tranzito khc loi; b) Dng tranzito arlington khc loi. a
+
D
1
D
2
+
T
2
I
Z
R
R
1
Z
D
R
3
U
02
R
2
R
t
T
1
I
=
I
Z
+
I
tt
I
t
U
01
-E
C
R
t
+E
CCC
C
P1
a)
T
3
R
1
R
3
R
2
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
T
1
-E
C
+E
CC
C
P1
b)
U
2
R
tt T
2
45
Hi tip m l in p hi tip v ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. Hi tip loi ny lm gim h
s khuch i ca mch nhng ci thin c nhiu ch tiu cht lng ca mch khuch i: lm
gim tp m, gim mo tn s, gim mo phi tuyn, tng n nh khuch i.
Xt u ra ca mch khuch i c hi tip c khi nim hi tip in p, hi tip dng
in. Khi in p hi tip t l vi dng in ra gi l hi tip dng in, t l vi in p ra gi l
hi tip in p.
Xt u vo mch khuch i c hi tip c khi nim hi tip mc ni tip, hi tip mc
song song. Hi tip mc ni tip l in p hi tip mc ni tip vi tn hiu vo, hi tip song song
l in p hi tip mc song song vi tn hiu vo. minh ho phn hi tip phn tch mch in
hnh 1-11. hnh 1-11a c hi tip m dng in trn in tr R
E
: U
ht
= I
E
.R
E
. hnh 1-11b c hi
tip m dng in trn R
E1
, R
E2
v hi tip m in p t tng sau a v trn R
E1
: U
ht
= U
r
.R
E1
/(R +
R
E1
).
Cc s khuch i c bn dng tranzito lng cc:
Tng khuch i cc pht chung: mch ny c cc pht ni t v xoay chiu chung cho u
vo v u ra. Cn hiu c tc dng cc linh kin trong mch. Ti mt chiu ca tng R
E
ni tip
vi R
C
, ti xoay chiu ca tng R
C
// R
t
. Cch chuyn v s tng ng xc nh tr khng
vo, tr khng ra, h s khuch i in p, h s khuch i dng in ca tng. S hnh 1-14
c c khi cc t C
p1
, C
p2
, C
E
ti tn s lm vic rt nh, xem nh bng khng. Tranzito c thay
bng in tr r
E
, r
B
, r
C
v ngun dng I
B
. Ngun cung cp E
C
c ni tr rt nh xem nh bng
khng nn v xoay chiu im dng ngun v t l nh nhau. Tng ny c h s khuch i in
p m c ngha l tn hiu ra ngc pha vi tn hiu vo.
Tng khuch i gc chung, gp chung cng phn tch tng t nm c cc vn trn.
c im ca hai tng ny l tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo, hai tng u c h s khuch i
in p dng. Tng khuch i gp chung c ti mt chiu R
E
, ti xoay chiu R
E
//R
t
.
S khuch i dng tranzito trng nghin cu hai s cc ngun chung v cc mng
chung.
Tng khuch i cc ngun chung c cc ngun ni t v xoay chiu, tng khuch i mng
chung c cc mng ni t v xoay chiu. Cn nm c cch v mch, tc dng cc linh kin
trong mch, ti mt chiu, ti xoay chiu ca tng cng nh xc nh c cc thng s: tr khng
vo, tr khng ra, h s khuch i in p ca cc tng. Tng khuch i cc ngun chung c ti
mt chiu R
S
ni tip R
D
, ti xoay chiu R
D
//R
t
. Tng khuch i cc mng chungc ti mt chiu
R
S
, ti xoay chiu R
S
//R
t
.
Tng khuch i o pha: tng c nhim v khuch i v to ra hai tn hiu u ra c bin
bng nhau, pha ngc nhau. C hai mch c bn l mch khuch i o pha chia ti v mch
khuch i o pha ghp bin p. Cn nm c nguyn l lm vic thc hin c nhim v
trn.
Phng php ghp tng trong b khuch i: c ba phng php ghp tng: phng php
ghp bng t in. Cc tng ghp vi nhau qua t in cch li in p mt chiu, dn tn hiu
xoay chiu qua. Cc t ni tng c chn sao cho i vi tn hiu tr khng ca chng rt nh,
xem nh bng khng. u im ca phng php ny l mch gn nh, tuy nhin c nhc im
khng phi hp c tr khng ra tng trc vi tr khng vo tng sau. Phng php ghp tng
46
bng bin p: tng trc ghp vi tng sao qua bin p cch li in p mt chiu. Mch ny c
im l phi hp c tr khng gia tng trc vi tng sau, tn dng c ngun nui. Tuy
nhin mch c nhc im l nng, cng knh v bin p c kch thc ln khi lm vic tn s
thp. Mch ch thch hp khi lm vic tn s cao. Phng php ghp tng trc tip gim c
linh kin, gim mo tn s. Nhng vic phn cc cho cc tranzito kh khn v c s nh hng ln
nhau.
Mt s mch khuch i khc: Mch khuch i Darlingtn. Mch ny c h s khuch i
dng in bng tch h s khuch i ca hai tranzito nn rt ln. N c th cho dng ra ln khi
dng vo nh. Mch khuch i Casct gm c hai tranzito u ni tip vi nhau v mt mt chiu
mch ny c dng khuch i tn hiu vng tn s cao trnh ghp k sinh gia u ra v u
vo qua in dung thng ng C
BC
. Mch khuch i cng hng c ti l mch cng hng song
song. Ngoi nhim v khuch i mch cn c nhim v chn lc tn hiu theo tn s, thng dng
lm mch khuch i tn hiu c tn s cao.
Tng khuch i cng sut dng khuch i cng sut ra ti. Yu cu mch khuch i
cho cng sut ra ln vi mo cho php v hiu sut cao. c im ca tng l bin tn hiu
vo ln. Khi phn tch v tnh ton dng phng php th trn c tuyn c chnh xc cao.
Tng khuch i cng sut n lm vic ch A cho cng sut ra b. Tng khuch i cng sut
y ko cho cng sut ra km lm vic ch AB gim mo v c hiu sut cao. Mch khuch
i cng sut y ko dng tranzito cng loi c th dng mch ghp bin p hoc mch khng
dng bin p. Khi dng mch khuch i cng sut y ko khng bin p pha trc phi c tng
o pha chia ti. Mch khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi c u im n gin,
pha trc khng cn tng khuch i o pha v c hi tip m dng in ton phn trn ti R
t
: U
ht
= I
r
.R
t
(hnh 1-41a) . Cn ch hai tranzito trong tng khuch i cng sut y ko c tham s
ging nhau c bit l h s khuch i dng v kt cu mch i xng c mo phi tuyn nh.
CU HI V BI TP
1.1. Nu nh ngha v cc tham s ca mch khuch i?
1.2. Nu cc phng php cp ngun phn cc cho tranzito ch khuch i? u nhc im
ca cc phng php ?
1.3. Th no l hi tip trong mch khuch i? hi tip m, hi tip dng?
1.4. Th no l hi tip dng in, hi tip in p?
1.5. Th no l hi tip mc song song, hi tip mc ni tip?
1.6. Nu cc u im ca hi tip mtong mch khuch i?
1.7. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc pht chung?
1.8. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc gp chung?
1.9. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc gc chung?
1.10. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc ngun chung?
1.11. Trnh by tng khuch i mc cc mng chung?
47
1.12. Trnh by phng php ghp tng bng t, u nhc im?
1.13. Ti sao trong b khuch i ghp t, t ni tng gy mo tn s thp?
1.14. Trnh by phng php ghp tng bng bin p, u nhc im?
1.15. Trnh by phng php ghp tng trc tip, u nhc im?
1.16. Nguyn nhn gy mo tn s cao trong b khuch i?
1.17. Nu phng php nng cao cht lng ca b khuch i?
1.18. c im ca tng khuch i gii rng?
1.19. c im ca tng khuch i cng hng?
1.20. Trong tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi c hi tip khng? nu c
thuc loi hi tip g?
1.21. Th no l ch A, B, AB, C ca tng khuch i?
1.22. Ti sao tng khuych i cng sut n cho lm vic ch A, tng y ko lm vic ch
AB?
1.23. Th no l tng khuch i o pha ? Nu cc loi mch o pha hc?
1.24. Ti sao khi phn tch cc tng khuch i c bn ta dng phng php mch tng ng?
1.25. Ti sao khi phn tch tng khuch i cng sut phi dng phng php th (trn c tuyn
vo, c tuyn ra ca tranzito)?
1.26. Nu c im ca tng khuch i Darlingtn?
1.27. Nu c im ca tng khuch i Casct?
1.28. Phn tch cc loi hi tip hnh 1-11? Xc nh biu thc tnh cc in p hi tip ?
1.29. Cho tng khuch i hnh P 1.29 bit cc tham s ca mch E
c
= +12v,
Hnh P1-29.
R
1
= 300k ; R
2
= 2,7 k ; = 99, chn U
be0
= 0,6V.
a. Xc nh cc gi tr dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca tranzito?
U v
+ E c
C2
C1
T
Rt R2
R1
48
b. Bit Rt = 2,7k , xc nh ti mt chiu v ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i ? V ng
ti mt chiu v xc nh im lm vic tnh Q ?
1.30. Cho tng khuch i hnh P1.30. Bit E
c
= +12v, R
1
= 20k, R
2
= 4k, R
3
= 4k, R
4
= 1k,
= 99.
Hnh P1-30.
a. Xc nh ch dng in v in p mt chiu trn cc cc ca tranzito ?
b. Bit Rt = 8k, xc nh gi tr ti mt chiu, ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i. V
ng ti mt chiu v xc nh im lm vic Q?
1.31. Cho tng khuch i cng sut y ko trn hnh P1.31. Gi thit tranzito l tng. Bit U
be0
= U
d
= 0,5v. Thin p cho tranzito c thc hin sao cho t bin tn hiu ra cc i khng
mo. T C
1
, C
2
tr khng xem nh bng khng ti tn s lm vic.
a. Gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca s ?
b. Tnh R
1
, R
2
sao cho dng phn cc qua chng l 1mA?
c. Cho Rt = 100 . Tnh cng sut ra cc i v hiu sut ca tng (b qua cng sut tn
hao trong mch thin p)?
Hnh P1-31.
1.32. Mo tn s trong mch khuch i l:
+ E c
C2
C3
C1
T
Rt
R2
R1
R4
R3
+ E c
U v C 2
C 1
D2
D1
T2
T1
Rt
R2
R1
49
a. Mo m h s khuch i ca mch b thay i khong tn s hai u ca gii tn.
b. Mo lm xut hin thm tn s mi u ra.
c. Mo m h s khuch i khng thay i theo tn s.
d. Mo m h s khuch i khng ph thuc vo tn s.
1.33. Mo phi tuyn trong mch khuch i l:
a. Mo lm xut hin thm thnh phn tn s mi u ra.
b. Mo lm gim tn hiu ra hai u gii tn.
c. Mo lm tn hiu ra ngc pha tn hiu vo.
d. Mo lm tn hiu ra lch pha vi tn hiu vo.
1.34. Ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i l:
a. Cc in tr m dng mt chiu u ra chy qua.
b. Cc in tr m dng xoay chiu u ra chy qua.
c. Cc in tr m dng mt chiu v xoay chiu u ra cng chy qua.
d. Cc in tr dng mt chiu u ra khng chy qua.
1.35. Ti mt chiu trong tng khuch i cc pht chung l:
a. R
t-
= R
E
+ R
t.
b. R
t-
= R
t
+ R
C
.
c. R
t-
= R
C
+ R
E
. d. R
t-
= R
C
.
1.36. Ti mt chiu trong tng khuch i cc gp chung l:
a. R
t-
= R
E
+ R
t
. b. R
t-
= R
E
//R
t
c. R
t-
= R
E
. d. R
t-
= R
t
.
1.37. Ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i l:
a. Cc in tr m dng mt chiu v xoay chiu u ra cng chy qua.
b. Cc in tr m dng mt chiu u ra chy qua.
c. Cc in tr m dng xoay chiu u ra chy qua.
d. Cc in tr dng xoay chiu u ra khng chy qua.
1.38. Ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i cc pht chung l:
a. R
t~
= R
E
//R
t
. b. R
t~
= R
C
//R
t.

c. R
t~
= R
t
+ R
C
. d. R
t~
= R
t
.
1.39. Ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i cc gp chung l:
a. R
t~
= R
E
. b. R
t~
= R
E
//R
t.

c. R
t~
= R
t
+ R
E
. d. R
t~
= R
t.
1.40. Ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i cc ngun chung l:
50
a. R
t-
= R
S
+ R
D
. b. R
t-
= R
S.

c. R
t-
= R
D.
d. R
t-
= R
D
//R
t
.
1.41 Ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i cc mng chung l:
a. R
t-
= R
t
//R
S
. b. R
t-
= R
S.

c. R
t-
= R
t
+ R
S
. d. R
t-
= R
t
.
1.42 Ti xoay chiu ca tng khuch i cc ngun chung l:
a. R
t~
= R
D
//R
t
. b. R
t~
= R
D
+ R
t.

c. R
t~
= R
S
+ R
t
. d. R
t~
= R
t
.
1.43. H s khuch i in p ca b khuch i c n tng khi h s khuch i tng tng th t
K
1
, K
2
.K
n
l:
a. K = K
1
.K
2
.K
n
.
b. K = K
1
+ K
2
+ + K
n
.
c. Bng tng i s cc h s khuch i.
d. K = K
1
+ K
2
+ - K
n
.
1.44. Mo tn s ca b khuch i c n tng khi mo tn s ca cc tng th t M
1
, M
2
M
n
l:
a. M = M
1
.M
2
M
n
.
b. M = M
1
+ M
2
+ + M
n
.
c. Bng tn i s cc mo.
d. M = M
1
+ M
2
+ - M
n
.
1.45. H s khuch i dng in ca cp khuch ai Darlingtn khi h s khuch i ca cc
tranzito
1,
2
l:
a. =
1
.
2.
b. =
1
+
2
.
c. =
2
-
1
. d. =
1
-
2
.
1.46. Tc dng ca it D
1
, D
2
trong tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi l:
a. phn cc cho cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch AB v n nh im lm vic
cho tng.
b. cho cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch A.
c. n nh im lm vic cho cc tranzito cng sut.
d. cc tranzito cng sut lm vic ch B.
1.47. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko dng tranzito khc loi:
a. C hi tip m dng in.
b. Khng c hi tip.
51
c. C hi tip m in p.
d. C hi tip m dng in v hi tip m in p.
52
Chng 2: B khuch i thut ton
CHNG 2: B KHUCH I THUT TON
GII THIU CHUNG
Chng ny nu cc tnh cht ca b khuch i thut ton (BKTT), tng khuch i vi sai
v cc mch in ng dng BKTT. Ni dung ca chng gm:
- Tnh cht chung ca BKTT: tr khng vo, tr khng ra, h s khuch i. Gii thiu c
tuyn truyn t, c tuyn tn s ca BKTT
- Mch khuch i vi sai: cu to ca tng khuch i vi sai c bn, tng khuch i vi sai c
ti ng kiu gng dng, tng khuch i vi sai dng tranzito trng.
- Mch khuch i o, mch khuch i thun, mch khuch i lp li.
- Phng php chng tri v b im khng: dng in tr cn bng, dng ngun nui
hiu chnh in p mt chiu u ra ch tnh ca BKTT. Mc ch ca nhng phng php
ny l gi cho in p u ra cn bng khng khi khng c tn hiu vo.
- Mch cng: c mch cng thun, mch cng o. Mch cng thun cc tn hiu cn cng
a vo ca thun. Mch cng o cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca o.
- Mch tr: tn hiu a vo hai ca thun v o. Tn hiu b tr a vo ca cng, tn hiu
tr a vo ca o.
- Mch vi phn: mch vi phn l mch m in p ra t l vi vi phn ca in p vo.
- Mch tch phn: mch tch phn l mch m in p ra t l vi tch phn in p vo.
- Mch to hm loga: in p ra t l vi logarit t nhin ca in p vo.
- Mch to hm m: in p ra t l vi m logarit t nhin ca in p vo
- Mch nhn tng t: cho in p ra t l vi tch tc thi cc in p vo.
- Mch lc tch cc: cu to mch lc tch cc gm c BKTT kt hp vi cc phn t RC.
Mch lc tch cc lm vic vng tn thp c u im gn nh, phm cht lc cao. C cc mch
lc thng cao, thng thp, thng gii, chn gii tng t nh cc mch lc th ng. Bc ca b
lc l s t in cha trong mch lc .
- Cc mch in s dng BKTT trn u lm vic ch tuyn tnh.Trong qu trnh
chng minh cc cng thc in p ra ca mch lun coi hiu in p gia hai ca vo BKTT U
0
rt b, gn ng xem nh bng khng.
- Cn ch cc mch in BKTT u c cp ngun i xng t E. Khi v mch nhiu
lc khng v ngun vo, nhng xem nh mc nh. in p ra t cc i Ur = +Urmax khi
BKTT bo ho dng. in p ra t cc tiu Ur = -Urmax khi BKTT bo ho m, trong
gn ng t Urmax = E 2 vn.
53
Kt thc chng ny yu cu ngi hc vn dng l thuyt lm tt cc bi tp . Qua hiu
bi su sc hn ,nh mch in chnh xc hn.
NI DUNG
Danh t khuch i thut ton thuc v b khuch i dng mt chiu c h s khuch
i ln, c hai u vo vi sai v mt u ra chung. Tn gi ny c quan h ti vic ng dng u
tin ca chng ch yu thc hin cc php tnh cng, tr, tch phn v..v... Hin nay b khuch
i thut ton ng vai tr quan trng v ng dng rng ri trong k thut khuch i, to tn hiu
hnh sin v xung, trong b n p v b lc tch cc v.v...
2.1. CC TNH CHT CHUNG CA BKTT
B khuch i thut ton c biu din trn hnh 2-1. Trong Ut, It l in p, dng in
vo ca thun. U
, I
l in p, dng in vo
ca o.U
r
,I
r
in p ra v dng in ra. U
0
l
in p vo gia hai ca. B khuch i thut
ton khuch i hiu in p U
0
=U
t
-U
vi h
s khuch i K
0
> 0.
Do in p ra:

r
U =K
0
.U
0
=K
0
(U
t
-U
) (2-1)
Nu U
0 th
t o r
U . K U
lc
ny in p ra cng pha vi in p vo
t
U
.
V vy ca T gi l ca thun ca b khuych
i thut ton v k hiu du +.
Tng t nh vy khi
t
U
= 0 th
U . K U
0 r

, in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo nn
ca l ca o ca b khuych i thut ton v k hiu du -. Ngoi ra b khuch i c hai
ca u vi ngun nui i xng
C
E t
v cc ca chnh lch khng v b tn.
Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c nhng tnh cht sau:
+ Tr khng vo Z
V
=
+ Tr khng ra Z
ra
= 0 (2-2)
+ H s khuch i K
0
=
Thc t b khuch i thut ton c K
0
=10
4
10
6
vng tn s thp. Ln vng tn s cao h
s khuch i gim xung. Nguyn nhn do s ph thuc tham s ca Tranzito v in dung k
sinh trong s . c tuyn truyn t, c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha nh hnh 2-2 v 2-3.
IC khuch i thut ton c kh nng nn tn hiu ng pha. I
I
r
I
t
T
U
0
U
U
ra
-E
C
+E
C
Hnh 2-1: B khuch i thut ton

U
t
+
-
54
Gi
CM
K
l h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha th h s nn tn hiu ng pha c xc
nh theo biu thc:
CM
0
K
K
G
(2-3)
Thng G =10
3
10
5
.
Mt b khuch i thut ton thng c 4 tng ghp trc tip vi nhau. Tng vo l tng khuch
i vi sai, tip theo l tng khuych i trung gian (c th l tng m hay khuch i vi sai hai), n
tng dch mc v tng khuch i ra.
2.2. MCH KHCH I VI SAI
Trong IC khuch i thut ton, pha u vo mch khuch i vi sai c mt n hai tng.
Hnh 2-4 l cu trc in hnh ca mt tng khuch i vi sai lm vic theo nguyn l cu cn bng
song song. Hai nhnh cu l R
C1
v R
C2
, cn hai nhnh kia l cc Tranzito T
1
v T
2
c ch to
trong cng mt iu kin sao cho
2 C 1 C
R R
v T
1
, T
2
c cc thng s ging ht nhau.
in p ly ra gia hai cc gp (kiu ra i xng) hay trn mi cc gp vi t (kiu ra
khng i xng). Tranzito T
3
lm ngun n dng gi n nh dng I
E
(l tng dng I
E1
v I
E2
) ca
tranzito T
1
, T
2
. Trong s ngun n nh dng cn c R
1
, R
2
, R
3
v ngun cung cp E
C2
, T
4
mc
thnh it lm phn t b nhit n nh nhit cho T
3
.
Trong s rt gn (hnh 2-4b) phn ngun n dng T
3
c thay bng ngun dng I
E
.
u vo
thun
u vo
o
U
V
0
-
E
C
U
ra
E
C
-
E
C
Hnh 2-2: c tuyn truyn t ca b
khuch i thut ton
K
0
K
f
f
00
a) c tuyn bin
b) c tuyn pha
0
45
o
90
o
180
o
360
o
Hnh 2-3: c tuyn bin v c
tuyn pha ca b khuch i thut ton
U
C2

Hnh 2-4: Tng khuch i vi sai
a) Mch nguyn l; b) S n gin ho
c); d) Cc phng php a tn hiu vo (kiu vo khng i xng)
d) c)
T
2
T
1
I
E
I
E
T
1
T
2
R
C2
T
2
T
1
I
E1
I
E2
I
E
U
C1
=U
r1
U
r
T
1
T
3
R
2
R
3
T
4
T
2
I
C1
I
C2
I
E1
I
E2
I
C
_
E
C2
+
U
r
z
R
C2
R
C1
R
1
U
V2
U
V1
U
C1
=U
r1
U
C2
=U
r2
+
E
C1
-
a)
R
C1
U
V2
U
V1
U
C2
=U
r2
+
E
C1
-
<
<
-
E
C2
+
b)
U
V2
U
V1
I
C1
I
C2
<
<
<
<
55

Tn hiu vo tng vi sai c th t hai ngun ring bit U
V1
v U
V2
hoc t mt ngun (hnh 2-
4c, d). Trong trng hp sau tn hiu vo t ln cc gc ca mt trong hai Tranzito hay gia hai
cc gc ca chng. Cc u vo U
V1
v U
V2
ni theo s hnh 2-4c, d c gi u vo vi sai.
in p mt chiu cung cp cho tng vi sai l hai ngun E
C1
v E
C2
c th khc nhau hay bng
nhau v tr s. V hai ngun ni tip nhau nn in p cung cp tng l E
C
= E
C1
+ E
C2
.
Do c E
C2
nn in th cc pht ca Tranzito T
1
v T
2
gim nhiu so vi trong s hnh 2-5
v iu ny cho php a tn hiu ti u vo ca b khuch i vi sai m khng cn mch b in
p u vo.
Xt mt s trng hp in hnh.
S tng vi sai yu cu dng Tranzito T
1
, T
2
c tham s ging nhau v R
C1
= R
C2
, do khi
tn hiu vo bng khng, cu cn bng, in p trn cc gp ca hai Tranzito bng nhau v nh vy
in p ra ly trn ng cho cu U
ra
= U
ra1
+U
ra2
= 0. S c n nh cao i vi s thay i
U
C2

56
in p cung cp, nhit v yu t khc v tri ca hai nhnh ging nhau, in p trn cc gp
thay i cng mt gia s v tri u ra gn nh b trit tiu.
Dng pht
E
I chia u cho hai Tranzito ngha l
2
I
I I
E
2 E 1 E
. Dng cc gc c xc
nh:

0 V
E
02 B 01 B
I
) 1 .( 2
I
I I
+

.
Dng cc gp
2
I
2
I
. I I
E E
2 C 1 C
.
v in p cc gp l:

2
R . I
E U U
C E
1 C 2 C 1 C
(2-4)
y
2 C 1 C C
R R R
.
Trng thi ny c trng cho ch cn bng ca tng v gi l ch cn bng tnh.
Khi c tn hiu a ti mt trong cc u vo gi s
0 U
1 V
>
,
. 0 U
2 V

Do tc dng ca tn hiu vo, xut hin dng in vo ca hai tranzito, dng cc gc T
1
tng
ln, dng cc gc T
2
gim xung. Khi I
E1
v I
C1
tng ln cn I
E2
v I
C2
gim. S thay i dng
in ca cc tranzito xy ra ngc chiu nhau v vi cng mt s gia v tng dng in
E 2 E 1 E
I I I + gi nguyn khng i.
Hnh 2-5:
a) S tng vi sai khi c tn hiu vo vi , b) Biu in th.
I
C2
R
C2
U
C1
U
r
U
C2
E
C1
U
C1
U
C2

U
r
R
C2
R
C1
I
E
I
C1
I
C2
I
E1
I
E2
I
V
R
n
U
V
U
C1
U
C2
+
E
C1
-
+
E
n
-
a)
I
C1
R
C1
b)
-
+
E
C2
57
in p trn cc gp ca tranzito T
1
l
1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C
R . I E U
gim mt lng
1 C
U
ngc
pha vi in p vo. in p
2 C
U
tng v to ra s gia in p
2 C
U
cng pha vi in p tn hiu
vo.
Nh vy vi cch a tn hiu vo nh s ang kho st u ra ca tng ly trn cc gp
T
1
gi l u ra o, cn u ra ly trn cc gp T
2
gi l u ra khng o (thun). Tn hiu ly
gia hai cc gp gi l tn hiu vi sai.

. R . I . 2 U . 2 U U U U U
C C C 1 C 2 C 1 C 2 C ra
+
Ta xc nh h s khuch i in p ca tng vi sai. Khi hai Tranzito c tham s ging nhau
th dng vo ca tng l:

[ ] ) 1 ( r r . 2 R
E
r r R
E
I
E B n
n
2 v 1 v n
n
V
+ + +
+ +
(2-5)
trong E
n
l ngun tn hiu vo
R
n
l in tr ngun
r
V
l in tr vo Tranzito.
Dng in vo to ra s gia dng in ra nn
V C
I . I t t
khi

C V C C C 2 , 1 r
R . . I R . I U U t t t t
(2-6)
H s khuch i ca tng ring r:

[ ]
1,2
1,2
.
2. (1 ).
r
C
n n B E
U
R
K
E R r r

+ + +
(2-7)
Nu
n
R = 0 th

[ ]
E B
C
2 , 1
r ). 1 ( r . 2
R .
K
+ +
(2-8)
H s khuch i ca tng vi sai khi R
t

.

[ ]
2. 2. .
2. (1 ).
ra C
VS
n n B E
U R
K
E R r r

+ + +
(2-9)
Nu tnh n R
t
th:
V n
C
VS
r . 2 R
) Rt // R .( . 2
K
+
(2-10)
Khi R
t

, 0 R
n
th:
E B
C
V
C
VS
r ). 1 ( r
R .
r
R .
K
+ +
(2-11)
58
Trong tng khuch i vi sai ca cc IC thut ton, ngi ta thng thay R
C1
, R
C2
bng
Tranzito, thc hin chc nng ti ng ca tng. S ny c h s khuch i K
VS
ln hn nhiu
ln so vi s kho st c ti R
C
. iu ny rt quan trng khi thit k b khuch i mt chiu
nhiu tng. Mt trong nhng s nh vy v trn hnh 2-6. Tranzito T
5
, T
6
dng lm ti ng ca
tng c tham s ging nhau, T
5
c mc thnh it. Cch mc nh vy cn c gi l s
gng dng in. Dng I
C
ca T
1
chy qua T
5
to nn in p
5 BE
U
xc nh in p vo U
BE6
. V
T
5
v T
6
c tham s ging nhau nn I
C6
ging I
C1
.Tn hiu vi sai ly cc gp T
2
.
Khi E
n
= 0 s ch
cn bng tnh, dng
2
I
I I I
E
6 C 2 C 1 C
. Dng
6 C
I

chy qua T
2
nn U
ra
= 0 v i
ti
= 0.
Gi thit tn hiu vo c cc
tnh nh hnh 2-6. Di tc dng
ca E
n
dng I
B1
tng, v nh vy
lm gim dng I
B2
. S thay i
dng cc gc lm thay i dng
cc gp.

V
E
1 C
I .
2
I
I + .
V
E
2 C
I .
2
I
I .
Bi v dng
1 C 6 C
I I nn
V
E
6 C
I .
2
I
I + .
Khi dng ti : I
ti V 2 C 6 C
I . . 2 I I
. Nn in p u ra trn ti:

t V ra
R . I . . 2 U
.
Nu ti tn hiu vo i du th lm i chiu
V
I
, I
ti
v cc tnh in p ra.
H s khuch i in p ca tng.

[ ]
2. . 2. .
2. 2. (1 ).
ra
n n V n B E
U Rt Rt
K
E R r R r r

+ + + +
(2-12)
Khi R
n
= 0:
U
V
T
5
T
6
T
2
R
t
R
n
U
V
U
t
U
BC
I
C
I
C2
I
t
I
E
I
E1
I
E2
I
V
+
-
E
C2
+
+
E
C1
-
>
>
T
1
E
n
+
_
+
_
Hnh 2-6: S tng vi sai c ti ng kiu
gng dng in
59

E B
t
r ). 1 ( r
R .
K
+ +
(2-13)
S hnh 2-6 c u im c bn l
kh nng chu ti cao v ti c u im ni t
v h s khuch i ln khong vi trm ln.
Tr khng vo c th t hng chc hoc hng
trm K. Khi cn c tr khng vo ln hn
hng chc dng T
1
v T
2
l tranzito
trng. S nh hnh 2-7. Nguyn l lm
vic tng t nh s hnh 2-4.
2.3. MCH KHUCH I
Do vi mch khuch i thut ton c
hai ca vo. Khi a tn hiu vo ca o ta
c mch khuch i o, nu a tn hiu vo
ca thun ta c mch khuch i thun.
2.3.1. Mch khuch i o
Mch khuch i o cho hnh 2-8 c
thc hin hi tip m in p qua R
ht
. u vo
thun c ni t. Tn hiu qua R
1
a ti
u vo o. Nu coi IC c tr khng vo v
cng ln tc Z
V
th dng vo IC v cng b
I
0
= 0, khi ti nt N c phng trnh dng
in.
I
V
I
ht

T c:
ht
ra 0
1
0 V
R
U U
R
U U

(2-14)
Khi K in p u vo 0
K
U
U
ra
0
v vy 2-14 c dng:

ht
ra
1
V
R
U
R
U

Do h s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i o K c hi tip m song song c
xc nh bng phn t th ng trong s :
R
2
R
1
R
2
U
V
R
C1
R
C2
U
r1
U
V1
T
1
U
r2
U
r
T
2
I
S
-
E
C2
+
Hnh 2-7: S tng vi sai dng Tranzito trng.
U
V2
+
E
C1
-
<
<
R
1
N
I
V
I
ht
I
o
u
V
U
0
_
+
R
ht
u
ra
Hnh 2-8: Mch khuch i o
60

1
ht
R
K
R

(2-15)
Nu chn R
ht
= R
1
th K 1 , s c tnh cht tng o lp li in p (o tn hiu).
Nu R
1
= 0 th t phng trnh
ht V
I I
ta c
ht
ra
V
R
U
I
hay
ht V ra
R . I U
tc l in p
ra t l vi dng in vo. Mch tr thnh b bin i dng thnh p.
V U
0
= 0 nn R
v
= R
1
, khi K th R
ra
= 0.
2.3.2. Mch khuch i thun
Mch khuch i thun c hnh 2-9 gm
mt mch hi tip m in p t vo u o
cn tn hiu t vo ca thun.
V in p t vo gia hai ca rt b, xem
U
0
= 0 nn quan h gia U
V
v U
ra
xc nh bi:
ht 1
1
ra V
R R
R
. U U
+
H s khuch i in p ca mch khuch

i thun.
1
1 1
1
ra ht ht
V
U R R R
K
U R R
+
+
(2-16)
V

V
R
nn
0 I
V

. c
dng khi cn mch khuch i c tr
khng vo ln. Khi R
ht
= 0 v R
1
= ta
c s b lp li in p vi K = 1 (hnh
2-10). in tr vo ca mch khuch i
thun rt ln, bng in tr vo ca IC, cn in tr ra
0 R
ra

.
2.4. CC PHNG PHP CHNG TRI V B IM KHNG
Khi dng b khuch i thut ton khuch i tn hiu mt chiu c tr s nh th cc sai
s ch yu do dng in tnh, in p lch khng v hin tng tri gy ra.
Cc dng in tnh I
t
, I
u vo b khuch i thut ton thc cht l cc dng cc gc

tranzito tng vo mch khuch i vi sai. Dng tnh ca thun I
t
v dng tnh ca o gn bng
nhau. Cc dng tnh I
t
v I
gy st p trn cc ca vo. Do s khc nhau tr s cc in tr ca

thun T v ca o nn st p ny cng khc nhau. Hiu in th ca chng chnh l in p lch
khng. gi cho in p lch khng nh, trong mch khuch i o, ca thun khng u trc
tip xung t m u qua in tr R
C
nh trn hnh 2-11.
R
C
c tr s bng in tr vo ca o, ngha l:
U
ra
=U
V
_
+
U
V
Hnh 2-10: Mch khuch i lp li in p
R
2
R
1
R
2
_
+
R
ht
R
1
U
V
U
ra
Hnh 2-9: Mch khuch i thun
U
r
_
+
U
V
Hnh 2-11: Mch khuch i mc thm
in tr R
C
R
1
R
ht
R
C
61
ht 1
ht 1
C
R R
R . R
R
+
Lc dng tnh gy ra trn hai u vo cc st p l I

t
.R
C
v I
.(R
1
//R
ht
). Thng
I I
t

nn cc
st p gn bng nhau.
Thc t I
t
I
nn dng tnh I
0
= I
t
- I
cn gy ra mt hiu in p u vo, gi l in p
lch khng U
0
. Khi in p ra sai s l:

0
1
ht
r
U ).
R
R
1 ( U
0
+
(2-17)
kh sai s ny dng cc mch b in hnh hnh 2-12. Vic b in p lch khng c
thc hin theo nguyn tc: mt trong hai u vo ca b khuch i thut ton vi mt ngun in
p bin i c mt in p ngc vi in p lch khng trn.
Khi cn phi trng c hai ca vo th mc mch b vo ca khc c lin quan n ca vo.
Cn phi chn cc linh kin mch b sao cho b khuch i thut ton lm vic bnh thng.
Ngoi ra cn c hin tng tri in p u ra do lng tri in p u vo U
0
v lng
tri ca dng tnh vo I
0
.
Lng tri in p u ra c xc nh:

ht 0
1
ht
0 0 r
R . I )
R
R
1 .( U U +
(2-18)
trong :
0
U
l lng tri in p lch khng u vo.

0
I
l lng tri dng lch khng u vo.
Bin i (2-18) ta c:

[ ] ) R // R .( I U ).
R
R
1 .(
R
R
U
ht 1 0 0
ht
1
1
ht
0 r
+
(2-19)
Hnh 2-12: Mch b in p lch khng
Ra
_
+
+
_
R
1
R
ht
R
3
R
2
R
4
Vo
Ra
+
_
+
_
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
Vo
R
ht
62
T (2-19) rt ra kt lun:
- Nu ngun tn hiu c tr khng ln (R
1
// R
ht
ln) th in p sai s u ra ch yu do tri
dng lch khng u vo sinh ra. Ngc li nu ngun tn hiu c tr khng nh (R
1
nh) th sai s
u ra ch yu do in p lch khng u vo sinh ra. Do khi cn khuch i dng mt chiu
nh th chn R
1
// R
ht
nh, nu cn khuch i in p mt chiu nh th chn R
1
ln.
Trong b khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu khng cn quan tm n vn b lch khng.
2.5. MCH CNG
2.5.1. Mch cng o
Mch ny cc tn hiu vo a ti ca o. S hnh 2-13. Coi cc in tr vo bng nhau.
V n 2 1 ht
R R ... R R R <
.
Khi I
V
= 0 th (v R
V
ca IC xem =
)
. I ... I I I
n 2 1 ht
+ + +
hay
) 20 2 ( U ) U ... U U ( U
n
1 i
i n 2 1 ra
+ + +

Tng qut khi
n 1
R ... R c:

) U .
R
R
... U .
R
R
U .
R
R
( U
n
n
ht
2
2
ht
1
1
ht
ra
+ + +
=
+ + +
n
1 i
i i
n
n
2
2
1
1
ht
U . )
R
U
...
R
U
R
U
.( R
(2-21)
I
n
U
1
U
2
U
n
R
1
R
2
R
n
.....
I
1
I
ht
U
ra
R
ht
_
+
Hnh 2-13: Mch cng o
63
vi
i
ht
i
R
R

2.5.2. Mch cng thun
S mch in hnh 2-14, y cc
tn hiu vo a ti ca thun. Khi U
0
= 0 in
p hai u vo bng nhau v bng.

. U .
R R
R
U U
ra
ht 1
1
V V
+

+
Khi dng vo u thun bng khng (R
V
=
) ta c:
0
R
U U
...
R
U U
R
U U
V n V 2 V 1
+ +

Hay:
+ + +
V n 2 1
U . n U ... U U

ra
ht 1
1
n 2 1
U .
R R
R
. n U ... U U
+
+ + +
T

+
+ +
+
n
1 i
i
1
ht 1
n 1
1
ht 1
ra
U .
R . n
R R
) U ... U .(
R . n
R R
U
(2-22)
Chn cc tham s ca mch thch hp c tha s u tin ca v phi cng thc (2-22)
bng 1
1
R . n
R R
1
ht 1
+
v khi :

+ + +
n
1 i
i n 2 1 ra
U U ... U U U
2.6. MCH TR
Khi cn tr hai in p ngi ta c th thc hin theo s hnh 2-15. Khi in p u ra
c tnh theo

2 2 1 1 ra
U K U . K U +
(2-23)
C th tm K
1
, K
2
theo phng php cho in p vo tng ca bng khng.
Cho U
2
= 0 th mch lm vic nh mt b khuch i o. Ta c:
U
1
U
2
U
n
R
R
R
.....
I
n
I
1
U
ra
R
ht
_
+
Hnh 2-14: Mch cng thun
U
0
U
V+
U
V_
R
1
64

. U . U
1 a ra

vy
. K
a 1

Khi U
1
= 0 mch tr thnh mch khuch i thun c phn p vo. Khi :

b
b
b
b
2
b
R .
R
R
U
U
.
H s phn p:
b
b
+ 1
Khi
2
b
b
a ra
U .
1
). 1 ( U
+
+
H s khuch i

b
b
a 2
1
). 1 ( K
+
+

nn U
ra
khi c U
1
, U
2
l :

1 a 2
b
b
a ra
U . U .
1
). 1 ( U
+
+
Nu in tr trn c hai li vo l nh nhau tc l:
a
=
b
=
th
1 2
K , K
Vy :
) U U .( U
1 2 ra

(2-24)
2.7. MCH VI PHN, MCH TCH PHN
2.7.1. Mch vi phn
Mch vi phn l mch in p u ra t l vi vi phn in p u vo, tc l
dt
dU
. K U
V
ra

, trong K l mt h s.
Mch vi phn dng IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 2-18
Xem nh U
0
= 0; I
0
= 0 nn
dt
dU
C I
V
V

M
R . I U
V ra

nn
dt
dU
. C . R U
V
ra
(2-26)
I
V
C I
0
U
V
U
0
R
U
R
a
_
+
Hnh 2-18: Mch vi phn
R
b
/
b
R
a
R
a
/
a
_
+
U
a
U
b
U
ra
R
b
Hnh 2-15: Mch tr
U
1
U
2
U
V

U
0
U
V

U
0

65
trong C . R K gi l hng s vi phn ca mch. Du (-) ni ln U
ra
ngc pha U
V
.
Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin th mch vi phn lm vic nh mt b lc tn cao.
2.7.2. Mch tch phn
Mch tch phn l mch m in p u ra t l vi tch phn in p u vo.

dt U k U
t
0
V ra

trong k l h s.
Mch tch phn dng IC khuch i
thut ton c mch hnh 2-19.
Ti nt A ta c I
V
= I
C
hay:
R
U
dt
dU
. C
V ra

nn
0 ra
t
0
V ra
U dt . U .
C . R
1
U +
(2-27)
y U
ra0
l in p trn t C khi t=0
(l hng s tch phn xc nh t iu kin ban u)
Thng khi t=0 U
V
= 0 v U
ra
= 0 nn

dt U .
1
U
t
0
V ra

(2-28)
= R.C gi l hng s thi gian ca mch tch phn.
Khi tn hiu vo thay i tng nc, tc thay i ca in p ra bng:

C . R
U
t
U
V ra

ngha l u ra b tch phn c in p tng hay gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian.
i vi tn hiu hnh sin mch tch phn tr thnh mch lc thng thp.
2.8. MCH TO HM LOGARIT V LY THA
Trong thc t thng cn to ra mt in p U
r
l hm s no ca in p U
V
, tc l U
r
=
f(U
V
). y f l mt quan h hm nh hm lgarit, hm m, hm lng gic... Ta xt mt vi mch
to hm c th.
I
V
R
U
V
A
U
Ra
_
+
Hnh 2-19: Mch tch phn
I
C
C
U
V

U
0
U
V

U
0

I
D
D
U
V

66
2.8.1. Mch to hm lgarit
Mch to hm s lgarit cho in p u ra: U
r
=
1
.ln(
2
.U
V
)
Mun vy ta c th dng biu thc ca dng qua it phn cu kin in t

ak
t
U
.(exp 1)
nU
D S
I I
trong : I
S
l dng in ngc bo ho.
U
T
l in th nhit KT/e
0
.
m l h s hiu chnh. 1 < m < 2.
U
ak
l in p t ln it.
Trong min lm vic I
D
>> I
S
gn ng c th coi:

.exp
ak
D S
t
U
I I
mU
T
S
D
T ak
I
I
ln . U . m U
(2-29)
chnh l hm lgarit cn tm.
thc hin quan h ny, c th s dng nh hnh 2-20. Nu vi mch khuch i thut ton
l l tng ta c th tnh nh sau:

R
U
I
V
D
,
ak ra
U U
rt ra:
)
R . I
U
ln( . U . m U
S
V
T ra

I
D
D
U
V

U
0
R
U
Ra
_
+
Hnh 2-20: Mch logarit dng it
U
V

R
U
Ra
_
+
Hnh 2-21: Mch logarit dng
Tranzitor ni kiu it
T
I
C
U
0

I
D
D
U
V

67
C th thay it bng tranzito ni kiu it, khi loi tr c m v m rng phm vi lm
vic ca mch.
Lc ny:

)
R . I
U
ln( . U U U
ES
V
T BE ra

(2-30)
Mch in hnh 2-21.
2.8.2. Mch to hm i lgarit (hm m)
to hm i lgarit ta mc phn t phi tuyn l it hay Tranzito vo nhnh vo ca IC
khuch i thut ton. Mch nguyn l c biu din trn hnh 2-22.
Vi mch dng it ta c:

.exp
v
D S
t
U
I I
mU
.
Nn
. .exp
v
ra S
t
U
U R I
mU

. (2-31)
Vi mch b ta dng tranzito u theo kiu it, lc

. .exp
v
ra S
t
U
U R I
U

. (2-32)
2.9. MCH NHN TNG T
k
X
Y
Z
Hnh 2-23: S quy c ca mch
nhn tng t
U
0
U
0
I
D
D
U
V
R
U
Ra
_
+
Hnh 2-22: Mch khuych i i loga
a) Mch dng it
b) Mch dng Tranzitor ni kiu it
U
V

R
U
Ra
_
+
T
I
C
(a)
(b)
68
Mch nhn tng t c s quy c trn hnh 2-23. Tn hiu trn u ra ca n t l vi
tch cc tn hiu t ln hai u vo.
Z = k.X.Y.
Trong : X, Y L cc tn hiu vo.
Z: tn hiu ra
k: h s t l cn gi l h s truyn t ca mch nhn.
Trn hnh 2-24 l s mch nhn in p v mch tng ng ca n.Mch nhn in p
l tng c tr khng vo hai ca Z
VX
, Z
VY
=
v tr khng ra Z
r
= 0. H s truyn t l tng
khng ph thuc vo tn s v tr s cc in p vo U
X
, U
Y
ngha l k l mt hng s.
Mch nhn thc hin bi mch khuch i lga v i lga c s khi nh hnh 2-25.
Gi X = k
X
.U
X
Y = k
Y
.U
Y
v Z = k
Z
.U
Z
.
trong k
X
, k
Y
, k
Z
ln lt l h s t l ca cc in p vo U
X
, U
Y
v in p ra U
Z
.
T mch trn ta c:

x
exp(lnU ln )
Z y
U U +
tc l:
x y
XY
exp(ln ln ) expln
z x y
Z X Y
k k k k k
+
k
X
Y
~
~
U
X
U
Y
U
Z
(a)
~
U
X
U
Y
Z
Y
Z
VX
Z
ra
k.U
X
.U
Y
U
ra
(b)
Hnh 2-24: Mch nhn in p v mch nhn tng ng
ln
ln
Tng exp
X
Y
Z
Hnh 2-25: S khi mch nhn dng mch khuch i lga v i lga
69
Suy ra:

. Y . X .
k . k
k
Z
y x
z
(2-33)
Cc mch khuch i lga v i lga xt tit trc, cn mch tng nh vi mch khuch
i thut ton thc hin.
2.10. MCH LC TCH CC
tn s cao thng dng cc mch lc th ng RLC. tn s thp cc mch lc c in
cm qu ln lm cho kt cu nng n v tn km cng nh phm cht ca mch gim. V vy trong
phm vi tn s 100kHz ngi ta hay dng b lc khuch i thut ton v mng RC- gi l mch
lc tch cc lc.
Khc vi mch lc th ng, mch lc tch cc c c trng bi ba tham s c bn: tn s
gii hn
C
, bc ca b lc v loi b lc.
- Tn s gii hn
C
l tn s ti hm truyn t gim i 3 dB so vi tn s trung tm.
- Bc ca b lc xc nh dc ca c tuyn bin tn s ngoi gii tn. Bc ca b lc
c tnh bng s t trong mch lc.
- Loi b lc xc nh dng c tuyn bin tn s xung quanh tn s ct v trong khu vc
thng ca mch lc. Cn ch rng mch in ca cc loi b lc th ging nhau, chng ch khc
nhau gi tr cc linh kin RC m thi. Ngi ta quan tm n 3 loi b lc: lc Bessel, lc
Butteewroth v lc Tschcbyscheff. c tnh ca cc b lc nh hnh 2-26.
tin xt cc mch lc, ta a vo hm truyn t tng qut ca mt mch lc thng thp:

n
n
3
3
2
2 1
0 d
) p ( d
p . C ... p . C p . C p . C 1
K
K
+ + + + +
(2-34)
R
U
V
U
V
Hnh 2-26: c tnh bin - tn s ca mch lc thng thp bc bn:
1-lc th ng; 2-lc Bessel; 3-lc Butteewroth v 4-lc Tschcbyscheff
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
0,01 0,03 0,1 0,3 1 3 10 30
4 3 2 1
|K
d
| (dB)
70
trong :

j
. j
P
C
C
i
l cc h s thc, dng.
Bc ca b lc chnh l s m ln nht ca p. thc hin b lc thun li ta phn tch
mu s ca biu thc (2-34) thnh tch cc tha s - c biu thc:

) p . b p . a 1 (
K
K
2
i i
0 d
) p ( d
+ +
(2-35)
K
d0
h s truyn t tn s thp.
a
i
, b
i
l cc s thc, dng.
Vi b lc bc l th c mt h s b
i
= 0.
tnh ton cc linh kin ca b lc ta da vo loi mch lc, bc ca b lc n v cc h s
a
i
, b
i
( i

l s th t cc mt lc ), fc
i
/ fc, h s phm cht ca mt lc th i: Q
i
c tra theo bng:
a. Bng tham s ca mch lc Butterworth (bng 1).
Bng 1
n i a
i
(p) b
i
(p
2
) f
Ci
/f
C
Q
i
1 1 1,0000 0,0000 1,0000 -
2 1 1,4142 1,0000 1,0000 0,71
3
4
1 1,0000 0,0000 1,0000 -
2 1,0000 1,000 1,2720 1,00
1 1,8478 1,0000 0,7910 0,54
2 0,7654 1,0000 1,3900 1,31
b. Bng tham s ca mch lc Bessel (bng 2).
Bng 2:
n i A
i
(p) b
i
(p
2
) f
Ci
/f
C
Q
i
1 1 1,0000 0,0000 1,0000 -
2
1 1,3617 0,6180 1,0000 0,58
3 1 0,7560 0 1,3230 -
2 0,9996 0,4772 1,4140 0,69
4 1 1,3397 0,4889 0,9780 0,52
2 0,7743 0,3890 1,7970 0,81
R
U
V
U
V
U
V
R
U
V
3
71
2.10.1. Mch lc tch cc bc mt
Loi ny ch dng cho mch lc thng thp hay thng cao.
2.10.1.1. Mch lc thng thp bc mt
Theo (2-35) khi hm truyn t c dng:

p a
K
K
do
d
. 1
1
+
(2-36)
Mch in nh hnh 2-27 a,b.
Mch (a) ta c:

C . R . . p 1
1
C . R . . j 1
1
U
U
K
C V
r
+
+

(v
p
j
C

.
)
y
1 K
do

C . R . a
C 1

Bit a,
C
; chn R ta c
R .
a
C
C
1
Mch b ta c:

C . R . . p 1
1
K
C
d
+
y
1 K
do

v
C 1
. C . R a
.
Khi bit
1
a ,
C
v chn R ta cng c:
R .
a
C
C
1
2.10.1.2. Mch lc tch cc thng cao bc mt

i ch R bi C v C bi R, mch thng thp ta c mch lc tch cc thng cao.
Mch nh hnh 2-28.
U
ra
R
C
U
V
-
+
a)
C
R
R
U
V
U
ra
-
+
b)
Hnh 2-27: Mch lc tch cc thng thp bc 1
U
V
R
U
V
3
72

Khi trong cng thc 2-36 thay
p
1
p
Mch a c:
C . R .
1
.
p
1
1
1
C . R . . p
1
1
1
K
C C

+
y:
1 K
do

C . R .
1
a
C
1

Khi bit
1
a ,
C
v chn C ta tnh c:
C
. C . a
1
R
Mch b:
C . R . . p
1
1
1
K
C
+

y:
1 K
do

v tng t khi bit
C
, chn C ta tnh c R (theo a) =

C
. C . a
1
.
2.10.2. Mch lc tch cc bc hai
2.10.2.1. Mch lc thng thp bc hai
Mch lc tch cc thng thp bc hai c cc dng hi tip m mt vng, hi tip m nhiu
vng, hi tip dng mt vng nh hnh 2-29.
C
R
U
V
U
ra
-_
+
b)
Hnh 2-28: Mch lc tch cc thng cao bc 1
U
ra
R
C
U
V
_
+
a)
R R
C
1
C
2
1
C
2
U
1
_
+
a)
R R
U
1
2
3
1
C
2
U
1
_
+
b)
R
3
R
1
U
r
2
R
2 C
1
1
C
1
U
1
+
_
c)
R
3
R
1
U
2
2
R
2
C
2
(K-1)R
3
Hnh 2-29: Mch lc thng thp bc hai:
a) hi tip m mt vng
b) hi tip m nhiu vng
c) hi tip dng mt vng
73
+ Xt mch hnh 2-29a ta c hm truyn t (dng phng trnh in th nt):

2 1
2 2
C
2
1 C V
r
d
C . C . R . . p C . R . . p . 2 1
1
U
U
K
+ +

(2-37)
So snh vi (2-35) ta c:

1 K
do

;
1 C 1
C . R . . 2 a
;
2 1
2 2
C 1
C . C . R . b .
Da vo loi b lc xc nh a
1
, b
1
, chn trc C
1
theo gi tr chun v tnh R, C
2
theo:

1 C
1
C . . 2
a
R
;
2
1
1 1
2
a
C . b . 4
C
+ Vi mch 2-29b ta c:

3 2 2 1
2
C
2
1
3 2
3 2 1 C
1 2
d
R . R . C . C . . p )
R
R . R
R R ( C . . p 1
R / R
K
+ + + +
T y xc nh:

1
2
do
R
R
K

)
R
R . R
R R .( C . a
1
3 2
3 2 1 C 1
+ +

3 2 2 1
2
C 1
R . R . C . C . b .
Cho trc
C
,
d o
K
, chn C
1
v C
2
tnh c:
C
1
U
V
74

2 1 C
do 1 2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
C . C . . 2
) K 1 .( b . C . C . 4 C . a C . a
R

do
2
1
K
R
R
v
2 2 1
2
C
1
3
R . C . C .
b
R
R
2
c gi tr thc:

2
1
1
1
2
) 1 .( . 4
a
K b
C
C
do
+
+ Vi mch 2-29c c hm truyn t:

[ ]
2 1 2 1
2
C
2
2 1 1 2 1 1 C
d
R R C . C . . p C . R ). K 1 ( C . R C . R . p 1
K
K
+ + + +
(2-38)
n gin chn K=1 khi (K-1).R
3
=0 .
Biu thc trn vit li:
K

=
2 1 2 1 C
2
2 1 1 C
R . R . C . C . . p ) R R .( C . . p 1
1
+ + +
Nu cho trc
C
, C
1
, C
2
ta tnh c K
o
, R
1
, R
2
.
K
o
=1

2 1 C
2 1 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2 , 1
C . C . . 2
C . C . b . 4 C . a C . a
R
t

R
1,2
l s thc cn:

2
1
1
2
1
a
b . 4
C
C
.
2.10.2.2. Mch lc thng cao bc hai
Mch lc thng cao bc hai c th dng cc dng thng thp
hnh 2-29. Trong phi i ch C v R cho nhau. V d mch lc thng cao bc hai hi tip
dng mt vng c hnh 2-30. Thay
p
1
p
, C bi R v R bi C vo cng thc (2-38) ta c:
K
=
2 2 1 1
2
C
2
2 1 2 1 C
2 1 2 1 2
C . R . R . C .
1
.
p
1
C . C . R . R .
) K 1 .( C . R ) C C ( R
.
p
1
1
K
+ +
+
Cho K=1 v C
1
= C
2
= C ta c:
C
1
U
V
75
K
=
2 1
2 2
C
2
1 C
R . R . C .
1
.
p
1
C . R .
2
.
p
1
1
1
+
.
y K
o
1

C . R .
2
a
1 C
1

nn
C . a .
2
R
1 C
1

2 1
2 2
C
1
R . R . C .
1
b

nn
1 C
1
2
b . C . . 2
a
R
2.10.2.3. Mch lc tch cc bc hai thng gii

Nu mc ni tip mt mt lc thng thp
v mt mt lc thng cao ta nhn c b lc
thng gii. c tnh tn s l tch tn s ca hai
khu lc ring r.
K = K
1
.K
2
Mch lc tch cc thng gii bc hai nh
hnh 2-31.
2.10.3. Mch lc tch cc bc cao
Khi cn c tnh bin , tn s ca b lc vung gc ngi ta phi thc hin b lc bc cao.
Mun vy mc ni tip cc b lc bc mt v hai bit. Lc c tnh tn s ca mch l tch
cc c tnh tn s ca cc mch ring r.
TM TT
Kt thc chng hai yu cu ngi hc hiu v nm c:
- Cc tnh cht chung ca BKTT: Tr khng vo rt ln, l tng Z
v
= . Tr khng ra rt
nh, l tng Z
r
= 0. H s khuch i in p rt ln k hiu K
0,
l tng K
0
= . c tuyn
truyn t BKTT nu quan h in p ra U
r
l hm s ca in p vo U
v
. Khi U
v
cn b U
r
tng
tuyn tnh theo U
v
. Khi U
v
tng m U
r
khng tng na l BKTT bo ho. U
r
= +U
r max
gi l bo
ho dng. Khi U
r
= -U
r max
gi l bo ho m. C th xem gn ng t U
r max
= E -2V khi
ngun nui i xng t E.
C
1
U
1
+
-
Hnh 2-30: S mch lc thng cao bc hai mt
vng hi tip dng
R
3
R
1
U
a
R
2
C
2
(K-1)R
3
C
1
-
_
+
Hnh 2-31: Mch lc thng gii
R
1
U
ra
R
2
U
V
C
2
R
3
76
- c tuyn tn s m t quan h h s khuch i K
0
theo tn s ca tn hiu vo. Do cc
tng khuch i trong BKTT ghp trc tip nn n c th khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu.
BKTT c kh nng nn tn hiu ng pha.
- Tng khuch i vi sai: cu to tng khuch i vi sai, xc nh h s khuch i in p
ca n. Tng khuch i vi sai c ti ng kiu gng dng c h s khuch i rt ln. vi tng
khuch i vi sai dng tranzito trng cn c u im tr khng vo ln.
- Mch khuch di dng BKTT c mch khuch i thun, khuch i o. c im
chung ca cc mch khuch i h s khuch i ca mch ph thuc vo tr s cc linh kin ngoi
c u ni c hi tip m in p. Mch khuch i o c h s khuch i m, tc l tn
hiu ra ngc pha tn hiu vo. Mch khuch i thun cho tn hiu ra cng pha.
- Cc phng php chng tri v b im khng l tm bin php gi cho u ra BKTT
c in p ra bng khng ch tnh. C th dng in tr cn bng R
C
thc hin nh hnh
2-11. Cng c th dng mch hiu chnh nh in p ngun nui nh hnh 2-12.
- Mch cng. Mch cng o l mch cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca o. in p u ra
bng tr tng t l cc in p u vo. Mch cng thun l mch cc tn hiu cn cng a vo
ca thun. u ra nhn c in p t l vi tng cc in p vo.
- Mch tr tn hiu a vo hai ca. Tn hiu b tr a vo ca thun. Tn hiu tr a vo
ca o. u ra nhn c in p t l vi hiu ca hai in p vo.
- Mch tch phn cho in p ra t l vi tch phn in p vo. Khi cho tn hiu vo mch l
dy xung vung u ra nhn c dy xung tam gic.
- Mch vi phn cho in p ra t l vi vi phn ca in p vo. u ra mch ny nhn c
dy xung nhn c cc tnh thay i khi u vo tc dng vo dy xung vung.
- Mch to hm logarit cho tn hiu ra t l vi loga t nhin ca in p vo.
- Mch to hm m cho tn hiu ra t l vi hm m t nhin ca tn hiu vo.
- Mch nhn tng t cho tn hiu ra t l vi tch tc thi ca hai tn hiu vo. Trong k
thut mch nhn tng t c th dng iu ch tn hiu, tch sng tn hiu.
- Mch lc tch cc. Cu to mch lc tch cc gm BKTT v cc phn t RC. u im
ca mch lc tch cc dng vng tn s thp l n gin gn nh v c phm cht lc cao. Nu
dung mch lc th ng L, R, C nng, cng knh do in cm L phi ln, phm cht lc km do
tiu hao nng lng nhiu. Bc ca b lc tch cc l s t in trong mch lc . Phn tch cc
loi mch lc thng thp, thng cao, thng gii v chn gii. Cch xc nh gi tr cc in tr, t
in trong cc mch lc tch cc ni trn.
CU HI V BI TP
2.1. Nu cc tnh cht ca BKTT l tng?
2.2. Ti sao khi dng BKTT lm mch khuch i phi u ni thm linh kin ngoi to hi tip
m?
2.3. Trnh by mch khuch i o?
77
2.4. Trnh by mch khuch i thun? Mch khuch i lp?
2.5. Nu tc dng ca in tr cn bng Rc hnh 2-11? Biu thc tnh gi tr Rc?
2.6. Trnh by mch cng thun?
2.7. Trnh by mch cng o?
2.8.Trnh by mch tr?
2.9. Cc mch cng, mch tr lm vic ch tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn? Ti sao?
2.10. Trnh by mch vi phn? ng dng ca n?
2.11. Trnh by mch tch phn? ng dng ca n?
2.12. Trnh by mch to hm loga?
2.13. Trnh by mch to hm m?
2.14. Th no l mch nhn tng t?
2.15. Th no l mch lc th ng, mch lc tch cc?
2.16 Ti sao di tn s 100KHz ta nn dng mch lc tch cc thc hin?
2.17. Cho mch hnh P2-17. Bit ngun nui E = t 12v, R
1
= 10K, Rht = 50K

Hnh 2-17.
a. Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch?
b. Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch?
c. Xc nh in p ra i vi mi gi tr sau ca in p vo U
V
= 0v, -1v, 2v, -3v.
2.18 Cho mch in hnh P2-17 vi R
1
= 1,2K; Rht = 18K, ngun E = t 15v.
b. Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch?
c. Xc nh in p vo nh Uv mch hot ng tuyn tnh?
d. Xc nh in p ra i vi mi gi tr sau ca in p vo Uv = 0v; 0,4v; 0,8v;
-1,2v;1,6v.
2.19. Cho mch in hnh P2-19 vi R
1
= 10K, Rht = 50K. Bit E = t 15v;
U v
R h t
Ur
R1
R h t
Ur
Uv
R1
78

Hnh P2-19.
b. Xc nh tr khng vo l tng ca mch?
c. Xc nh in p vo nh mch hot ng tuyn tnh?
d. Xc nh in p ra i vi mi gi tr sau ca in p vo :
Uv = 0v ; -1v ;2v ;-3v ; 4v .
2.20. Cho mch hnh 2-19 vi R
1
= 12k; R
ht
= 180k; E = t 15v
b. Xc nh tr khng vo l tng ca mch?
c. Xc nh in p vo nh m mch hot ng tuyn tnh?
d. Xc nh in p ra i vi mi gi tr sau ca in p vo
Uv= 0v; -0,4v; 0,8v; -1,2 v.
2.21 .Cho mch hnh P2-21. Vi R
ht
= 100k, R
1
= 100k, R
2
= 50k, R
3
= 25k, ngun E =
t 15v
a. Vit phng trnh Ur theo ba in p vo?
b. Xc nh Ur khi U
1
= 10v; U
2
= 3v v U
3
= -7v
c. Xc nh Ur khi U
1
= 8v; U
2
= - 4v v U
3
= 5v.

Hnh P2-21.
2.22. Cho mch hnh P2-21. Vi R
ht
= 100k; R
1
= 20k; R
2
= 10k; R
3
= 5k. ngun E= t 15v.
a. Vit phng trnh Ur theo ba in p vo?
b. Xc nh Ur khi U
1
= -2v; U
2
= 1,5v v U
3
= - 0,8v.
2.23. Cho mch hnh P2-23. Vi R
1
= 10k; R
2
= 20k. Ngun E = t 15v.
R h t
Ur
U3
U2
U1
R1
R2
R3
R 2
U2
Ur
U1
R2
R1
R1
79
Hnh P2-23.
a. Vit phng trnh Ur theo hai in p vo?
b. Xc nh Ur vi U
1
= 3v; U
2
= 3v.
c. Xc nh Ur vi U
1
= 3v; U
2
= -3v.
d. Xc nh Ur khi U
1
= 5v; U
2
= -5v.
2.24. Cho mch hnh P2-23 vi R
1
= 10k; R
2
= 50k, ngun E = t 15v.
a. Vit phng trnh Ur theo hai in p vo?
b. Xc nh Ur khi U
1
= 4v; U
2
= 4v.
c. Xc dnh Ur khi U
1
= 2v; U
2
= 4v.
d. Xc nh Ur khi U
1
= 4v; U
2
= -2v.
2.25 . Cho mch in hnh P2-25 lm vic ch tuyn tnh. Chng minh in p ra Ur cho bi
cng thc :

Hnh P2-25.
Ur = (R
3
+ R
4
)(R
2
U
1
+ R
1
U
2
) / R
3
(R
1
+ R
2
).
2.26. Cho mch P2-26. Bit R
3
= 8,25k; R
6
= 4,7k, ngun E = t 12v.
U2
U1
Ur
R4
R3
R1
R2
Uy
Ux
Ur
Uz
R3
R1
R2
R6
R5
R4
80
Hnh P2-26.
a. Thit lp biu thc tng qut Ur theo cc in p vo U
x
, U
y
, U
z
v cc tham s
ca mch?
b. Xc nh gi tr cc in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
4
v R
5
mch thc hin c hm s sau:
Ur = 2,5U
x
- 4,7U
y
+ 4,1U
z
.
2.27. H s khuch i ca mch khuch i o l:
a. K = - R
1
/ R
ht
.
b. K = R
ht
/ R
1
.
c. K = - R
ht
/ R
1
.
d. K = 1 + R
ht
/R
1
.
2.28. H s khuch i ca mch khuch i thun l:
a. K = R
1
/ R
ht
.
b. K = 1 + R
ht
/ R
1
.
c. K = 1 - R
ht
/ R
1
.
d. K = R
ht
/R
1
.
2.29. in tr cn bng R
C
trong mch khuch i o bng:
a. R
C
= R
1
.R
ht
/ (R
1
+ R
ht
).
b. R
C
= R
ht
+ R
1
.
c. R
C
= R
ht
R
1
.
d. R
C
= R
ht
.
2.30. Mch cng o l:
a. Mch m cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca thun.
b. Mch m cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca o.
c. Mch m cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca thun v ca o.
d. Mch khng c hi tip m.
2.31. Mch cng thun l:
a. Mch m cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca thun.
b. Mch m cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca o.
c. Mch m cc tn hiu cn cng a vo ca thun v ca o.
d. Mch khng c hi tip m.
2.32. Dng xung u ra mch vi phn khi u vo tc dng dy xung vung la:
a. Dy xung nhn c cc tnh thay i.
81
b. Dy xung tam gic.
c. Dy xung nhn mt cc tnh.
d. Dy xung nhn m.
2.33. Dng xung u ra ca mch tch phn khi u vo tc dng dy xung vung l:
a. Dy xung tam gic.
b. Dy xung nhn.
c. Dy xung hnh thang.
d. Dy xung vung.
2.34. Nhc im ca mch lc th ng R, L, C tn s thp l:
a. Mch in phc tp.
b. Mch nng n, tn km v phm cht ca mch gim.
c. Mch gn nh nhng phm cht ca mch gim.
d. C a v b.
2.35. Mch lc tch cc gm cc phn t:
a. BKTT v cc phn t LC.
b. BKTT v cc phn t LR.
c. BKTT v cc phn t RC.
d. BKTT v cc phn t R, LC.
2.36. u im ca mch lc tch cc vng tn s thp l:
a. Gn nh, r tin v phm cht lc cao.
b. Gn nh nhng phm cht lc gim.
c. Phc tp nhng phm cht lc cao.
d. C b v c.
2.37. Bc ca mt b lc tch cc c xc nh bi:
a. S t in tham gia trong b lc.
b. S in tr tham gia trong b lc.
c. S t in v in tr tham gia trong b lc.
d. S cc in cm tham gia trong b lc.
2.38. Bin tn hiu ra cc i (nh) trong cc mch dng BKTT c ngun nui i xng l:
a. (E 2) Vn.
b. E vn.
c. E/2 vn.
82
d. (E 2) Vn.
83
Chng 3: Mch to dao ng sin
CHNG 3: MCH TO DAO NG SIN
GII THIU CHUNG
Chng 3 gii thiu cc mch to dao ng to ra tn hiu hnh sin (cn gi l tn hiu iu
ho).
- Khi nim v mch to dao ng sin. Yu cu ca mch to dao ng sin l to ra tn hiu
c bin , tn s n nh cao.
- iu kin dao ng ca mch to dao ng hnh sin: mch to dao ng sin c hai phn c
bn: phn mch khuch i v phn mch hi tip. Mch hi tip thc hin hi tip dng.
- Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p loi mch ny phn t khuch i l tranzito hoc
BKTT. Mch hi tip dng bin p thc hin. Khung dao ng song song c hai phn t LC.
- Mch to dao ng sin ba im. Loi mch ny khung dao ng c ba phn t in khng.
Mch khuch i cng c th l tranzito hoc BKTT. C mch to dao ng ba im in dung
(khung dao ng c hai t in, mt in cm), mch dao ng ba im in cm (khung dao ng
c hai in cm, mt t in).
- Mch to dao ng sin ghp RC. Loi mch ny phn hi tip ghp qua cc mt RC. C
mch to dao ng sin ghp ba mt RC, mch to dao ng sin Cu Vin.
- Mch to dao ng sin c thch anh. Loi mch ny cho tn hiu ra c tn s n nh cao do
bn thn thch anh c tn s dao ng ring rt n nh. C th dng thch anh trong mch to dao
ng sin ghp bin p hay mch to dao ng sin ba im. Tu vo mch in c th mch s c
tn s lm vic theo tn s dao ng ni tip f
q
hay tn s dao ng song song f
p
ca thch anh. Do
mi ming thch anh ch c mt tn s dao ng c nh nn mun iu chnh tn s dao ng ca
mch trong mt phm vi hp phi ni tip vi thch anh mt t in vi chnh, k hiu l C
S
.
- Mch to tn hiu sin kiu xp x tuyn tnh. Mch ny c dng ph bin trong cc mch
to sng chc nng. Nh mch in to ra tn hiu hnh sin (gn ng) khi u vo l dy xung
tam gic.
- Kt thc chng yu cu ngi hc nm c th no l mt mch to dao ng sin, phn
tch ch mt chiu v ch xoay chiu. Phn bit c khi khuch i, khi to hi tip
dng v cc xc nh tn s dao ng ca mch.
NI DUNG
3.1. KHI NIM
Mch to dao ng l mch khi c ngun cung cp n t lm vic cho ra tn hiu. S tng
qut mt mch to dao ng nh hnh 3-1.
84
Yu cu mch to dao ng to ra tn hiu c bin , tn s n nh cao, t chu nh hng
ca mi trng nh nhit , m.
t cc yu cu mch to dao ng
cn:
+ Dng ngun n p.
+ Dng cc phn t c h s nhit
nh.
+ Gim nh hng ca ti n mch
to dao ng nh mc thm tng m.
+ Dng cc linh kin c sai s nh.
+ Dng cc phn t n nhit.
c bit khi cn c n nh tn s cao
trn 10
4
ta dng thch anh vo mch to dao ng.
Khi
f
f
t c 10
8 6
10

.
3.2. IU KIN DAO NG V C IM CA MCH TO DAO NG
xt nguyn l lm vic ca mch to dao ng ta dng s khi hnh 3-2. N gm hai
khi; khi khuch i c h s khch i .exp
k
K K j

v khi hi tip c h s hi tip
.exp j

.
Nu t vo u vo tn hiu
V
U v gi thit 1 . K th
V ht U U
. vi
V ht U . . K U .
Vy tn hiu vo ca mch khuch i v tn hiu hi tip
ht U
bng nhau c v bin v pha nn
ni a vi a
,
th tn hiu vn khng thay i. Lc ta c s khi ca mch to dao ng lm
vic theo nguyn tc hi tip.
Nh vy trong s ny mch ch dao ng tn s m n tho mn:
1 . K (3-1)
Vi
K
v l nhng s phc nn vit li:
. . .exp ( ) 1
k
K K j

+ . (3-2)
trong : K: Moun h s khuch i.
: Moul h s hi tip.
k
: Gc dch pha ca b khuch i.
k
: Gc dch pha ca mch hi tip.
C th tch 3-2 thnh hai biu thc vit theo moun v biu thc vit theo pha:
Mch to dao
ng
u
ra
Hnh 3-1: S tng qut ca mt mch
to dao ng
K
u
V
u
ht
a
a'
u
ra
Hnh 3-2: S khi y ca b to dao
ng.
Hnh 3-5: Mch to dao ng ba im
a) Ba im in cm.

b) Ba im in dung.
85
K. = 1 (3-3)
=
k
+

= 2.n. (3-4)
l tng gc dch pha ca b khuch i v mch hi tip, biu th s dch pha gia U
ht
v
tn hiu vo ban u U
V
.
Quan h 3-3 c gi l iu kin cn bng bin . N cho thy mch ch c th dao ng
khi h s khuch i ca b khuch i c th b c tn hao do mch hi tip gy ra. Cn iu
kin cn bng pha (3-4) cho thy dao ng ch c th pht sinh khi tn hiu hi tip v ng pha vi
tn hiu ban u tc l hi tip dng.
Thc t c dao ng khi mi ng ngun . K phi ln hn 1 lm cho bin dao ng
tng dn. Do tnh phi tuyn ca phn t khuch i im lm vic i vo vng c S gim lm K
gim n lc 1 . K mch lm vic ch xc lp. Vy iu kin dao ng ca mch l:
. 1 . K
3.3. MCH TO DO NG SIN GHP BIN P
Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p c
mch hi tip ghp qua bin p hnh 3-3.
Trong mch R
1
, R
2
l b phn p cp in
p mt chiu cho cc gc. R
3
,C
3
l mch n nh
nhit. L
1
, C
1
l khung dao ng, L
2
l cun ghp
ly in p U
ht
, C
2
t thot, C
4
l t ly tn hiu
ra. Do tranzito mc pht chung, ti tn s dao
ng c ti l in tr thun,nn U
ra
ngc pha
U
vo
. Nh vy m bo iu kin cn bng
pha cn u cun L
1,
L
2
c cc cng tn cho
nhau.
Tn s dao ng ca mch do mch cng
hng cc gp quyt nh.
f
d
=
) 5 4 (
C . L . . 2
1
1 1

3.4. MCH DAO NG SIN BA IM
Mch dao ng sin ba im c th dng tranzito hay IC khuch i. Vi mch dng
tranzito mc pht chung cn IC khuch i thut ton c ca thun ni t.
Khung dao ng cha ba phn t in
khng th t l X
1
, X
2
, X
3
.
S i vi thnh phn xoay chiu nh hnh 3-4.
Hnh 3-6
a) Ba im in cm.

b) Ba im in dung.
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
1
L
1
L
2
+E
c
u
ra
Hnh 3-3: Mch to sin ghp bin p
*
*
86
T mch in ta c:
2 1
2
X X
X
+

mch dao ng c cn
1 . K >
m K < 0 nn cn < 0 mt khc ti tn s dao ng
c:
X
1
+ X
2
+ X
3
= 0
Kt hp li ta thy X
1
, X
2
phi khc du v X
2
, X
3
phi cng du, tc l:
- Nu X
1
l in cm th X
2
, X
3
l t in, ta c mch ba im in dung.
- Nu X
1
l t in th X
2
, X
3
l in cm, ta c mch ba im in cm. Mch in dng
tranzito nh hnh 4-5.
Tn s dao ng ca mch 3-5a l:
u
ra X
3
X
1
X
2
u
ht
Hnh 4-4: S mch dao ng ba im vi thnh phn xoay chiu.
u
ra
X
1
X
2
X
3
u
ht
_
+
Hnh 3-6
C
4
R
1
R
2
L
2
L
1
C
2
C
3
C
1
C
4
u
ra
R
3
+E
C
a)
R
1
R
2
L
C
2
C
3
C
1
u
ra
R
3
+E
C
R
4
C
5
b)
a) Ba im in cm.

b) Ba im in dung.
87
f
d
=
) L L .( C . . 2
1
2 1
+
(3-6a)
Tn s dao ng ca mch 3-5b l:
f
d
=
2 1 1
2 1
C . C . L
C C
.
. 2
1 +
(3-6b)
3.5. MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP RC
Cc mch to dao ng RC thng dng phm vi tn s thp, v nu dng mch LC kch
thc qu ln, do in cm L phi ln. Trong mch to dao ng sin ghp RC, mch hi tip cha
cc phn t RC.
3.5.1. Mch to dao ng dng mch di pha RC trong mch hi tip
Mch in dng tranzito v IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 3-6.
y phn t khuch i o pha 180
0
, nn mch hi tip cng phi c gc pha 180
0
.
Hm
truyn t v gc di pha mi khu RC trn hnh 3-6 xc nh theo:

C . . j
1
R
R
K
(3-7a)
=
R . C .
1
arctg
(3-7b)
Theo (3-7a) mi khu RC ch to ra mt gc di pha < 90
0
khi tr s R, C ph hp. Nh vy
m bo v pha mch hi tip t nht phi c ba mt RC, mi khu thc hin di pha 60
0
. Vi trng
hp dng 3 khu RC nh nhau hnh 3-6 cn:
R
1
//R
2
//r
BE
= R. mch dng tranzito
R
1
//R
2
= R mch dng IC.
T mch in ta c h s truyn t ca mch hi tip:
R R R
2
R
1
R
C
C C C
R
3
u
ra
C
1
U
ht
+E
C
2
R
3
R R R
1
C C C
U
ra
R
2
U
ht
-
+
Hnh 3-6
88

) C . R . C . R . . 5 .( j C . R . . 6 1
C . R . . j
U
U
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 3 3
ra
ht
+

(3-8)
Vi K l h s khuch i ca mch khuch i th:

) C . R . C . R . . 5 .( j C . R . . 6 1
C . R . . K . j
. K
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 3 3
+

(3-9)
Cho
1 . K
ta c :
0 C . R . . 6 1
2 2 2
dd
(3-10)
Tn s dao ng:

C . R . 6
1
dd

(3-11)
Thay
dd
vo (3-8) tnh c
29
1
v

3 3 3
dd
3 3 3
dd dd
C . R . . K C . R . C . R . . 5 . (3-12)
nn K = -29 (3-13)
Mch c h s hi tip
29
1
, nn cn mc in tr R
2
, R
3
sao cho
29
R
R
2
3
. Vi mch
dng tranzito cn chn in tr R
C
v h s khuch i ca tranzito sao cho:

29
r
R .
K
vt
C
(3-14)
3.5.2. Mch to dao ng dng mch cu Vin
L
q
C
q
r
q
B
C
P
f
q
f
P
R
1
R
3
R
4
C
2
R
2
C
1
U
ra
-
+
Hnh 3-7: Mch dao ng cu Vin
89
Mch in hnh 3-7. mch ny U
ht
a vo ca thun, cn cc phn t ca o xc
nh khuch i ca mch.
T mch in ta c:
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
R . C . . j 1
R
C . . j
1
R
C . . j
1
. R
Z
+
(3-15)
2
2 2
2
2 2
C . . j
C . R . . j 1
C . . j
1
R Z
+
(3-16)
H s hi tip
2 1
1
ra
ht
Z Z
Z
U
U
+

Thay vo:

) C . R C . R C . R .( . j C . C . R . R . 1
C . R . . j
2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2
2 1
+ + +

(3-17)
Khi R R R
2 1
, C C C
2 1
th :

C . R . . 3 j C . R . 1
C . R . . j
2 2 2
+

(3-18)
mch dao ng c:

+

. C . R . 3 j C . R . 1
C . R . . K . j
1 K
2 2 2
(3-19)
Hay:
0 C . R . 1
2 2 2
dd

C . R
1
dd
(3-20)
v
C . R . . K C . R . 3
dd dd

(3-21)
nn K = 3
Thay
dd
vo (3-18) c:

3
1
(3-22)
mch to dao ng c cn chn cc in tr R
3
, R
4
sao cho
2
R
R
3
4
L
q
C
q
r
q
B
C
P
f
q
f
P
90
3.6. MCH DAO NG BNG THCH ANH
3.6.1. Tnh cht v mch tng ng ca thch anh
Khi cn mch to dao ng c tn s n nh cao m dng cc bin php thng thng nh
n nh ngun cung cp, n nh ti... vn khng m bo n nh tn s theo yu cu th phi
dng thch anh n nh tn s. Thch anh c nhng c tnh vt l rt ng qu nh bn c
hc cao, t chu nh hng ca nhit v cc tc dng ho hc.
Thch anh c tnh cht p in, ngha l di tc dng ca in trng thng sinh ra dao
ng. Do c th dng thch anh nh mt khung cng hng. Tnh cht dao ng ca thch anh
c biu din bi s tng ng hnh 4-8b. trong L
q
, C
q
v r
q
ph thuc vo kch thc
khi thch anh v cch ct khi thch anh. Thch anh c kch thc cng nh th L
q
, C
q
v r
q
cng
nh, ngha l tn s cng hng ring ca n cng cao. L
q
, C
q
, r
q
c tnh n nh cao. C
p
l in
dung gi , tnh n nh ca C
p
km hn.
Thng r
q
rt nh, nn khi tnh ton b qua. Vi gi thit r
q
= 0 th tr khng tng ng
ca thch anh xc nh theo cng thc:

) C . C . L . C C .(
1 C . L .
. j
C . . j
1
L . . j
C . . j
1
C . . j
1
).
C . . j
1
L . . j (
X Z
p q q
2
q p
q q
2
p
q
q
p q
q
q q
+

+ +

+

(3-23)

T (3-23) suy ra thch anh c hai tn s cng hng: mt tn s cng hng ni tip f
q
ng
vi Z
q
= 0 v mt tn s cng hng song song
p
f
ng vi Z
p
=
.
Ta c :
q q
q
C . L . 2
1
f
(3-24)
Hnh 3-8:
a) S quy c ca thch anh
b) S tng ng v in ca thch anh
Hnh 3-9 a:
c tnh in khng ca thch anh
j.X
q
A
A
L
q
C
q
r
q
B
B
C
P
a) b)
f
q
f
P
0
f
q
91
Cn
p
q
q
p q q
q p
p
C
C
1 . f
C . C . L
C C
2
1
f +
+
(3-25)
C
p
cng ln so vi C
q
th f
p
cng gn vi f
q
. c tnh tr khng ca thch anh theo tn s biu
din hnh 4-9a. Thng sn xut thch anh vi tn s f
q
= 1khz n 100Mhz. Cc thch anh tn
s thp hn t c sn xut, v loi ny kch thc ln v t tin.
Cc tnh cht v in ca thch anh c th tm tt nh sau:
+ Phm cht cao Q =
5 4
10 10
+ T s
q
q
C
L
rt ln, do tr khng tng ng ca thch anh
q q
q
td
r . C
L
R
rt ln.
+
p q
C C <<
.
+ Tnh tiu chun ca thch anh rt cao, vi khung dao ng thch anh c th t c
n nh tn s.

10 6
0
10 10
f
f

thay i tn s cng hng ca thch anh trong phm vi hp ta mc ni tip vi thch anh
mt t bin i
S
C
nh trn hnh 3-9b. Khi tn s
dao ng c xc nh theo biu thc:

S p
q
q q
C C
C
1 . f f
+
+
(3-26)
3.6.2. Mch in b to dao ng dng thch anh
Mch in b to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song cho hnh 3-10.
Hnh 3-10a l mch ba im in dung. Nhnh c thch anh mc ni tip vi t in C
S
tng
ng mt in cm, ngha l tn s dao ng ca mch phi tha mn iu kin (3-27) v t C
S
chn theo iu kin (3-28)

p dd q
f f f < <
(3-27)
td dd
S dd
L .
C .
1
<
(3-28)
Trong L
td
l in cm tng ng ca thch anh. Ngoi ra C
S
cn phi tha mn:
2 1 S
C , C C <<
Tn s dao ng ca mch xc nh gn ng.

p dd
f f
(3-29)
q
C
S
Hnh 3-9b: Mt bin php
thay i tn s cng hng
ring ca thch anh
q
D
1
D
3
D
5
D
7
D
9
D
2
D
4
D
6
D
8
D
10
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
+
_
-U
1
-U
2
-U
3
-U
4
-U
5
92
mch 3-10b iu kin pha ch tha mn khi thch anh tng ng mt in cm ti tn s
dao ng ngha l:

q dd p
f f f > >
Lc ta c mch ba im in cm, khi :

k k
ch dd
C . L . 2
1
f f
<
(3-30)
hnh 3-11 l mch to dao ng dng thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni tip. y
thch anh c mc trong mch hi tip v ng vai tr nh mt phn t ghp c tnh cht chn lc
i vi tn s.
Khi tn s dao ng
q dd
f f
th tr khng thch anh
0 Z
q

do h p trn thch anh nh
lm cho in p v cc gc tng, mch c dao ng vi tn s dao ng
q dd
f f
.
C
S
q M
R
1
R
2
R
E
*
*
+E
C
Hnh 3-11: Mach to dao ng sin c
thch anh vi tn s cng hng ni
tip
R
1
R
2
R
C
R
E
+E
C
C
E
C
1
C
2
q
C
S
(a)
C
R
2
3
R
1
3
R
E
3
L
k
C
K
+E
C
(b)
Hnh 3-10: Mch to dao ng thch anh vi tn s cng hng song song
q
D
1
D
3
D
5
D
7
D
9
D
2
D
4
D
6
D
8
D
10
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
+
_
-U
1
-U
2
-U
3
-U
4
-U
5
93
3.7. MCH TO TN HIU SIN KIU XP X TUYN TNH
Trong my to sng a chc
nng (my to hm) n ng thi to
ra tn hiu xung vung, xung tam
gic v tn hiu sin. nhn c tn
hiu hnh sin t xung tam gic, c b
bin i "xung tam gic - hnh sin
dng phng php xp x tng on
tuyn tnh hoc khng tuyn tnh.
Phng php xp x tng on tuyn
tnh chia hnh sin thnh 4n phn nh
v thay th mi phn bng mt on
thng c nghing khc nhau nh hnh 3-12.
S n cng ln th chnh xc cng cao v h s mo hnh sin nhn c cng nh. Mt
trong nhng s thc hin phng php ny c m t trn hnh 3-13. y n = 6. Cc it D
1
D
10
trng thi ban u l tt bng cc mc in p cho trc

1
U t
<....<
5
U t
<
V
U
Trong
V
U
l bin xung tam gic li vo.

Khi U
V
tng dn th ln lt cc it thng v sau tt (nhm it l lm vic na dng
v it chn lm vic na m ca in p xung tam gic) to thnh tng on tn hiu tuyn tnh
c dc khc nhau. dc ca tng on ny c xc nh bi h s phn p tc ng ln tng
khong thi gian tng ng. Khi in p vo U
v
nh, cc it ngt v chng c phn cc ngc.
Lc ny h s khuch i ca mch K = 1 do U
r
= U
v
. Khi U
v
tng ln sao cho U
v
> +U
1
th D
1
thng, R
0
v R
1
to thnh mch phn p nn h s khuch i ca ton mch gim, lm cho U
r
tng
chm hn U
v
. Khi U
v
> +U
2
th D
3
thng, R
1
//R
2
cng R
0
to thnh mch phn p c h s phn p
nh hn na, do tc tng ca in p ra cng gim...Cui cng khi D
9
thng th mch c h
Hnh 3-12: Xp x dng hnh sin bng 4n nhng on
thng c gc nghing thay i
+U
1
+U
2
+U
3
+U
4
+U
5
D
1
D
3
D
5
D
7
D
9
D
2
D
4
D
6
D
8
D
10
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
0
U
V
+
_
-U
1
-U
2
-U
3
-U
4
-U
5
Hnh 3-13: Mch bin i xung tam gic - hnh sin bng phng
php xp x tng on tuyn tnh.
U
r
94
s phn p nh nht tng ng vi im cc i ca hm hnh sin. Tip theo U
v
gim cc it l tt
dn lm cho h s phn p ca mch li tng ln cho n khi K = 1. Cc it D
2
, D
4
..D
10
cng c tc
dng nh vy khi U
v
< 0. Nh vy qua mch ny t tn hiu vo xung tam gic ta nhn c tn
hiu hnh sin u ra.
TM TT
Ni dung chnh ca chng l phn tch cc mch dao ng to tn hiu sin thng gp trong
k thut. Kt thc chng yu cu ngi hc cn hiu v nm c cc vn :
- Th no l mch to dao ng. Yu cu ca mt mch to dao ng l cho ra tn hiu c
bin tn s rt n nh. t c iu mch to dao ng phi c ngun nui n nh,
dng linh kin phi c sai s nh, tm bin php n nh cho mch v khi cn dng tinh th thch
anh.
- iu kin ca mch to dao ng. Mt mch to dao ng c hai phn: phn mch khuch
i v phn mch hi tip. mch dao ng c cn: mch hi tip lun thc hin hi tip
dng
K
+
= 2n, tch h s khuch i ca mch khuch i v h s hi tip ca mch hi

tip phi ln hn 1. Khi dao ng n nh (xc lp) K. = 1.
- Cc mch to dao ng sin:
+ Mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p. Mch ny tranzito mc cc pht chung. Ti tn s
cng hng ti ca tng khuch i l in tr thun nn
K
= . Mun c hi tip dng cc cun
L
1
, L
2
ca bin p ly in p hi tip phi c cc cng tn u cho nhau. Khi
= . Tng
gc dch pha bng 2. Tn s dao ng ca mch do phn t L
1
C
1
trong khung dao ng quyt
nh.
+ Mch to dao ng sin ba im. Loi mch ny khung dao ng c ba phn t in khng.
Do tranzito mc cc pht chung, BKTT mc ca thun chung nn tn hiu sau khuch i ngc
pha vi tn hiu vo. V vy cc phn t in khng ly hi tip v cng phi to ra gc dch pha
bng c hi tip dng. Da trn c s tm cc phn t LC trong khung dao ng ba im
v c c mch dao ng ba im in cm, mch dao ng ba im in dung. Tn s dao ng
ca mch do cc phn t trong khung dao ng quyt nh.
+ Mch to dao ng sin ghp RC. Loi mch ny phn hi tip ghp qua cc phn t RC.
N thch gp to ra tn hiu sin tn s thp v c n nh tn s cao. Mch to dao ng sin
ghp ba mt RC c
K
= , c
= , i ln h s hi tip = 1/29, ln h s khuch i ca

mch K = 29 K = 1. Mch to dao ng sin cu Vin do kt cu mch nn
K
= 0,
= 0, h s
hi tip = 1/3, h s khuch i K = 3 K = 1. Tn s dao ng ca mch = 1/RC.
Cc mch to dao ng sin trn c tn s dao ng ph thuc vo cc thng s LC hay RC
ca mch. Mun thay i tn s dao ng ca mch c th iu chnh gi tr mt trong cc thng s
.
- Mch to dao ng sin c thch anh. Do thch anh c tn s dao ng ring rt n nh, nn
mch to dao ng dng n cng c tn s rt n nh. Tu theo mch dao ng c th, tho
mn iu kin dao ng m mch s lm vic tn s cng hng ni tip hay tn s cng hng
95
song song. mch hnh 3-11 mch c tn s dao ng l f
q
v ti in p hi tip v khuch i
ln nht (do Z
q
= 0) nn U
r
ln nht v duy tr .
- T C
S
mc ni tip hay vi thch anh iu chnh tn s dao ng ca mch trong mt
phm vi hp khi cn thit.
- Mch to tn hiu sin kiu xp x tuyn tnh dng to tn hiu sin t dy xung tam gic.
Do mch in cha cc in tr, cc it cng vi cc in p nh thin chn s lm thay i
h s khuch i ton mch theo tng khong tn hiu vo. Tn hiu vo cng ln th h s khuch
i ca mch cng gim. H s khuch i nh nht khi U
v
bng bin . Nh vy u ra nhn
c tn hiu c dng hnh sin gy khc (gn ng) khi tn hiu vo l dy xung tam gic. Tn hiu
ra cng chnh xc (mo nh) khi s it trong cc dy cng ln.
Khi phn tch cc mch to dao ng cn nm c tc dng cc linh kin, nguyn l lm
vic ca mch, cc cng thc xc nh h s khuch i, h s hi tip, tn s dao ng v cch
bin i tn s dao ng khi c yu cu.
CU HI V BI TP
3.1. nh ngha mch to dao ng?
3.2. Yu cu ca mt mch to dao ng sin?
3.3. iu kin dao ng ca mt mch to dao ng?
3.4. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p?
3.5. Da trn c s no xc nh cc phn t LC trong mch dao ng ba im?
3.6. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ba im in dung?
3.7. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ba im in cm?
3.8. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ghp ba mt RC?
3.9. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin Cu Vin?
3.10. Nu nguyn tc to tn hiu sin t tn hiu tam gic?
3.11. Khi no mch to dao ng sin cn c thch anh?
3.12. Ti sao trong mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p c thch anh mc ni tip cc gc tn s
dao ng l tn s cng hng ni tip f
q
?
3.13. Ti sao trong mch to dao ng sin ba im hc c thch anh, mch phi lm vic khi
thch anh mang tnh cm?
3.14. Ti sao trong mch to dao ng phi c mch khuch i?
3.15. Cho mch in nh hnh P3 15. Ngun E = t 15v.
96

Hnh P3-15.
a. Gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca mch?
b. iu kin mch dao ng cho ra in p sin?
c. Cho R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= 1k. Phm cht ca mch cng hng Q = 100. Tn s cng
hng ca mch cng hng f
CH
= 100kHz. Tnh gi tr L v C?
3.16. Cho mch in nh hnh P3 16 l mch dao ng sin c mch hi tip dng ba mt RC.
Ngun E = t 15v.

Hnh P3-16.
a. V dng tn hiu ra theo thi gian?
b. Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca mch?
c. Cho tn s dao ng f
dd
= 1kHz, in tr R = 1k. Tnh gi tr cc linh kin cn li?
3.17. Cho mch dao ng cu Vin hnh P3-17 c R
1
= 10k, R = 15k, C = 0.02F. Ngun E =
t 15V
Hnh P3-17.
U r
1
2
L
C
R3
R2
R1
U r
C C C R1
R
R
Rht
U r
C
C
R1
R
R
Rht
97
a. V dng tn hiu ra?
b. Xc nh tn s dao ng ca mch?
c. Xc nh tr s R
ht
cn thit?
3.18. Cho mch dao ng cu Vin to sng sin c tn s iu chnh c t 100Hz n 1kHz
hnh P3-18. Bit R
1
= 22k, C = 0,01F. Ngun E = t 15v.
Hnh P3-18.
a. Xc nh tr s R
ht
?
b. Xc nh khong bin i cn thit ca in tr R?
3.19. iu kin dao ng ca mch to dao ng sin ch xc lp l:
a. 1 K .
b. 1 K .
c. 1 K .
d. 1 < .
3.20. Mch to dao ng ba im in dung l:
a. Mch m khung dao ng c hai t in v mt in cm.
b. Mch m khung dao ng c mt t in v hai in cm.
c. Mch m khung dao ng c mt t in v mt in cm.
d. Mch m khung dao ng c ba phn t L, R, C.
3.21. Gi tr in tr R
3
khi bit R
2
trong mch to dao ng sin ghp ba mt RC l:
a. R
3
= 2R
2
.
b. R
3
= 3R
2.

c. R
3
= 29R
2
.
d. R
3
= 20R
2
.
U r
R
R
C
C
R1
Rht
98
3.22. Gc di pha ca mch hi tip v gc di pha ca mch khuch i trong mch dao ng sin
ghp ba mt RC l:
a.
k
= 2,
= 0.
b.
k
= 0,
= 2.
c.
k
= ,
= .
d. .
k
= 2,
= .
3.23. Gc di pha ca mch hi tip v gc di pha ca mch khuch i trong mch dao ng cu
Vin l:
a.
k
= ,
= .
b.
k
= 0,
= 0.
c.
k
= 2,
= 0.
d.
k
= ,
= 2.
3.24. Biu thc xc nh tn s dao ng ca mch cu Vin:
a. = 1/RC.
b. = 1/ 6RC.
c. = 1/3RC.
d. = 1/5RC.
3.25. Tc dng ca tinh th thch anh trong mch to dao ng sin l:
a. to dao ng.
b. n nh tn s dao ng.
c. n nh bin tn hiu ra.
d. nng cao hiu sut ca mch.
3.26. Tc dng ca t C
S
u ni tip thch anh trong mch to dao ng sin l:
a. n nh tn s dao ng.
b. iu chnh tn s dao ng.
c. bo v thch anh trong mch.
d. ngn in p mt chiu trong mch.

t
x
T
t
0
T
t
qt
t
qn
U
t
0
T
t
x

U
t
0
99
Chng 4: Mch xung
CHNG 4: MCH XUNG
GII THIU CHUNG
Chng ny trnh by cc mch to tn hiu xung, gm cc vn sau:
- Nu khi nim v tn hiu xung: tn hiu xung l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian. Cc tham s
ca tn hiu xung: bin xung, rng xung, sn xung. st nh xung, chu k xung, tn s
lp li, h s lp y.
- Ch lm vic ca tranzito ch xung. Tranzito trong mch xung lm vic hai ch
c bn l ch tt v ch bo ho tu thuc vo in p t vo cc iu khin u vo. Khi
U
BE
0 tranzito tt, dng cc gp I
C
= 0 in p U
C
t cc i bng E
C
, khi U
BE
> 0 I
B
I
bh
th tranzito bo ho, dng cc gp t cc i I
C
= I
C max
, U
C
= 0.
- BKTT lm vic trong mch xung: BKTT lm vic ch so snh, u ra mt trong
hai trng thi bo ho dng, U
r
= +U
r max
hoc bo ho m U
r
= - U
r max
tu thuc in p u vo
iu khin.
- Cc mch to xung:
+ Mch trig Smt dng to xung vung t in p hnh sin u vo. Xt mch trig
Smit o, tn hiu hnh sin a vo ca o cn in p hi tip dng a v ca thun ca
BKTT.
+ Mch a hi i. Mch ny c it mc ca o BKTT c trng thi n nh ban
u. Mch cho dy xung vung u ra c tn s bng tn s xung vo.
+ Mch a hi t dao ng. Mch a hi t dao ng dng tranzito v mch a hi t dao
ng dng BKTT. Loi mch ny khi c ngun nui n t lm vic to ra dy xung vung u ra.
Tn s xung ra ph thuc vo thng s RC ca mch.
+ Mch dao ng nght: mch gm tranzito v bin p ghp cht to hi tip dng su.
Mch t lm vic cho ra dy xung vung hp, c rng ln.
- Mch hn ch: Mch hn ch c th dng it hoc tranzito. Mch dng tranzito ngoi tc
dng hn ch cn c tc dng khuch i tn hiu ln ln. Xt mch hn ch dng it l tng
(it tt in tr bng v cng, it thng in tr bng khng). Mch hn ch mt pha l mch ct
xn mt pha bin ca tn hiu, mch hn ch hai pha ct xn hai pha bin ca tn hiu.
Mc hn ch trong mch hn ch phi tho mn iu kin v bin tn hiu vo. Mch hn ch
hai pha c mch hn ch hai pha song song, mch hn ch hai pha ni tip.
- Mch to xung rng ca: Loi mch ny dng to xung rng ca iu khin tia in t
qut trong my hin sng hoc dng trong cc mch in t khc. Xung rng ca c cc tham s:
bin xung, thi gian qut thun t
qt
, thi gian qut ngc (yu cu t
qt
>> t
qn
), h s phi tuyn v
hiu sut s dng in p . C mt s mch to xung rng ca dng mch tch phn RC, dng
t
x
T
t
0
T
t
qt
t
qn
U
t
0
T
t
x

U
t
0
U
t

0
t
tr
t
s
t
x

U
U
100
Chng 4: Mch xung
mch c ngun dng, dng mch c tng khuch i hi tip. Khi phn tch cn ch cc mch
cho xung u ra c bin ln, mo phi tuyn nh v hiu sut cao.
- Mch to tn hiu tng hp gii thiu s khi ca mch to cc tn hiu xung vung,
xung tam gic v tn hiu sin ng thi. N c dng ph bin trong b to sng dng phng
th nghim.
- Mch to dao ng iu khin in p (VCO). Gii thiu mch a hi t dao ng c tn
s tn hiu ra c iu khin bng in p. Quan h tn s vi in p iu khin theo quy lut
tuyn tnh.
Kt thc chng ny ngi hc cn nm c khi nim tn hiu xung, tranzito v BKTT
lm vic mch xung, cc mch to xung, nguyn l lm vic ca mch to ra tn hiu xung.
NI DUNG
4.1. TN HIU XUNG V THAM S
Tn hiu xung l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian. Thng c gi theo hnh dng ca n nh
xung vung, xung tam gic, xung nhn vv, nh hnh 4-1.
Cc tham s c bn ca tn hiu. xung l bin , rng xung, rng sn trc, sn
sau, st nh, hnh 4-2.
- Bin xung xc nh bng gi tr ln nht ca tn hiu xung , k hiu .
- rng sn trc v sn sau xc nh khong thi gian tng, gim ca bin xung
trong khong 0,1 n 0,9.
t
x
T
U
t
0
T
t
qt
t
qn
U
t
0
T
t
x

U
t
0
Hnh 4-1. Cc dng tn hiu xung
U
t

0
t
tr
t
s
t
x

U
U
U
ch
U
ra
U
vo

U
ch
U
ra

U
0
+

_
U
vo
101
Chng 4: Mch xung
- rng xung t
x
l khong thi gian tn ti ca tn hiu xung.
- st nh xung U th hin mc gim bin on nh xung.
Vi dy xung tun hon c cc tham s c trng sau:
- Chu k lp li T, tn s xung f = 1/T.
- H s lp y = t
x
/T.
4.2. CH KHA CA TRANZITO
Trong cc mch xung tranzito lm vic ch kho, nh mt kho in t c hai trng thi
c bit: tranzito tt v tranzito thng bo ho do in p t ln u vo quyt nh, mch hnh
4-3.

Uv
Ur
Ic
+Ec
R1
1k

T
R
c
I
B
R
B
- Khi Uv 0 trazito tt .Dng I
b
= o, I
c
= 0 nn Ur =Ec.
- Khi Uv>0.Tranzito thng c dng I
b
, I
c
.
Nu tho mn iu kin I
b
I
b bh
tc l Uv/R
b
E
c
/ R
c
th tranzito chuyn sang trng thi
bo ho.
Lc ny Ur = E
c
- I
c bh
. Rc = Ur
bh
= 0 (thc t Ur
bh
= 0,4v)
- Khi tn hiu vo chuyn i t iu kin U
V
0 sang iu kin U
V
>0, ln th tranzito s
chuyn i tt sang bo ha, khi iu kin ngc li th tranzito li chuyn i t bo ha sang tt.

_
+
K
R
2
R
1
U
vo
U
ra
T
ra
U
1
(+)
U
1
(-)
- U
ra max
U
t

0
t
tr
t
s
t
x

U
U
Hnh 4-2. Cc tham s ca tn
hiu xung
Hnh 4-3. Mch kha dng tranzito
U
ch
U
ra
U
vo

U
ch
U
ra

U
0
+

_
U
vo
102
Chng 4: Mch xung
4.3. CH KHA CA BKTT
Khi lm vic mch xung, BKTT hot ng nh mt kkho in t, im lm vic lun nm
trong vng bo ho ca c tuyn truyn t Ur = f(Uv). Khi in p ra ch nm mt trong hai
mc bo ho dng +Ur max v bo ho m- Ur max, ng vi cc bin Uvo ln. minh ho
hot ng ca kho ta xt v d in hnh l mch so snh.
Mch so snh in p dng IC khuch i thut ton cho hnh 4-4. l qu trnh so snh
bin in p a vo vi mt in p chun (U
ch
) c cc tnh c th dng hay m. Thng
thng in p chun c nh trc khng i.
Trong mch hnh 4-4a, in p vo a ti ca o cn U
ch
ca thun. U
ch
> 0.
Hiu in p U
0
= U
V
-U
ch
gia hai u vo ca IC s xc nh hm truyn t ca n. Do h
s ca khuch i ca IC rt ln, xem K
0
= nn:
- Khi U
V
 U
ch
th U
0
> 0 do U
ra
= - U
ramax
- Khi U
ra
= +U
ramax
th ta ni IC bo ho dng.
- Cn U
ra
= -U
ramax
th ta ni IC bo ho m. c tuyn truyn t hnh 4-4b.
U
C
D C
U
V
U
1

_
+
K
R
2
R
1
U
vo
U
ra
T
ra
U
1
(+)
U
1
(-)
- U
ra max
Hnh 4-4: Mch so snh in p dng
a, c: IC khuch i thut ton
b, d: Hm truyn t
+U
ramax
-U
ramax
(a)
_
+
+
_
U
ch
U
ra
U
v
U
0
+
_
+E
-E
0
U
r
a
+U
ramax
-U
ramax
U
vo
(d)
+
-
+
_
U
ch
U
ra
U
v

U
0
+

_
(c)
+E
-E
0
U
ra
U
vo
(b)
U
ch
U
ch
103
Chng 4: Mch xung
V gi tr in p ra bo ho thp hn ngun nui 2 vn.
hnh 4-4b in p vo a a ti ca thun cn in p chun ca o. Trong trng
hp ny khi:
- U
V
 U
ch
th U
ra
= +U
ramax
. c tuyn truyn t hnh 4-4d.
Vi U
ch
< 0 c tuyn c dng nh trn nhng nm pha tri gc to mt khong bng
U
ch
. Vi U
ch
= 0 c tuyn nm ngay gc to .
Khi lm vic vi tn hiu xung bin i nhanh cn ch n tnh qun tnh (tr) ca IC thut
ton. Vi cc IC thut ton tiu chun hin nay thi gian tng ca in p ra khong V/
s. Trong
iu kin tt hn nn s dng cc IC chuyn dng c tc chuyn bin nhanh hn nh loi
A710, A110, LM310 -339; loi ny t mc tng V/ ns.

4.4. TRIG
Trig l mch c hai trng thi n nh. Khi c ngun mch mt trng thi n nh no .
C mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi mt ln . Nh vy c hai xung vo mch cho mt
xung ra . Mch trig c th dng tranzito hay IC thut ton. Ta xt mch trig Smt dng IC thut
ton khi tc dng u vo l in p sin a vo ca o. Mch in v dng in p hnh 4-5.
T dng sng ta thy khi u
v
c gi tr m ln, mch trng thi bo ho dng U
r
= +U
rmax
,
trn li vo thun c
1
2 1
max
) ( 1
.R
R R
U
U
+
+
+
. U
vo
tng dn, trng thi ny vn khng i cho ti khi
U
V
> U
1(+)
in p vo hai u IC i du nn u ra t bin sang trng thi bo ho m, U
ra
= -U
max
lp tc qua mch phn p a v ca thun in p
1
2 1
max
) ( 1
.R
R R
U
U
r
+
.
in p vo tng ln ri gim xung. Khi U
V
< U
1(-)
, in p u vo IC i du lm u ra
IC lt trng thi sang bo ho dng U
ra
=+U
rmax
. V c nh vy, khi tc dng in p sin vo ca
o, u ra ta nhn c dy xung vung c rng xung t
x
=T
xvo
/2.
T
xra
=T
xvo
(4-1)
U
B1

U
B2
U
ra1
R
1
U
C
D C
U
V
U
1

_
+
K
R
2
R
1
U
0
U
vo
U
ra
(a)
U
vo
U
ra
+U
ra max
T
ra
t
U
1
(+)
U
1
(-)
(b)
Hnh 4-5: Trig Smt v dng in p vo, ra
U
1
- U
ra max
104
Chng 4: Mch xung
mch c hai trng thi n nh cn tho mn iu kin:

1 K .
R R
R
2 1
1
+
(4-2)
trong K l h s khuch i khng ti ca BKTT.
4.5. MCH A HI I
Mch a hi i c hai trng thi, trong c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng
n nh. Khi c ngun mch trng thi n nh. C xung kch thch mch chuyn sang trng thi
khng n nh mt thi gian ri t tr v trng thi n nh ban u ch xung kch thch tip. Nh
vy c mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi hai ln cho mt xung vung ra. Mch c th dng
tranzito hay IC thut ton.
Mch a hi i dng IC thut ton hnh 4-6a v dng in p cc cc nh hnh 4-6b.
Ban u mch trng thi n nh, u ra bo ho m, U
ra
= -U
max
. Qua mch phn p a v
ca thun in p
2 1
1 max
) ( 1
.
R R
R U
U
r
+
it D c phn cc thun, thng nn U

C
= 0. Ti t = t
1
c
xung nhn cc tnh dng ti u vo. Nu bin ln vt qu gi tr u
1(+)
, s lt trng thi
sang bo ho dng U
ra
= +U
rmax
.Qua mch hi tip dng a v ca thun
1
2 1
max
) ( 1
.R
R R
U
U
r
+
+
,
it D tt. Sau t
1
in p ra U
rmax
np in cho t C lm cho U
C
tng ln. Ti t
2,
U
C
> U
1(+)
u vo
ca IC c in p i du, u ra IC lt sang trng thi bo ho, U
ra
= -U
rmax
.
Qua b phn p li a v in p U
1(-)
, t C phng in qua R hng ti -U
rmax
, n t
1
= t
3
; u
C
= 0, it D thng tr li mch tr v trng thi i ban u.
Vi mch c ngun nui i xng U
rmax
= |-U
rmax
| ta xc nh c rng xung ra
(khong thi gian mch trng thi khng n nh) l:
t
x
=
)
R
R
1 ln( . C . R
2
1
+
(4-3)
Thi gian phc hi t
ph
l thi gian mch tr v trng thi n nh ban u, xc nh theo biu
thc:
t
ph
=
)
R R
R
1 ln( . C . R
2 1
1
+
+
(4-4)
mch lm vic bnh thng, chu k xung vo cn tho mn iu kin:
T
xvo
> t
x
+ t
ph
. (4-5)
Chu k xung ra bng chu k xung vo:
T
xra
= T
xvo
.
T
U
B1

U
B2
U
ra1
R
1
U
vo
t
1 T
vo
t
t
t
U
C
U
ra
t
1
t
2
U
C
= U
N
.U
ra max
+U
ra max
U
P
-.U
ra max
- U
ra max
t
X
+U
ra max
t
1
t
2
-U
ra max
b)
D C
R
R
2
R
1
C
g
U
ra
_
+
+
_
Hnh 4-6:
a) Mch a hi i
b) Dng in p
U
V
a)
U
1
105
Chng 4: Mch xung
4.6. MCH DAO NG A HI T DAO NG
4.6.1. Mch a hi t dao ng dng tranzito
C mch in nh hnh 4-7 v in p cc cc theo thi gian hnh 4-8. Mch gm hai
tranzito mc pht chung, u ra T
1
ghp ti u vo tng T
2
qua t C
1
, cn u ra tng T
2
ghp tr
li qua t C
2
. Nh vy mi tng gy di pha mt gc 180
0
, hai tng di pha 360
0
, bo m hi tip
dng khi mch lm vic.
Khi c ngun hai t C
1
, C
2
thay nhau np in v phng in, hai tranzito thay nhau thng
(bo ho), tt to cho mch c hai trng thi cn bng khng n nh: T
1
tt, T
2
thng (bo ho) v
T
1
thng (bo ho), T
2
tt v t chuyn i trng thi cho nhau, u ra nhn c dy xung vung.
Xem nh mch bnh thng, xung ra c bin n nh, xt ti thi im mch ang
trng thi T
1
tt, T
2
thng (bo ho). Lc ny t C
2
(trc np in) ang phng in t +C
2
qua
T
2
, ngun E, qua in tr R
3
n -C
2
t in p m ln cc gc T
1
lm cho u
B1
< 0 gi T
1
tt
trong mt khong thi gian.
T
U
C
+U
rmax
C

_
+
U
1
(+)
0
U
1
(+)
0
+U
rmax
0
Hnh 4-7:
Mch a hi t dao ng
dng tranzito
U
ra2
U
B1

U
B2
U
ra1
+E
C
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
C
2
C
1
T
1
T
2
106
Chng 4: Mch xung

ng thi vi qu trnh , t C
1
np in t +E qua R
1
n +C
1
, -C
1
qua
2
BET
r
n -E nhanh
chng n in p bng E (do trong mch c R
1
<<R
3
) lm cho u
ra1
nhanh chng tng ln E, u
ra
= E.
Do C
2
phng lm cho u
B1
tng dn, khi U
B1
> 0 T
1
thng xut hin dng I
B1
, I
C1
v tng ln
lm cho U
ra1
gim, qua t C
1
dn n U
B2
gim, dng T
2
gim v U
ra2
tng. Qua C
2
lng tng a
vo cc gc T
1
lm cho U
B1
tip tc tng, dng n T
1
tip tc tng. Hi tip dng xy ra nhanh
chng (xem nh tc thi) lm cho T
1
thng (bo ho), T
2
tt.
Tip theo t C
1
li phng in qua T
1
, ngun E v in tr R
2
gi cho T
2
tt trong mt khong
thi gian. T C
2
np in t ngun E qua R
4
v in tr
1
BET
r
, nhanh chng n in p bng E do
c R
4
<<R
2
lm cho u
ra2
tng nhanh n mc U
ra2
= E.
Dng phng gim lm cho U
B2
tng ln . Khi U
B2
> 0 T
2
thng tr li, T
1
tt mch chuyn
sang trng thi ban u.
+ iu kin lm vic ca mch:
xung ra vung, t C np in nhanh hn khi t phng phi c: R
1,4
<<R
3,2
v tranzito khi
thng ch bo ho cn R
3

1
.R
1
v R
2

2
.R
4
, trong
1
,
2
l h s khuch i dng ca
tranzito T
1
, T
2
. Khi cn tn s xung ra ln, tranzito thng lm vic ch khuch i, khng p
dng iu kin ny. Bin xung ra trong trng hp b hn E.
t
X2
T
E
C
E
C
t
X1
U
B1
U
ra1
U
B2
U
ra2
t
t
t
t
Hnh 4-8:
Dng xung cc cc ca
mch a hi
U
C
+U
rmax
C

_
+
U
1
(+)
0
U
1
(+)
0
+U
rmax
0
T
ra
U
t
R
1
R
2
C
107
Chng 4: Mch xung
+ Cc tham s xung ra:
Bin xung ra:

E Ur
(4-6)
rng xung t
x1
l thi gian T
1
tt, t C
2
phng in qua R
3
nn t
x1
c tnh:
t
x1
= R
3
.C
2
ln2
0,7 R
3
.C
2
. (4-7)
Tng t t
x2
l thi gian T
2
tt, t C
1
phng in qua R
2
nn t
x2
c tnh:
t
x2
= R
2
.C
1
ln2
0,7R
2
.C
1
(4-8)
Chu k dao ng ca mch:
T = t
x1
+t
x2
= 0,7(R
3
.C
2
+R
2
.C
1
) (4-9)
Tn s dao ng ca mch:
f =
) C . R C . R ( 7 , 0
1
T
1
1 2 2 3
+
(4-10)
Vi mch i xng ta c:
R
1
= R
4
= R
C
; R
2
= R
3

= R
B
.
C
1
=C
2
=C, cc tranzito T
1
, T
2
cng loi, cng tham s th: t
x1
=t
x2
t
x1
= t
x2
= 0,7.R
B
.C
T = 2t
x
= 1,4.R
B
.C
f =
C . R . 4 , 1
1
T
1
B
(4-11)
4.6.2. Mch a hi t dao ng dng b khuch i thut ton
Mch a hi t dao ng dng IC thut ton v dng xung cc cc theo thi gian nh
hnh 4-9.
Phn tch nguyn l lm vic ca mch bt u ti thi im mch ang trng thi bo ho
dng U
ra
= +U
rmax
. Lp tc qua mch phn p R
1
R
2
cho in p hi tip:

max 1
2 1
max
) ( 1
. .
r
r
U R
R R
U
u
+
+
(4-12)
U
C
U
1
U
rmax
- U
rmax
+U
rmax
-U
rmax
t
x
U
ra
R
R
2
R
1
C

_
+
(a)
U
C
U
1
(+)
0
U
1
(-)
U
1
U
1
(+)
0
U
1
(-)
t
1
t
2
t
3
-U
rmax
+U
rmax
t
t
t
t
1
t
2
t
3
U
ra
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
T
ra
(b)
Hnh 4-9:
a. B a hi trn c s b khuch
i thut ton.
b. th thi gian.
D
U
t
R
B
C
R
U
B
U
t
X1
t
R
1
R
2
C
108
Chng 4: Mch xung
T C (trc np in) phng in qua +E, u ra IC, in tr R, ri np tip lm cho U
C
tng ln. Khi U
C
> U
1(+)
th u ra lp tc t bin v -U
rmax
, mch chuyn sang trng thi bo ho
m.
Qua mch phn p R
1
R
2
a v mt in p:

max 1
2 1
max
) ( 1
.
r
r
U R
R R
U
U
+
. (4-13)
T C phng in qua u ra IC, qua in tr R lm cho u
C
gim xung, ri np tip v pha -
U
rmax
. Khi U
C
< U
1(-)
th u ra t bin t -U
rmax
v +U
rmax
, mch chuyn sang trng thi bo ho
dng ban u. C nh vy mch t lm vic chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc cho dy
xung vung u ra.
Khi ngun nui i xng c +U
rmax
= |-U
rmax
| th rng xung t
x
c xc nh:
t
x
=
)
R
R 2
1 ln( . C . R
2
1
+
(4-14)
Nu chn R
1
= R
2
th:
t
x
= R.C.ln3
1,1R.C (4-15)
Chu k dao ng:
T = 2t
x
2,2 R.C
Tn s dao ng:

C . R 2 , 2
1
T
1
f
(4-16)
Khi cn dng xung ra khng i xng ta dng mch hnh 4-10.
D
U
t
R
B
C
R
U
B
Hnh 4-10:
a. Mch a hi khng i xng
b. th thi gian dng xung ra
+U
rmax
(a) (b)
U
U
ra U
C
(t)
t
X1
t
X2
t
R'' D
2
R' D
1
R
1
R
2
C
u
ra
_
+
-U
rmax
109
Chng 4: Mch xung

Bng cch thay i gi tr tng quan gia R
'
v R'' s thay i c t
x1
v t
x2
. Khi R' + R''
khng i th chu k T = t
x1
+ t
x2
s c gi nguyn.
4.7. MCH DAO NG NGHT (BLOCKING)
Mch dao ng nght gm mt tranzito mc pht chung v mt bin p xung c hi tip
dng su - nh to ra xung vung c rng hp c (10
-3
10
-6
)s v bin ln. Mch in v
dng in p hnh 4-11.
Trong mch bin p xung c ba cun. c hi tip dng cun W
B
v W
C
c cc tnh
ngc nhau. Cun W
t
ly tn hiu ra ti. it D dng hn ch xung cc tnh m ra ti. in tr
R(<<R
B
) dng hn ch dng cc gc. Cc h s bin p xung:

B
C
B
w
w
n
;
t
C
t
w
w
n
(4-17)
Xt loi mch nght t dao ng. Xem nh mch lm vic n nh, xung ra nh hnh v.
Trong khong thi gian 0
t
1
tranzito T ang tt, I
B
, I
C
= 0, lc ny t C ang phng in t +C qua
cun W
B
, t, ngun E
C
, R
B
, R,
-C lm cho U
B
< 0, U
r
= E
C
. n t
1
U
B
> 0 T thng dng I
B
,
I
C
xut hin v tng ln. Trn W
C
xut hin sc in ng chng li s tng ca I
C
c cc dng
trn, cm ng qua cun W
B
in p U
2
c cc dng pha di. Qua t C v in tr R t vo
cc gc lm cho U
B
cng dng. Hi tip dng xy ra nhanh chng a tranzito T sang ch
bo ho U
B
t cc i, I
C
I
C bh
nn U
r
= 0.
Hnh 4-11: Mch dao ng nght v in p cc cc
U
B
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
t
t
U
r
E
C
U
t
0
0
0
t
x
t
ph
t
x
+E
C
R
t
D
U
t
R
B
U
2
C
R
U
r
*
*
U
B

R
U
ra
+
_

+
_
U
ra

D
t
110
Chng 4: Mch xung
Tip theo l thi gian np in ca t C bi in p U
2
trn cun W
B
. Do C np U
C
tng ln
lm cho U
B
gim xung v thc t trong qu trnh ny U
2
hu nh khng i (m U
2
= U
B
+ U
C
) t
1
t
3
l thi gian thit lp nh xung.
n t
2
do U
B
gim lm tranzito ri khi ch bo ho nn I
B
gim ko theo I
C
gim. Trn
cun W
C
xut hin sc in ng chng li s gim ca I
C
c cc m pha trn. N cm ng qua
cun W
B
in p U
2
c cc m pha di lm cho U
B
cng gim, I
B
, I
C
cng gim. Hi tip dng
li xy ra nhanh chng a tranzito sang ch ct, tt, I
B
, I
C
=0. Do sc in ng chng li s
gim ca dng I
C
trn cun W
C
m u
r
c mc bin in p ln hn ngun nui E
C
.
Sau t C li phng in nh qu trnh ban u. Khi cn ly xung ra ti c cc tnh dng
ta qun cun W
t
ngc chiu W
C
vi bin
t
C
t
n
E
U
it D dng hn ch (ct b) phn xung
m.
Cc tham s ca xung ra:
- rng xung: l thi gian np in ca t C.
t
x
= t
2
- t
1
=
)
) r R .( n
R .
ln( . C ). r R (
V t B
t
V
+

+
(4-18)
trong : r
V
l in tr vo ca tranzito.

t
2
1 t
R . n R
l ti phn v mch cc gp.
l h s khuch i tnh ca tranzito.
- Thi gian phc hi t
2
t
3
l thi gian phng in ca t C v c xc nh bi:
t
ph
= t
3
- t
2
=
)
n
1
1 ln( . R . C
B
B
+
(4-19)
- B qua thi gian to sn th chu k dao ng l:
T = t
x
+ t
ph
- Tn s dao ng l:
R
U
ra
+
-
+
-
_
+
-
U
ra

+
-
t
R
U
ra
+
-
+
-
U
ra
U
v

R
U
ra
+
_

+
_
U
ra

D
t
111
Chng 4: Mch xung

ph x
dd
t t
1
T
1
f
+

(4-20)
4.8. MCH HN CH BIN
Mch hn ch bin cn gi l mch xn bin, trong tn hiu ra u
r
lun t l vi tn hiu
vo u
V
nu u
V
cha mt gi tr, mt mc ngng cho trc, cn khi u
V
vt qu mc ngng th
tn hiu ra u
r
lun gi mt gi tr khng i. Cc linh kin tch cc c s dng trong mch hn
ch thng l it, tranzito hay IC. Sau y ta s nghin cu cc mch hn ch dng it l tng
(tc l cc it m trng thi tt in tr bng v cng, thng c in tr bng khng).
Tu theo cch mc it l ni tip hay song song vi ti, ngi ta phn bit thnh mch hn
ch ni tip hay hn ch song song. Cng c th phn loi theo chc nng hn ch mc trn, hn
ch mc di (mt pha) hoc hn ch hai mc (hai pha).

Mch hn ch mt pha mc song song cho hnh 4-12a. mch ny khi U
V
E it tt nn
U
r
= U
v
. Ngc li khi U
V
> E it thng U
r
= E (lc ny U
V
st p tt c trn R). y l mch hn
ch mc trn.
Mch hn ch ni tip hnh 4-12b, khi U
V
< E it thng, ni tt li ra vi li vo nn U
r
=
U
V
. Ngc li khi U
V
> E it tt nn U
r
= E.
Trn hnh 4-12c l dng tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin, cn hnh 4-12d l c tuyn
truyn t ca mch hn ch trn.
Trong cc mch nu, nu ta i chiu cc it th mach s thc hin chc nng hn ch
mc di. V d mch hn ch song song hnh 4-13a, khi U
V
< E, D thng nn U
r
= E. Trng hp
U
V
E, D tt nn U
r
= u
V
. Cn trong mch hn ch ni tip hnh 4-13b, khi U
V
E it tt nn
U
r
= E, khi U
V
> E

it thng nn U
r
= U
V
.
Trn hnh 4-14a, b l mch hn ch hai pha trong E
2
> E
1

R
U
ra
+
-
+
-
_
+
-
U
ra

+
-
t
R
U
ra
+
-
+
-
U
ra
U
v
Hnh 4-12: Mch hn ch trn
U
v

R
U
v
U
ra
D
E

+
_
(a)

+
_
U
v
U
ra
R
E
(b)

D
U
E
t
U
r
(c)
0
U
r
E
E U
v
0
(d)
T
0
112
Chng 4: Mch xung
Mch hn ch song song hnh 4-14a khi U
V
< E
1
th D
1
thng, D
2
tt do U
r
=E
1
. Nu U
V
> E
2
th D
2
thng ,D
1
tt nn U
r
= E
2
. Khi tn hiu vo bin thin trong phm vi E
1
U
V
E
2
th D
1
, D
2
u tt nn U
r
= U
V
.
Mch hnh 4-14b cng c nguyn l tng t nhng cn chn R
2
>>R
1
.
cc mch hn ch thc t dng tn hiu ph thuc rt nhiu vo thng s thc ca cc linh
kin trong mch, ph thuc gi tr ti cng nh in dung k sinh. Cc yu t c th gy mo
dng tn hiu ra mt cch ng k nn cn tnh ton mt cch y . Trong k thut, mch hn ch
c dng to xung, sa xung, chn xung hay chng nhiu.v.v..

+E
C
t
t
t
qn
t
t
Hnh 4-14: Mch hn ch hai pha
R
U
v
U
ra
D
1
E
1
+
-
(a)
D
2
E
2
+
-
_
+
-
U
v
U
ra
R
1
E
1
(b)
D
1
R
2
E
2
D
2

+
-
U
E
2
E
1
t
U
v
U
r
(c)
0
U
r
E
2
E
1
E
1
E
2
U
v
0
(d)
R
U
v
U
ra
D
E
+
-
(a)
+
-
U
v
U
ra
R
E
(b)
D
U
E
t
U
r
U
v
(c)
0
U
r
E
E U
v
0
(d)
Hnh 4-13: Mch hn ch di
T
0
113
Chng 4: Mch xung
4.9. MCH TO XUNG RNG CA
4.9.1 Tham s tn hiu xung rng ca
Tn hiu xung rng ca c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t, chng hn lm tn
hiu qut trong cc my hin sng, lm tn hiu so snh bin i in p hay thi gian.v.v...
Trn hnh 4-15 l mt tn hiu xung rng ca
thng thng. N bao gm hai phn r rt: phn
bin thin tuyn tnh theo thi gian gi l thi gian
qut thun t
qt
v phn cn li l thi gian qut ngc
t
qn
. Cc mch to tn hiu rng ca phi bo m sao
cho thi gian qut thun ln hn rt nhiu thi gian
qut ngc. Bin ca xung rng ca l
U
. Tn
hiu rng ca c th dng hay m, thc hin qut
ln hoc qut xung v mch to xung rng ca c
th hot ng ch i hay t dao ng.
Trong thc t, phn qut thun ca xung rng ca khng hon ton tuyn tnh. Do nh
gi cht lng ng qut ca xung rng ca, ta a ra h s phi tuyn , nh ngha nh sau:
) 0 (
) ( ) 0 (
U
U U
tqt

(4-21)
trong
) 0 (
U
l dc im bt u ng qut thun.
) (tqt
U
l dc im kt thc ng qut thun.
Ngoi ra mch qut cn c nh gi theo hiu sut s dng ngun cung cp.

C
E
U

(4-22)
Vi
U
l bin , E
C
l in p ngun. Ni chung tn hiu rng ca c to ra da trn qu
trnh np v phng ca t. Cc mch to xung rng ca u da theo mt trong ba nguyn l c bn
sau:
- Np, phng cho t bng mch RC n gin.
- Np hoc phng cho t qua ngun dng n nh.
- Dng hi tip n nh dng np cho t.
+E
C
t
t
t
qn
t
t
Hnh 4-15: Tn hiu xung rng ca
t
qt
t
qn
T
t
U
U
0
114
Chng 4: Mch xung
4.9.2. Mch to xung rng ca dng mch tch phn RC.
Trn hnh 4-16 l s nguyn l to xung rng ca dng mch RC. Trong mch tranzito
hot ng ch kho. Bnh thng, khi khng c xung kch thch, tranzito thng bo ho do
c cung cp dng I
B
kh ln qua, do tn hiu ra
0
r
U
. Khi mch c kch thch xung m,
tranzito tt, t C np in t ngun E
C
qua R. in p trn t tng dn theo:
) 1 (
. / C R t
C r
e E U

(4-23)
xung ra tng ln gn nh tuyn tnh cn chn tr s R, C ln sao cho = RC >> t
xvo
(t
xvo
l rng xung vo)
Khi xung vo kt thc tranzito thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in nhanh qua tranzito
ti gi tr gn bng khng. Thi gian qut thun ca mch bng thi gian tn ti ca xung vo, cn
thi gian qut ngc l thi gian phng in ca t C.
Nhc im ca loi mch ny l cht lng tuyn tnh ca phn qut thun khng cao, do
cui dng np cho t gim dn. khc phc nhc im trn, c th s dng ngun dng n nh
np cho t.
4.9.3. Mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng
Trn hnh 4-17 l s nguyn l mch to xung rng ca theo nguyn tc dng ngun n
dng.
+E
C
C U
r
R
1
R
C
C
1
U
v
t
Hnh 4-16: Mch to xung rng ca dng mch RC.
U
v
t
U
r E
C
t
qt
t
qn
0
0
U
bh
r
U
t
qn
t
t
R
1
R
2
R
E
+E
C
T
2
D
C U
ra
U
V
C
1
T
1
Hnh 4-17: Mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng
U
v
U
r
t
qt
0
0 U
bh
r
U
t
t
t
qt
t
qn
+E
C
C
115
Chng 4: Mch xung
Nh ta bit, khi t np in p trn n t l vi tch phn theo thi gian ca dng np qua n.

t
C
idt
C
U
0
1

V vy nu dng np cho t ly t mt ngun dng, tc l:
i =I
0
= const.
th in p trn t s bin i tuyn tnh theo thi gian.

t
C
I
t d I
C
U
t
C
. .
1
0
0
0

(4-24)
Mch hnh 4-17 tranzito T
1
hot ng nh mt kho in t. Bnh thng khi cha c xung
vo do c cp dng I
B1
ln nn T
1
bo ho, do in p ra gn nh bng khng. Tranzito T
2
ng vai tr ngun dng. Nh c it n p D nn in p cc gc T
2
lun n nh. V vy dng
qua T
2
, I
E2
cng nh I
C2
c gi tr n nh.

E
D 2 EB C
2 E 2 C
R
U U E
I I

(4-25)
Trong khi T
1
bo ho, dng I
C2
ny bng dng I
C1
. Khi c xung m vo T
1
tt, t C np in
bi dng I
C2
v in p trn t tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian:

2
2
0
1
.
t
C BE D
r C C
E
E U U
U U i dt t
C C R

(4-26)
Khi ht xung kch thch T
1
li thng v bo ho, t C phng in nhanh qua T
1
lm cho U
r
gim xung nhanh chng v in p gn bng khng.
4.9.4. Mch to xung rng ca thm tng khuch i c hi tip
tng tuyn tnh ca ng qut thun, trong mt s mch to xung rng ca ta dng
thm mch khch i c hi tip nh trn hnh 4-18 (cn gi l mch qut Boostrap).
Trong mch ny T
1
lun thng bo ho khi khng c xung vo, do in p trn t C lun
xp x bng khng (U
C
0). Lc tn ti mt dng in chy t ngun E

C
, qua it D, qua R n
T
1
. Tng khuch i T
2
mc cc gp chung, c khuch i in p gn bng mt nn in p ra
0
r C
U U
, t C
0
(c in dung rt ln hn t C) lc ny np in ti gi tr E
C
, U
C0
= E
C
.
Khi c xung kch thch, tranzito T
1
tt, t C bt u c np in bi dng do t C
0
phng ra
qua R. Theo mc np ca t C, in p ra tng dn v do it tt. Ta thy dng np cho t C
t
t
t
t
t
t
qt
t
qn
+E
C
C
116
Chng 4: Mch xung
kh n nh nh in p trn t C
0
hu nh khng i trong sut thi gian qut thun nn in p ra
tuyn tnh.
V mt gii tch, c th xc nh dng np cho t C thng qua in p h trn R.

R
u u u
R
u
I
C r 0 C R
+
(4-27)
Do tng khuch i T
2
c h s khuch i in p gn bng 1,
r C
u u
nn:

R
E
R
U
I
C C

0
(4-28)
Trong qu trnh np:
t
C R
E
idt
C
U U
C
t
C r
.
.
1
0

(4-29)
Sau khi xung vo kt thc, T
1
thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in qua T
1
. Khi t C
phng in gim xung xp x bng khng it D thng v t C
0
li np b sung n gi tr
C C
E U
0
ban u.
Trong mch ny thi gian qut thun cng bng rng xung vo.
Cng c th dng mch tch phn c BKTT to xung rng ca.
4.10. MCH TO TN HIU HN HP
Loi mch ny c s dng trong cc my to sng a chc nng. N c th ng thi to
ra ba loi tn hiu xung vung, xung tam gic v in p hnh sin. S khi ca mch c th
hin trn hnh 4-19. N gm ba khi chnh l M
1
, M
2
v M
3
. H kn gm mt mch tch phn (mt
mch khuch i thut ton v hai phn t R
1
C
1
) phn t chuyn mch M
2
(mch khuch i thut
ton v mt khu hi tip dng R
1
, R
2
) to thnh mt h t dao ng, cho ra hai dng tn hiu: tn
hiu tam gic (U
1
) v tn hiu xung ch nht (U
2
).
t
t
t
-5V 0 +5V
- E
C
U
v
t
t
U
r
t
qt
t
qn
0
0 U
bh
U
V
T
1
R
1
D
R
C
0
+E
C
R
E
C
T
2
U
r
Hnh 4-18: Mch to xung rng ca thm tng khuch i c hi tip
C
1
117
Chng 4: Mch xung
M
3
l b bin i xung tam gic - hnh sin cho tn hiu u ra U
3
l sin. Cc tn hiu ny c
cng tn s, dng in p cc u ra nh hnh 4-20.
4.11. MCH TO DAO NG C TN S IU KHIN BNG IN P (VCO)
Yu cu chung i vi cc mch to dao ng c tn s iu khin c l quan h gia in
p iu khin v tn s dy xung ra phi tuyn tnh. Ngoi ra mch phi c n nh tn s cao,
gii bin i ca tn s theo in p rng, n gin, d iu chnh.
V nguyn tc, c th dng mt mch to dao ng m tn s dao ng ca n c th bin
thin c trong phm vi % 10 t n % 50 t xung quanh tn s dao ng t do f
0
. Tuy nhin
ngi ta thng dng cc b to xung ch nht hn c, v loi ny c th lm vic trong phm vi
tn s kh rng. Trong phm vi ( 50 1 MHz) thng dng cc mch to dao ng a hi. Cc b
to dao ng iu khin bng dng in u vit hn cc b to dao ng iu khin bng in p
ch: n c phm vi tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t rng hn.
Mt s n gin ca VCO l mch dao ng a hi c biu din trn hnh 4-21.
Khi ni u iu khin vi E
C
th y l mt mch dao ng a hi thng thng. Khi tch
ra v t in p iu khin vo u U
d
th tn s dy xungra bin thin theo U
d
.
C th nu U
d
tng th thi gian phng np ca t gim, do tn s ca dao ng tng v
ngc li. Ta c c tuyn truyn t f = f(U
d
) biu din trn hnh 4-22.
M
1
M
2
M
3
U
2
U
1
U
3
Hnh 4-19: S khi my to sng a chc nng
U
2
t
t
t
U
1
U
3
Hnh 4-20: Dng in p cc u ra
my to sng chc nng.
20: Dng in p cc u ra my
to sng a chc nng
-5V 0 +5V
T
1
R
C
R
C
C C
R R
U
d
U
r
+E
C
T
2
Hnh 4-21: Mch to dao ng
a hi c tn s iu khin
bng in p
- E
C
118
Chng 4: Mch xung

TM TT
Chng ny nu ln cc mch to xung, nguyn l to xung v dng xung u ra ca mch.
Cc vn chung cn hiu v nm c:
- Khi nim v tn hiu xung, cc tham s ca tn hiu xung.
- Ch lm vic ca tranzito mch xung. Tranzito trong mch xung mc cc pht chung
lm vic ch tt v ch bo ho do in p t ln cc iu khin quyt nh. Vi tranzito
loi NPN, khi U
BE
0 tranzito tt I
C
= 0, U
CE
= E, khi U
BE
> 0 ln th tranzito bo ho I
C
= I
C max
,
U
CE
= 0.
- Ch lm vic ca BKTT trong mch xung. Trong mch xung BKTT lm vic ch
so snh. Do c h s khuch i rt ln, l tng K = nn khi lm vic in p ra BKTT
mt trong hai trng thi bo ho dng hoc bo ho m. Bin in p ra cc i bng E 2V.
- Cc mch to xung vung:
+ Mch trig Smit tn hiu hnh sin a vo ca o, mch hi tip dng a v ca thun
qua b phn p R
1
, R
2
. Tu theo mc in p vo so snh vi in p hi tip m mch chuyn i
trng thi u ra to ra dy xung vung. Tn s xung ra bng tn s tn hiu vo.
Vng lm vic
f
r
(Khz)
1,1
1,0
0,9
-5V 0 +5V
U
d
(v)
Hnh 4-22: Quan h gia tn s dao ng ra ca VCO
vi in p iu khin
119
Chng 4: Mch xung
+ Mch a hi i: khi c ngun mch trng thi n nh bo ho m do c it D. Khi c
xung u vo mch chuyn sang trng thi khng n nh (bo ho dng) mt thi gian ri t tr
v trng thi n nh ch xung vo tip. C mt xung vo u ra nhn c mt xung ra, tn s
xung ra bng xung vo.
+ Mch a hi t dao ng: Mch a hi t dao ng dng tranzito. Mch c hai tranzito mc
cc pht chung v hai t C. Khi c ngun hai tranzito thay nhau thng bo ho, tt; hai t thay nhau
np phng cho u ra dy xung vung trn trc thi gian. Khi mch i xng, xung ra c bin
bng E
C
, tn s xung ra f = 1/1,4R
B
.C.
Mch a hi t dao ng dng BKTT. Mch c phn t np phng RC, mch hi tip
dng ly in p v so snh qua R
1
, R
2
. Khi mch lm vic ti cc thi im in p trn t C (U
C
)
ln hn hay b hn in p hi tip (U
1
ly trn R
1
) th u ra mch chuyn i trng thi to ra dy
xung vung. Dy xung vung bin i xung quanh trc thi gian c bin l U
r max
. Khi chn R
1
=
R
2
tn s dao ng ca mch f = 1/2,2RC.
Khi thay i mt trong hai thng s RC ca mch a hi t dao ng th tn s xung ra thay
i theo.
- Mch hn ch: mch ny c th dng to xung, chn xung, chng nhiu. Xt loi mch
hn ch dng it. Mch hn ch mt pha c th hn ch mc 0 hoc mc E. Mun thay i pha
hn ch ta i chiu it. Mch hn ch hai pha phi c hai it v hai mc hn ch. Mc hn ch
phi tho mn iu kin ca mch. mch hn ch mt pha mc E b hn bin tn hiu vo.
Mch hn ch hai pha c mc hn ch E1, E
2
phi tho mn bin tn hiu vo > E
2
> E
1
. Xt hai
mch hn ch song song v ni tip cng c mc hn ch E
1
, E
2
.
- Mach to xung rng ca. Cn nm c cc tham s c trng tn hiu xung rng ca. Phn
tch cc mch to xung rng ca dng mch tch phn RC, mch dng ngun dng, mch dng tng
khuch i c hi tip so snh chn mch c h s phi tuyn nh, hiu sut cao. Trong cc mch
trn mch to xung rng ca dng ngun dng c tuyn tnh cao, hiu sut cao v sut trong qu
trnh t C np in dng np khng thay i. Mch to xung dng tng khuch i c hi tip cng
c tuyn tnh cao, hiu sut cao do dng np khng i.
- Mch to tn hiu hn hp: nm c s khi ca b to tn hiu tng hp xung vung,
xung tam gic v tn hiu hnh sin.
- Mch to dao ng iu khin bng in p: nm c mch a hi t dao ng dng
tranzito iu khin tn s xung ra bng in p. Quan h gia tn s tn hiu ra v in p iu
khin l quan h tuyn tnh.
CU HI V BI TP
4.1. Th no l tn hiu xung? Nu cc tham s c trng ca tn hiu ?
4.2. Ch lm vic ca tranzito mch xung?
4.3. Ch lm vic ca BKTT mch xung?
4.4. Th no l mch tri g? trnh by trig Smith o dng BKTT?
4.5. Th no l mch a hi i? trnh by mch a hi i dung BKTT?
120
Chng 4: Mch xung
4.6. Th no l mch a hi t dao ng? Cng thc tnh rng xung, chu k T v tn s lm vic
ca mch dng BKTT khi R
1
= R
2
?
4.7 Th no l mch hn ch, ng dng ca n ?
4.8 Trnh by mch hn ch hai pha mc ni tip?
4.9 Trnh by mch hn ch hai pha mc song song?
4.10. Nu cc tham s c trng ca in p rng ca?
4.11. Trnh by mch to in p rng ca dng mch tch phn RC?
4.12. Trnh by mch to in p rng ca dng ngun dng?
4.13. Cho mch in hnh P4-13. Tn hiu vo hnh sin tn s thp, bin 6v.
in p ngun E = t 12v.
Ur
Uv
a. V dng tn hiu ra?
b. Khi U
v
a ti ca o, ca thun ni t hy v dng U
r
.
4.14 . Cho mch in hnh P4-14. in p vo sin tn s thp, bin 6v? Ngun nui E = t 15v.
5V
Ur
Uv

2k

3k

a. V dng tn hiu ra ?
b. Khi tn hiu a vo ca o, in p ngng a vo ca thun. V U
r
?
4.15. Cho mch in hnh P4-15. Bit R = 12k, C = 0,2F, R
1
= R
2
= 30k. Ngun E = t 12v.
Hnh P 4-13.
Hnh P 4-14.
121
Chng 4: Mch xung
U r
C
R1
R2
R
a. V dng tn hiu ra?
b. Xc nh in p hi tip ?
c. Xc nh chu k tn s dao ng?
4.16. Thit k mch hnh P4-15 to tn hiu ra 1kHz ?
4.17. Thit k mch hnh P4-15 to tn hiu ra c tn s bin i t 500Hz n 5kHz ?
4.18. Cho mch hn ch hai pha hnh P4-18. Bit U
v
l tn hiu sin bin 10v, E
1
= 2v, E
2
= 6v,
R
1
= 1k, R
2
= 9k. it
1
,
2
l tng. Nu nguyn l, v dng tn hiu ra. Xc nh mc hn
ch ?

Uv Ur
+
E2
+
E1
R2 R1
D1
D2
4.19. Cng thc tnh tn s trong mch a hi i xng t dao ng dng tranzito l:
a.f = 1/0,7R
B
.C. b. f = 1/1,4R
B
.C.
c. f = 1/1,4R
C
.C. d. f = 1/2,2RC.
4.20. Bin xung ra ca mch a hi t dao ng dng tranzito c ngun nui E vn l:
a. E vn. b. E/2 vn.
c. (E 2) vn. d. (E + 2) vn.
4.21. Cng thc tnh tn s ca mch a hi t dao ng dng BKTT khi c in tr mch hi
tip dng R
1
= R
2
l:
a. f = 1/2,2 R.C. b. f = 1/2,2R
1
.C.
c. f = 1/1,4 R.C. d. f = 1/ 2,2R
2
C.
4.22. Tc dng ca it D trong mch a hi i dng BKTT l:
a. gi cho mch c mt trng thi n nh ban u.
Hnh P 4-18.
Hnh P 4-15.
122
Chng 4: Mch xung
b. gi cho bin xung ra n nh.
c. gi cho tn s xung ra n nh.
d. C a v b.
4.23. iu kin ca mc hn ch E
1
, E
2
trong mch hn ch hai pha dng it hc l:
a.
v 2 1
. E E > >
b. E
2
< E
1
<
v
c. E
2
< U
v
< E
1
. d. E
2
= E
1
<
v.
4.24. Bin xung ra ca mch a hi dng BKTT khi c ngun nui E vn l:
a. E vn. b. (E 2) vn.
c. E/2 vn. d. (E + 2) vn.

123
Chng 5: Cc mch bin i tn s
CHNG 5: CC MCH BIN I TN S
GII THIU CHUNG
Chng ny trnh by cc mch bin i tn s ca tn hiu: iu ch, tch sng, trn tn,
nhn chia tn s.
- iu ch: Khi nim v iu ch. iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn (ti
tin).
- iu ch bin : ph ca tn hiu iu bin, quan h nng lng trong iu bin, cc ch
tiu c bn ca dao ng iu bin.
- Mch iu bin: mch iu bin l mt mng su cc, c th dng it hay tranzito thc
hin. C mch iu bin cn bng v iu bin vng.
- iu ch n bin. Khi nim v tn hiu n bin. u im trong thng tin khi dng tn
hiu n bin. S khi mch iu ch n bin theo phng php lc hai cp.
- iu tn v iu pha: hai loi iu ch ny u lm gc pha thay i nn gi chung l iu
ch gc.
- Biu thc tn hu iu tn, iu pha. Mch iu tn: nghin cu mch iu tn dng it
bin dung, mch iu tn dng tranzito in khng.
+ Mch iu pha: nghin cu mch iu pha theo Armstrong.
+ Tch sng, khi nim v tch sng.
- Tch sng iu bin: cc tham s c bn. Mch tch sng iu bin.
+ Tch sng iu tn iu pha: nguyn tc chung tch sng iu tn iu pha. Nghin cu
cc mch tch sng: mch tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng, mch tch sng iu tn
dng mch cng hng kp, mch tch sng iu tn kiu tch sng t s.
+ Mch tch sng iu pha cn bng dng it.
- Trn tn. Khi nim v trn tn, nh ngha trn tn. Nguyn l trn tn.
+ Mch trn tn: mch trn tn dng it, mch trn tn dng tranzito.
- Nhn chia tn s: vng gi pha (PLL) v nguyn l hot ng ca n. Mch nhn chia tn
s dng vng gi pha.

smin
c)
124
NI DUNG
5.1. IU CH
5.1.1. Khi nim
iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt thng s no nh
bin , tn s hay gc pha ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc.
Thng qua iu ch, tin tc min tn s thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao bc x,
truyn i xa.
- Tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch.
- Dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin hay ti tn.
- Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch.
i vi ti tin iu ho, ta phn bit ra hai loi iu ch l iu bin v iu ch gc, trong
iu ch gc bao gm c iu tn v iu pha.
5.1.2. iu ch bin
5.1.2.1. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tn hiu bin i theo tin tc.
n gin, gi thit tin tc U
S
v ti tin
t
U
u l dao ng iu ho v tn s tin tc bin
thin t
max S min S

, ta c:

t U U
S S S
cos .
t U U
t t t
cos .
v
S t
>>

Do tn hiu iu bin:
U
b
t t m U t t U U
t t t t S S t
cos ). cos . 1 .(
cos ). cos .

( + + (5-1)
trong :
t
S
U
U
m
l h s iu ch.
H s iu ch phi tho mn iu kin 1 m . Khi 1 m > th mch c hin tng qu iu
ch lm cho tn hiu b mo trm trng. (Hnh 5-1).
p dng bin i lng gic (5-1) c:
t
U m
t
U m
t U U
S t
t
S t
t
t t db
) cos(
2
) cos(
2
cos
+ + +
(5-2)
Nh vy, ngoi thnh phn ti tin, tn hiu iu bin cn c hai bin tn. Bin tn trn c tn
s t
) ( ) (
max S t min S t
+ +
v bin tn di t

smin
c)
125

) ( ) (
min S t max S t

.
5.1.2.2. Quan h nng lng trong iu bin.
Trong tn hiu iu bin, cc bin tn cha tin tc, cn ti tin khng mang tin tc. Ta xt xem
nng lng c phn b th no trong tn hiu iu bin.
Cng sut ca ti tin: l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ti tin.

~ P
t ~
(t l)
2
2
1
t
U

Cng sut bin tn:

2
)
2
.
(
~
2
~
t
bt
U m
P
1
i
1
2
i
2
t
-
S

t
+
S

2
t
-
S

2
t
+
S

Hnh 5-1: Tn hiu iu bin
a) Ph ca tin tc;
b) Ph ca tn hiu iu bin;
c) th thi gian ca tin tc v tn
hiu iu bin khi m < 1 v m > 1
smin

smax
0
U
S
0
U
b
U
t
t
-
Smax

t
-
Smin

t
+
Smax
t
+
Smin
t
a)
b)
U
S
0 t
U
b
0 t
t
U
b
m < 1
m > 1
c)
126
Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ca tn hiu iu
ch.

~
P
db )
2
m
1 ( P P 2 P
2
t ~ bt ~ t ~
+ +
Ta thy rng cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin ph thuc vo h s iu ch m. H s iu
ch m cng ln th cng sut tn hiu iu bin cng ln. Khi m = 1 th ta c quan h cng sut
hai bin tn v ti tn nh sau:

2
P
P 2
t ~
bt ~

gim mo h s iu ch m < 1 do cng sut cc bin tn thc t ch khong mt phn
ba cng sut ti tin. Ngha l phn ln cng sut pht x c phn b cho ti tin, cn cng sut ca
tin tc ch chim phn nh. l nhc im ca tn hiu iu bin so vi tn hiu n bin.
5.2. MCH IU BIN
Mch iu bin c th dng cc kiu iu bin n, iu bin cn bng v iu bin vng.
- Mch iu bin n ch dng mt phn tr tch cc nh it hoc tranzito.
- Mch iu bin cn bng c u im gim c mo phi tuyn. Hnh 5-2 l cc mch iu
bin cn bng dng it v tranzito lng cc.
Theo hnh 5-2a in p t ln cc it
1
,
2
ln lt l:

t U t U U
t U t U U
t t S S
t t S S

cos . cos .
cos . cos .
2
1

+
+
(5-3)
Dng in qua mi it c biu din theo chui Taylor:

... . . .
... . .
3
2 3
2
2 1 2 1 0 2
3
1 3
2
1 2 1 1 0 1
+ + + +
+ + + +
U a U a U a a i
U a U a U a a i
(5-4)
Dng in ra:
i = i
1
- i
2
(5-5)
Thay (5-3) v (5-4) vo (5-5), ch ly bn s hng u c:
] t ) 2 cos( t ) 2 .[cos( D
] t ) cos( t ) .[cos( C t 3 cos . B t cos . A i
S t S t
S t S t S S
+ + +
+ + + + +
(5-6)
trong :
1
i
1
2
i
2
t
-
S

t
+
S

2
t
-
S

2
t
+
S

127
.
. .
2
3
. . 2
. .
2
1
. .
2
1
). 3 2 (
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3 1
t S
t S
s
s t S
U U a D
U U a C
U a B
U a U a a U A
+ + +
(5-7)
Cng c th chng minh tng t cho mch hnh 5-2b.
Trong trng hp cn c ti tin u ra, sau khi iu ch a thm ti tin vo.
Ph ca tn hiu ra ca mch iu bin cn bng nh hnh 5-2c.
Mch iu ch vng:
Mch iu ch vng: thc cht l hai mch iu ch cn bng chung ti.
Gi dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn bng D
1
D
2
l
I
i v dng in ra ca mch iu ch
cn bng D
3
D
4
l
II
i
3

U
S U
b
1
i
1
2
i
2
C
B
C
B
U
t
(a)
U
S
T
1
(b)
U
b
T
2
U
t
E
C
- +
U
b
S
3
S

t
-
S

t
+
S

2
t
-
S

2
t
+
S

(c)
Hnh 5-2: Mch iu bin cn bng
a) Dng it; b) Dng tranzito; c) Ph tn hiu ra
128
Ta c:

)] 2 cos( t ) 2 .[cos( D ] t ) cos(
t ) .[cos( C t 3 cos . B t cos . A i
S t S t S t
S t S S I
+ + +
+ + + +

4 D 3 D II
i i i
trong :

... . . .
... . . .
3
4 3
2
4 2 4 1 0 4
3
3 3
2
3 2 3 1 0 3
+ + + +
+ + + +
U a U a U a a i
U a U a U a a i
D
D
vi u
3
v u
4
l in p t ln D
3
, D
4
xc nh
U
t
1

U
S U
b
4

C
B
C
B
3

Hnh 5-3: Mch iu ch vng
129

t U t U U
t U t U U
S S t t
S S t t

cos .
cos .
cos .
cos .
4
3
+

thay vo

] t ) 2 cos( t ) 2 .[cos( D
] t ) cos( t ) .[cos( C t 3 cos . B t cos . A i
S t S t
S t S t S S II
+ +
+ + +
A, B, C, D xc nh nh mch iu ch cn bng trc y.
Nn: i
b
] ) cos( ) .[cos( . 2 t t C i i
S t S t II I
+ + +
Ph c dng:
iu ch vng cho mo nh nht v n kh c cc hi bc l ca
S
v cc bin tn
t
2
.
5.3. IU CH N BIN
- Khi nim:
Nh trnh by phn trc, ph ca tn hiu iu bin gm ti tn v hai bin tn, trong
ch c bin tn mang tin tc. V hai gii bin tn mang tin tc nh nhau nn ch cn truyn i
mt bin tn l thng tin v tin tc. Ti tn ch cn dng tch sng, do c th nn ton b
hoc mt phn ti tn trc khi truyn i. Qu trnh iu ch nhm to ra mt gii bin tn gi l
iu ch n bin.
iu ch n bin tuy tn km nhng c cc u im sau:
- rng ti tn gim mt na.
- Cng sut bc x yu cu thp hn cng vi mt c ly thng tin. V c th tp trung
cng sut ca ti tn v mt bin tn cho bin tn cn li.
- Tp m u thu gim do gii tn ca tn hiu hp hn.
Biu thc ca tn hiu iu ch n bin trn l:
U
b
t U
m
t
S t t
) cos( .
.
2
) ( + (5-8)
trong
t
S
U
U
m
c gi l h s nn ti tin, m c th nhn cc gi tr t 0 .
- iu ch n bin theo phng php lc.
T s phn tch ph ca tn hiu iu bin r rng mun c tn hiu n bin ta ch cn lc
bt mt gii bin tn. Nhng thc t khng lm c nh vy. Khi ti tn l cao tn th vn lc
tch ra mt gii bin tn gp kh khn. Tht vy, gi thit tn s thp nht ca tin tc
t
+
S
t
-
S
0

t
f
t2t
(f
t1
+f
S
)
f
t2
+f
t1
+f
S
a
b
c
CB1 Lc I Lc II CB2
f
t1t
f
S
f
t1
+f
S
U
S
d
To dao
ng 1
To dao
ng 2
f
t2
f
t1
Hnh 5-4: S khi mch iu ch n bin bng phng php lc
130
Hz 200 f
min S

, lc khong cch gia hai bin tn
Hz 400 f 2 f
min S

(xem hnh 5-1b). Nu
ti tn
MHz 10 f
t

th h s lc ca b lc
5
t
10 . 4
f
f
X

, kh nh. Khi s phn b ca hai

bin tn gn nhau n ni ngay dng mt mch lc Thch anh cng rt kh lc c gii bin tn
mong mun. Do trong phng php lc, ngi ta dng mt b bin i trung gian c th h
thp yu cu i vi b lc
S khi ca mch iu ch n bin nh vy c biu din trn hnh 5-4 v ph ca tn
hiu trn u ra ca tng khi c biu din trn hnh 5-5.
Trong s khi trn y, trc ht dng tin tc iu ch ti tin trung gian c tn s f
t1
kh
thp so vi ti tn yu cu sao cho h s lc va phi lc b mt bin tn d dng. Trn u ra
ca b lc th nht nhn c mt tn hiu c gii ph bng gii ph ca tn hiu vo
min S max S
f f f
nhng dch i mt lng f
t1
trn thang tn s. Tn hiu ny c a vo iu
ch b iu ch cn bng 2 m trn u ra c ph c hai bin tn cch nhau mt khong
) f f .( 2 f
min S 1 t
+
sao cho vic lc ly mt bin tn nh b lc 2 d thc hin. Khi tn hiu ra
l tn hiu n bin. B iu ch cn bng thng l mch iu bin cn bng hay l mch iu
bin vng. Trn s khi trn y ti tn yu cu l tng ca hai ti tn ph.
2 t 1 t t
f f f +
.
Ngoi ra cn c mch iu ch n bin theo phng php quay pha hay mch iu ch n
bin theo phng php lc v quay pha kt hp m ta khng trnh by y.
f
Smin
f
Smin
f
Smax
f
U
S
0
f
Smin
0
U
b
f
f
t1
f
t1
f
0
U
c
f
t1
f
t2
f
t2
+f
t1
f
0
U
d
a)
b)
c)
d)
Hnh 5-5: Ph ca tn hiu ra ca cc khi hnh 5-5
a) Ph ca tn hiu vo b) Ph ca tn hiu iu ch cn bng 1
c) Ph ca tn hiu u ra b lc 1 d) Ph ca tn hiu u ra b lc 2
131
5.4. IU TN V IU PHA
Cc cng thc c bn v quan h gia iu tn v iu pha:
V gia tn s v gc pha ca mt dao ng c quan h

dt
d
(5-9)
iu tn v iu pha l ghi tin tc vo ti tin lm cho tn s hoc pha tc thi ca ti tin bin
thin theo dng tn hiu iu ch. Vi ti tin l dao ng iu ho:

) ( 0
cos . ) cos( .
t t t t t
U t U U

+
(5-10)
T (5-9) rt ra:

) t (
t
0
) t ( ) t (
dt +
(5-11)
Thay (5-11) vo (5-10) ta c:

] cos[ .
) (
0
) ( t
t
t t t
dt U U +
(5-12)
Gi thit tn hiu iu ch l n m.
t U U
S S S
cos .
(5-13)
Khi iu ch tn s hoc iu ch pha th tn s hoc gc pha ca dao ng cao tn bin thin
t l vi tn hiu iu ch v chng c xc nh ln lt theo biu thc:

+
t ) t (
k
t

t U
S S
cos
(5-14)

+
o ) t (
k
p

t U
S S
cos .
(5-15)
E
0
C
2

C
3
132
trong
t
l tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn
t: k
t

m S
U
. v gi l lng di tn cc i.
k
p

m S
U
. v gi l lng di pha cc i.
Khi cc biu thc (5-14), (5-15) vit li nh sau:

t cos . ) t (
S m t
+
(5-16)

t cos . ) t (
S m 0
+
(5-17)
Khi iu ch tn s gc pha u khng i nn
0
) t (
. Thay (5-16) v
(5-17) vo (5-12) v tch phn ln c biu thc ca dao ng iu tn:
U
t
) sin . cos( .
+ t t U
S
S
m
t t
(5-18)
Tng t nh vy, ta c biu thc dao ng iu pha khi cho
const
t

:
U
p
) cos . cos( .
0
+ + t t U
S m t t
(5-19)
Lng di pha t c khi iu pha

t cos .
S m

Tng ng c lng di tn l:
t sin . .
dt
) ( d
S S m

v lng di tn cc i khi iu pha l:

. .
S m S m

k
p
S
U
.
(5-20)
Lng di tn cc i khi iu tn l:

m
k
t
S
U
.
(5-21)
Nh vy ta thy iu tn v iu pha u lm cho gc pha thay i nn thng gi chung l
iu ch gc. im khc nhau c bn gia iu tn v iu pha l lng di tn khi iu pha t l
vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch v tn s iu ch, cn lng di tn ca tn hiu iu tn t l vi
bin tn hiu iu ch m thi.
5.5. MCH IU TN V IU PHA
5.5.1. Mch iu tn.
C th dng mch iu tn trc tip hay iu tn gin tip.
Mch iu tn trc tip thng c thc hin bi cc mch tao dao ng m tn s dao
ng ring ca n c iu khin bng in p (VCO) hoc bi cc mch bin i in p - tn
0
0
E
0
C
2

C
3
133
s. Nguyn tc thc hin iu tn trong cc b to dao ng l lm bin i tr s in khng ca
b to dao ng theo in p t vo. Phng php ph bin nht l dng it bin dung (varicap)
v tranzito in khng. Sau y xt loi iu ch .
Mch iu tn trc tip dng it bin dung. it bin dung c in dung mt ghp bin i
theo in p t vo. N c s tng ng hnh 5-7a. Tr s R
D
v C
D
ph thuc vo in p
t ln it. Trng hp it c phn cc ngc R
D
= cn C
D
c xc nh theo biu thc:
) U (
k
C
k D
D (5-22)
trong k l h s t l.

k
l hiu in th tip xc mt ghp, vi it Silic
7 , 0
k

V
l h s ph thuc vt liu:
2
1
,...,
3
1

Mc it song song vi h to dao ng ca b to dao ng, ng thi t in p iu
ch ln it th C
D
thay i theo in p iu ch, do tn s cng hng ring ca b to dao
ng cng bin i theo. Trn hnh 5-6b l mch in b to dao ng iu tn bng it bin
dung. Trong mch in ny it c phn cc ngc bi ngun E
2
.

Tn s dao ng ca mch gn bng tn s cng hng ring ca h dao ng v c xc
nh nh sau:
0
0

E
0
L
3
C D
R
D
C
D
(a)
+E
1
L
1
C
1
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
C
2

C
3
L
2
U
S
+E
2
C
4
L
5
L
4
R
5
(b)
Hnh 5-6: Mch iu tn bng it bin dung.
a, S tng ng ca it.
b, Mch to dao ng iu tn bng it bin dung
C
5

u
b2
134
f
d
) C C .( L . 2
1
D 3
+
(5-23)
C
D
xc nh theo biu thc (5-22)
in p t ln it:

0 0
cos . cos . E t U t U E U U U
S S t t S t D

(5-24)
it lun c phn cc ngc cn tho mn iu kin:
0

0
+ E U U U U
S t DMax D
v
ngcp S t D D
U E U U U U
0 min

(5-25)
Khi iu tn bng it bin dung phi ch nhng c im sau:
- Ch phn cc ngc cho it trnh nh hng ca R
D
n phm cht ca h to dao ng
ngha l n n nh tn s ca mch.
- Phi hn ch khu vc lm vic trong on tuyn tnh ca c tuyn ) U ( f C
D D
ca it
bin dung (hnh 5-8) gim mo phi tuyn. Lng di tn tng i khi iu tn dng it bin
dung t c khong 1%.
- V dng it iu tn nn thit b iu tn c kch thc nh. C th dng it bn dn
iu tn tn s siu cao, khong vi trm MHz. Tuy nhin tp tn ca tham s bn dn ln, nn
km n nh.

iu tn dng tranzito in khng: phn t in khng dung tnh hoc cm tnh cmc song
song vi h dao ng ca b to dao ng lm cho tn s dao ng thay i theo tn hiu iu ch.
Phn t in khng gm mt tranzito v hai linh kin RC hoc RL to thnh mch di pha mc trong
mch hi tip ca tranzito. Xem thm ti liu tham kho 1.
C
D
C
D
0
U
D
U
S
t
E
0
t
C
Dmax
C
Dmin
0
Hnh 5-7: c tuyn C
D
=f(U
D
) ca it bin dung v
nguyn l bin i in dung mc ghp ca it theo
in p dt vo

u
b2
135
5.5.2. Mch iu pha
Mch iu ch pha theo Armstrong hnh 5-9 c thc hin theo nguyn l: ti tin t b
to dao ng Thch anh c a n b iu bin 1 (B1) v iu bin 2 (B2) lch pha nhau
90
0
, cn tn hiu iu ch u
S
a n hai mch iu bin ngc pha. in p u ra trn hai b iu
bin l:

] ) cos( ) .[cos(
2
.
cos .

cos ). cos . 1 .(
1
1
1 1
t t
U m
t U
t t m U U
S t S t
t
t t
t S t db

+ + +
+

] ) sin( ) .[sin(
2
.
sin .

sin ). cos . 1 .(
2
2
2 2
t t
U m
t U
t t m U U
S t S t
t
t t
t S t db

+ +

th vc t ca U
b1
v U
b2
v vc t tng ca chng c biu din trn hnh 5-11.

B1
B2 Di pha 90
0
Tng

U
S

U
b2
U
b1
Tn hiu iu pha
Hnh 5-8: S khi mch iu pha theo ArmStrong
U
b
Hnh 5-9: th vc t ca tn hiu iu pha theo mch Arstrong
U

1 db
U
u
b2
0
136
T th , thy rng: tng cc dao ng iu bin U = U
b1
+ U
b2
l mt dao ng iu
ch v pha v bin . iu bin y l iu bin k sinh. Mch c nhc im l lng di pha
nh. hn ch mc iu bin k sinh chn nh. c iu bin k sinh nh hn 1% th <
0,35.
5.6. TCH SNG
5.6.1 Khi nim
Tch sng l qu trnh ly li tn hiu iu ch. Tn hiu sau tch sng phi ging dng tn
hiu iu ch ban u. tn hiu ra khng mo th tn hiu vo tch sng phi c bin ln.
Tng ng vi cc loi iu ch, ta cng c cc mch tch sng sau y: tch sng iu bin, tch
sng iu tn, tch sng iu pha.
5.6.2. Tch sng iu bin.
5.6.2.1. Cc tham s c bn
- H s tch sng:
Tn hiu vo b tch sng l tn hiu iu bin.
t U U
t VTS VTS
cos .
trong
VTS
U
bin thin theo quy lut tin tc.

Tn hiu ra b tch sng iu bin:

VTS TS RTS
U K U

K
TS
l h s t l v c gi l h s tch sng.

VTS
RTS
TS
U
U
K

- Thc t, i vi qu trnh tch sng ch cn quan tm n thnh phn bin thin chm
(mang tin tc) m thi, do thng xc nh h s tch sng nh sau:

VTS
RTS
TS
U
U
K
(5-26)
- Tr khng vo b tch sng:

t
t
VTS
VTS
VTS
I
U
I
U
Z
(5-27)
- Mo phi tuyn:
U
b
137
% 100 .
...
2
3
2
2
S
S S
I
I I
k

+ +

trong
S S
I I
3 2
,
... l thnh phn dng in cc sng hi ca tn hiu iu ch xut hin khi
qua mch tch sng.
y khng quan tm n cc sng hi dng in cao tn v d dng lc b chng.
5.6.2.2. Mch tch sng iu bin.
Xt mch tch sng iu bin dng it mc ni tip hnh 5-10. Nu tn hiu vo ln sao
cho it lm vic trong on thng ca c tuyn nh trn hnh 5-11 ta c qu trnh tch sng tn
hiu ln. Lc dng in qua it biu din:

D
i
'
<
0 0
0
D
D D
U khi
U khi SU
(5-28)

Trong s hnh 5-10 it ch thng vi na chu k dng ca dao ng cao tn u vo.
Hnh bao ca dao ng nhn c nh s np, phng ca t C (hnh 5-11). Do tn hiu vo c tn
s rt cao cc na hnh sin rt st nhau, hnh bao do s np phng ca t xem nh mt ng trn,
chnh l tn hiu U
s
cn tch.
Trong s hnh 5-10 phi chn hng s thi gian = R.C ln sao cho dng in p ra ti
gn vi dng hnh bao ca in p cao tn u vo. Thng thng in p vo ln hn 1 vn hiu
dng v R >> R
i
, R
v
th c th tch sng c in p nh. Tuy nhin cng khng c chn qu
ln trnh mo do in dung gy nn. iu kin tng qut chn l:

i
d
i
d
U
d
U
b
t
0
0
t
Hnh 5-11: Qu trnh tch sng tn hiu ln
nh mch chnh lu dng it
R
C
D
U
C
= U
S
U
b
(a)
R
C
D
U
R
= U
S
U
b
(b)
Hnh 5-10: S tch sng dng it.
a, Tch sng ni tip. b, Tch sng song song
138
S t
C R
1
.
1
<< <<
(5-29)
Trng hp chn C ln qu lm cho v th hai ca bt ng thc (5-29) khng tho mn th
in p ra khi t phng khng bin thin kp vi bin in p vo, gy mo tn hiu nh hnh
5-13.
Thc t thng chn R, C theo iu kin:

max
1
.
10
S t
C R

< <
(5-30)
Mun d dng tho mn (5-30) cn
max S t
100
Hnh 5-12: th thi gian in p ra U
C
trn ti b tch sng ni tip
2
U
c
t
0
U
c
U
b
db
U
U
c
0
Hnh 5-13: Hin tng mo tn hiu tch sng do ti in dung qu ln.
t
139
5.7. TCH SNG IU TN V IU PHA
Tch sng iu tn v iu pha thng c thc hin theo mt trong nhng nguyn tc sau:
- Bin i tn hiu iu tn hoc iu pha thnh tn hiu iu bin ri thc hin tch sng
bin .
- Bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu ch rng xung ri thc hin tch sng tn
hiu iu ch rng xung nh mch tch phn.
- Lm cho tn s tn hiu cn tch sng bm theo tn s ca mt b to dao ng nh h
thng vng gi pha PLL, in p sai s chnh l in p cn tch sng.
Ta xt mt s mch c th:
a. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng.
Hnh 5-14. l s mch tch sng iu tn s dng mch lch cng hng. u vo hai b
tch sng bin (D
1
, D
2
) l hai mch cng hng c iu chnh ti cc tn s
1
, v
2
. Nu
gi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn u vo l
0
=
t
th:

+
0 1
;

0 2
S iu chun mch cng hng lch khi tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo lm bin
in p vo ca hai b tch sng bin (U
1
, U
2
) thay i ph thuc vo tn s in p vo. T
mch in hnh 5-14 xc nh c:

2 dt 2
1 dt 1
Z . U
. m U
Z . U
. m U
(5-31)
trong m l h s ghp ca bin p vo (
L
M
)
1

Hnh 5-14: Mch in b tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng
D
1
D
2
C
C
R
1
U
R
2
U
2
1
U
S1
U
S2
U
S
U
t
M
D
2
R
R
140
Z
1
, Z
2
l tr khng ca hai mch cng hng 1 v 2. M Z
1
, Z
2
c xc nh theo:

2
0
1 td
2
1
1
1
1 td
1
) ( 1
R
]
) (
. Q . 2 [ 1
R
Z
+
(5-32)

2
0
2 td
2
2
2
2
2 td
2
) ( 1
R
]
) (
. Q . 2 [ 1
R
Z
+ +

R
td1
, R
td2
ln lt l hai tr khng ca hai mch cng hng tn s cng hng
1
v
2
.
Q
1
, Q
2
l phm cht ca cc mch cng hng tng ng.
Chn hai mch cng hng nh nhau ta c:

td 2 td 1 td
R R R
,
Q Q Q
2 1

0
2 , 1 0
0
Q . 2

l lch s tn s tng i gia tn s cng hng ring
ca mch dao ng vi tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo.

0
0
Q . 2

l lch lch s tn s tng i gia tn s tn hiu vo v tn
s trung bnh.
Theo (5-32) khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i th Z
1
, Z
2
thay i ko theo s thay i ca
bin in p vo
2 1
U
, U
ngha l qu trnh bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu bin

c thc hin. Qua b tch sng bin ta nhn c cc in p.

2
0
1 td
dt TS 1 TS 1 S
) ( 1
R
. U
. m . K U
. K u
+

(5-33)

2
0
2 td
dt TS 2 TS 2 S
) ( 1
R
. U
. m . K U
. K u
+ +

(5-34)
in p ra tng.
) , .( . U
. R . m . K u u u
0 dt td TS 2 S 1 S S

1

D
2
R
R
141
Tch sng dng mch lch cng hng c nhc im la kh iu chnh cho hai mch cng
hng hon ton i xng nn t c dng.
b. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp
Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp hnh 5-15. Mch in lm vic theo
nguyn tc chuyn bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha, sau thc hin tch sng pha nh
tch sng bin . Tn hiu iu tn mt mt ghp qua bin p a sang cun th cp, mt mt
c ghp qua t C
gh
. Do in p t ln cc it D
1
, D
2
ln lt l:

22 1 2 D
21 1 1 D
U U U
U U U
+
+
(5-35)
Ta phn bit 3 trng hp:
+ Khi tn s tn hiu vo f = f
0
( th vc t hnh 5-16). Trong f
0
l tn s cng hng ca
mch cng hng s cp v th cp, dng in qua in cm L
1
chm pha so vi
1
U mt gc 90
0
v c xc nh nh sau:

1
1
L 1
L . . j
U
I
(5-36)
Dng
L 1
I gy ra trong cun th cp L
2
sc in ng.

L 1 M
I . M . . j E (5-37)
21
U
1 D
U
I, L

I
2
E
M
1

1 2
U
1
Hnh 5-16:
th vc t cc dng in v in p
vo ca b tch sng tn s dng mch
cng hng ghp
U
t
C
1
C
gh
L
1
L
2
U
2
1
U
2
2
D
1
D
2
C
C
R
R
U
s
Hnh 5-15: Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp.
C
2
L
C
U
S2
U
S1
+
_
142
Gi thit M > 0 nn
M
E sm pha so vi
L
I
1
mt gc 90
0
.
M
E sinh ra dng
2
I trong mch
cng hng th cp. V f = f
0
nn
2
I ng pha vi
M
E .

2
M
2
r
E
I
(5-38)
trong r
2
l in tr tn hao ca mch cng hng th cp. in p
21
U v
22
U
ngc
pha nhau v lch pha so vi
2
I l t 90
0
. V
1 D
U
,
2 D
U
c bin bng nhau nn in p ra.
0 ) U U .( K U
2 D 1 D TS S
.
+ Trng hp f > f
0
(ng t nt trn th vc t hnh 5-16). Mch cng hng th cp
mang tnh cht in cm nn
2
I chm pha so vi
M
E mt gc < 90
0
.
21
u
v
22
U ngc pha
nhau v vung gc vi
2
I . Gia
1
U v
21
U ,
22
u
c mt gc lch pha ln lt l
1
v -
1
.
Tn s tn hiu vo cng lch khi tn s cng hng trung tm f
0
th bin
1 D
U
cng ln hn
bin
2 D
U
, do tr s in p ra U
S
cng ln.
+ Trng hp f < f
0
th mch th cp mang tnh cht in dung nn
2
I sm pha hn
M
E , do

1 D
U <
2 D
U
v u
S
m.
- Tm li khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i th u nt ca vc t
1 D
U v
2 D
U di chuyn trn
cc vng trn 1 v 2 trn hnh 5-16 lm cho in p ra thay i v tr s v cc tnh. Tr s in p
ra c trng cho lch ca tn s tn hiu vo so vi tn s trung tm f
0
, cn cc tnh ca in p
ra cho bit tn s tn hiu vo lch khi tn s trung tm v pha no (ln hn hay nh hn f
0
).
Tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp t gy mo v d iu chnh v c hai mch u cng
hng tn s f
0
. Tuy nhin in p ra trong b tch sng ny va ph thuc tn s va ph thuc
bin tn hiu vo
1
U
nn n sinh ra nhiu bin . khc phc nhc im ny, phi t
trc mch tch sng mt mch hn ch bin .
c. Mch tch sng t s
D
1
U
t
1
U
2
U
D
2
C
C
U
S1
U
S2
C
1
R
R
U
0
U
S
Hnh 5-17: S mch tch sng t s
U
S2
U
S1
+
_
143
Mch tch sng iu tn t s c s hnh 5-17. Cc it tch sng c mc ni tip
nhau. Mch va lm nhim v tch sng va lm nhim v hn ch bin .
Dng qua cc it np in cho t C
1
. Hng s thi gian
) 2 , 0 1 , 0 ( C . R
1

giy kh
ln nn in p trn C
1
bin thin rt chm lm cho nhiu bin gim. C th chng minh iu
bng biu thc sau:
U
S
= U
S1
- U
R
vi
2 2
2 1 0 S S
R
U U U
U
+

Thay vo ta c:

2 1
2 1 0 2 1
.
2 2
S S
S S S S
S
U U
U U U U U
U
+
Hay
1 /
1 /
.
2
2 1
2 1 0
+
S S
S S
S
U U
U U U
U
(5-39)
Khi U
0
const, in p ra ch ch ph thuc vo t s U
S1
/ U
S2
, hn na U
S1
, U
S2
ging nh
trong b tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp, ph thuc vo bin thin tn s u vo. V vy
b tch sng t s khng c phn ng vi cc bin thin v bin u vo nn trnh c nhiu
bin .
d. Mch tch sng pha cn bng dng it
U
S2
U
p
U
S
U
ch
R
R
C
C
2
1
U
S1
+
_
+
_
+
_
a)
1 D
U
1
U
U
2
b)
Hnh 5-18: a) Mch in b tch sng iu pha dng it.
b) th vc t ca cc in p.
144
Mch tch sng pha cn bng l hai mch tch sng bin dng it ghp vi nhau hnh 5-
18. Tn hiu cn tch sng chnh l tn hiu iu pha, U
dp
c so snh v pha vi mt dao ng
chun U
ch
. Biu thc U
dp
v U
ch
nh sau:
U
p
) t ( cos . U ] ) t ( t cos[ . U
1 1 01 01 1
+ +

) ( cos . ] cos[ .
2 2 02 02 2
t U t U U
ch

+
in p t ln hai b tch sng tng ng l:
] ) ( cos[ .
01 01 1 1
+ + t t U U
D
+ ] cos[ .
02 02 2
+ t U
] ) t ( t cos[ . U U
01 01 1 2 D
+ +

+ ] cos[ .
02 02 2
+ t U
in p ra tng ng trn hai b tch sng bin xc nh c theo th vc t hnh 5-

18b.
) ( cos . . . 2 . .
2 1
2
2
2
1 1 1 1
t U U U U K U K U U
TS D TS S t
+ +

) ( cos . . . 2 . .
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 2 2
t U U U U K U K U U
TS D TS S t
+

(5-40)
trong
TS
K
l h s truyn t ca b tch sng bin .

t
S
TS
U m
U
K
.
(5-41)

) (t
l hiu pha ca hai in p vo.

) ( ) ( ) (
02 01 ) ( 02 01
+ +
t
t t

in p ra trn b tch sng:

2 1 S S S
U U U

S
U
) ( 2 1
2
2
2
1
cos . . . 2 .[
t TS
U U U U K + +

) ( cos . . . 2
2 1 2
2
1
t U U U U +

]
(5-42)
Vy tr s tc thi ca in p ra trn b tch sng ph thuc hiu pha ca tn hiu iu pha
v tn hiu chun. Trng hp
02 01
v
02 01

th in p ra ch cn ph thuc vo pha
ca tn hiu vo (t).
5.8. TRN TN
5.8.1. nh ngha
Trn tn l qu trnh tc dng vo hai tn hiu sao cho trn u ra b trn tn nhn c cc
thnh phn tn s tng hoc hiu ca hai tn hiu (thng ly hiu tn s).
Thng thng mt trong hai tn hiu l n m (c mt vch ph), tn hiu gi l tn
hiu ngoi sai v c tn s f
ns
. Tn hiu cn li l tn hiu hu ch vi tn s f
th
c nh hoc bin
145
thin trong mt phm vi no . Tn hiu c tn s mong mun u ra c tch nh b lc, tn
s ca n thng c gi l tn s trung tn f
tt
.
thc hin trn tn phi dng phn t phi tuyn hoc dng phn t tuyn tnh tham s.
5.8.2. Nguyn l trn tn
Gi thit c tuyn ca phn t phi tuyn c biu din theo chui Taylor sau y:
... . ... . .
2
2 1 0
+ + + + +
n
n
u a u a u a a i (5-43)
trong U l phn in p t ln phn t phi tuyn trn tn. Trong trng hp ny U =
U
ns
+ U
th
Gi thit
t U U
ns ns ns
cos .
t U U
th th th
cos .
Thay vo (5-43) ta c:

.(
1 0
a a i + t U
ns ns
cos .
) cos . t U
th th

+
) .(
2
2 2
2
th ns
U U
a

+ + t U
a
ns ns
2 cos . .(
2
2
2

+ ) 2 cos .
2
t U
th th

+
... ] ) cos( ) .[cos( . .
2
+ + + + t t U U a
th ns th ns th ns

(5-44)
Vy tn hiu ra gm c tn hiu mt chiu, thnh phn c bn
th ns
,
; cc thnh phn tn
s tng v hiu
th ns
t
, thnh phn bc cao
th ns
2 , 2
. Tnh cc v tip theo ca (5-58) ta thy
trong dng in cn c cc thnh phn bc cao:

th ns
m n t t
trong
m n,
l nhng s nguyn dng.
Nu trn u ra b trn tn ly tn hiu c tn s

th ns

, ngha l chn 1 m n th
ta c trn tn n gin.
C trng hp ly

th ns
n
vi 2 n ta c trn tn t hp.
Trn tn c dng trong my thu i tn. Nh b trn tn, mch cng hng ca cc tng
trung tn ca my thu tn c iu chnh cng hng mt tn s c nh. Tn s ngoi sai c
ng chun vi tn s tn hiu vo sao cho
tt ns th
f f f const
.
Cn ch rng qu trnh trn tn bin in p ngoi sai rt ln hn in p tn hiu nn
vi tn hiu c tuyn vn-ampe ca phn t trn tn xem nh tuyn tnh cn vi in p ngoi
sai xem nh phi tuyn.
146
5.8.3. Mch trn tn
5.8.3.1. Mch trn tn dng it.
Mch trn tn dng it c dng rng ri mi tn s c bit phm vi tn s cao (trn
1GHz). Mch trn tn dng it c nhc im l lm suy gim tn hiu. Mch trn tn dng it
c biu din trn hnh 5-19.
Trong s trn tn n mch tn hiu, mch ngoi sai v mch trung trung tn mc ni tip
nhau. C th tnh
itt tt
G S ,
cho s da vo c tuyn l tng ho ca it biu din trn hnh 5-
20. Theo c tuyn :
Vit c biu thc dng in qua it.

'
<
0 U khi 0
0 U khi U . S
i

y i
i
G
R du
di
S
1

th
U
U
tt
i
tt1
i
tt2
ns
U
a)
ns
U
th
U
Utt
+ -
+
-
+
-
b)
Hnh 5-19: Mch trn tn dng it.
147
V in p ngoi sai l hm tun hon theo thi gian nn h dn S l mt dy xung vung
vi rng xung ph thuc gc ct . Vi im tnh chn gc to th
2
) 90 (
0

.
Theo Furi khi ta tnh c bin S sng c bn l:

S
S
. 2
1

S
S S
tt

1
.
2
1

cn
2
S
G G
io itt

chng tp m ngoi sai, dng s trn tn cn bng (hnh 5-19b). Trong b trn tn ny
in p tn hiu t ln hai it ngc pha cn in p ngoi sai t ln hai it ng pha, ngha l:
t U U
th th thD
cos .
1
) cos( .
2
+ t U U
th th thD
v
ns nsD nsD
U U U
2 1
. Do dng in trung tn qua cc it do
th
U
to ra:

1 1
.cos( )
tt tt ns th
i I t
)
U
r
f
r
/2
S
S
S
0 0
i
U
i
nst
0
U
ns
nst
Hnh 5-20: c tuyn volt - ampe
ca it v quan h
148

2 2
.cos[( ) ]
tt tt ns th
i I t +
)
2
.cos( )
tt ns th
I t
)

trong
1 tt
I
)
2 tt
I
)
tt
I
)
th tt
U S

.
Trn mch cng hng ra ta nhn c:

tt
i
1 tt
i +
2 tt
i 2. .cos
tt tt
I t
Mch ny to ra dng in tp m u ra ngc pha nhau trn mch cng hng ra nn n t
trit tiu nhau.
Nh vy mch trn tn cn bng lm tng dng in trung tn u ra v gim c tp m.
Cng c th dng mch trn tn vng.
5.8.3.2. Mch trn tn dng Tranzito.
u im ca mch trn tn kiu ny l ngoi nhim v trn tn cn khuch i nn tn hiu
ra c bin ln. C th dng Tranzito trng hay Tranzito lng cc trn tn. C th dng
cch mc gc chung hay pht chung. Mch mc gc chung dng phm vi tn s cao hay siu cao
v tn s gii hn ca n cao. Tuy nhin s ny khuch i khng bng mch pht chung.
Mch trn tn dng Tranzito lng cc hnh 5-21.

Tn s ra

f
r
= nf
v
LTT v K
Tn s chun

f
V
Hnh 5-21.b: Mch trn tn dng Tranzito.
U
tt
U
th
U
ns
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
2
C
1
+E
C
C
3
U
r
f
r
U
ns
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
2
C
1
U
th
U
tt
+E
C
Hnh 5-21.a: Mch trn tn dng Tranzito.
149
Mch trn tn dng tranzito trng cng c kt cu tng t. Mch dng tranzito trng c
hai cc ca nh hnh 5-22.

5.9. MCH NHN CHIA TN S
to ra tn hiu c tn s theo yu cu t mt tn hiu c tn s chun ta dng mch nhn hoc
chia tn s. Mch nhn chia tn s hin nay ph bin dng vng gi pha vit tt l PLL.
Nguyn l lm vic ca PLL c ch ra hnh 5-23. PLL hot ng theo nguyn tc vng
iu khin. Khc vi vng iu khin thng dng trong k thut in t, trong in p hoc
dng in l cc i lng vo v i lng ra, trong PLL i lng vo v i lng ra l tn s
v chng c so snh vi nhau v pha. Vng iu khin pha c nhim v pht hin v iu chnh
nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra, ngha l PLL lm cho tn s f
r
ca tn
hiu so snh bm theo tn s f
v
ca tn hiu vo, cho n khi tn s ca tn hiu so snh bng
tn s ca tn hiu ra ( f
r
= f
v
).
Tn s ra

f
r
= nf
v
LTT v K
Tn s chun

f
V
+E
C
R
1
R
2 R
3
C
4
C
2
C
1
C
3
U
tt
U
th
U
ns
Hnh 5-22: Mch trn tn dng Tranzito trng c hai cc ca.
U
V
f
V
VCO LTT v K
U
d
=K
d
U
V
U
r
(f
V
- f
r
)
(f
V
+ f
r
)
Tn hiu so snh U
r
('
r
=
r
/n
Hnh 5-23: S khi vng gi pha.
U
r
f
r
150
c tn hiu iu chnh U
d
(hoc i
d
) t l vi hiu pha =
v
-
r
phi dng b tch sng
pha. u ra b tch sng pha l tn hiu hiu chnh c a n b to b dao ng khng ch
bng in p (VCO) lm thay i tn s dao ng ca n sao cho hiu tn s ca tn hiu vo v tn
hiu ra gim dn v tin ti khng, ngha l f
r
= f
v
.
Cc phn t c bn ca vng gi pha gm c b tch sng pha, b lc thng thp v mt b
lc to dao ng iu khin bng in p VCO.
hiu r nguyn l ln vic ca mch, ta xt trng hp n gin tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra
so snh u l tn hiu hnh sin, vng gi pha thuc loi tuyn tnh dng mch nhn tng t
tch sng pha.
Vi gi thuyt trn, ta thy khi khng c tn hiu vo th tn hiu hiu chnh U
d
= 0, v tn
hiu ra ca b tch sng pha l tch U
v0
.U
r
. Mch VCO dao ng ti tn s dao ng ring f
0
ca n.
f
0
cn c gi l tn s dao ng t do. Khi c tn hiu vo, b tch sng pha s so pha tn s ca
tn hiu vo vi tn hiu so snh. u ra b tch sng pha xut hin tn hiu U
d
m tr s tc thi
ca n t l vi hiu pha (hiu tn s ) ca hai tn hiu vo ti thi im .
V U
d
=K.U
v
.U
r
nn trong tn hiu ra b tch sng pha c cc thnh phn tn s f
v
- f
r
v f
v
+ f
r
.
Tn s tng b loi b nh b lc thng thp, cn tn s hiu c khuch i ln v dng lm tn
hiu iu khin tn s dao ng ca VCO. Tn s ca VCO c thay i sao cho f
v
- f
r
tin ti
khng, ngha l f
v
=f
r
.
Nu tn s tn hiu vo v tn hiu so snh lch nhau qu nhiu lm cho tn s tng v tn s
hiu u nm ngoi khu vc thng ca b lc th khng c tn hiu iu khin VCO dao ng ti f
0
.
Khi f
0
v f
r
xch li gn nhau sao cho thnh phn f
v
- f
r
ri vo khu vc thng ca b lc th VCO bt
u nhn tn hiu iu khin thay i tn s dao ng ca n, PLL bt u hot ng, ta ni PLL
lm vic trong "di bt". Di bt ca PLL ph thuc vo gii thng ca b lc. "Di gi" ca PLL
l gii tn s m PLL c th gi c ch ng b khi thay i tn s tn hiu vo. Di gi
khng ph thuc vo gii thng ca b lc m ph thuc vo bin in p iu khin U
d
v vo
kh nng bin i tn s ca VCO.
Vng gi pha c nhiu nm nay nhng gn y c ng dng rng ri nh s ra i ca
vi mch PLL lm gim nh c kt cu qu phc tp ca mch.
Mt trong cc ng dng quan trng ca PLL l nhn tn v chia tn.
Mch nhn tn vi h s nhn n nh hnh 5-24.
T mt tn hiu vo l mt dy xung c tn s c bn l f
v
v cc bi bc cao nf
v
v cho tn s
VCO bm theo mt hi bc cao no ca f
v
th u ra nhn c tn hiu c f
r
= nf
v
.
Mch tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng phi l bi ca tn s chun hnh 5-25.
Tn s ra

f
r
= nf
v
TSP
LTT v K
VCO
CT
n:1
Tn s chun

f
V
Hnh 5-24: Mch nhn tn vi h s n nguyn
151
y tn s ca tn hiu vo trc khi vo b tch sng pha c a qua mch chia tn vi
h s chia m, u ra mch chia c tn s f
v
/m. u ra ca mch VCO c tn s f
r
= n/m f
v
vi n
nh v chnh xc nh ca tn s tn hiu vo.
TM TT
Kt thc chng 5 ngi hc cn nm c:
- iu ch. Khi nim v iu ch.
Mch iu ch l mt mng su cc: c hai in p vo v mt in p ra. in p tin tc c k
hiu U
S
, in p ti tin k hiu U
t
. iu kin iu ch c l tn s ti tin rt ln hn tn s tin tc.
iu bin: lm cho bin ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu tn l lm cho tn s ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu pha l lm cho pha ca ti tin bin i theo tin tc.
iu bin. Biu thc iu bin khi ti tin U
t
v tin tc U
S
u l dao ng iu ho.
Tm ph ca tn hiu iu bin, xt quan h nng lng trong iu bin.
+ Mch iu bin. thc hin iu bin c th dng it hay tranzito thc hin. Mch
iu bin dng it phi s dng loi it cao tn (tip im). Mach iu bin cn bng cho tn hiu
TSP
LTT v K
VCO
CT2
n:1
f
v
Hnh 5-25: Mch tng hp tn s vi tn s ra khng phi l
bi ca tn s vo
CT1
1:m
f
v
/m
PLL
n
f
r
152
ra hai bin tn cn c cc thnh phn tn s khc gy nhiu. Mch iu bin vng u im hn v
loi tr c cc thnh phn gy nhiu (mch phi dng bn it).
+ Mch iu bin dng tranzito nguyn l iu ch cng tng t, tuy nhin n c kh nng
khuch i lm bin tn hiu ra ln hn.
+ iu ch n bin. Tn hiu iu bin c hai bin tn cha ni dung tin tc nh nhau. C
th lc b mt bin tn m ni dung tin tc vn khng thay i. l tn hiu n bin (mt bin).
Truyn tin loi tn hiu ny gim c cng sut my pht khi cng c ly thng tin, gim c gii
tn cng tc, gim c tp m. Mch iu ch tn hiu n bin thng dng phng php lc
thc hin. vic lc b mt bin tn thun li thng dng phng php iu ch qua nhiu cp.
+ iu tn v iu pha: cn gi chung l iu ch gc v hai loi iu ch ny u lm gc
pha chung thay i.
+ Mch iu tn. Mch iu tn in hnh l mch dng it bin dung. V c bn y l mt
mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p c it bin dung ng vai tr t in khung dao ng. Khi
mch lm vic, tin tc U
S
= 0, mch cho ra tn hiu cao tn. Khi c tin tc a ti t ln it bin
dung lm in dung ca it thay i, lm tn s dao ng ca mch bin i theo tin tc. Trn
khung dao ng ta nhn c tn hiu iu tn.
+ Mnh iu tn dng tranzito in khng nguyn l cng tng t nhng thc hin iu tn
gin tip.
+ Mch iu pha. Mch iu pha thc hin theo Armstrong. Mch ny dng hai mch iu
bin c sng mang xung tt cn tin tc U
S
a vo c pha ngc nhau. Cng hai tn hiu iu bin
cho u ra tn hiu iu pha. iu c gii thch d dng qua thi vct.
- Tch sng.
Tch sng l qu trnh ngc vi iu ch (cn gi l gii iu ch). Mch tch sng c
nhim v tch ly tin tc U
S
, lc b ti tin U
t
. Do cc phng thc iu ch: iu bin, iu tn,
iu pha khc nhau nn tng ng cc mch tch sng cng phi khc nhau.
+ Tch sng iu bin: tn hiu sau tch sng khng mo, tn hiu vo mch tch sng
phi c bin ln it lm vic trn phn thng ca c tuyn.
Mch tch sng iu bin c it cao tn mc ni tip vi ti RC. T mch in ta thy it
ch thng vi cc na dng ca dao ng cao tn u vo. u ra nhn c hnh bao ca dao
ng nh s np phng ca t C. l tin tc U
S
. tch sng tn hiu ra khng mo cn chn t
C v R ph hp: 1/
t
<< = RC << 1/
s
.
+ Tch sng iu tn iu pha. C th dng phng thc chuyn tn hiu iu tn iu pha
thnh tn hiu iu bin ri dng mch tch sng iu bin tch sng: mch tch sng iu tn
lch cng hng. Nh mch cng hng lch t tn hiu iu tn a vo ta nhn c tn hiu
iu bin U
1
, U
2
. Qua mch tch sng iu bin cho ra tin tc U
S
. Mch tch sng iu tn dng
mch cng hng ghp: mch chuyn tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu pha sau thc hin tch
sng pha nh mch tch sng iu bin. Mch tch sng iu pha cn bng dng it: a thm
in p chun vo chuyn tn hiu iu pha thnh tn hiu iu bin ri tch sng.
- Trn tn.
153
Trn tn l trn tn hiu c tn s f
th
vi in p ngoi sai c tn s f
ns
cho ra tn hiu trung
tn c tn s bng tng hoc hiu ca hai tn s (f
tt
= f
ns
+ f
th
hoc f
tt
= f
ns
f
th
). Thng ly tn
s f
tt
hiu. Do tn hiu vo c bin nh nn vi mch trn tn xem nh tuyn tnh. Sau trn tn
tin tc khng b thay i. V tnh phi tuyn ca mch trn tn, dng u ra ca n cha nhiu thnh
phn tn s cch bit nhau trong c tn s trung tn f
tt
= f
ns
f
th
. lc ly thnh phn tn hiu
c tn s ny ti ca tng trn tn phi l mch cng hng song song, cng hng tn s .
Mch trn tn c th dng it hoc tranzito thc hin. Mch trn tn dng it loi cao tn
(tip im) nh hnh 5-19. Mch trn tn dng tranzito hnh 5-21, 5-22.
- Nhn chia tn s.
Vng gi pha l mt linh kin in t hot ng theo nguyn tc vng iu khin. Qua s
khi v nguyn tc hot ng ca n ta thy khi mch lm vic ng b th f
r
= f
v
. V vy khi li
vo cho tn hiu vo qua b chia tn vi h s chia m, li so snh v qua b chia tn, h s chia tn
n th khi PLL lm vic ng b c f
v
/m = f
r
/n nn f
r
= nf
v
/m. Nu thay i h s chia m,n ta c tn
s f
r
theo mun. l ng dng c bn ca vng gi pha thc hin nhn chia tn s.
CU HI V BI TP
5.1. Th no l iu ch?
5.2. Vit biu thc tn hiu iu bin, tn hiu iu tn, tn hiu iu pha khi Us, Ut u l tn hiu iu
ho?
5.3. So snh mch iu bin cn bng vi mch iu bin vng dng it?
5.4. u im khi truyn tn hiu n bin trong thng tin?
5.5. Trnh by s iu ch n bin hai cp?
5.6. Trnh by mch to dao ng sin ghp bin p?
5.7. Th no l tranzito in khng?
5.8. Trnh by mch iu tng dng tranzito in khng?
5.9. Nu i chiu it bin dung trong mch iu tn c c khng? Ti sao?
5.10. Th no l mch tch sng? Yu cu ca mch tch sng?
5.11. Trnh by mch tch sng iu bin? iu kin tch sng khng mo?
5.12. Ti sao mch tch sng iu tn,mch tch sng iu pha khc nhau?
5.13. Trnh by mch tch sg iu tn dng mch lch cng hng?
5.14. Trnh by mch tch sng iu pha cn bng dung it?
5.15. nh ngha mch trn tn?
5.16. Ti sao ti mch trn tn l mch cng hng song song?
5.17. Nguyn tc hot ng ca vng gi pha? Nu ng dng ca n?
154
5.18. Cho tn hiu iu bin vi h s iu ch m = 50%, tn s iu ch f
s
=10KHz, ti tin c bin
5mV v tn s f
t
= 10MHz.
a. Vit biu thc tn hiu iu bin?
b. Tnh ph ca tn hiu ?
c. Sau khi khuch i thc hin trn tn. u ra b trn tn tn hiu c bin ln hn bin
tn hiu vo 1000 ln v tn s f
tt
=1MHz.
Vit biu thc tn hiu sau trn tn?
Tm tn s ngoi sai ca mch ?
V mch tch sng tn hiu trung tn trn?
5.19. iu kin v tn s ti tin
t
v tn s tn hiu
s
ca mch iu ch l:
a.
t
>>
s
.
b.
t
=
s
.
c.
t

s
.
d.
t
<
s
.
5.20. Yu cu v loi it dng trong mch iu bin l:
a. it tip mt.
b. it tip im (cao tn).
c. it bin dung.
d. it zene.
5.21. Tc dng ca it bin dung trong mch iu tn l:
a. gi cho bin tn hiu ra n nh.
b. lm cho tn s ca mch dao ng bin i theo tin tc U
s
.
c. gi cho tn s tn hiu ra khng thay i.
d. duy tr dao ng cho mch.
5.22. iu kin bin tn hiu vo mch tch sng iu bin tn hiu ra khng mo l:
a. Bin nh.
b. Bin rt nh.
c. Bin ln.
d. C a v b.
5.23. iu kin v hng s thi gian ca mch tch sng iu bin tn hiu ra khng mo l:
a. 1/
s
<< = RC <<1/
t
.
155
b. 1/
t
< = RC< 1/
s
.
c. 1/
t
<< = RC <<1/
s
.
d. 1/
s
= = RC >>1/
t
.
5.24. Ti ca mch trn tn phi l:
a. Mch cng hng ni tip c tn s cng hng bng f
tt
.
b. Mch cng hng song song c tn s cng hng bng f
tt
.
c. Mch cng hng song song c tn s cng hng khc f
tt
.
d. Mch cng hng song song c tn s cng hng bng 2f
tt
.
5.25. Tn s u ra ca mch t hp tn s dng vng gi pha khi h s chia li vo m, h s chia li so
snh n l:
a. f
r
= nf
v
.
b. f
r
= nf
v
/m.
c. f
r
= mf
v
/n.
d. f
r
= f
v
/(m n).
156
Chng 6: Chuyn i A/D, D/A
CHNG 6: CHUYN I A/D, D/A
GII THIU CHUNG
Chng ny nu ln nguyn tc chung chuyn i tn hiu tng t (Analog) thnh tn hiu
s (Digital) A/D v chuyn i tn hiu s (Digital) thnh tn hiu tng t (Analog) D/A. Nu mt
s mch in thc hin cc qu trnh . Cc vn ca chng gm:
- C s l lun: Khi nim chung v chuyn i A/D, D/A, cc tham s c bn, gii bin i
ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo, chnh xc ca qa trnh chuyn i A/D, tc
chuyn i.
- Cc bc chuyn i A/D: ly mu v gi mu, lng t ho, m ho.
- Cc phng php chuyn i A/D.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php hai sn dc.
So snh cc phng php chuyn i A/D.
- Chuyn i A/D phi tuyn: c tnh ca chuyn i A/D phi tuyn, c tnh ca b chuyn
i D/A phi tuyn. c tnh ca b chuyn i A/D, D/A phi tuyn thc t.
- Cc phng php chuyn i D/A.
+ Cc bc chyun i D/A.
+ Chuyn i D/A bng phng php thang in tr.
+ Chuyn i D/A bng phng php mng in tr.
NI DUNG
6.1. C S L LUN
6.1.1. Khi nim chung
phi ghp gia ngun tn hiu tng t vi cc h thng x l s, ngi ta dng cc mch
chuyn i tng t - s (vit tt l A/D) nhm bin i tn hiu tng t sang dng s hoc dng
mch chuyn i s - tng t (D/A) trong trng hp cn thit bin i tn hiu s sang dng
tng t. Qu trnh bin i mt tn hiu tng t sang dng s c minh ho bi c tuyn
truyn t trn hnh 6-1.
U
A
157
Tn hiu tng t U
A
c chuyn thnh mt tn hiu c dng bc thang u. Vi c tuyn
truyn t nh vy, mt phm vi gi tr ca U
A
c biu din mt gi tr i din s thch hp. Cc
gi tr i din s l cc gi tr ri rc. Cch biu din ph bin nht l dng m nh phn (h c s
2) biu din tn hiu s.
Tng qut, gi tn hiu tng t l S
A
(U
A
), tn hiu s l S
D
(U
D
) th S
D
c biu din di
dng ca nh phn l:
0
0
2 n
2 n
1 n
1 n D
2 . b ... 2 . b 2 . b S + + +

(6-1)
Trong cc h s b
k
= 0 hoc 1 (vi k = 0 n k = n-1) v c gi l bit.
b
n-1
c gi l bit c ngha ln nht (MSB) tng ng vi ct ng u bn tri ca dy m
s. Mun bin i gi tr ca MSB ng vi s bin i ca tn hiu ca gii lm vic.
b
0
gi l bit c ngha nh nht (LSB) ng vi ct ng u bn phi ca dy m s. Mi bin
i ca tn hiu l mt mc lng t (mt nc ca hnh bc thang).
Vi mt mch bin i c N bit tc l c N s hng trong t m nh phn th mt nc trn
hnh bc thang chim mt gi tr.

1 2
U
U Q
N
max A
LSB
(6-2)
trong
max A
U
l gi tr cc i cho php tng ng ca in p tng t u vo A/D.
Gi tr
LSB
U
hay Q gi l mc lng t.
Do tn hiu s l tn hiu ri rc nn trong qu trnh chuyn i A/D xut hin mt sai s gi
l sai s lng t ho, c xc nh nh sau:
Q .
2
1
U
Q
(6-3)
U
D
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (U
Amax
) U
A
U
LSB
Q
U
Q
Hnh 6-1: c tuyn truyn t ca mch bin i tng t - s.
U
A
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t
7
t
8
158
Khi chuyn i A/D phi thc hin ly mu tn hiu tng t. m bo khi phc li tn
hiu mt cch trung thc tn s ly mu phi tho mn iu kin sau:
B . 2 f . 2 f
max t M

(6-4)
trong f
tmax
l tn s cc i ca tn hiu.
B l gii tn s ca tn hiu.
Theo nh l ly mu, nu iu kin (6-4) tho mn th khng c s trung lp gia ph c bn
v cc thnh phn ph khc sinh ra do qu trnh ly mu.
6.1.2. Cc tham s c bn
6.1.2.1. Gii bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo
L khong in p m b chuyn i A/D thc hin c.
Khong in p c th ly tr s t 0 n gi tr dng hoc m no hoc cng c th l
in p hai cc tnh t -U
Am
n +U
Am
6.1.2.2. chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D.
Tham s u tin c trng cho chnh xc ca b A/D l phn bit. Ta bit rng u ra ca
b A/D l cc gi tr s sp xp theo quy lut ca mt loi m no . S cc s hng ca m s u ra
tng ng vi di bin i ca in p vo, cho bit mc chnh xc ca php bin i. V d: 1 b A/D
c s bit u ra N=12 c th phn bit c 2
12
= 4096 mc trong gii bin i in p ca n. phn
bit ca b A/D c k hiu l Q v c xc nh theo biu thc (6-2). Q chnh l gi tr ca mt mc
lng t ho hoc cn gi l 1 LSB.
Trong thc t thng dng s bit N c trng cho chnh xc, lc phi hiu ngm
rng gii bin in p vo coi nh khng i.
Thng thng cc b A/D c s bit t 3 n 12. C nhng b A/D t chnh xc 14 n
16 bit.
ng c tuyn truyn t l tng ca b A/D l 1 ng bc thang u v c dc trung
bnh bng 1. ng c tuyn thc c sai s lch khng, sai s khuych i ca mo phi tuyn v sai s
n iu, biu din trn hnh 6-2.
Cn ch rng b A/D lm vic l tng vn tn ti sai s. l sai s lng t ho, c
xc nh theo biu thc (6-2). V vy sai s lng t cn gi l sai s l tng hoc sai s h thng
ca b A/D.
6.1.2.3. Tc chuyn i:
Tc chuyn i cho bit kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy c gi l tn s chuyn i
f
C
. Cng c th dng tham s thi gian chuyn i T
C
c trng cho tc chuyn i. T
C
l thi
gian cn thit cho mt kt qu chuyn i. Ch rng
C
C
T
1
f
. Thng
C
C
T
1
f <
. Khi b chuyn
A/D c tc cao th chnh xc gim hoc ngc li, ngha l tc chuyn i v chnh
Hnh 6-2: c tuyn truyn t l tng v thc
ca mch chuyn i A/D
U
D
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
Thc
Mo phi tuyn
Sai s khuch i
Sai s n iu
Sai s lch khng
1/2 LSB
L tng
U
A
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t
7
t
8
159
xc mu thun vi nhau. Tu theo yu cu s dng m dung ho gia cc yu cu mt cch hp
l.
6.1.3. Nguyn tc lm vic ca A/D
Nguyn l lm vic ca b A/D c minh ho trn s khi hnh 6-3.
Trc ht tn hiu tng t U
A
c a n mt mch ly mu, mch ny c 2 nhim v
(xem th thi gian hnh 6-4)
- Ly mu tn hiu tng t ti nhng thi im khc nhau v cch u nhau (ri rc ho tn
hiu v mt thi gian).
- Gi cho bin in p ti cc thi im ly mu khng i trong qu trnh chuyn i tip
theo.
Tn hiu ra mch ly mu c a n mch lng t ho lm trn vi chnh xc
2
Q
t . Mch lng t ho c nhim v ri rc tn hiu tng t v mt bin . Nh qu trnh
lng t ho mt tn hiu tng t bt k c biu din bi mt s nguyn ln mc lng t,
ngha l:
Mch ly
mu
A/D
Lng t
ho
M
ho
U
A
U
M
U
D
Hnh 6-3: S khi minh ho nguyn tc lm vic ca
b A/D
U
A
U
M
U
Mt0
t
t
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t
7
t
8
Hnh 6-4: th thi gian ca in p vo v in p ra mch ly mu
_
S1
+
FF
FF
FF
FF
_
S2
+
_
S4
+
_
Sm
+
160
Z
Di
= Phn nguyn
Q
X
Q
X
Q
X
Ai Ai Ai

(6-5)
Trong : X
Ai
: l tn hiu tng t thi im i
Z
Di
: tn hiu s thi im i
Q: Mc lng t
X
i
: S d trong php lng t ho
Trong php chia theo biu thc (6-5) ch ly phn nguyn ca kt qu, phn d cn li
(khng chia ht cho Q) chnh l sai s lng t ho. Nh vy, qu trnh lng t ho thc cht l
qu trnh lm trn s. Lng t ho thc hin theo nguyn tc so snh. Tn hiu cn chuyn i
c so snh vi mt lot cc n v chun Q.
Sau mch lng t ho l mch m ho. Trong mch m ho, kt qu lng t ho c sp
xp li theo mt quy lut nht nh ph thuc vo loi m yu cu trn u ra ca b chuyn i.
Trong nhiu loi mch A/D qu trnh lng t ho v m ho xy ra ng thi, khng th
tch ri hai qu trnh .
Php lng t ho v php m ho c gi chung l mch chuyn i A/D
6.2. CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I A/D
6.2.1. Phn loi
C nhiu phng php chuyn i A/D, ngi ta phn ra bn phng php bin i sau:
- Bin i song song.
Trong phng php chuyn i song song, tn hiu c so snh cng mt lc vi nhiu gi
tr chun. Do tt c cc bit c xc nh ng thi v a n u ra.
- Bin i ni tip theo m m:
y qu trnh so snh c thc hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut ca m m. Kt
qu chuyn i c xc nh bng cch m s lng gi tr chun c th cha c trong gi tr
tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i.
- Bin i ni tip theo m nh phn
Qu trnh so snh c thc hin ln lt tng bc theo quy lut m nh phn. Cc n v
chun dng so snh ly cc gi tr gim dn theo quy lut m nh phn, do cc bit c xc
nh ln lt t bit c ngha ln nht (MSB) n bit c ngha nh nht (LSB)
- Bin i song song - ni tip kt hp
Trong phng php ny, qua mi bc so snh c th xc nh c ti thiu l 2 bit ng
thi.
Sau y chng ta s nghin cu mt s phng php chuyn i in hnh.
_
S1
+
FF
FF
FF
FF
_
S2
+
_
S4
+
_
Sm
+
U
A
161
6.2.2. Chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song
S ca phng php ny nh hnh 6-5. Tn hiu tng t ly mu U
M
c ng thi
a n cc b so snh S
1
S
m
.
in p chun U
ch
c a n u vo th 2 ca b so snh qua thang in tr R. Do cc
in p chun t vo cc b so snh ln cn khc nhau mt lng khng i v gim dn t S
1
n
S
m
. u ra cc b so snh c in p vo ln hn in p chun ly trn thang in tr, c mc
logic "1", cc u ra cn li c mc logic "0". Tt c cc u ra c ni n mch "V", mt u
mch "V" ni ti mch to xung nhp. Ch khi c xung nhp a ti u vo "V" th cc xung u
ra b so snh mi a ra mch nh FF (Flip-Flop). Nh vy c sau 1 thi gian bng 1 chu k xung
nhp li c 1 tn hiu c bin i v a n u ra. Xung nhp bo m cho qu trnh so snh kt
thc mi a tn hiu vo b nh. B m ho c nhim v bin i tn hiu vo di dng m m
thnh m nh phn.
Mch ny c u im l tc bin i nhanh, v qu trnh so snh thc hin song song.
Nhng nhc im l kt cu mch phc tp vi s linh kin qu ln. Vi b chuyn i N bit,
phn bit c 2
N
mc lng t ho, phi dng (
1 2
N
) b so snh. V vy phng php ny ch
dng trong cc b A/D yu cu s bt nh v tc chuyn i cao. Ngy nay ngi ta ch to
cc b A/D song song 7 bits vi f
C
= 15MHz
6.2.3. Chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin.
Hnh 6-6 biu din s khi v nguyn tc lm vic ca mch. Hnh 6-7 l th thi gian
in p ra ca cc khi hnh 6-6.
_
S1
+
FF
FF
FF
FF
M
ho
_
S2
+
_
S4
+
_
Sm
+
Nhp
+U
ch
U
M
R
R
R
2
R
U
D
Hnh 6-5: S nguyn l b chuyn i A/D theo phng
php song song
U
A
To in p
rng ca
To nhp
SS
1
SS
2
+
_
+
_
U
A
U
SS1
U
SS2
U
C
U
G
U
D
Hnh 6-6: S nguyn tc ca A/D lm vic theo phng
php m n gin
m,
M ha
162
in p vo U
A
c so snh vi in p chun dng rng ca U
C
nh b so snh SS1. Khi
U
A
>U
C
th SS1=1, khi U
A
<U
C
th SS1=0.
B so snh SS2 so snh in p rng ca vi mc 0V (t). U
SS1
v U
SS2
c a n mt
mch "V". Xung ra U
G
c rng t l vi ln ca in p vo tng t U
A
, vi gi thit xung
chun dng rng ca c dc khng i.
Mch "V" th 2 ch cho ra cc xung nhp khi tn ti U
G
, ngha l trong khong thi gian 0 <
U
C
< U
A
. Mch m u ra s m s xung nhp . ng nhin, s xung ny t l vi ln ca
U
A
.
B to xung rng ca l mt b tch phn ta nghin cu chng 4. S nguyn l trn
hnh 6-8.
U
U
A
U
C
t
t
t
t
t
M
U
SS2
U
SS1
U
G
0
0
0
Hnh 6-7: th thi
gian in p ra cc khi
ca hnh 6-6

U'
C1
R
U
ch
C
U
C
_
+
Hnh 6-8: S nguyn l mch to xung rng ca
163
Dng in p chun mt chiu U
ch
np cho t C thng qua in tr R, ta c in p ra:
t
RC
U
dt U
RC
U
ch
t
ch C
.
1
0

Gi s ti t = t
m
th U
C
= U
A
, ta c:
M
ch
A
t
RC
U
U , do
RC .
U
U
t
ch
A
M

S xung nhp m c trong thi gian t
M
gi l Z
Z = f
n
.t
M
, vi f
n
l tn s xung nhp, hay:
RC .
U
U
. f Z
ch
A
n
(6-6)
Theo (6-6) ta thy rng Z t l vi U
A
nh mong mun, nhng Z cn ph thuc vo R, C v
f
n
. Nu nhng tham s ny khng n nh th kt qu m c sai s. Ngoi ra, trong phng php
ny yu cu f
n
phi ln t c chnh xc cn thit.
6.2.4. Chuyn i A/ D theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc
Mch in hnh 6-9 minh ho nguyn tc lm vic ca b A/D theo phng php tch phn
hai sn dc. Khi mch logic iu khin cho kho K v tr 1 th U
A
np in cho t C thng qua
in tr R. Trn u ra mch tch phn A
1
c in p:
t U
RC
dt U
RC
U
A
t
A C
.
1 1
'
0

(6-7)

Hnh 6-9: S nguyn l ca b A/D lm vic theo phng php tch
phn hai sn dc
C
R
U
A
U
C
_
+
_
+
m
Mch
logic
m
Z
0
Nhp
"v"
U
D
U
ch
K
1 2
A
1
A
2
S
S

U'
C1
U
D

U
A

0
U
D

U
A

0
164
Gi thit thi gian np cho t l t
1
, ta c in p h trn t sau thi gian t
1
l
1
. '
1
t
RC
U
U
A
Ct
(6-8)
U'
Ct1
t l vi U
A
Tu theo U
A
ln hay b m in p U'
C
(t) c dc khc nhau nh trn hnh
6-10. Trong thi gian t
1
, b m Z
0
cng m cc xung nhp. Ht thi gian t
1
kho K c mch
logic iu khin sang v tr 2, ng thi tn hiu t mch logic cng c a n mch "V" lm
cho mch "V" thng i vi xung nhp. Ti thi im ny mch m u ra bt u m, ng
thi mch m Z
0
c mch logic iu khin v v tr ngh.
Khi kho K v tr 2, in p U
ch
bt u np cho t C theo chiu ngc li, phng trnh
np l:
t
RC
U
U
ch
C
.
' '
(6-9)
Sau mt khong thi gian t
2
th:
2
' '
.
2
t
RC
U
U
ch
Ct
(6-10)
Gi thit sau thi gian t
2
th | U | | U |
'
C
' '
C
, ngha l in p trn t C bng 0. Theo (6-8) v (6-
10) ta c:
2 1
t
RC
U
t
RC
U
ch A
hay: 1 2
t
U
U
t
ch
A
(6-11)
Mt khc, c th xc nh c s xung a n mch m Z
0
trong khong thi gian t
1
l:
Z
0
= f
n
.t
1
(6-12)
U
C
t
0
t
1
t'
2
t
2
U'
C1

U'
C1
U
A
Hnh 6-10: th thi gian in p ra
trn mch tch phn
U
D

U
A

0
U
D

U
A

0
165
Trong : f
n
l tn s dy xung nhp. T (6-12) suy ra:
n
0
1
f
Z
t
(6-13)
Thay (6-13) vo (6-11) xc nh c:
n
0
ch
A
2
f
Z
.
U
U
t
(6-14)
Do s xung nhp m c nh mch m u ra trong khong thi gian t
2
l:
0
ch
A
n 2
Z .
U
U
f . t Z
(6-15)
Sau thi gian t
2
mch m ra b ngt, v U
C
= 0 v mch logic ng cng "V". Qu trnh
c lp li trong chu k chuyn i tip theo.
Theo (6-15) ta thy s xung m c u ra t l vi in p tng t U
A
cn chuyn i.
y kt qu m khng ph thuc vo cc thng s RC ca mch v cng khng ph thuc vo
tn s xung nhp f
n
, nh trong phng php m n gin. Nh vy kt qu chuyn i kh chnh
xc v khng cn chn tn s xung nhp f
n
cao. Tuy nhin tn s xung nhp phi c n nh cao
sao cho tr s ca n trong khong thi gian t
1
v t
2
nh nhau php gin c trong biu thc (6-
15) khng gy sai s.
Trong phng php m n gin v phng php tch phn hai sn dc, ta lm cho in
p U
A
t l vi thi gian t
1
v t
2
ri m s xung nhp xut hin trong khong thi gian . V vy
cc phng php ny cn c tn gi chung l phng php gin tip thng qua thng s thi gian.
6.2.5. Chuyn i A/ D, D/A phi tuyn
Ta bit rng sai s tuyt i ca b chuyn i A/D khng i, cn sai s tng i ca n
tng khi bin tn hiu vo gim. Trng hp mun cho sai s tng i khng i trong ton
gii bin i ca in p vo th ng c tnh truyn t ca b bin i phi c dng loga (hnh
6-11a), sao cho t s tn hiu trn tp m thay i trong gii bin i ca in p vo. Nh ting
ni nh khng b tp m ln t v cng l mt cch lm cho qu trnh lng t ho thch ng vi
c tnh ca tai ngi. l c tnh ln t c tp m khi tn hiu vo ln. Ngoi ra, lng t
ho phi tuyn cn cho php tng dung lng ca knh thoi do gim c s bit vi cng cht
lng thng tin nh nhau khi lng t ho tuyn tnh.
U
D

U
A

0
U
D

U
A

0
a) b)
Hnh 6-11: c tnh bin i phi tuyn
a) ca b bin i A/D; b) ca b bin i D/A
0 2 4 8 16 32 64
128
166
c li tn hiu trung thc nh ban u, b bin i ngc D/A theo phng php ny c
cu to sao cho ng c tnh bin i ngc ca n c dng hm s m (hnh 6-11b). c trng
bin i A/D thng dng hm s:
) 1 ln(
) 1 ln(
+
+
x
y
(6-16)
trong :
max Amax
;
D
D A
U
U
y
U
U
x
Theo (6-16) y = 0 khi x = 0 v y = 1 khi x = 1.
dc y' ti x = 0:
) 1 ln(
| '
0
x
y
Hnh 6-12 biu din hm s ny vi = 100. So snh vi ng c tnh
y = x th ng cong (6-13) c dc gp i ti gc to . Do vi tn hiu b, ng c tnh
c bc "thang" bin i dy hn. Tng ng t s tn hiu trn tp m tnh c l 6dB. Nu ng
c tnh c dc ti gc to y'' = 21,7 th t s S/N = 26,7 dB
Thc t rt kh tng h s , v ng c tnh cng cong th vic thc hin hai ng cong
bin i A/D v D/A c dng nh nhau, bin i ngc nhau v c dc ph hp rt phc tp.
Trong thc t n gin ta chia ng c tnh truyn t thnh 2 on c dc khc nhau: vi
tn hiu b (
A
1
x < ) dng hm s
A ln 1
A
y
x
1
+
v vi tn hiu ln dng hm s:
A ln 1
A ln 1
y
X
2
+
+
.
Theo nguyn tc , ngi ta thc hin ng t tnh gm 13 sc mng: 6 sec mng ng vi
x > 0; 6 sc mng ng vi x < 0 v sc mng th 13 i qua gc to c |y| = 2,8 (hnh 6-13). Cc
sc mng k nhau c dc hn km nhau hai ln.
0 2 4 8 16 32 64
128
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 x
y
Hnh 6-12: ng cong vi
=100.
) 1 ln(
) x . 1 ln(
y
+
+
I
N-1
=
I
0

167
Bng cch c th ch to mt b chuyn i A/D- 4 bit, trong 1 bit dng ch th cc
tnh ca in p vo, v 3 bit biu din mt tn hiu c gii bin i in p vo ln gp 256 ln
sc mng nh nht, ngha l so vi lng t ho tuyn tnh th s bit gim i mt na.
truyn tn hiu ting ni thng dng m 8 bt. Bng cch chia mi sec mng trn thnh
16 phn nh s thu c m 8 bt mong mun.
6.3. CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I D/A
Chuyn i s-tng t (D/A) l qu trnh tm li tn hiu tng t t N s hng (N bt)
bit ca tn hiu s, vi chnh xc l mt mc lng t t 1 LSB.
Chuyn i D/A khng phi l php nghch o ca chuyn i A/D, v khng th thc hin
php nghch o ca qu trnh lng t ha.
ly li tn hiu tng t t tn hiu s, dng s nguyn tc trn hnh 6-14.
Theo s ny th qu trnh chuyn
i s- tng t l qu trnh tm li tn hiu
tng t ly mu c. Tn hiu u ra
l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian nh trn
hnh 6-15. Tn hiu ny c a qua mt
b lc thng thp l tng. u ra b lc
c tn hiu U
A
bin i lin tc theo thi
gian, l tn hiu ni quy ca U
M
.
Sau y ta s xt mt s phng php chuyn i D/A c bn.
U
A
D/A LTT
U
D
U
M
Hnh 6-14: S khi nguyn tc bin i
tm li tn hiu tng t t tn hiu s
0
U
M
U
A
t
Hnh 6-15: th thi gian ca tn hiu sau mch chuyn
i D/A
0 2 4 8 16 32 64
128
S mc
S
c

m
n
g
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Hnh 6-13: c tnh truyn t ca b
chuyn i D/A phi tuyn dng trong thc t
I
N-1
=
I
0

168
6.3.1. Chuyn i D/A bng phng php thang in tr
S 6-16 minh ha nguyn l lm vic ca b chuyn i D/A theo phng php thang
in tr. u vo b khuych i thut ton l mt thang in tr. M tr s ca chng phn b theo
m nh phn, cc in tr ln cn nhau hn km nhau 2 ln. Tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu s cn
chuyn i. Bt c ngha nh nht (LSB) c a n iu khin kha ni vi in tr ln nht R,
bit c ngha ln hn tip c a n iu khin kha ni vi in tr nh hn R/2... v MSB
iu khin kha ni vi in tr nh nht (
2
1 - N
R
). Nu mt bt c gi tr "O" th kha tng ng ni
t v nu mt bt c gi tr "1" th kha K tng ng ni vi ngun in p chun U
ch
to nn
mt dng in t l nghch vi tr s in tr ca nhnh , ngha l I
o
c gi tr b nht, I
N-1
c gi
tr ln nht. Dng sinh ra trong cc nhnh in tr c a n u vo b khuych i, u ra b
khuych i thut ton c in p:

1 N
0 n
n ht M
I R U
(6-17)
thc hin chuyn mch K trong s 6-16 c th dng s 6-17. y l mt mch
khuych i vi sai lm vic trng thi bo ha. Khi tn hiu iu khin c gi tr "O" th I
o
qua
T
1
xung t, khi tn hiu iu khin c gi tr "1" th I
o
c dn qua T
2
n u vo b
khuych i thut ton.
2
1
I
1
I
N-1
2
N-1
=
2
0
R
ht
U
M
_
+
I
0

R
K
U
ch
Tn hiu iu khin s
Hnh 6-16: S nguyn l b chuyn i
D/A theo phng php thang in tr
169
Chuyn i D/A theo phng php ny yu cu tr s ca cc in tr phi rt chnh xc. V
d in tr nh nht
1 - N
2
R
phi chnh xc n mc sai s dng in qua khng vt qu 1 LSB,
vi N=16 th sai s ny khong 0,5%.
6.3.2. Chuyn i D/A bng phng php mng in tr
S nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php ny nh hnh 6-18. y cc ngun
dng c to ra bi ngun in p chun U
ch
. Dng in ca chng bng nhau v bng I
o
. Tn hiu
cn chuyn i c a n chuyn mch K. Khi mt bt no ca tn hiu iu khin l "0" th
I
o
tng ng

vi bt b ngn mch qua kha xung t. Ngc li, nu tn hiu iu khin l "1"
th I
o
ng vi bt c dn ti u vo b khuych i qua mng in tr.
Trong s ny mng in tr lm nhim v phn dng. V in tr nhnh ngang bng mt
na in tr nhnh dc, nn dng i qua mi khu in tr th gim i mt na. Dng in ng vi
LSB i qua N-1 khu in tr, dng in ng vi bit c ngha ln hn i qua N-2 khu.....v dng
I
0
. . .
_
+
U
M
R
ht
i
N-1
i
N-2
i
1
i
0
R R 2R
2R
2R 2R
I
0
I
0
I
0
K
Tn hiu
iu khin
Hnh 6-18: S nguyn l b chuyn i D/A
theo phng php mng in tr
Tn hiu iu khin
T
1
T
2
I
0
R
-U
ch
U
M
+
_
R
ht
Hnh 6-17: Minh ha nguyn tc lm vic ca
chuyn mch K trn hnh 6-16.
170
ng vi MSB c a trc tip n u b khuych i. Kt qu l cc dng in ca vo b
khuych i c tr s tng ng vi bit m n i din. Chng c tr s gim dn t MSB n LSB
theo m nh phn. in tr nhnh ngang cui cng c gi tr s l 2R bng in tr nhnh dc
m bo s phn dng cho
2
I
i
0
2 N

khu cui cng cng ging nh cc khu trc.

Trong s ny s in tr phi dng kh ln. Nu phi chuyn i N bit th s in tr phi
dng l 2(N-1), trong khi theo phng php thang in tr ch phi dng N in tr m thi.
TM TT
Kt thc chng ngi hc cn hiu v nm c cc vn :
- Tn hiu trong h thng thng tin s l tn hiu s. T tn hiu tng t (Analog) mun
chuyn i thnh tn hiu s (Digital) phi dng b chuyn i tng t- s vit tt l A/D. Ngc
li khi c tn hiu s mun chun thnh tn hiu tng t phi dng b chuyn i s- tng t vit
tt l D/A.
- Chuyn i A/D. Nguyn tc chuyn i A/D c m t trn c tuyn truyn t hnh 6-
1. y U
A
l tn hiu tng t, U
D
l tn hiu s. Ta thy tn hiu s l tn hiu r rc, mt phm
vi gi tr ca U
A
c biu din bng mt i din s thch hp di dng s nh phn. Vi U
Amax
l
in p tng t cc i u vo, th mmt nc ca hnh thang (cn gi l mc lng t Q) bng:
Q = U
Amax
/(2
N
1).
Do tn hiu s l tn hiu ri rc nn trong qu trnh chuyn i A/D xut hin sai s lng t
U
Q
= Q/2.
Trc khi chuyn i A/D phi ly mu tn hiu tng t. qu trnh khi phc li tn hiu
tng t trung thc, tn s ly mu phi tho mn iu kin f
M
2F
max
, trong F
max
l tn s gii
hn trn ca gii tn hiu vo.
- Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i A/D:
+ Gii bin i in p ca tn hiu tng t u vo.
+ chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D: c nh gi bng s bt N ca t m, khi xem gii
bin ca in p tn hiu vo khng i. Trong chuyn i A/D lun tn ti sai s c gi l sai
s lng t. Ngoi ra c th c cc sai s khc nh sai s n iu, sai s lch khng, sai s khuch
i.
+ Tc chuyn i: trong chuyn i A/D tc chuyn i v chnh xc mu thun
nhau.
+ Cc bc chuyn i A/D: c ba bc: ly mu tn hiu tng t v gi mu, lng t ho,
m ho.
- Cc phng php chuyn i A/D.
171
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song: phng php ny c u im l tc
chuyn i nhanh nhng phi dng nhiu b so snh. Vi mch chuyn i cho tn hiu s N bt
cn c 2
N
1 b so snh.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin: phng php ny mch n gin hn,
ch cn hai b so snh. Tuy vy mun c chnh xc cao cn linh kin RC trong mch to in p
rng ca c sai s nh, tn s xung nhp (f
n
) phi ln.
+ Chuyn i A/D theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc c u im hn c. chnh
xc ca qu trnh chuyn i cao, n khng ph thuc sai s ca linh kin trong mch cng nh
yu cu v tn s xung nhp.
+ Chuyn i A/D, D/A phi tuyn c u im l lm tng t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) khi
tn hiu vo nh. Ngoi ra lng t ho phi tuyn cn cho php tng dung lng ca knh thoi do
gim c s bt ca t m vi cng cht lng thng tin nh nhau so vi khi lng t ho tuyn
tnh.
+ Chuyn i D/A l qu trnh tm li tn hiu tng t U
A
t tn hiu s U
D
. B chuyn i
D/A cho ta tn ta li tn hiu tng t ly mu U
M
. l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian. Tn hiu
ny qua mch lc thng thp l tng cho tn hiu U
A
bin i lin tc theo thi gian, l tn hiu ni
suy ca U
M
.
- Cc phng php chuyn i D/A.
+ Chuyn i D/A dng thang in tr: mch gm mt thang in tr c s in tr bng s
bt ca t m. Tr s cc in tr lin k cch nhau hai ln R, R/2,...,R/2
N-1
. Cc bt tng ng ca
tn hiu s U
D
iu khin chuyn mch, ni in p U
ch
vi in tr tng ng nu bt nhn gi tr 1
v ni t nu bt nhn gi tr 0. Dng tng qua R
ht
, cho in p u ra l mt xung c bin
tng ng vi t m m nhim tc ng u vo. Mch ny c nhiu loi in tr bng s bt N,
d gy sai s do tr s cc in tr khc nhau qu nhiu.
+ Chuyn i D/A dng mng in tr. Mng ch dng hai loi in tr R v 2R nn nh
hng ca sai s linh kin t hn. Do cch u ca mng in tr nn dng in t tri qua phi, c
qua mt nt mch phi chia i gi tr. Dng tng gy st p trn R
ht
cho in p ra l xung c bin
tng ng tn hiu s tc ng u vo.
Ch : cc phng php chuyn i A/D, D/A ti liu ny u xt qu trnh chuyn i
tuyn tnh c mc lng t Q u. Hin nay vi mch chuyn i A/D, D/A dng rt ph bin, c
chia theo cc h. Cc vi mch chuyn i A/D k hiu ADC 0801 - 0805, t tn hiu tng t cho
ra tn hiu s 8 bit. Cc vi mch chuyn i D/A k hiu DAC 0806 - 0808, l b chuyn i
ngc, t tn hiu s 8 bt cho ra tn hiu tng t.
CU HI V BI TP
6.1. chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D ph thuc vo tham s no? ti sao?
6.2. Nu cc bc chuyn i A/D?
6.3. S v nguyn l hot ng ca b chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song?
172
6.4. Trong s chuyn i A/D theo phng php song song mc lng t Q th hin u? Tm
biu thc xc nh gi tr ?
6.5. S v nguyn l chuyn i ca b chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin?
6.6. Trong s chuyn i A/D theo png phng php m n gin mc lng t Q th hin
u? Tm biu thc xc inh gi tr ?
6.7. So snh u im b chuyn i A/D theo phng php tch phn hai sn i vi phng php
m n gin?
6.8. Th no l chuyn i A/D phi tuyn? ngha thc t ca n?
6.9. Nu cc bc chuyn i D/A?
6.10. S v nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php thang in tr?
6.11. S v nguyn l b chuyn i D/A theo phng php mng in tr?
6.12. So snh b chuyn i D/A dng phng php thang in tr vi phng php dng mng
in tr?
6.13. Mt tn hiu tng t c gii tn s 300 Hz n 3700 Hz. Hy xc nh tn s ly mu
chuyn i A/D trong trng hp ?
Nu tn s ly mu f
M
= 8000Hz th chu k ly mu T
M
l bao nhiu?
6.14. Mt b chuyn i A/D c U
a max
= 5v. Hy xc nh mc lng t Q v sai s lng t ca
n trong cc trng hp: s bt t m N = 3, s bt t m N = 6, nhn xt?
6.15. Tn s ly mu trong chuyn i A/D khi tn hiu vo c gii tn F
min
F
max
l:
a. f
M
2F
min
. b. f
M
2F
max
.
c. f
M
< 2F
max
. d. f
M
= F
max
.
6.16. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D khi U
a max
khng i ph thuc vo:
a. ln tn s ly mu f
M
.
b. rng gii tn tn hiu vo.
c. S bt N ca t m.
d. C b v c.
6.17. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D dng phng php m n gin ph thuc vo thng s
ca mch:
a. Ch ph thuc f
n
.
b. Ph thuc R, C.
c. Ph thuc R, C v f
n
.
d. Khng ph thuc.
6.18. chnh xc trong chuyn i A/D dng phng php tch phn hai sn dc ph thuc vo
thng s ca mch:
U
1
U
01
U
r
R
t

I
t
173
a. Ph thuc f
n
, R v C.
b. Ph thuc R, C.
c. Khng ph thuc.
d. Ch ph thuc f
n
.
6.19. S in tr dng trong thang in tr ca mch chuyn i D/A khi s bt ca t m N:
a. 2N. b. N.
c. 2(N 1). d. 2(N + 1).
6.20. S in tr dng trong mng in tr ca mch chuyn i D/A khi s bt ca t m N:
a. N. b. 2N - 1.
c. 2(N 1). d. (N + 1)
U
1
U
01
U
r
R
t

I
t
174
Chng 7: Mch cung cp ngun
CHNG 7: MCH CUNG CP NGUN
GII THIU CHUNG
Cc vn chnh ca chng gm:
- Khi nim b ngun, s khi ca b ngun gm cc khi bin p, chnh lu, lc san
bng v n p.
- Bin p: nhim v ca bin p.
- Mch chnh lu: chnh lu mt pha na sng, chnh lu mt pha ton sng, chnh lu cu
v chnh lu bi p. Nhim v ca mch chnh lu.
- Mch lc. Nhim v ca mch lc. C mch lc C, mch lc L, mch lc LC v RC.
- Mch n p. Nhim v ca mch n p. C mch n p dng it zene, mch n p dng
tranzito, mch n p dng vi mch.
- Mch bo v qu dng, qu p. Nhim v ca mch bo v. Phn tch mch bo v qu
dng, mch bo v qu p.
- B ngun chuyn mch: khi nim, s khi v nguyn l hot ng ca b ngun
chuyn mch.
NI DUNG
7.1. KHI NIM
Mch ngun cung cp c nhim v cung cp nng lng mt chiu cho cc mch in v thit
b in t hot ng. Nng lng mt chiu ca n c ly t ngun xoay chiu ca li in thng
qua qu trnh bin i thc hin trong b ngun mt chiu. Hnh 7-1 biu din s khi ca mt b
ngun mt chiu hon chnh vi chc nng cc khi nh sau:

Bin p bin i in p xoay chiu U
1
thnh in p xoay chiu U
2
c gi tr thch hp vi
yu cu. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng trc tip U
1
khng cn bin p.
- Mch chnh lu c nhim v chuyn in p xoay chiu U
2
thnh in p mt chiu khng
bng phng U
0
. S khng bng phng ny ph thuc c th vo tng dng mch chnh lu.
U
M
I
o
Hnh 7-1. S khi b ngun.
U
0
Bin p
Mch chnh
lu
Mch
lc
Mch n p
(n dng)
U
2
U
1
U
01
U
r
R
t

I
t
175
- Mch lc c nhim v san bng in p mt chiu p mch U
0
thnh in p mt chiu U
01
t nhp nh hn.
- Mch n p mt chiu (n dng) c nhim v n nh in p (dng in) u ra U
r
(It),
khi U
01
thay i theo s mt n nh ca U
1
hay dng ti It thay i. Trong trng hp khng c yu
cu cao th khng cn mch n p, n dng mt chiu.
7.2. BIN P
Bin p l thit b lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng in t dng bin i in p xoay
chiu na thnh in p xoay chiu khc nhng tn s khng i. Trong thit b ngun bin p
ngoi nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu ca mng in thnh in p xoay chiu c tr s cn
thit vi mch chnh lu cn c tc dng ngn cch mch chnh lu vi mch in v mt chiu.
Mt bin p c bn c hai cun dy cun trn li st t hnh 7-2. Cun s cp c ni vi
mng in, cun th cp c ni vi ti.
Cc thng s pha s cp thng c ghi ch s 1: s vng dy s cp W
1
in p hiu dng,
dng in hiu dng, cng sut hiu dng s cp U
1
, I
1
, P
1
. Cc thng s cun th cp ghi ch s 2:
W
2
, U
2
, I
2
,P
2
. Ngoi ra cn c cc i lng nh mc ca bin p: in p nh mc: U
1dm
, U
2dm
,
dng nh mc I
1dm
, I
2dm
, cng sut nh mc P
dm
.
Nu b qua tn hao do in tr dy cun v t thng tn hao th h s bin p n c tnh:
n = U
1
/ U
2
= W
1
/ W
2
(7-1)
7.3. CHNH LU MT PHA
7.3.1 Chnh lu mt pha na sng :
7.3.1.1. Vi ti thun tr (hnh 7-3a)
Gi s na chu k u U
2
dng, it D phn cc thun, D thng nn c dng qua it, qua
R
t
khp kn mch.
Na chu k sau U
2
m, it D phn cc ngc nn tt, khng c dng qua ti. Nu b qua st
p thun trn it th dng sng in p ngun, dng sng in p ra, dng in trn ti, dng sng
in p ngc t t ln it D nh hnh 7-3b.
U
M
I
o
U
2

U
0
2
a)
U 1
U 2
Hnh 7- 2. Bin p ngun.
176

Ta thy trong 1 chu k ca in p mng, ch c 1 xung dng qua ti m =1.
in p trn ti u
0
v dng in qua ti i
0
bao gm thnh phn 1 chiu v v s cc thnh
phn xoay chiu t bc mt tr ln, nhng thnh phn xoay chiu ny gy nn p mch (nhp
nh) ca in p u ra b chnh lu.
n
n
n
n
u U U
i I i
+
+
0 0
1
0 0
1
B qua tn hao trn it, ta c thnh phn 1 chiu ca in p trn ti U
0

2
2
0
2
45 , 0 sin
2
U
U
t td m U
m
U
m
o

(7-2)
U in p hiu dng ca u;
2
2
2
m
U
U
- Tn s p mnh ca in p trn ti:
f
d
= m.f = f = 50Hz
- in p ngc ln nht t ln it:
U
Dngmax
=U
2m
(7-3)
U
2
U
2m
2 t
0
i
o
I
M
u
Dng
U
M
u
o
U
2m
U
o
Hnh 7-3: S chnh lu v
th dng sng ca chnh
lu 1 pha na sng
I
o
t
t
b)
a)
U 1
U 2 Rt
D
U
0
U
2

U
0
2
a)
u
2b
u
2a
I
o
177
7.3.1.2. Vi ti dung tnh
Khi u ra b chnh lu mc 1 t C song song vi ti, vi iu kin
t C
R
c m
X <<
1
th
ti ca b nn c coi l mang dung tnh (Hnh 7-3a)
Nu gi tr t C sao cho X
C
<<R
t
, th tt c cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng nn i
0
s c ni tt qua t C, trn R
t
ch cn thnh phn 1 chiu I
0

V s c mt ca t C nn khi D thng, C c np vi hng s thi gian np
n
=(r
S
+r
v
)C.
Khi D tt, t C phng qua ti vi hng s thi gian phng
P
=R
t
.C.
V ni tr ca ngun r
S
v ca van nn r
v
(r
S
+r
v
) << R
t
nn
n
<<
P
, v vy in p trn t C
bin i rt t. it ch thng khi gi tr in p tc thi ca ngun (u
S
) vt in p u
C
, nn xut
hin gc ct ca xung dng in nn.
in p trung bnh (in p 1 chiu) trn t c tnh bng:
U
C
=U
0
=U
2m
cos (7-4)
Ta thy U
0
l hm ca m li ph thuc vo gi tr ca ti so vi tng tr ca mch.
t S
R / R 3
Khi h ti (R
t
=) th I
0hm
= 0; = 0 vy U
0hm
= U
2m
- in p ngc ln nht t ln it l trong trng hp h mch (R
t
=)
U
ngmaxtt
=2U
2m
(7-5)
S nn 1 pha na sng c u im l n gin nhng c nhng khuyt im:
- Dng trung bnh qua it ln I
tbv
=I
0
i
o
U
2

U
0
U
C
2
I
o
t
b)
U
2m
U
o
Hnh 7-4: S nn 1 pha na sng ti dung tnh v dng sng trn ti
2
t
U 1
U 2 U o C
Rt
D
a)
u
2b
u
2a
I
o
178
- Tn s p mch nh f
d
=f=50Hz nn kh lc san bng.
7.3.2 Chnh lu mt pha ton sng
7.3.2.1. Chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia
+ Vi ti thun tr
Trn s hnh 7-5a: bin p 1 pha c cun th cp ra im gia, to thnh 2 in p u
2a
, u
2b
c bin bng nhau v lch pha nhau 180
0
t vo 2 it, khin chng thay nhau lm vic trong c
chu k.
Khi u
2a
bn chu k dng (a+;b-), it D
1
thng, D
2
kho c dng i
2a
(aD
1
R
t
0) cn
dng i
2b
= 0.
Khi u
2b
bn chu k dng (b+; a-), it D
2
thng it D
1
kho, c dng i
2b

(b D
2
R
t
0), cn dng i
2a
= 0. Vy trong 1 chu k c 2 xung dng qua ti cng chiu, cn trn
mi na cun th cp ch c 1 xung dng, m = 2 v tn s p mch f
d
=2f=100Hz.
Dng qua ti
a b n
n
i i i I i
+ +
0 2 2 0
1
Do in p trn ti
n
n
u U u
+
0 0
1
Dng v in p trn ti bao gm thnh phn 1 chiu (I
0
, U
0
) v v s cc thnh phn xoay
chiu ( i

; u
) thnh phn 1 chiu ca dng in chnh lu:

M M
I , I I
2 2 0
636 0
2

(7-6)
Hnh 7-5:
S chnh lu 1 pha ton sng vi th
cp bin p c im gia khi ti thun
tr, dng sng u vo, u ra b chnh
lu v in p ngc trn it
u
2b
D
1
u
1
a
i
2b
i
2a
b
D
2
u
2a
0
U
o
i
0
R
t
a)
I
2M
u
2
t
U
0
2
u
2M
u
2a
i
2
I
o
i
2a
u
0
b)
u
2b
i
2a
t
t
u
2a
u
2b
U
C
179
Trong :
t f
M
M
R r
U
I
+
2
2
r
f
= r
b.a
+r
D
l in tr thun tn hao ca 1 pha chnh lu bao gm in tr tng cun dy
bin p r
b.a
v in tr thun it r
D
, thnh phn mt chiu ca in p nn:
t
t f
M
t
R
R r
U
R I U
+

2
0 0
2
Nu b qua tn hao bin p v chnh lu (b qua r

f
) th
2 2 0
9 0
2
U , U U
M

(7-7)
+ Vi ti dung tnh.
Khi c C// R
t
v
t
c
c
R
m
X <<
1
th b chnh lu c ti dung tnh
Khi ti dung tnh th cc it ch thng khi gi tr dng tc thi ca in p th cp, vt
U
C
tc l xut hin gc ct ca dng in chnh lu v in p 1 chiu U
0
ph thuc .
cos U cos U U
M 2 2 0
2 (7-8)
Khi R
t
= (ch h mch) = 0
2 2 0
2U U U
M hm

- in p ngc cc i t trn it:
2
2 2 2 U U U
M max Dng
(7-9)
+ Vi ti cm tnh.
R
t
Hnh 7-6: Chnh lu ton sng bin p im gia ti dung tnh v dng sng.
D
1
D
2
a
b
u
2a
u
2b
u
1~
i
2a
i
2b
C
+
_
U
0
I
2
u
2a
u
2b
u
C
i
0
U
o
t
u
0
t
I
o
u
2a
u
2b
U
C
180
Ti u ra b chnh lu mc cun chn ni tip vi ti cun dy L
ch
s chn tt c cc thnh
phn xoay chiu ca dng in chnh lu, vi iu kin:
X
Lch
=mL
ch
>>R
t
R
Lch
<<R
t
th tt c cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in chnh lu s b chn li trn L
ch
, cn trn
ti R
t
l thnh phn in p, dng in 1 chiu U
0
, I
0
. Dng in qua L
ch
v R
t
l lin tc khng i
trong sut c chu k (hnh 7-7b)
- B qua cc tn hao trn bin p, it v L
ch
th:
t
R
U
I ; U , U
0
0 2 0
9 0
(7-10)
Trong thc t loi b tng i trit cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in chnh
lu, ngi ta khng ch dng cun chn ring l m kt hp vi t C mc sau n v song song vi
R
t
, gim nh tr khng ra ca b chnh lu.
* So vi s chnh lu 1 pha na sng, th s ny c u im:
- in p, dng in 1 chiu ra ln
- Tn s p mch f
d
= 2f d lc san bng
- Dng trung bnh qua it nh
* Nhc im:
- in p ngc t ln it ln
- Bt buc phi dng bin p
Hnh 7-7: Chnh lu ton sng bin p gia vi ti cm v dng sng
a)
D
1
D
2
a
b
u
2a
u
2b
u
1~
i
2a
i
2b
L
ch
+
_
U
0
I
0
R
t
u
0
U
2M
u
2a
u
2b
U
C
u
2
u
0
t
U
o
i
0
I
0
b)
t
t
C
1
+
+
C
1
_
+
C
2
I
0
U
2
181
7.3.2.2. Chnh lu cu mt pha
S chnh lu cu mt pha: gm ngun xoay chiu vo (c th c bin p hoc khng), 4
it mc theo s cu, v ti.
Khi na chu k ng vi a+, b- th D
1
v D
3
thng, th c dng i
2a
t a D
1
ti D
3
b.
Na chu k ng vi b+, a- th D
2
v D
4
thng, c dng i
2a
t b D
2
ti D
4
a.
Trong mt chu k ca in p mng, s lm vic hai ln vi ti, c 2 xung dng qua ti
nn f
d
= 2f = 100Hz.
i vi ti in tr, in cm, in dung cc dng sng v tr s ging nh s chnh lu
ton sng 1 pha vi bin p im gia.
- Vi ti thun tr: U
0
0,9 U
2
- Vi ti dung tnh:
'
2
2 0
2
2
U U
cos U U
ohm
- Vi ti cm tnh: U
0
0,9 U
2
,cn in p ngc ln nht t ln it
2 2
2U U U
M max Dng

- u im ca s cu so vi s c bin p th cp ra im gia .
+ C th dng bin p hoc khng
+ Nu dng bin p v nu cng in p th cun th cp c s vng gim mt na.
7.4. CHNH LU BI P
7.4.1. Chnh lu bi p na sng

B lc
L
ch
C
Hnh 7-8: S chnh lu cu 1 pha vi cc ti khc nhau
i
2a a
_
+
U
0
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
U
2
b
U
1
i
2b
R
t
R
t
R
t
Hnh 7-9: S nn bi
p na sng
a
b
u
1
u
2
C
2
+
D
1
D
2
U
0
R
t
+
_
C
1
+
+
C
1
_
+
C
2
I
0
U
2
182
- C
1
, C
2
c gi tr in dung m bo
t
,
C C
R
C
X , X <<
2 1
2 1
1
th s ny l ti dung
tnh.
Gi s na chu k u c a+; b- th D
1
thng, C
1
c np nhanh vi gi tr U
C1
U
2M
. Na
chu k sau b+; a- th D
2
thng, C
2
c np vi
U
C2
= 2U
2M
.cos = U
0
(7-11)
(in p np cho C
2
l tng in p cc i trn cun th U
2M
ni tip vi in p U
C1
).
Khi h ti:
2 2 2 0
2 2 2 U U U U
M max C hm

7.4.2 Chnh lu bi p ton sng.
S ny c th xem nh 2 s chnh lu 1 pha na sng mc ni tip nhau vi dch
pha gia chng l 180
0
v ti dung tnh.
Gi thit na chu k u c a+; b- th D
1
thng, C
1
c np vi U
C1
=U
2M
cos
Na chu k sau b+; a- c dng i
2
(D
2
thng), C
2
c np:
U
C2
=U
2M
cos (7-11)
Sau 1 chu k in p mng ta c U
0
=U
C1
+U
C2
=2U
2M
cos
Khi h ti ta c: U
0hm
= 2U
2M
=2
2
U
2
S ny 1 chu k in p mng, s lm vic 2 ln vi ti f
d
= 2f.

B lc
Hnh 7-10: S chnh lu bi
p ton sng
U
1
+
C
1
_
R
t
D
1
+
C
2
D
2
I
0
U
0
U
2
183
7.5. B LC
Sau chnh lu, nht thit phi c b lc san bng p mch (hay lc loi b thnh phn
xoay chiu) ca in p chnh lu n mc cn thit m ti yu cu.
nh gi tc dng lc ca b lc, ta coi b lc nh mt mng 4 u m li vo ca n
c cung cp mt in p 1 chiu vi p mch:
K
v
= U
0 v
/U
0v
Ti u ra b lc ta nhn c in p vi p mch:
K
r
= U
0 r
/U
0r
(7-12)
U
0 v
; U
0 r
l bin ca thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p p mch u vo v u ra
c tnh vi hi bc 1
U
0v
, U
or
in p 1 chiu u vo, ra ca b lc. H s lc (hay h s san bng) ca b lc l:
v
r
dr
dv
U
U
.
U
U
K
K
q
0
0
0
0
r
v

(7-13)
Nu coi b lc khng tn hao thnh phn 1 chiu th q U
0 v
/U
0 r
q>1
H s lc ni ln cht lng ca b lc lm gim p mch i bao nhiu ln so vi u
vo.
7.5.2. B lc C, L
- B lc C thng dng trong cc b ngun c Rt ln, cng sut nh. Khi bit K
d
, f =50Hz
th gi tr t C c tnh:
C =3200K
d
/ m Rt (F)
- B lc L dng trong cc b ngun cng sut ln. Khi bit K

, f =50 Hz th gi tr L
ch
c
tnh :
L
ch
=3,2.10
-3
Rt / m K
(H)
7.5.3. B lc LC
B lc LC l b lc c dng thng dng nht trong cc b chnh lu cng sut va v ln.

B lc
Hnh 7-11
184
lc tt cc thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p p
mch, ta chn gi tr L
Ch
sao cho:
X
Lch
=m.L
Ch
>> R
t
(7-14)
V r
Lch
<<R
t
- Tr s in dung sao cho:
X
C
= 1/mC <<R
t
(7-15)
Trong : m l s xung dng qua ti, ph thuc vo s chnh lu.
tn s in mng
r
Lch
in tr thun tn hao trn cun chn, ta c:
0~ r 0~ v
2 2 0 ~v
0 ~r
1 1
.
1
1
( ) 1
ch
ch ch
U U
jm C
jm L
jm C
U
q m L m C m L C
U m C
+
+ +
do m
2
2
L
ch
C >>1 nn q = m
2
2
L
ch
C (b qua 1) (7-16)
H s p mch ca in p ti u ra b chnh lu c xc nh ph thuc vo s b
chnh lu v c tnh ti ca n, cn h s p mch ti u ra b lc do ti yu cu, nn q lun c
th xc nh c trc nn
2 2
m
q
C L
ch

t (7-14) xc nh c L
ch
, vy gi tr t lc:
ch
L m
q
C
2 2
vi f=50Hz; L
ch
tnh theo Henry; C (F)
ch
L m
q
C
2
10
(F) (7-17)
Hiu sut ca b lc:
t
L
t L
t
L
R
r
R r
R
ch
ch
+
1
1
(7-18)
Thng th r
Lch
<< R
t
nn hiu sut ca b lc LC kh cao v q t l vi m
2
,
2
nn h s lc
ca b lc LC rt ln.
Nhng cun chn c th tch trng lng ln, cng knh, gi thnh t.
Hnh 7-12: B lc LC
L
Ch
C
R
t
U
o~V
U
o~r
185
7.5.4. B lc RC
Khi hiu sut b lc l th yu n gin cu trc b lc ngi ta dng b lc RC, trong 1
phn t ca mt lc l in tr thun R mc ni tip vi R
t
. Tnh q ca b lc RC tng t nh tnh q
ca b lc LC
Ta c: q = mCR
t
(7-19)
Vi
t
t
td
R R
RR
R
+
Khi bit trc q; f = 50Hz; C (F); R
t
() ta c:
F) (
td
td
mR
q
c
m
q
CR 3200 3200
(7-20)
- Cho bit st p U
R
trn in tr lc R v dng ti, ta tnh c R=U
R
/I
Rt
Mun lc tt (q ln) th in tr lc ln do tn hao trn b lc s ln v hiu sut ca b
lc s thp.
7.6. N NH IN P
Nhim v ca mch n nh in p l gi cho in p u ra n nh khi in p u vo
thay i hay ti thay i. nh gi n nh ca mch n p ngi ta a ra h s n nh K
u
.
H s n nh in p K
u
ni ln tc dng ca b n nh lm gim khng n nh in
p ra trn ti i bao nhiu ln so vi u vo.
khng n nh u vo :
B n nh
Vdm
V
V
U
U
N

rdm
r
r
U
U
N

Hnh 7-14: Khi n nh in p

R
t
R
C
U
o~r
U
o~V
Hnh 7-13: B lc RC
186
Vdm
V
V
U
U
N

khng n nh in p u ra
rdm
r
r
U
U
N

r V
U , U
l lch ln nht v 1 pha ca in p u vo v u ra so vi cc gi tr
nh mc u vo, u ra U
Vm
, U
rm
. Vy n nh in p ca b n p.
Vdm
rdm
r
V
r
V
u
U
U
U
U
N
N
K

(7-21)
- Di n nh D
u
, D
i
ni nn rng ca khong lm vic ca b n p, n dng.
- Hiu sut: khi lm vic cc b n nh cng tiu hao nng lng in trn chng, do
hiu sut ca b n nh
th r
r
V
r
P P
P
P
P
+

(7-22)
P
r
cng sut c ch trn ti ca b n nh
P
V
cng sut m b n nh yu cu t u vo
P
th
cng sut tn hao trn b n nh
7.6.2. n p dng it zener :
it zener c c im l:
- Nu t in p thun trn it zener th c tnh ca n ging cc it thng.
- Nu t in p ngc th n c th lm vic c sau im nh thng A trn c tuyn
V-A (hnh 7-15a), tc l trong khong AB, chng vo dng in ngc thng qua n cha vt qu
1 gi tr cho php I
ngmax
no (I
Zmax
).
I
Zmin
I
ZTB
I
ZMax
U
ZMax
U
ZMin
U
Z
A
B
U -U
I
a)
+
_
b)
Hnh 7-15: c tnh V-A ca it Zener v s
n p mt chiu dng it Zener
R
I
Z
Z
D
U
r
I = I
Z
+ I
t
U
V
I
t
R
t
Khong n
nh
(vng Zener)
T
1
U
CE
Z
D

U
Ch
U
r

R
t
+
+
187
Ta thy trn c tuyn V-A ca it zener: trn on AB dng ngc bin i I = I
Zmax
- I
Zmin
l rt ln, nhng in p ngc trn n bin i rt t U
Z
=U
Zmax
- U
Zmin
rt nh.
Ngi ta li dng on AB trn c tuyn V-A s dng it zener lm phn t hiu chnh
n nh in p 1 chiu.
Nu dng ngc qua n nh hn I
Zmin
th it zener khng c tc dng n p.
Nu dng ngc qua n ln hn I
Zmax
th it zener s b nh thng hon ton (b ngn
mch) khong lm vic (khong n nh) ca it zener c chn trong khong AB cn im lm
vic tnh thng c chn chnh gia khong lm vic.
2
min Z max Z
Ztb Z
I I
I I
+
(7-23)
Tng ng vi I
Z
ta c U
Z
.
S nguyn l mch n nh in p 1 chiu dng it zener nh hnh 7-15b
Theo s ta c U
r
= U
Z

U
V
= U
R
+U
Z
Khi U
v
tng ln th dng ngc I
Z
tng ln gn tuyn tnh, do
I= (I
Z
+I
t
)U
R
=I.R
Vy lng tng ca U
V
t trn in tr tuyn tnh R, cn U
r
= U
Z
c bin i rt t khi U
V
gim th I
Z
IU
R
.
in tr R hn ch dng I
Z
khng vt qu I
Zmax

- H s n nh in p i vi in p 1 chiu ng thi l h s lc i vi in p xoay
chiu
Z Z Z
Z
r
V
u
r
R
r
R
r
R r
U
U
K +
+
1
(7-24)
U
V
, U
r
l s bin thin ca in p vo v in p ra ca b n p so vi in p vo, in
p ra nh mc.
r
Z
in tr ng ca it Zener
Vy nu it Zener c in tr ng cng nh th n nh cng cao.
Mch n nh in p dng it Zener c s dng khi yu cu cng sut ra nh, v hiu sut
thp 50%, do tn hao trn R ln, mch ny m bo s n nh tt th nn chn:
U
V
= (1,5 3) U
r
Mch n p dng it zener c dng thng dng trong cc b to in p chun cho cc b
n p dng transistor v cc b so snh trong cc mch cnh bo, bo v...
+ T
1
+
T
1
U
CE
Z
D

U
Ch
U
r

R
t
+
+
188
7.6.3. n nh in p mt chiu vi hiu chnh ni tip kiu lin tc
7.6.3.1. S khi
Cc b n nh in p vi hiu chnh ni tip kiu lin tc cn gi l b n p c hi tip c
s khi nh hnh 8-16.
B n nh c hi tip c h s n nh ln cng nh cho cng sut ln.
Trong s PTHC c iu khin bng tn hiu 1 chiu t b khuch i, phn t hiu
chnh l cc transitor cng sut lng cc hay tranzitor cng sut trng, lm vic ch khuch
i ch in tr tip gip (CE hoc DS) bin i theo in p u ra.
in p ra qua mch hi tip a v b so snh, mch hi tip a in p ra hay mt phn
in p ra tr v b so snh, mch hi tip phn ln l 1 b phn p hay phn dng
B so snh thc hin vic so snh gia in p ra trn ti (qua mch hi tip) vi ngun in
p chun, kt qu so snh ta c 1 tn hiu U
S
cng l in p 1 chiu. Tn hiu 1 chiu U
S
c th
a thng n iu khin PTHC hoc thng qua b khuch i tng hiu qu iu khin.
B khuch i: l b khuch i 1 chiu khuch i in p so snh (cn gi l in p sai
lch) trc khi a n iu khin PTHC tng h s n nh ca s . Nh vy b khuch i
c th c, c th khng tu theo yu cu ca h s n nh.
Ngun chun l ni to ra in p n nh khng ph thuc vo s bin i ca U
V
v U
r

cung cp cho b so snh, thng dng it zener to ngun chun.
7.6.3.2. B n nh khng khuch i
T
1
ng vai tr l PTHC kim c b so snh; Z
D
to p chun. in p hi tip 100% (mch
lp emittor). U
ch
a n cc B
U
B(T1)
= U
ch
.
U
E(T1)
= U
r
.
Gi s khi U
V
tng hoc ti gim khin cho U
r
tng hn gi tr U
rdm
, lm cho
U
BE
= U
ch
- U
r
gim. U
BE
gim ngha l phn cc thun cho tip gip BE ca tranzito gim khin cho
ni tr r
CE
ca tranzito tng th st p U
CE
ca tranzito tng, gi cho U
r
khng tng. Vy lng tng
ca U
V
t hon ton trn PTHC. Trng hp U
V
gim hoc dng ti tng th qu trnh ngc li.
Hnh 7-16: S khi b n
nh in p c hi tip
U
r
Mch hi
tip
Ti
Ngun chun
(in p 1 chiu)
cha n nh)
Phn t hiu
chnh
B khuch
i
B so snh
U
V
+ T
1
+
T
1
U
CE
Z
D

U
Ch
U
r

R
t
R
+
+
Hnh 7-17: S n p 1 chiu
vng khuch i
U
V
189
in p ra ca s .
U
r
= U
ch
- U
BE
= U
z
- U
BE
(7-25).
Vi U
BE
(0,6 0,7).
7.6.3.3. B n nh c khuch i :
Trong s :
- T
1
l PTHC.
- T
2
l b so snh v khuch i.
- Z
D
to p chun.
- R
2
, R
3
l phn p hi tip.
- R
1
cng T
2
, Z
D
nh thin dng cho T
1
Khi U
r
gim th qua b phn p R
2
, R
3
in p hi tip U
ht
gim chnh l U
B2
gim U
BE2
=U
B2
-
U
ch
cng gim
(v U
ch
khng i) lm cho U
CE2
tng th U
B1
= U
CE2
+ U
ch
cng tng, T
1
tng thng
U
CE1
gim nn U
r
tng tr li. Khi U
r
tng ln hn tr s nh mc th qu trnh din bin ngc li.
Nh vy nh c vng hi tip m in p ra U
r
lun c iu chnh n nh v:
U
B2
= U
r

3 2
2
R R
R
+
= U
ch
+ U
BE2
.
( )
3
r ch BE2
2
R
U U U 1
R
_
+ +

,
(7-26)
in tr R
1
cho dng colecto T
2
v dng
baz T
1
;

(I
C2
+ I
B1
) qua, nn chn R
1
sao cho
dng qua it zener lun ln hn I
Zmin
it
zener lun nm trong vng n p.
max Bl
r min V
I I
U U
R
+
<
zmin
1
(7-27).
Mch n p trn hnh 7-18 n p tt i
vi khi ti thay i, cn khi U
V
thay i th tc
dng n p khng tt lm (K
U

20) v dng
qua R
1
thay i theo U
V
. khc phc
iu ny ta thay R
1
bng mt ngun dng
gm T
3
, R
1,
R
4
v Z
D2
. Nh hnh 7-19.
Dng colecto I
C3
c xc nh
1
3
3
R
U U
I
BE
C

ZD2
(7-28)
+ T
1
+
R
2
R
3
U
r
U
V
U
Ch
Z
D
U
ht
R
1 T
2
Hnh 7-18: B n nh hi tip c khuch i
R
2
R
3
U
B2
T
2
Z
D1
Z
D2
R
4
R
1
T
3
U
V
T
1
+ +
U
B1
Hnh 7-19: B n p hi tip c khuch i so
snh vi ngun dng
R
2
R
3
U
V
U
r
U
Ch
Z
D
R
1
_
T
1
+
Hnh 7-20: B n p dng
khuch i thut ton
+
190
Vi mch hnh 7-20 th
K
U
= 10
4
10
5
ln. C th thay i c U
r
bng cch iu chnh chit p R
2
m dng I
C2
vn khng
i do c ngun dng T
3
.
Mun tng h s n nh ca b n p ta dng b khuch i thut ton lm b khuch i so snh
thay cho T
2
, v b khuch i thut ton c h s khuch i ln (nh hnh 7-20). Trn s T
1
l PTHC.
BKTT: khuch i so snh.
R
1
, Z
D
to in p chun a vo u (+) ca BKTT.
U
r
a hi tip v u (-) qua b phn p R
2
, R
3
vi b n p ny th U
r
bin thin rt tv U
ch
c to t U
r
nn dng qua Z
D
c bin thin rt t. Mun in p iu chnh dc th R
2
thay bng
mt chit p.
Khi dng ti yu cu ln, i hi PTHC phi c h s khuch i dng ln, t c iu
ny ta dng PTHC l mch Darlington. Nh mch Darlington c tr khng vo ln, nn ti thay i
cng khng nh hng n in p u ra ca BKTT, nn U
r
n nh.
7.6.3.4. Mch bo v qu dng, qu p
Ta bit rng bn dn rt nhy cm vi dng ln, n chu qu dng, qu p rt km. V vy
trong cc mch n p s dng cc tranzito lm PTHC th thng dng thm mch hn dng
trnh qu ti cho PTHC. ng thi phi bo v ti c an ton khi PTHC b ngn mch, phi c
mch bo v qu p, mt loi mch hn dng v bo v qu p nh hnh 7-21.
Trong s 8-23: T
3
, R
7
, R
6
lm nhim v hn ch dng.
Z
D2
, R
8
v thiristor T
4
lm nhim v bo v qu p.
- Nguyn l hn dng:
in tr R
6
mc ni tip vi T
1
, v ti, khi dng ti bnh thng th st p trn R
6
: U
R6
<
0,6V, th T
3
khng dn (khng c tc dng trong mch) khi dng ti tng ln hn nh mc cho n
khi U
R6
> 0,6V th T
3
dn, dng colecto ca T
3
gy h p trn R
7
, lm cho in p U
B
ca tng
dalington gim tng dalington gim thng dng ti tr li nh mc. Mch bo v qu p:
Hnh 7-23: a) Nng cao in p ra ca vi mch n p
b) Nng cao dng ra ca vi mch n p
R
t
U
r
Z
D2
R
8
T
2
T
1
R
6
T
3
R
1
Z
D1
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
7
T
4
F
U
V
+
Hnh 7-21: B n p c mch bo v qu dng, qu p
_
+ +
191
Khi in p trn ti bnh thng th Z
D2
khng thng (U
ZD
> U
r
), nn Thiristor cng khng
thng, mch bo v khng c tc dng.
Khi T
1
ngn mch th U
r
= U
V
, lp tc Z
D2
thng v st p trn R
8
m thng Thiristor T
4
, ko
in p U
r
xung bng in thun ca Thiristor khong 1 vn, dng qua Thiristor rt ln v cu ch
F s chy, ti an ton v b n p s khng lm vic na.
7.6.3.5. n nh in p bng vi mch
S ra i ca cc vi mch tch hp khin cho vic thc hin cu trc cc b n p 1 chiu
tr nn n gin v thun li hn rt nhiu, cu trc bn trong ca cc vi mch n p bao gm y
cc thnh phn ca mt s n p c hi tip c c mch hn ch dng v bo v qu p.
Ngy nay s dng thng thng cc vi mch c 3 cc: cc vo, cc ra v cc chung. Mi
loi vi mch nh vy c ch to theo cc mc in p ra tiu chun dng hoc m.
V d cc vi mch xx78xx c ch to vi cc mc in ra tiu chun dng t +5 +24V.
V d: LM 7805 n p dng, in p ra l +5
V

LM 7812 n p dng in p ra l +12
V
Cc vi mch xx79xx c ch to vi cc mc in p ra tiu chun m, t
-5
V
-15
V
.
V d AN 7915 n p m in p ra l -15
V
. Cc vi mch 3 chn ny thng c in p u
vo cc i l +35
V
hoc -35
V
(U
Vmax
), c nhng loi vi mch n p 3 chn m in p ra ca n c
th iu chnh c trong phm vi kh rng nh:
LM238 c U
r
= +1,2 +37
V
.
Dng vi mch n p dng, trong : chn 1 l in p vo, chn 2 l in p ra, chn 3 l
chung. u vo v u ra c mc cc t C
1
, C
2
c gi tr khong vi chc nF ni tt cc xung
nhiu thi hn ngn khi nh hng n s lm vic ca vi mch.
S 7-22a dng cho cc vi mch c in p ra c nh.
LM78XX
C
1
C
2
1 2
3
+
U
r
+
U
V
a)
LM238
C
1
C
2
1 2
3
+
U
r
+
U
V
R
1
R
2
b)
Hnh 7-22: S vi mch n p dng
192
S 7-22b dng cho vi mch c in p ra thay i. Khi iu chnh R
2
in p ra ca mch:
Ur = 1,25 (1+R
2
/R
1
) (V)
+ Nng cao in p ra, dng ra.
Vi vi mch c in p ra 1 mc c nh, khi ti yu cu c mc in p cung cp cao hn
th ta dng mt it zener mc nh hnh 7-23a.
S 7-23b: in p ra ca vi mch l in p gia hai chn 2 v 3: U
r(IC)
= U
R1
.
in p ra ca s U
r
= U
R1
+U
ZD1
= U
r(IC)
+ U
ZD1
.
Cc vi mch c ch to cho php dng in ra khng c vt qu mt gi tr cc i
no , v d LM7805,7812,7815, LM120 c dng I
ramax
= 1,5A. Khi s dng vo mch ti yu cu
dng cao hn ta c th mc theo mch 7-23b, trong dng thm 1 tranzito cng sut T
1
, cng vi
vi mch to nn 1 bin th ca s darlington ta c I
r
= I
C
+ I
IC
.
7.6.3.6. Ngun n p i xng
Ngun n p i xng (cn c gi l ngun n p lng cc) thng hay c s dng,
nht l trong cc mch khuch i thut ton, v cc mch s.
R
1
C
1
3
78XX
+
U
r
+
U
V
R
1
Z
D1
1
2
3
C
1
C
2
a)
+
U
r
+
U
V
T
1
I
C
I
r
1
2
C
2
I
IC
b)
78XX
+
+
_
0
78XX
79XX
1 2
3
1 2
3
C
1
C
2
+U
r
-U
r
U
V
~
Hnh 7-24: Ngun cp in n p i xng
193
Ngun n p i xng l ngun m c hai in p ra c tr s bng nhau nhng cc tnh
ngc nhau, i xng qua im t (im 0)
Cch to ra ngun cp in n p i xng nh hnh 7-24
7.6.3.7. Mch n dng
Nhng ti yu cu dng qua n c nh khi ti thay i v in p trn ti cng thay i theo
th ta phi dng mch n dng. Mch n dng dng tranzito nh trn hnh 7-25
Trn mch hnh 7-25 phn cc thun ca tranzito T
1
bi U
ZD
khng i.
U
ZD
= U
R1
+ U
BE1
. U
ZD
khng i nn U
BE1
khng i v vy dng I
B1
v dng I
C1
cng khng
i. Dng I
C1
l dng qua ti nn dng qua ti cng khng i mc d ti thay i v in p trn
ti cng thay i.
Ta c th dng vi mch tch hp n p 3 chn lm mch n dng nh hnh 7-26
Ti mc ni tip vi R
1
, in p ra ca I
C
l c nh gia chn 2 v 3
U
r(IC)
= U
R1
= const
Do dng ra ca IC
( )
1 1
1
R
U
R
U
I
) IC ( r
R
IC r

I
r(IC)
= const nn dng ti i
t
= I
r(IC)
=const
7.7. NGUN CHUYN MCH
7.7.1 Khi nim v ngun chuyn mch
i
D1
D
2
i
D2
iu khin
ng m S
U
1
W
1
W
2
U
2
S Tr D
1
L
C
+
U
R
_
+
U
V
_
Hnh 7-27: M t khi nim v ngun
chuyn mch
T
1
R
2
R
1
Z
D
+
U
V
R
t
LM238
R
1
R
t
i
t
2
3
1
+
U
V
Hnh7-26: n dng dng IC 3 chn
Hnh7 -25: Mch n dng dng transistor
194
c khi nim v ngun n p
chuyn mch ta ly v d 1 mch in trn
hnh 7-27.
Ngun in p 1 chiu U
V
thng qua
chuyn mch S t vo s cp bin p T
r
. Khi
S ng, c dng qua W
1
khi S m khng c
dng qua W
1
. Hai cun s cp v th cp cun
cng chiu nn trn cun th cp W
2
cng
xut hin chui xung cng chiu vi chui
xung trn cun s cp, nn khi S ng th D
1
dn, c dng i
D1
qua cun chn L v ti, cun
L tch nng lng. Khi S m dng i
D1
mt t
ngt, nng lng trn L i du lm D
2
dn,
c dng i
D2
qua ti, nh vy dng qua ti c
lin tc c khi S m.
Trong : U
1
l bin xung trn cun W
1
U
1
= U
v

U
2
l bin xung trn cun W
2
(gi s T
r
l bin p h p)
U
r
l in p 1 chiu ra trn ti
T l chu k ng m S
l thi gian ng ca S
n l t s bin p
2
1
W
W
n
v coi b lc LC l l tng
Ta c
T
U
n
U
V r
1
(7-28)
t
T
gi l xp ca xung (H s lp y)
T (7-28) ta thy in p ra ph thuc U
v
v rng ca xung. T ta thy: mun U
r
khng
i khi U
v
thay i ta lm thay i xp ca xung .
C 3 cch khng ch
- Thay i v gi nguyn T
- Thay i T v gi nguyn
U
1
U
2
U
V
U
R
t
t
T
Hnh 7-28: Dy xung in p
trn W1, W2 v in p ra
ca mch hnh 6-10
+
C
_
195
- Thay i kt hp c T v
Cch thay i v gi nguyn T gi l " iu ch rng xung RX" (Pulse - Width -
Modulation PWM). Phng php iu ch rng xung c s dng ph bin nht trong cc b
ngun kiu chuyn mch.
Tt c cc b ngun bin i t 1 chiu vo 1 chiu bng phng php chuyn mch c iu
khin in p ra th gi l b ngun chuyn mch.
7.7.2 S khi ca b ngun chuyn mch
(1) B lc nhiu tn s cao
(2) B chnh lu v lc s cp (Nu U
VDC
th khng c phn ny)
(3) Phn chuyn mch chnh
(4) Phn chnh lu lc th cp
(5) Phn hi tip (ly mu)
(6) Phn khuch i sai lch
(7) To p chun
(8) To dao ng sng tam gic
(9) iu ch rng xung
(10) B khuch i kch thch v o pha
u vo (9) c th cn cc tn hiu khng ch khc (P) ngt b ngun
Tn s cng tc (tn s chuyn mch) ca b ngun xung thng trong khong 15kHz
50kHz gim nh kch thc ca bin p v nng cao hiu sut.
Hnh7-29: S
khi ca b ngun
chuyn mch

C
C
Khi iu
khin
U
V~
U
R
1
C C C C
+
C
_
Tr D
1
L
196
Phn chuyn mch chnh s dng cc tranzito lng cc v MOSFET cng sut ln, c tc
chuyn mch cao, lm vic 2 trng thi: bo ho v ngt nn c tn hao tranzito chuyn mch
rt nh, nn s to nhit cho chng n gin.
Vi nhng c im lm cho b ngun chuyn mch c cc u im hn hn cc b
ngun n p thng thng nh:
- Hiu sut cao t 80% 90%, trong khi cc b ngun n p thng thng c
< 65%
- Di n nh rng
- bn, tui th cao
- Kch thc trng lng nh
- Gi thnh r
7.7.3. Cc khi trong b ngun chuyn mch
7.7.3.1. Khi lc nhiu u vo
lc b cc nhiu cao tn v ngun xung
nn c rt nhiu cc thnh phn tn s cao tn s
gy nhiu cho cc thit b in t khc trong
vng, nn b lc s chn li cc tn hiu nhiu
khng a ra ng dy dn gy nhiu. ng
thi n cng chn cc xung nhiu cao tn t
ngoi khng cho vo b ngun khi nh hng
n s lm vic ca h thng chuyn mch.
Bin p cao tn, c rt t vng dy v cch b tr nh hnh 7-30 s chn li cc nhiu cao tn
i xng t u vo v u ra. Cn i vi dng cung cp ngc chiu v tn s 50/60Hz th bin
p lc c tr khng coi nh bng 0. Cc t lc C
1
, C
2
l cc t cao tn (khong vi chc nF) lc
cc nhiu cao tn u vo, u ra khng i xng, i vi tn s in mng 50/60Hz th Z
C1,2

7.7.3.2. Phn chnh lu v lc s cp
C
1
C
2
Hnh 7-30: Mch lc nhiu tn s
cao u vo
L
ch
Hnh 7-31: B chnh lu lc s cp trong b ngun chuyn mch
+
C
_
220~
Tr D
1
L
197
7.7.3.3. Phn chuyn mch v chnh lu, lc th cp
Phn ny cn thng gi l b bin i 1 chiu vo 1 chiu (DC to DC Converter) v u vo
l 1 chiu v u ra cng l 1 chiu. Nu b ngun cng sut nh v U
v
thp th chuyn mch dng
1 tran zito nh hnh 7-32.
Mch hnh 7-32 bin p T
r
c cun s cp v th cp cun cng chiu, nn mch ny c gi
l ng pha dn. Khi xung mc cao kch m T
1
bn s cp c dng th cun s cp c xung dng th
cun th cp cng c xung dng v D
1
dn. D
2
khp kn dng qua ti khi T
1
v D
1
ngt.
- Khi cn nng cng sut ca b ngun m vi in p vo thp th phn t chuyn mch dng
mch y ko mc song song nh hnh 7-33.
T
1
v T
2
c kch thch bi cc xung ngc pha nhau v phn nn, lc th cp l nn ton
sng vi bin p th cp im gia.
Vi ngun in p vo cao v cng sut trung bnh th chuyn mch theo kiu y ko ni
tip.
7.7.3.4. Khi iu khin
Khi iu khin gm cc khi (5,6,7,8,9,10) ca hnh 7-34. Khi iu khin lm cc nhim
v sau:
(1+R
1
/R
2
)U
ch
=U
ht

khi U
1
= 0
Tr D
1
L
D
3
T
1
D
2
C
1
+
U
R
+
U
V
Hnh7-32: Phn chuyn mch v nn lc th cp ca b ngun
xung cng sut nh
. .
R
1
C
3
198
- To ra cc xung vung c tn s c nh nhng rng bin i ngc vi in p
trn ti iu khin cc tranzito chuyn mch.
- cng sut kch thch cho cc chuyn mch chnh.
Ngoi ra khi ny cn lm cc nhim v:
- Bo v qu dng, qu p trn ti
- Bo v mch kh in p vo qu thp, qu cao
Nguyn l iu ch rng xung:
thc hin vic iu ch rng xung, mch phi c cu trc nh hnh 7-35.
in p DC ra trn ti qua b phn p ly in p hi tip U
ht
a v u o ca b khuch
i thut ton lm b khuch i sai lch.
(1) Mch hi tip (phn p)
(2) B khuch i sai lch
(3) B to p chun
(4) B to sng tam gic
(5) B so snh (b iu ch rng xung)
U
ht
phn nh y s thay i ca U
r
, u khng o ca b khuch i SL c a vo
in p chun U
ch
. Ngun U
ch
l c nh khng ph thuc U
r
.
in p u ra ca b khuch i SL l:
2 2
1
1 1
(1 )
ch ht
R R
U U U
R R
+
(7-29)
(1+R
1
/R
2
)U
ch
=U
ht

khi U
1
= 0
P
U
U
1
2

+
(4)
_
U
r
R
t
R
2
(1)
R
1
U
ht
U
ch
(3)
U
1
U
1
(5)
(2)
U
P
+
-
-
+
Hnh 7-34 Mch iu ch rng xung
T
1
T
2
Tr D
3
L
D
1
D
2
+
_
R
t
D
4
+
U
V
_
Hnh 7-33: Chuyn mch kiu y ko song song
C
R
1
C
3
199
in p U
1
bin i tuyn tnh theo U
ht
(tc l theo in p ra) nhng vi chiu ngc, U
1
l
in p 1 chiu.
B so snh (5) l b iu ch rng xung, tn hiu iu ch (U
1
) a vo u (+). Tn hiu
sng mang (U
P
) l sng tam gic a vo u (-) ca b iu ch.
B iu ch so snh 2 bin ca sng mang U
p
v tn hiu iu ch U
1
. Dng sng ra ca
b iu ch U
2
l sng vung c tn s l tn s ca sng mang (sng tam gic) nhng rng
xung bin i theo tn hiu iu ch U
1
. Hnh 7-36 m t nguyn l iu ch RX.
Hnh 7-35: Nguyn l iu ch RX
Nu U
1
bin i t 0 n U
p
= (1 +
2
1
R
R
)U
ch
ng vi U
ht
= (1 +
1
2
R
R
)U
ch
n U
ht
= 0, th s
bin thin trong khong t 0 n T, chui xung U
2
a n kch m tranzito chuyn mch, chuyn
mch ng ngt theo U
2
T s
M
U
U
P
1
gi l h s iu ch.
M bin i trong khong 0 < M < 1.
C nhng b ngun chuyn mch cng sut nh dui 100w m chuyn mch l tng n,
th c khi c tranzito chuyn mch cng c cu trc trong vi mch iu ch rng xung.
7.7.4. V d 1 b ngun chuyn mch
Tc dng ca cc linh kin trong hnh 7-36:

(1+R
2
/R
1
)U
ch
khi U
ht
= 0
(1+R
1
/R
2
)U
ch
=U
ht

khi U
1
= 0
t
U
P
U
2
U
P
0 2
U
P
U
1
T
R
1
C
3
C
7
3
4
5
6
7
C
6
C
C
L
1
C
1
C
2
R
2
C
4
C
C
R
5
R
6
R
4
ZD
1
T
1
T
2
T
3
IC TR50115B
C
9
C
8
ZD
2
+115
U
r1
C
5
D
1
D
3
U
R2
+14V
D
2
R
3
T
1
1
2
AC 90 240V
Hnh 7-36: Mt b ngun mch di rng cng sut nh
+
200
- IC STR50115B : chuyn mch iu ch XR.
- C
1
, C
2
, L
1
lc nhiu u vo.
- R
1
hn ch dng np cho C
3
khi m ngun.
- Cu chnh lu, lc C
3
s cp ngun U
V
~
- R
2
to thin p ban u cho T
1
dao ng
- Cun 6-7, C
5
, R
3
hi tip duy tr dao ng
- D
1
nng bin xung dao ng , ngn C
5
phng qua ng U
r1
- Cun 5-6, D
2
, C
8
cp ngun +115
V
- Cun 3-4 C
7
, D
3
cp ngun +14
V
- C
4
, C
5
lc nhiu u b dao ng, b khuch i sai lch
- Z
D2
bo v qu p cho ti khi T
1
ngn mch.
- IC STR50115B:
- T
1
: chuyn mch, dao ng iu ch XR.
- T
3
, T
2
khuch i sai lch
- R
5
, R
6
phn p hi tip
- R
4
, Z
D1
to p chun cho b khuch i sai lch
- C
6
suy gim xung ngc trn cun 5-6, bo v D
2
.
TM TT
Kt thc chng ngi hc cn nm c nhim v ca cc khi trong mt b ngun y .
Qua hnh dung c qu trnh hot ng ca mt mch ngun t u vo ti u ra c in p
mt chiu n nh. Nm v hiu s khi cng nh nguyn l b ngun chuyn mch.
- Khi nim b ngun, s khi ca b ngun n p mt chiu y .
201
+ Bin p: c nhim v bin i in p li in U
1
thnh in p U
2
th cp theo yu
cu.
+ Mch chnh lu c nhim v chuyn i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu p
mch. p mch ny khc nhau tu thuc vo loi mch chnh lu. Phn tch mch chnh lu
mt pha na sng, chnh lu mt pha ton sng,chnh lu cu. Khi cn c in p ra mt chiu ln,
dng nh th dng mch chnh lu bi p.
+ Mch lc c nhim v san phng cc in p d chnh lu thnh in p bng phng hn.
Tu theo yu cu m dng mch lc cho ph hp. Mch lc C thng s dng vi ti ln, cng
sut nh. Mch lc L thng dng trong cc b ngun c cng sut ln. Mch lc LC c dng
thng dng trong cc b ngun c cng sut va v ln. cn b lc RC dng khi cng sut b
ngun nh, dng ti nh hiu sut ca mch lc khng cao.
+ Mch n p c nhim v cho ra in p n nh khi in p u vo thay i hay dng ti
thay i. Khi yu cu ca b ngun khng cao c th khng c phn ny. Mch n p c th dng
it n p zener, mch n p dng tranzito hay mch n p dng vi mch. Loi b ngun ny gii
in p n nh u vo hp, tn hao cng sut ln trn phn t hiu chnh nn hiu sut thp.
khc phc nhc im ngi ta dng b ngun chuyn mch.
- B ngun chuyn mch. B ngun chuyn mch c nm khi c bn: mch lc nhiu cao
tn, mch chnh lu lc s cp, phn chuyn mch, chnh lu lc th cp v khi iu khin. Vn
c bn ca b ngun chuyn mch l phn t chuyn mch. N l mt tranzito cng sut lm
vic ch kho ng m, di tc dng ca xung iu khin do khi iu khin a n. Do
chuyn mch lm vic tn s cao trong khong 15KHz n 50KHz nn kt cu bin p nh gn,
tranzito lm vic ch kho ng m nn tn hao trong b ngun thp, b ngun c hiu sut
cao. Nguyn l lm vic ca b ngun ny l: khi in p xoay chiu u vo tng, qua nn chnh
lu s cp in p mt chiu cng tng, qua nn lc th cp cho U
r
tng. Lp tc qua mch hi tip,
khi iu khin to ra xung iu khin lm phn t chuyn mch c thi gian ng gim xung
(thi gian m tng ln) to xung u ra hp li , qua nn lc th cp cho U
r
gim xung. Ngc li,
khi in p u vo gim, qua nn lc s cp in p mt chiu gim, u ra U
r
gim. Lp tc qua
mch hi tip khi iu khin to xung iu khin ng chuyn mch thi gian di hn (thi gian
m t hn), qua chuyn mch xung ra c rng rng hn, qua nn lc th cp cho U
r
tng ln.
Nh vy mch t ng gi cho U
r
n nh khi in p u vo thay i do thi gian ng m ca
chuyn mch thay i, di tc dng ca xung iu khin.
Trong khi iu khin c mch to dao ng to xung tam gic, mch iu ch rng xung.
Mch iu ch to ra xung iu khin c rng t l nghch vi ln ca in p ra. in p ra
tng rng xung hp li, in p ra gim rng xung tng ln.
u im ca b ngun chuyn mch l gn nh, n nh in p ra tt, gii n nh in p
u vo rng v hiu sut cao.
CU HI V BI TP
7-1. Nhim v ca mch cung cp ngun ?
7-2. S khi ca mt b ngun y v nhim v tng khi?
202
7-3. Nu cc loi mch chnh lu? So snh cc mch chnh lu ?
7-4. Mch chnh lu bi p? Khi no dng n?
7-5. Nu ngha ca h s p mch K

, h s lc q ca b lc?
7-6. Nu cc kiu mch lc san bng? ng dng tng kiu?
7-7. S khi ca mt mch n p mt chiu? Nguyn tc chung ca mch?
7-8. Nguyn l n p ca mch n p it dng Zene?
7-9. Nguyn l n p ca mch n p dng tranzito?
7-10. Khi no dng mch n p c phn t hiu chnh l cp tranzito Darlingtn ?
7.11. u im ca mch n p dng vi mch KTT lm mch khuch i so snh?
7.12. Gii thch nguyn l bo v qu dng, bo v qu in p ca mch ngun hc hnh 7-21?
7.13. Trnh by mch n p dng vi mch n p?
7.14. S khi ca b ngun chuyn mch? Nhim v tng khi?
7.15. Ti sao b ngun chuyn mch lm vic tn s chuyn mch cao?
7.16. Nguyn tc n nh in p u ra ca b ngun chuyn mch khi in p u vo thay i?
7.17. Cho hnh P7-17 l mt s n p n gin dng it Zene.
Bit I
z max
= 60mA, I
z min
=10mA, U
01
= 20 V, U
02
= U
z
= 12 V; R
z
= 7, R
t
= 240.
a) Xc nh gi tr in tr R
1
?
b) Xc nh gi tr in p gn sng li ra khi in p gn sng t u vo
U
01
= 10% ca U
01
?

Hnh P7-17.
7.18. Tc dng ca mch chnh lu l:
a. Chuyn in p xoay chiu thnh in p xoay chiu thp hn.
b. Chuyn in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu.
c. Chuyn in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu.
d. C b v c.
7.19. Tc dng ca mch lc l:
R
I
Z
Z
D
U
02
I = I
Z
+ I
t
U
01
I
t
R
t
203
a. Gi cho in p ra n nh.
b. San bng in p mt chiu.
c. San bng in p xoay chiu.
d. Chuyn in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu.
7.20. Tc dng ca mch n p l:
a. Gi cho in p ra n nh.
b. Gi cho dng in ra n nh.
c. Gi cho in p vo n nh.
d. C a v b.
7.21. Khi in p vo tng, thi gian tt ca tranzito chuyn mch trong b ngun chuyn mch:
a. Di hn.
b. Ngn hn.
c. Khng i
d. Lc ngn hn, lc di hn..
7.22. Khi in p vo gim, rng xung u ra ca tranzito chuyn mch:
a. Hp hn.
b. Rng hn.
c. Khng i.
d. Khi rng hn, khi hp hn.
7.23. Khi in p vo tng, thi gian thng bo ha ca tranzito chuyn mch:
a. Ngn hn.
b. Di hn.
c. Khng i.
d. Khi di hn, khi ngn hn.
7.24. Khi in p vo tng, rng xung u ra ca tranzito chuyn mch:
a. Khng i.
b. Hp hn.
c. Rng hn.
d. Khi khng i, khi rng hn.
7.25. Khi in p vo tng, in tr ca phn t hiu chnh trong mch n p mt chiu s:
a. Gim xung.
b. Tng ln.
204
c. Khng i.
d. Khi gim xung, khi tng ln.
7.26. Khi in p vo gim, st p trn phn t hiu chnh trong mch n p mt chiu s:
a. Khng i.
b. Gim xung.
c. Tng ln.
d. Khi khng i, khi gim xung.
7.27. Khi in p vo tng, bin , rng xung ra sau tranzito chuyn mch s:
a. Bin tng, rng gim.
b. Bin tng, rng tng.
c. Bin gim, rng tng.
d. Bin khng i, rng khng i.
205
Hng dn tr li
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I TRANZITO
1.1. Khuch i l s chuyn i nng lng mt chiu ca ngun cung cp thnh nng lng
xoay chiu u ra theo tn hiu iu khin u vo, lm cho tn hiu ra ln ln nhiu ln
nhng khng mo, nh phn t iu khin l tranzito.
Cc tham s K
u
, K
i
, Z
v
, Z
r
, M
t
, M
c
, ,
.
1.2. C 4 phng php: phng php nh dng, phng php phn p, phng php hi tip m
in p, phng php hi tip m dng in mt chiu.
Mch phc tp th tn linh kin, tn ngun hn nhng n nh im lm vic tt hn.
1.3. Hi tip l ly mt phn tn hiu u ra a tr v u vo.
in p hi tip ngc pha vi in p vo l hi tip m, cng pha l hi tip dng.
1.4. in p hi tip t l vi dng in ra l hi tip dng in, t l vi in p ra l hi tip
in p.
1.5. Xt li vo ca mch, in p hi tip mc song song vi in p vo l hi tip song song,
mc ni tip vi in p vo l hi tip ni tip. Cng c trng hp mc hi tip ni tip.
1.6. u im: lm gim tp m, gim mo tn s, gim mo phi tuyn, lm n nh b khuch i
ca mch.
1.7. V mch hnh 1-12, nu tc dng cc linh kin trong mch. Vit cc biu thc K
i
, K
u
, R
v
, R
r
,
U
r
ngc pha U
v
.
1.8. V mch hnh 1-15a, nu tc dng cc linh kin trong mch . Vit cc biu thc K
i
, K
u
, R
v
, R
r
,
U
r
cng pha U
v
.
1.9. . V mch hnh 1-16a, nu tc dng cc linh kin trong mch . Vit cc biu thc K
i
, K
u
, R
v
,
R
r
, U
r
cng pha U
v
.
1.10. V mch hnh 1-19a, nu tc dng cc linh kin. Vit cc biu thc K
u
, R
v
, R
r
, Ur ngc pha
U
v
.
1.11. V mch hnh 1-21a, nu tc dng cc linh kin. Vit cc biu thc K
u
, R
v
, R
r
, U
r
cng pha
U
v
.
1.12. V mch hnh 1-32, nu tc dng ca t ni tng.
u im: mch n gin, gn nh. Nhc im: khng phi hp tr khng gia cc tng vi
nhau.
Khi tn s ca tn hiu vo cng gim th tr khng ca t ni tng (Z
c
= 1/C) ngn cn tn
hiu tng trc sang tng sau vng tn s thp nn gy mo tn s thp.
206
Hng dn tr li
1.13. V mch hnh 1-27, nu tc dng ca bin p. u im l phi hp tr khng gia cc tng
vi nhau. Nhc im l nng, cng knh, ch thch hp khi mch lm vic tn s cao.
1.14. V mch hnh 1-28. u im: gim c t ni tng nn gim c mo tn s thp, mch
n gin, gn nh. Nhc im: kh iu chnh ch mt chiu cho cc tng, c bit khi
phi thay th tranzito.
1.15. Do cc t k sinh C
BE
, C
CE
, C
CB
ca tranzito, in dung lp rp C
1
, lm thot tn hiu vng
tn s cao xung t (mt) v do s suy gim h s khuch i dng in vng tn s cao
gy nn mo tn s cao.
1.16. Chn linh kin ph hp.
Chn im lm vic ng.
Dng hi tip m.
1.17. Dng thm phn t hiu chnh mt lc RC, in cm L mc ti lm tng ti xoay chiu
vng tn s thp v vng tn s cao, lm tng h s khuch i ca tng hai vng tn s
nn m rng c gii tn.
1.18. Ngoi nhim v lm khuch i tn hiu, tng ny cn c tc dng chn lc tn hiu. u ra
nhn c tn hiu c tn s bng tn s cng hng ca mch v tn s ln cn.
1.19. C hi tip m dng in. V in p hi tip ly trn ti cc pht. in p hi tip t l vi
dng in ra.
1.20. Khi tn hiu vo l sin th tng khuch i ch A cho ra tn hiu sin, ch B cho ra tn
hiu mt na sin, ch AB cho ra hn na sin, ch C cho ra tn hiu b hn mt na sin.
1.21. Tng khuch i cng sut n cho lm vic ch A trnh mo, tuy nhin hiu sut
thp. Tng khuch i y ko cho lm vic ch AB gim mo phi tuyn v cho hiu
sut cao.
1.22. L tng khuch i tn hiu v cho u ra hai tn hiu c bin bng nhau nhng pha ngc
nhau.
C mch khuch i o pha ghp bin p v mch khuch i o pha chia ti.
1.23. Khi tn hiu vo b, xem tranzito l phn t tuyn tnh, lm vic trong phn thng ca c
tuyn.
1.24. Khi tn hiu vo ln (v qua nhiu tng khuch i pha trc) nn tranzito lm vic c
phn cong ca c tuyn. Dng phng php th c chnh xc cao hn.
1.25. Xem cp tranzito khuch i Darlingtn nh mt tranzito c h s khuch i dng bng tch
h s khuch i ca cc tranzito rt ln, nn ch dng vo nh (tr khng vo ln) m cho
dng ra ln.
1.26. Tng khuch i Casct c c im l trnh c hi tip k sinh ca tng qua in dung
thng thng C
BC
ca tranzito T
2
gi cho tng lm vic n nh, c bit khi lm vic tn s
rt cao. (v c ghp v th b thot t do T
2
c cc gc ni t). Mt khc tng ny cn c tr
khng vo ln do in dung vo nh.
207
Hng dn tr li
1.27. hnh 1-11a trn R
E
c hi tip m dng in. U
ht
= I
E1~
.R
E
.
Hnh 1-11b c ba in p hi tip m. Trn R
E1
c hi tip m dng in U
ht
= I
E1~
. R
E1
., trn
R
E2
c hi tip m dng in U
ht2
= I
E2~
. R
E2
.
Trn R
E1
cn c hi tip m in p ly t u ra tng 2 a v tng 1 qua RC. T C ngn
in p mt chiu (X
C~
= 0) R in tr hn ch mc hi tip:
U
ht3
= U
r
.R
E1
/(R
E1
+R).
1.28. a, Tnh ch mt chiu ca tranzito: t hnh P1-29 c:
I
B
.R
1
+ U
BE
+ I
E
.R
2
= E vi I
E
= (1+)I
B
.
Ta nhn c I
B
= (E U
BE
)/[R
1
+ (1+)R
2
] = (12
v
0,6
v
)/(3.10
5
+ 100.2,7.10
3
)
I
B
= 11,4
v
/570.10
3
=20A.
in p colect U
C
= 12v.
U
B
= E I
B
.R
1
= 12V 20.10
-6
.300.10
3
= 6V.
U
E
= U
B
0,6V = 6V 0,6V = 5,4V.
I
C
= I
B
= 99.20.10
-6
= 1,98mA.
I
E
= I
C
+ I
B
= 1,98mA + 0,02mA = 2mA.
b, Ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i chnh l in tr R
2
= 2,7K. Ti xoay chiu c tnh:
R
t~
= R
2
//R
t
= 2,7K//2,7K = 1,35K.
ng ti mt chiu xc nh t phng trnh dng 1 chiu mch ra:
E = U
CE
+ I
E
.R
2
hay U
CE
= E I
E
. R
2
.
Khi I
E
= 0 c U
CE
h mch = E = 12V, khi U
CE
= 0 c I
E
ngn mch = E/R
2
= 4,4mA. Dng
ng ti mt chiu qua hai im lm vic trn c tuyn ra I
E
= f(U
CE
) tm c im lm vic
tnh ti I
B
= 20A c U
CE
= 2mA, Q
A
(6,6V; 2mA).
1.30. a. Tnh cc gi tr dng v p 1 chiu trn cc cc ca Tranzito:
V dng in I
R1
I
R2
(xem hnh P1-30) nn U
B
= E.R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
) = 12V.4K/(20K + 4K) =
2V.
tranzito ch khuch i khng mo (ch A) chn U
BE
= +0,6V (loi Si) do vy U
E
=
U
B
- 0,6V = 2V 0,6V = 1,4V.
T cc dng 1 chiu I
E
, I
B
v I
C
c tnh:
I
E
= U
E
/R
4
= 1,4V/1K = 1,4mA; I
B
= I
E
/(1+) = 1,4mA(1+99) = 14A.
I
C
= I
E
I
B
= 1,4mA 0,014mA = 1,386mA.
in p mt chiu trn cc gp U
C
= E I
C
.R
3
= 12V 1,386mA.4K = 6,456V.
b. Ti mt chiu ca tng khuch i bao gm R
3
v R
4
.
208
Hng dn tr li
R
t-
= R
3
+ R
4
= 4K + 1K = 5K. Ti xoay chiu c tnh bi R
3
//R
t
: R
t~
= R
3
//R
t
=
4K//8K 2,67K.
ng ti mt chiu c xc nh t phng trnh U
CE
= E (R
C
+R
E
) = E I
C
(R
3
+R
4
). Khi
I
C
= 0 c U
CE
h mch = E = 12V, khi U
CE
= 0 c I
C
ngn mch = E/(R
3
+R
4
) = 12V/(4K+1K) =
2,4mA. V ng ti mt chiu qua hai im (2,4mA; 0V) v (0mA; 12V) trn c tuyn ra I
C
=
f(U
CE
) ta xc nh c im lm vic Q
A
ti I
C
= 1,368mA v U
CE
= 6,456V 1,4V = 5,056V.
1.31. a, Hai tranzito trong s mc theo kiu mch lp cc pht. c tn hiu ra cc i in p
trn mi cc pht l:
U
E
= E
C
/2 = 10V.
Do in p cc gc T
1
:
U
BT1
= U
E
+ U
BE1
= 10 + 0,5 = 10,5V.
V in p cc gc T
2
: U
BT2
= U
E
U
BE2
= 10 0,5 = 9,5V.
C
2
c np n tr s 10V. Khi U
V
>0 T
2
tt, T
1
dn. in p trn cc pht bin thin theo
in p vo. in p trn C
2
gi nguyn khng i v in p trn R
t
bin thin t (0V 10V).
Khi U
v
< 0 T
2
dn, T
1
tt, C
2
phng in. Lc ny t C
2
ng vai tr l ngun cung cp cho
T
2
. in p trn ti thay i t (0 10)V.
Trong na chu k m ca in p vo, nng lng tch tr trn ti rt nh so vi nng lng
tch tr trong C
2
. V vy in p trn t C
2
hu nh khng i, trong na chu k m C
2
phng in
rt chm.
b, Tnh R
1
, R
2
.

Rt
1 2 3
10 0, 5
2
9, 5
I 10
C
DT
E
U
U
R R K
I

c, Cng sut ra v hiu sut:
2
10
( )
2
0, 5
100
hd
r
t
U
P
R

w.
Dng cung cp ch c trong na chu k dng ca in p vo v tr s cc i ca n l:
ax
10
2
0,1 .
100
C
Cm
t
E
I A
R

Cng sut cung cp:
1
0
10 2
. 20. w.
C th
P E I

Hiu sut:
209
Hng dn tr li

0
0, 5
0, 78 78%.
2
r
P
P

Tr li cu hi trc nghim:
1-32a, 1-33a, 1-34a, 1-35c, 1-36c, 1-37c, 1-38b, 1-39b, 1-40a, 1-41b, 1-42a, 1-43a, 1-44a, 1-
45a, 1-46a, 1-47a.
CHNG 2: B KHUCH I THUT TON
2.1. BKTT l tng c:
Tr khng vo Z
v
= .
Tr khng ra Z
r
= 0.
H s khuch i K
0
= .
2.2. Lm nh vy a h s khuch i ca mch v mt gi tr theo yu cu (ph thuc vo tr
s cc in tr) v m rng gii thng cho mch.
2.3. V mch hnh 2-8. Chng minh c K = - R
ht
/R
1
.
2.4. V mch hnh 2-9. Chng minh c K = 1 + R
ht
/R
1
. Khi R
ht
= 0, R
1
= c K = 1 nn U
r
= U
v
nh hnh 2-10.
2.5. in tr cn bng R
c
c tc dng to cn bng in p hai li vo do dng tnh gy ra, gi
cho hiu in p U
0
gia hai li vo bng khng nn U
r
= 0.
R
C
= R
ht
//R
1
= R
ht
.R
1
/(R
ht
+R
1
).
2.6. V mch hnh 2-14. Chng minh c cng thc: U
r
=
1
n
i
i
u
khi (R
1
+R
ht
)/nR
1
= 1.
2.7. V mch hnh 2-13. Chng minh c cng thc: U
r
= -
1
n
i i
i
u
trong
i
= R
ht
/R
i
.
2.8. V mch hnh 2- 15. Chng minh c cng thc: U
r
= (U
2
U
1
).
2.9. Cc mch cng, mch tr u lm vic ch tuyn tnh khi ta dng nguyn l xp chng
thc hin.
2.10. V mch hnh 2-18. Chng minh c U
r
t l vi vi phn ca U
v
theo cng thc (2-26).
ng dng ca mch: to xung nhn t xung vung, to xung vung t xung tam gic.vv.
r
t l vi tch phn ca U
v
ng dng ca mch: to xung tam gic, xung rng ca.
r
t l vi lga ca U
v
2.13. V mch hnh 2-22a. Chng minh c U
r
t l vi hm m ca U
v
2.14. Mch nhn tng t l mch m in p t l vi tch cc in p tc thi u vo.
210
Hng dn tr li
Mch nhn tng t c th dng iu ch tn hiu hoc tch sng tn hiu.
2.15. Mch lc th ng l mch lc ch c cc phn t th ng R, L, C. Mch lc tch cc l
mch lc cha cc phn t RC v phn t tch cc nh tranzito hoc vi mch. y ta xt
mch lc tch cc RC kt hp BKTT.
2.16. gii tn f 100KHz nu dng mch lc tch cc th mch lc gn nh, c tuyn lc tt.
Nu dng mch lc th ng th nng, cng knh v tn hao ln.
2.17. (a) K = - 5 (b) R
v
= R
1
= 10K (c) 0V; 5V; -10V; 10V.
2.18. (a) K = -15 (b) R
v
= R
1
= 1,2K (c) 0,866V (d) 0V; -6V; -12V; 13V; -13V.
2.19. (a) K = 6 (b) Z
v
= (c) = 2,1667V (d) 0v; -6V; 12V; -13V; 13V.
2.20. (a) K = 16 (b) Z
v
= (c) 0,8125V (d) 0v; -6,4V; 12,8V; -13V.
2.21. (a) U
r
= -U
1
- 2U
2
4U
3
(b) U
r
= 12V (c) U
r
= -13V.
2.22. (a) U
r
= -5U
v
10U
2
20U
3
(b) -11V.
2.23. (a) U
r
= 2(U
2
U
1
) (b) 0V (c) -12V (d) -13V.
2.24. (a) 5(U
2
U
1
) (b) 0V (c) 10V (d) -13V.
2.25. Tm U
r1
khi ch c U
1
vo v cc thng s ca mch, (U
2
= 0); tm U
r2
khi c U
2
vo v cc
thng s ca mch, (U
1
= 0), U
r
= U
r1
+ U
r2
.
2.26. (a) 38,775U
X
//R
1
R
4
4,7U
v
/R
5
+ 38,775U
Z
/R
2
R
4
.
(b) R
5
= 1K; chn R
4
= 2K, R
1
= 7,775K; R
2
= 4,73K.
2-27c, 2-28c, 2-29a, 2-30b, 2-31a, 2-32a, 2-33a, 2-34b, 2-35c, 2-36a, 2-37a, 2-38a.
CHNG 3 MCH TO DAO NG SIN
3.1. Mch to dao ng l mch khi c ngun n t lm vic cho ra tn hiu. Mch to dao ng
sin cho ra tn hiu hnh sin, mch to dao ng xung to ra tn hiu xung nh: xung vung,
xung tam gic
3.2. Yu cu ca mt mch to dao ng sin l cho tn hiu ra c bin , tn s n nh.
3.3. iu kin dao ng ca mt mch to dao ng l . 1 K trong
K
expj K K ;
expj

nn c K = 1 v
K
+
= n2.
3.4. V mch hnh 3-3, nu tc dng cc linh kin trong mch, vit biu thc tn s dao ng.
3.5. Da trn c s v pha, m bo cho mch to dao ng c hi tip dng xc nh cc
phn t LC trong khung dao ng ca mch to dao ng 3 im.
3.6. V mch hnh 3-5b, nu tc dng cc linh kin trong mch. Vit biu thc tn s dao ng.
3.7. V mch hnh 3-5a, nu tc dng cc linh kin trong mch.Vit biu th tn s dao ng.
211
Hng dn tr li
3.8. V mch hnh 3-6, gii thiu khi khuch i, khi hi tip. Vit biu thc tn s dao ng,
gi tr , K ca mch.
3.9. V mch hnh 3-7, gii thiu khi khuch i, khi hi tip. Vit biu thc tn s dao ng,
gi tr , K ca mch.
3.10. Nguyn tc to tn hiu sin t tn hiu tam gic l dng b in tr cng hai dy it gim
h s phn p ca mch khi tn hiu vo ln (theo tng khong thi gian) lm tn hiu vo
BKTT c dng sin gy khc, qua khuch i cho tn hiu ra hnh sin. chnh xc cng cao
khi s it trong dy cng nhiu.
3.11. Trong cc mch to dao ng sin tn s cn c n nh cao ta dng phn t thch anh. Khi
mch lm vic tn s ca thch anh s quyt nh tn s dao ng ca mch. V thch anh c
tn s rt n nh.
3.12. V ti tn s f
q
tr khng ca thch anh Z
q
= 0, tn hiu hi tip a v khuch i ln nht U
r
ln nht. Mch dao ng tn s . cc tn s khc Z
q
0, in p a vo khuch i
b suy gim nn U
r
b trit tiu.
3.13. V khi thch anh mang tnh cm (L) th mch mi tho mn iu kin dao ng v pha tc l
c hi tip dng.
3.14. Trong mch dao ng phi c mch khuch i l ly nng lng ca ngun cung cp b
vo tn hao cho mch gy ra. Tuy nhin mch khuch i phi c u ni sao cho khi kt
hp vi mch hi tip c
K
+

= n2 v K = 1 mch duy tr dao ng.
3.15. a, y l mch dao ng sin c khung dao ng LC t ca thun BKTT. Khi c ngun
nui trn khung LC pht sinh ra dao ng sin, mch khuch i tn hiu ri hi tip v qua
R
3
, khung LC. Mch ny c
K
= 0; h s hi tip = R
t
/(R
t
+ R
3
) trong R
t
l in tr
tng ng ca khung cng hng; h s khuch i K = (R
2
+R
1
)/R
1
. Mch s dao ng
tn s cng hng v lc R
t
ln nht nn cng ln nht.
b, iu kin mch dao ng cho ra in p l:
K. = 1
[(R
2
+ R
1
)/R
1
].[R
t
/(R
t
+ R
3
)] = 1
Hay
R
t
/(R
t
+ R
3
) = R
1
/(R
2
+ R
1
).
c, T iu kin R
t
/(R
t
+ R
3
) = R
1
/(R
2
+ R
1
), thay cc gi tr cho cc in tr, suy ra R
t
=
1K.
Bit R
t
= 1
L
Q K
C
v
1
100 .
2 . .
CH
f KHz
LC

3
2
3
10
2 . . 10 .
10
td
CH
R
Q L
f

212
Hng dn tr li

2 2
4
10 10 1
.10 16
2 . 2 .100 2
L H
Q

Ta li c:
2 6
8 6
8 8
10 10
. 10 0,159.10 0,16
2 . 10 .2 2 .10 2
CH td
Q Q
f R C F F
C

3.16. a, Tn hiu ra l sng hnh sin theo thi gian.
b, mch ny in tr R
1
mc ni tip vi t C lm in tr ca mt lc th ba, va lm
in tr trong mch hi tip m v ca o ca BKTT l im t o nn R
1
= R. Mc ch
mch n gin, gn.
c, V u vo - l im t o nn R
1
= R = 1K
V =
1
29
nn K =
1
ht
R
R
= 29 t suy ra R
ht
= 29.R
1
= 29K
Ta c: = 2..f =
1
6. . RC
Nn: C =
1
6.2. . . f R
=
3 3
1
6.2. .10 .10
= 64,7945.10
-9
F 65nF.
3.17. a, Tn hiu ra l sng hnh sin theo thi gian.
b, Ta c f
dd
= 1/2RC. Thay s vo ta c f
dd
= 530,5Hz.
c, Mch ny c h s hi tip = 1/3 nn h s khuch i K phi bng 3.
Ta c K = 1 + R
ht
/R
1
R
ht
= 2R
1
= 20K.
3.18. a, Mch ny cn R
ht
= 2R
1
= 44K.
b, Ta c f = 1/2RC.
Ti f = 100Hz c R
max
= 1/2Cf
min
.
Thay s vo tm c R
max
= 159,15K.
Ti f
max
= 1KHz c R
min
= 1/2Cf
min
. Thay s vo tm c R
max
= 15,915K.
Khong bin i ca in tr R l t 15,915K n 159,15K (ch cc in tr R c
ng chnh vi nhau).
3-19a, 3-20a, 3-21c, 3-22c, 3-23b, 3-24a, 3-25b, 3-26b.
213
Hng dn tr li
CHNG 4: MCH XUNG
4.1. V hnh 4-1, 4-2. Tn hiu xung l tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian, c gi tn theo hnh dng
ca n nh xung vung, xung tam gic. Tham s ca xung c bin , rng xung, rng
sn xung, chu k, tn s xung, h s lp y.
4.2. Tranzito trong mch xung c mc cc pht chung, lm nhim v nh mt kho in t. V
hnh 4-3. Khi U
v
0 kho m (tranzito tt) dng I
C
= 0 nn U
c
= E
c
. Khi U
v
> 0 vi iu kin
sao cho I
B
I
Bbh
= E
c
/R
c
th kho ng (tranzito thng bo ho) I
c
= I
c max
= E
c
/R
c
, lc ny U
c
= 0. Nh vy khi in p u vo thay i tho mn cc iu kin trn th kho tranzito s
lm vic thay i gia hai trng thi .
4.3. BKTT mch xung lm vic ch so snh. Do c h s khuch i rt ln, l tng K
0
= nn in p u ra ca n ch mt hai trng thi l bo ho dng (U
r
= +U
r max
) hay
bo ho m (U
r
= - U
r min
), khi hiu in p gia hai ca vo khc khng. V hnh 4-4.
4.4. Mch Trig l mch c hai trng thi n nh. Khi c in p tc dng u vo th mch
chuyn trng thi mt ln. V mch Trig Smt hnh 4-5. Ta thy khi in p vo ln hn
U
1(+)
u ra lt trng thi v - U
r max
v gi nguyn gi tr n khi U
v
< U
1(-)
u ra lt trng
thi v +U
r max
. C nh vy, u ra nhn c dng xung vung c tn s bng tn s tn hiu
vo.
4.5. Mch a hi i c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng n nh. C xung tc dng
mch lt sang trng thi khng n nh mt thi gian ri t lt v trng thi n nh ban u.
Mt xung vo cho mt xung ra. Mch a hi i BKTT hnh 4-6a v dng xung cc cc
nh 4-6b.
4.6. Mch a hi t dao ng l mch c hai trng thi khng n nh. Khi c ngun nui mch t
lm vic thay i trng thi cho nhau, cho u ra l dy xung vung c tn s xung ph thuc
cc thng s ca mch.Mch a hi t dao ng dng BKTT hnh 4-9a, dng xung trn
cc cc hnh 4-9b. Khi R
1
= R
2
th rng xung t
x
= 1,1RC chu k T = 2,2RC, tn s f =
1/T = 1/2,2RC.
4.7. Mch hn ch l mch m tn hiu ra U
r
lun t l vi tn hiu vo U
v
nu U
v
cha vt mt
gi tr ngng cho trc, cn khi U
v
vt mc ngng th tn hiu ra U
r
lun gi mt gi
tr khng i. ng dng ca n c th l to xung, sa xung, chng nhiu, chn xung
4.8. V mch hnh 4-14b. Khi a tn hiu hnh sin vo: U
v
E
2
lm cho D
1
thng, D
2
tt U
r
= E
2
;
U
v
E
1
lm cho D
1
tt, D
2
thng (v E
2
> E
1
) U
r
= E
2
(E
2
-E
1
)R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
) = E
1
(khi R
2
>>R);
E
1
 E
2
lm cho D
1
tt, D
2
thng U
r
= E
2
;
U
v
< E
1
lm cho D
1
thng, D
2
tt U
r
= E
1
; E
1
U
v
E
2
lm cho D
1
, D
2
u tt U
r
= U
v
. u
ra nhn c dy xung hnh thang trn trc thi gian mc E
1
, E
2
.
4.10. V dng xung rng ca hnh 4-15. Cc tham s ca xung rng ca l: bin , thi gian qut
thun, thi gian qut ngc, tn s qut, h s phi tuyn v hiu sut s dng ngun .
214
Hng dn tr li
4.11. V hnh 4-16. Nu nguyn l lm vic ca mch t np phng to rng ca u ra khi
u vo c xung vung m. Mch ny c h s phi tuyn tng i ln v hiu sut thp.
4.12. V hnh 4-17, nu nguyn l to xung rng ca u ra khi u vo c xung m tc dng.
Mch ny c h s phi tuyn b, hiu sut cao nh dng np I
C2
c gi tr khng i.
4.13. a, U
r
l dy xung vung c bin bng 10 vn khi U
v
> 0, U
r
= -10V khi U
v
< 0.
b, U
r
l dy xung vung c bin 10V khi U
v
0 v U
r
= -10V khi U
v
> 0.
4.14. a, U
r
l dy xung vung c bin 10V, U
v
3V (mch ny c U
ch
= 5.3/(2+3) = 3V). U
r
=
-10V khi U
v
< 3V.
b, U
r
l dy xung vung c bin 10V khi U
v
< 3V, U
r
= -10V khi U
v
3V.
4.15. a, U
r
l dy xung vung bin i xung quanh trc thi gian c bin 10V.
b, U
ht
= U
r
.R
1
/(R
1
+R
2
) = 5V khi bo ho dng v - 5V khi bo ho m.
c, Chu k dao ng T = 2,2RC = 2,2.10
13
.0,2.10
-6
= 5,28.10
-3
s.
Tn s dao ng f = 1/T = 10
3
/5,28 189 Hz.
4.16. Chn R
1
= R
2
= 45K.
Chn R = 5K, tnh gi tr ca C. Ta c f = 1/2.2RC nn C = 1/2,2Rf.
C = 1/2,2.5.10
3
.10
3
= 10
-6
/11 = 0,09F.
Vi mch ny khi c R = 5K, C = 0,09F s c tn s dao ng xung ra 1KHz.
4.17. Chn R
1
= R
2
= 45K, chn C =300F. Chn R bin i (R l bin tr) thay i tn s
cho thun tin. Khi bin tr R bin i trong khong R
min
n R
max
.
R
min
= 1/2,2C.f
max
= 1/2,2.300.10
-9
.5.10
3
= 303.
R
max
= 1/2,2C.f
min
= 1/2,2.300.10
-9
.500 = 303.
4.18. Khi U
v
E
2
= 10V, D
1
thng, D
2
tt nn U
r
= 10V. Khi U
v
E
1
= 2V, D
1
tt, D
2
thng, U
r
=
E
2
(E
2
-E
1
)R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
) = 10 7,2 = 2,8v.
Khi 2V < U
v
< 10V, D
1
D
2
u thng, U
r
= U
v
. Nh vy u ra l dy xung hnh thang nm
pha trn trc thi gian vi mc hn ch trn l 10V, mc hn ch di l 10V, mc hn ch di
l 2,8V.
4-19b, 4-20a, 4-21a, 4-22a, 4-23a, 4-24b.
CHNG 5:CC MCH BIN I TN S
5.1. iu ch l ghi tin tc vo sng cao tn lm bin i mt thng s no nh bin , tn s
hay gc pha ca sng cao tn theo tin tc. Thng qua iu ch ph ca tin tc min tn s
thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao bc x, truyn i xa.
215
Hng dn tr li
5.2. Khi
^ ^
s t
os ; os s t
s t
u U c t u U c t
v c
t s
>>
.
^
s t
^
^
^
^
(1 os ) os .
os( sin ).
os( os ).
db
dt
dt t s
s
dp t dp s
S
u mc c t
t
K
s
u c t t
t
u c t K c t
t
U
U
U
U
U

+
+
+
Trong
^
^
s
m
t
U
U
l h s iu bin.
K
dt
, K
dp
l cc h s t l iu tn iu pha.
5.3. V c bn hai mch ny tng t nhau. Mch iu bin vng c bn it. Mch iu bin
cn bng ch c hai it. mch iu bin cn bng tn hiu sau iu ch ngoi thnh phn
tn s mong mun
t
t
s
, cn c cc thnh phn tn s thp v tn phn cao gy nhiu.
Cn mch iu ch vng cc thnh phn tn s khng mong mun u trit tiu, ch cn li
hai bin tn cn thit. t c iu yu cu mch phi tht i xng, linh kin hon ton
nh nhau.
5.4. Trong thng tin, khi truyn tn hiu n bin c cc u im sau: gim rng gii tn mt
na, cng sut bc x yu cu thp hn khi cng c ly thng tin v tp m u thu gim do
gii tn ca tn hiu hp hn. Tuy nhin mch iu ch tn hiu n bin phc tp hn.
5.5. V s khi hnh 5-4 v s ph ca tn hiu hnh 5-5. Ta thc hin iu ch hai cp
vic lc b mt bin tn sau iu bin thun li. Nu iu ch mt ln vi tn s sng mang
f
t
rt ln, vic lc b mt bin tn rt kh khn v cc bin tn rt st nhau.
5.6. V hnh 5-6. y l mch dao ng sin ghp bin p m khung dao ng c it bin dung.
Tn hiu iu ch U
s
a qua bin p (tn s thp) t vo it. Khi U
s
= 0

mch dao ng t
lm vic cho dao ng cao tn vi tn s khng i f
t
. Khi c U
s
, in dung C
d
ca it thay
i theo U
s
nn tn s dao ng ca mch thay i theo U
s
. Nh vy trn khung dao ng
nhn c tn hiu iu tn. S thay i ca C
d
theo U
s
biu din hnh 5-7.
5.7. Xem hnh 5-1 ti liu tham kho 1. Tranzito in khng l mt tranzito kt hp vi hai
phn t RC v RL, c iu kin kt ni thnh mng hai cc . Khi lm vic n tng ng
mt in khng (in cm tng ng L
t
hay t in tng ng C
t
). Nu c in p tn
hiu U
s
t vo cc gc iu khin th L
t
hay C
t
s bin i theo U
s
.
5.8. Mch iu tn dng tranzito in khng c tranzito in khng mc vo khung dao ng ca
mch dao ng sin (hnh 5-8) ti liu tham kho 1. Khi c U
s
u vo L
t
ca T
1
, C, R thay
i theo U
s
. L
t
mc vo khung dao ng sin cha tranzito T
2
nu trn khung dao ng nhn
c tn hiu iu tn.
216
Hng dn tr li
5.9. i chiu it bin dung trong mch hnh 5-6 khng c v khi it lun thng, khung
dao ng b ni tt, mch dao ng khng lm vic.
5.10. Mch tch sng l mch tch ly tin tc U
s
, lc b sng mang cao tn U
t
. Yu cu ca mch
tch sng l tn hiu ly ra trung thc, khng mo, lc b ht tp m v sng cao tn. t
c yu cu tn hiu vo tch sng phi c bin ln.
5.11. V mch hnh 5-10. Khi c tn hiu iu bin li vo it ch thng na chu dng ca
dao ng cao tn. u ra nhn c hnh bao ca dao ng nh s np phng ca t. Khi tn
hiu vo ln, RC chn ph hp ta c mch tch sng nh, ng bao chnh l U
s
cn
ly.
cho tn hiu ra tt cn: 1/
t
<< = RC <<1/
s
.
5.12. Do cc phng thc iu ch: iu bin, iu tn, iu pha l khc nhau nn cc mch tch
sng cc tn hiu tng ng cng phi khc nhau.
5.13. V hnh 5-14. mch ny hai mch cng hng ( th cp bin p) c tn s cng hng
lch vi tn s sng mang tn hiu iu tn. Khi c tn hiu iu tn u vo, trn hai mch
cng hng nhn c tn hiu iu bin. Qua mch tch sng iu bin u ra c tn hiu
U
s1
, U
s2
. U
r
chung = U
s1
U
s2
.
5.14. V hnh 5-18. Ta a thm mt in p chun U
ch
cao tn c tn s bng tn s sng mang
ca tn hiu iu pha vo mch. Do kt cu mch nn in p t ln hai mch tch sng pha
sau l tn hiu iu bin c bin t l vi di pha ca tn hiu iu pha (dng th
vct 5-18b gii thch). Qua mch tch sng iu bin
1
RC,
2
RC nhn c tin tc U
s.

5.15. Mch trn tn l mch trn in p tn hiu c tn s f
th
vi in p ngoi sai c tn s f
ns

ly ra tn hiu c tn s f
ns
+ f
th
hoc f
ns
f
th
. Thng thng ngi ta ly tn hiu c tn s
hiu gi l tn hiu trung tn. cn ch rng do bin in p ngoi sai rt ln hn bin
in p tn hiu nn sau trn tn tin tc khng b nh hng.
5.16. Do dng in u ra mch trn tn cha nhiu thnh phn: mt chiu, tn s f
ns
, f
th
, f
ns
f
th
, f
ns
+ f
th
v cc thnh phn tn s bc cao nn lc ly thnh phn tn s f
tt
= f
ns
- f
th
th ti ca
tng trn tn phi dng mch cng hng song song cng hng tn s , mc ch chn
ly thnh phn tn s f
tt
, lc b cc thnh phn khc. Mch in nh hnh 5-21, hnh 5-22.
5.17. S khi ca vng gi pha (PLL) hnh 5-24. Nguyn tc hot ng ca n l so snh pha
ca tn hiu vo vi tn hiu ra. Vng iu khin pha c nhim v pht hin v iu chnh
nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v ra khng ch mch to dao ng sao cho f
r
bm theo f
v
n khi f
r
= f
v
. PLL c nhiu ng dng trong k thut. Mt trong nhng ng dng
l dng lm b tng hp tn s nh hnh 5-26. T mch ta c f
r
= nf
v
/m. Khi thay i h
s m, n ta c f
r
tu .
5.18. a,
3 4 7
5.10 .(1 0, 5.cos 2. .10 ).cos 2 .10
db
u t t
+
b, C th vit li biu thc
db
u
nh sau:
217
Hng dn tr li

1
1 1
1
3 3
3 7 4 4
3 7 3 4 3
.
.(1 .cos ).cos .cos .cos( )
2
.
.cos( )
2
0, 5.5.10 0, 5.5.10
5.10 .cos 2 .10 .cos999.10 .cos1001.10
2 2
5.10 .cos 2 .10 1, 25.10 .cos999.10 1, 25.10 .cos100
db S t t t S
t S
mU
u U m t t U t t
mU
t
t t t
t t

+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
)
) )
)
4
1.10 . t
Vy ph ca tn hiu iu bin c ti tin.
MHz f
t
10
vi bin
mV A
t
5
. Bin tn di Hz f
d
4
10 . 999 vi bin
mV A
d
25 , 1
v bin tn trn Hz f
tr
4
10 . 1001 vi bin
mV A
tr
25 , 1
.
c, Tn hiu sau mch trn tn.

4 6
5.(1 0, 5.cos 2. .10 ).cos 2 .10
tt
u t t +
Tn s ngoi sai ca mch f
ns
= f
t
+ f
tt
= 10MHz + 1MHz = 11MHz.
C th dng s sau tch sng.
r l in tr trong ca it.
5-19a, 5-20b, 5-21b, 5-22c, 5-23c, 5-24b, 5-25b.
CHNG 6: CHUYN I A/D, D/A
6.1. chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D ph thuc vo s bt N ca t m. Nu N cng ln th
s mc phn bit cng nhiu nn mc lng t Q cng b dn n sai s lng t cng b.
(U
Q
= Q/2).
6.2. Cc bc chuyn i A/D gm: ly mu v gi mu, lng t ho v m ho. (phn tch
thm ba bc c bn )
6.3. V hnh 6-5. Gii thch qu trnh hot ng ca s t tn hiu vo n tn hiu ra.
6.4. Trong s bin i A/D theo phng php song song mc lng t Q l in p st trn
in tr R. Ta c th xc nh Q khi s bt t m N nh sau:
Q = U
ch
.R/(2
N
-2)R+R/2.
D
r i
U
2
U
r
'
C R
I
0
U
r
218
Hng dn tr li
6.5. V hnh 6-6. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch l chuyn i s bin i bin tng mu tn
hiu vo thnh xung c rng thay i theo thi gian (U
G
). Xung lm tn hiu m cng
a xung nhp ra, m s xung nhp qua cng v m ho c tn hiu U
D
.
6.6. Trong s chuyn i A/D theo phng php m n gin mc lng t Q th hin chu
k xung nhp T
n
; T
n
= T
M
/n (n s xung nhp).
6.7. Mch chuyn i A/D dng phng php tch phn theo hai sn dc kt qu m khng
ph thuc vo cc thng s RC ca mch v cng khng ph thuc vo tn s xung nhp nh
trong trng hp chuyn i A/D dng phng php m n gin. Nh vy kt qu chuyn
i chnh xc hn.
6.8. Chuyn i A/D phi tuyn l chuyn i m c tnh ca b chuyn i phi tuyn c dng
lga, sao cho t s tn hiu trn tp m thay i trong gii bin i ca in p vo. Nh
ting ni nh khng b tp m ln t. Ngoi ra lng t ho phi tuyn cn cho ghp tng dung
lng ca knh thoi do gim c s bt t m khi cng cht lng thng tin nh nhau so
vi khi lng t ho tuyn tnh.
6.9. T tn hiu s ly li U
A
ta dng s hnh 6-14. u tin dng mch chuyn i tn hiu
s ca tng t m thnh cc mu in p U
M
. l cc xung ri rc c chu k bng chu k
ly mu trong bin i A/D vi bin thay i. Cho dy xung qua mch lc thng thp u
ra nhn c tn hiu U
A
bin i lin tc theo thi gian.
6.10. V mch hnh 6-16. Thang in tr c cc in tr k cn nhau cch nhau hai ln v gi tr
nn dng qua n s tng ng trng s ca bt t m m nhim. V vy in p tng st trn
R
ht
c gi tr tng ng vi tn hiu s a n. Nhc im ca mch phi dng loi in
tr chnh xc cao, nu khng s gy nn sai s ln trong qu trnh chuyn i.
6.11. V hnh 6-18. Mch c mng in tr gm loi in tr R v 2R, kt ni vi h thng ngun
dng qua chuyn mch K. Do kt cu mch nn dng in i t tri qua phi ca mng c gi
tr gim dn hai ln theo cc nt mch. V vy trn R
ht
nh c in p theo t m c.
6.12. B chuyn i D/A cng thang in tr phi dng nhiu loi in tr, s dn n sai s trong
qu trnh mch lm vic. B chuyn i D/A dng mch in tr ch cn hai loi in tr nn
chnh xc cao hn. Tuy nhin mch ny phi dng s in tr nhiu hn.
6.13. bo m qu trnh chuyn i D/A ly hai tn hiu trung thc, tn s ly mu trong qu
trnh chuyn i D/A tho mn iu kin f
M
2F
max
Trong F
max
l tn s gii hn trn ca
ca gii tn tn hiu. y F
max
= 3700Hz nn f
M
7400Hz.
Khi f
M
= 8000Hz th chu k ly mu T
M
= 1/f
M
= 1/8000 = 125s.
6.14. Khi N = 3 th Q = U
a max
/(2
N
-1) = 5V/7 = 0,714V, sai s lng t U
Q
= Q/2 = 0,357V. Khi N
= 5 th Q = U
a max
/(2
N
1) = 5V/31 =0,16V, sai s lng t U
Q
= Q/2 = 0,08V. Nh vy khi
s bt ca t m cng tng th Q v sai s U
Q
cng gim.
Tr li cu hi:
6-15b, 6-16c, 6-17c, 6-18c, 6-19b, 6-20c.
219
Hng dn tr li
CHNG 7: MCH CUNG CP NGUN
7.1. Mch cung cp ngun c nhim v chuyn i in p xoay chiu t li in thnh ngun
in p mt chiu cung cp nng lng cho cc thit b in t hot ng.
7.2. V hnh 7-1. Bin p c nhim v bin i in p li in thnh mt in p xoay chiu U
2
theo yu cu.
Mch chnh lu chuyn i in p xoay chiu U
2
thnh in p mt chiu U
0
p mch.
Mch lc c nhim v san bng in p U
0
thnh in p mt chiu U
01
t p mch hn.
Mch n p cho ra mt in p U
r-
n nh. Khi U
1
vo thay i hay I
ti
thay i.
7.3. C mch chnh lu na sng, chnh lu ton sng, chnh lu cu.
Chnh lu ton sng c s xung qua ti trong mt chu k ln gp i (m = 2) nn lc thun
li hn. c bit chnh lu cu cun dy th cp khng cn im gia.
7.4. Mch chnh lu bi p l mch to ra in p mt chiu u ra ln hn hai hay nhiu in
p u vo (tu vo mch). Ngi ta dng mch chnh lu ny khi cn in p mt chiu cao
nhng ng b.
7.5. H s p mch K
d
= U
0~
/U
0
l t s ca thnh phn xoay chiu vi thnh phn mt chiu.
u vo c K
dr
= U
0~r
/U
0v
, u ra c K
dr
= U
0~r
/U
0r
.
K
d
cng nh cng tt. H s lc q = K
dv
/K
dr
U
0~v
/U
0~r
> 1, q cng ln cng tt.
7.6. C cc kiu mch lc: mch lc C, mch lc L, mch lc LC, mch lc RC.
Mch lc C dng trong trng hp yu cu lc n gin, in tr ti ln, dng ti nh.
Mch lc L dng khi dng ti ln (in tr ti nh).
Mch lc LC dng ph bin trong mch ngun cng sut va v ln.
Mch lc RC dng trong cc mch ngun cng sut nh, hiu sut mch lc ny thp.
7.7. V hnh 7-16 gm cc khi to ngun chun, b so snh, mch hi tip mch khuch i,
phn t hiu chnh.
Nguyn tc chung ca mch l nu in p ra tng, mch hot ng in tr ca phn t
hiu chnh tng, st p trn n tng, lm cho U
r
gim. Ngc li in p ra gim, mch hot ng
sao cho in tr phn t hiu chnh gim, st p trn n gim, lm cho U
r
tng ln. Nh vy
mch c tc dng t ng n nh in p ra.
7.8. V hnh 7-15. Nguyn l n p ca mch l khi in p vo tng th dng in qua it Zener
tng gy st p trn in tr R tng, gi cho in p trn it khng i. V U
z
+U
r
= U
v
(U
v
tng bao nhiu th U
R
tng by nhiu).
Mch thng s dng khi U
v
= (1,5 3)U
z
.
7.9. Mch n p dng tranzito khuch i c nhim v khuch i in p sai lch iu khin
tranzito cng sut thng nhiu hoc thng t t l nghch vi in p ra (U
r
tng th T thng t,
U
r
gim th T

thng nhiu). V hnh 7-18 v gi thch.
220
Hng dn tr li
7.10. Khi dng ti yu cu ln i hi PTHC phi c h s khuch i dng ln ta dng PTHC l
mch Darlingtn. Mch Darlingtn c tr khng vo ln nn khi ti thay i t nh hng
n in p u ra ca BKTT nn U
r
n nh (xem hnh 7-21).
7.11. Mch n p dng BKTT khuch i in p sai lch c u im l nh n c h s khuch
i rt ln nn lm tng h s n nh ca b n p.
7.12. V mch hnh 7-21, trong T
3
, R
6
, R
7
lm nhim v hn ch dng. Khi dng ti bnh thng
st p trn R
6
b hn 0,6V nn T
3
tt. Khi dng ti tng st p trn R
6
ln hn 0,6V lm T
3
thng, dng T
3
gy st p trn R
7
lm gim in p cc gc tng Darlingtn. T
1
T
2
gim
thng, lm gim dng ti tr li.
7.13. V mch n p c hai h. H 78xx n p cho ra in p dng, h 79xx n p cho ra in p
m. Loi LM238 c th iu chnh in p ra trong mt phm vi kh rng. V cc hnh 7-22.
C th nng cao in p ra hay dng ra bng cch dng mch hnh 7-23.
7.14. V hnh 7-29, nu tn cc khi t 1 n 10 v tm hiu nhim v cc khi .
7.15. Ngi ta cho b ngun chuyn mch lm vic tn s cao (trong khong 15KHz 50KHz) l
lm gim nh kch thc b ngun (gim kch thc ca bin p)v nng cao hiu sut
ca b ngun, thun tin cho vic lc ngun th cp.
7.16. Nguyn tc n p ca b ngun chuyn mch l khi in p vo tng khi iu khin c
nhim v iu khin chuyn mch ng thi gian ngn hn cho xung ra hp, ngc li khi
cho in p vo gim th tn hiu th iu khin chuyn mch ng thi gian di hn (nh vy
rng xung ra t k nghch vi in p vo), sau khi chnh lu v lc ln hai U
r
n nh.
7.17. a, Kh nng cho dng ti ti a c nh gi bng hiu s:
I
Zmax
- I
Zmin
= 60mA 10 mA = 50mA.
Vi R
t
= 240 v U
02
= U
Z
= 12V, ta c:
I
t
= U
Z
/R
t
= 12V/240 = 50mA > I
Zmin
= 10mA.
R
1
= U
R1
/I
R1
= (U
01
U
Z
)/(I
t
+ I
Z
) = (20V 12V)/(50mA + 10mA) = 133.
b, Bit U
01
= 10%U
01
= 10%.20V = 2V.
in p gn sng t vo b p p dng D
Z
c san bng trn R
Z
v R
1
ni tip nhau, ta ni
tc dng lm suy gim in p gn sng ca D
Z
vi h s suy gim l R
Z
/(R
Z
+R
1
), t li ra c
in p gn sng l: U
gn sng ra
= U
01
.R
Z
/(R
Z
+R
1
) = 2V.7/(133 + 7) =100mV.
7-18b, 7-19b, 7-20a, 7-21a, 7-22b, 7-23a, 7-24b, 7-25b, 7-26b, 7-27b.
221
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
AC: (Alternating Current) dng in xoay chiu.
ADC: (Analog Digital Converter) chuyn i tng t-s.
BKTT: B khuch i thut ton.
DAC: (Digital Analog Converter) chuyn i s tng t.
DC: (Direct Current) dng in mt chiu.
RX: iu rng xung.
IC: (Integarated Cicuits) vi mch tch hp.
K: Khuch i.
LTT: Lc thng thp.
PLL: (Phase Loocked Loop) vng gi pha.
TSP: Tch sng pha.
VCO: (Volt Converter Osillate) to dao ng iu khin bng in p.
222
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Phm Minh H, K thut mch in t, NXB Khoa hc k thut, 2002
2. Xun Th, K thut in t, NXB Gio dc, 1997
3. L Phi Yn, K thut mch in t, NXB i hc Bch khoa Tp H Ch Minh, 1996
4. William D.Stanley, B khuch i x l v IC tuyn tnh, NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1994
5. Phm Minh Vit, Trn Cng Nhng, K thut mch in t phi tuyn, NXB Gio dc,
2000
223
Mc lc
MC LC
LI NI U ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I TRANZITO ................................................................................................... 3
GII THIU CHUNG ........................................................................................................................................ 3
NI DUNG .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V CC THAM S C BN CA MCH KHUCH I ........... 4
1.2. PHN CC V CH LM VIC MT CHIU ............................................................................. 7
1.3. HI TIP TRONG CC TNG KHUCH I .................................................................................. 10
1.4. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT). ...................................................... 15
1.5. TNG KHUCH I O PHA ........................................................................................................ 24
1.6. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO TRNG(FET). ............................................................ 25
1.7. CC PHNG PHP GHP TNG TRONG B KHUCH I ..................................................... 32
1.8. MT S MCH KHUCH I KHC ............................................................................................... 35
Hnh 7-18: B n nh hi tip ................................................................................................................................... 36
1.9. TNG KHUCH I CNG SUT .................................................................................................... 38
TM TT .......................................................................................................................................................... 45
CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................................................................... 47
CHNG 2: B KHUCH I THUT TON ................................................................................................ 53
GII THIU CHUNG ....................................................................................................................................... 53
NI DUNG ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
2.1. CC TNH CHT CHUNG CA BKTT ........................................................................................... 54
2.2. MCH KHCH I VI SAI ................................................................................................................. 55
2.3. MCH KHUCH I ........................................................................................................................... 60
2.4. CC PHNG PHP CHNG TRI V B IM KHNG .......................................................... 61
2.5. MCH CNG ........................................................................................................................................ 63
2.6. MCH TR ............................................................................................................................................ 64
2.7. MCH VI PHN, MCH TCH PHN ............................................................................................... 65
2.8. MCH TO HM LOGARIT V LY THA .................................................................................. 66
2.9. MCH NHN TNG T .................................................................................................................. 68
2.10. MCH LC TCH CC ...................................................................................................................... 70
TM TT ......................................................................................................................................................... 76
CU HI V BI TP .................................................................................................................................... 77
CHNG 3: MCH TO DAO NG SIN .......................................................................................................... 84
GII THIU CHUNG ...................................................................................................................................... 84
NI DUNG ........................................................................................................................................................ 84
224
Mc lc
3.1. KHI NIM ............................................................................................................................................ 84
3.2. IU KIN DAO NG V C IM CA MCH TO DAO NG ..................................... 85
3.3. MCH TO DO NG SIN GHP BIN P ..................................................................................... 86
3.4. MCH DAO NG SIN BA IM ..................................................................................................... 86
3.5. MCH TO DAO NG SIN GHP RC ............................................................................................ 88
3.6. MCH DAO NG BNG THCH ANH .......................................................................................... 91
3.7. MCH TO TN HIU SIN KIU XP X TUYN TNH ............................................................... 94
TM TT .......................................................................................................................................................... 95
CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................................................................... 96
CHNG 4: MCH XUNG .................................................................................................................................... 100
GII THIU CHUNG .................................................................................................................................... 100
NI DUNG ...................................................................................................................................................... 101
4.1. TN HIU XUNG V THAM S ....................................................................................................... 101
4.2. CH KHA CA TRANZITO ..................................................................................................... 102
4.3. CH KHA CA BKTT ............................................................................................................ 103
4.4. TRIG ................................................................................................................................................... 104
4.5. MCH A HI I ........................................................................................................................... 105
4.6. MCH DAO NG A HI T DAO NG ................................................................................. 106
4.7. MCH DAO NG NGHT (BLOCKING) ...................................................................................... 110
4.8. MCH HN CH BIN ............................................................................................................... 112
4.9. MCH TO XUNG RNG CA ....................................................................................................... 114
4.10. MCH TO TN HIU HN HP ................................................................................................... 117
4.11. MCH TO DAO NG C TN S IU KHIN BNG IN P (VCO) .......................... 118
TM TT ....................................................................................................................................................... 119
CU HI V BI TP .................................................................................................................................. 120
CHNG 5: CC MCH BIN I TN S ................................................................................................... 124
GII THIU CHUNG ..................................................................................................................................... 124
NI DUNG ...................................................................................................................................................... 125
5.1. IU CH ............................................................................................................................................ 125
5.2. MCH IU BIN .............................................................................................................................. 127
5.3. IU CH N BIN ........................................................................................................................ 130
5.4. IU TN V IU PHA .................................................................................................................. 132
5.5. MCH IU TN V IU PHA ..................................................................................................... 133
5.6. TCH SNG ........................................................................................................................................ 137
5.7. TCH SNG IU TN V IU PHA .......................................................................................... 140
5.8. TRN TN ........................................................................................................................................... 145
5.9. MCH NHN CHIA TN S ............................................................................................................ 150
TM TT ........................................................................................................................................................ 152
225
Mc lc
CU HI V BI TP .................................................................................................................................. 154
CHNG 6: CHUYN I A/D, D/A .................................................................................................................. 157
GII THIU CHUNG ..................................................................................................................................... 157
NI DUNG ...................................................................................................................................................... 157
6.1. C S L LUN ................................................................................................................................. 157
6.1.1. Khi nim chung ................................................................................................................................ 157
6.1.2. Cc tham s c bn ............................................................................................................................ 159
6.2. CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I A/D ........................................................................................ 161
6.3. CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I D/A ........................................................................................ 168
TM TT ........................................................................................................................................................ 171
CU HI V BI TP .................................................................................................................................. 172
CHNG 7: MCH CUNG CP NGUN .......................................................................................................... 175
GII THIU CHUNG ..................................................................................................................................... 175
NI DUNG ...................................................................................................................................................... 175
7.1. KHI NIM .......................................................................................................................................... 175
7.2. BIN P ............................................................................................................................................... 176
7.3. CHNH LU MT PHA ...................................................................................................................... 176
7.4. CHNH LU BI P ........................................................................................................................... 182
7.5. B LC ................................................................................................................................................ 184
7.6. N NH IN P ............................................................................................................................. 186
7.7. NGUN CHUYN MCH .................................................................................................................. 194
TM TT ....................................................................................................................................................... 201
CU HI V BI TP .................................................................................................................................. 202
HNG DN TR LI ......................................................................................................................................... 206
CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I TRANZITO ........................................................................................ 206
CHNG 2: B KHUCH I THUT TON ......................................................................................... 210
CHNG 3 MCH TO DAO NG SIN ................................................................................................ 211
CHNG 4: MCH XUNG .......................................................................................................................... 214
CHNG 5:CC MCH BIN I TN S ............................................................................................ 215
CHNG 6: CHUYN I A/D, D/A ......................................................................................................... 218
CHNG 7: MCH CUNG CP NGUN .................................................................................................. 220
THUT NG VIT TT ......................................................................................................................................... 222
TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................................................................... 223
MC LC ................................................................................................................................................................... 224

226

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LI NI U

in t tng t l mn hc c s, nhm cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c bn

= (2n +1). (n l s nguyn dng) tn hiu tng

) cng nh cc tham s v dng in, in p v cng sut. Dng in cc gp cho php cc

I max I < + . V mt in p ngi ta thng chn tranzito theo U

50). N c dng phi hp mch ra ca tng khuch

<1. H s khuch i dng ca tng l:

chnh l tch h s mo tn s ca mi t trong b khuch i.

cho cc t khc trong s .

l hng s thi gian tng ng ca tng min tn s cao.

< do vng cong ca c tuyn v

Hnh 1-39: Mch y ko khng bin p dng tranzito cng loi.

Hnh 2-1: B khuch i thut ton

H s khuch i in p ca mch khuch

u vo b khuch i thut ton thc cht l cc dng cc gc

gy st p trn cc ca vo. Do s khc nhau tr s cc in tr ca

Lc dng tnh gy ra trn hai u vo cc st p l I

2.10.1.2. Mch lc tch cc thng cao bc mt

, chn C ta tnh c R (theo a) =

+ Vi mch 2-29c c hm truyn t:

2.10.2.3. Mch lc tch cc bc hai thng gii

l bin xung tam gic li vo.

= 2n, tch h s khuch i ca mch khuch i v h s hi tip ca mch hi

= , i ln h s hi tip = 1/29, ln h s khuch i ca

A710, A110, LM310 -339; loi ny t mc tng V/ ns.

it D c phn cc thun, thng nn U

0). Lc tn ti mt dng in chy t ngun E

, kh nh. Khi s phn b ca hai

bin thin theo quy lut tin tc.

ngha l qu trnh bin i tn hiu iu tn thnh tn hiu iu bin

in p ra tng ng trn hai b tch sng bin xc nh c theo th vc t hnh 5-

khu cui cng cng ging nh cc khu trc.

) thnh phn 1 chiu ca dng in chnh lu:

Nu b qua tn hao bin p v chnh lu (b qua r

Hnh 7-14: Khi n nh in p

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