Tutorial 5: Synchronous Generators II

Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit and the Power Equation

This tutorial is based on material from Lecture 8. The purpose of this tutorial is to demonstrate: Electric calculations on synchronous generators using a per-phase equivalent circuit Applications of the Power Equation Instructions to the exercises treated during the tutorials can be found in the Collection of Exercises. The Collection of Exercises can be downloaded from the course website. This document provides detailed solutions of the problems associated with the fth seminar and is provided as a self-study assistance. It is strongly recommended that you try to rst solve the problems on your own before looking at the solutions provided here. Additional Exercises: At the end of Chapter 6 of the Hydropower Booklet, a set of additional exercises which are not treated during the three tutorials devoted to generators is provided. It is recommended that you work through a couple of them on your own. Talk to the the tutorial assistant if you encounter any problems while working through these exercises. Literature: Chapter 6, HB: Synchronous generators for hydropower applications. Notation Convention - Throughout this tutorial, a bar superscript denotes a complex quantity. Furthermore, the notations E = E ej = E = E(cos + jsin ) (1) are equivalent. - The magnitude of all voltage and current phasors correspond to phase quantities. It must however be remembered that the voltage values provided in the problem instructions are line-to-line quantities. The reason for this is that rated voltages in three-phase power systems are conventionally stated as line-to-line quantities. The relation between line-to-line and phase voltage magnitudes is Vll = 3Vph . (2)

Problem 1
A three-phase synchronous generator with a syncronous reactance of 1.8 is connected to a 10 kV grid. The no-load voltage for this generator is 15 kV at rated load. Calculate the produced active and reactive power if the load angle is 28 . Is there any limitation on how large the load angle can be? Solution: Given: Xs = 1.8 [] Vll = 10 [kV] Ell = 15 [kV] = 28 [ ]

The active power production is given by: P = Vll Ell 10 15 106 sin = sin(28 ) 39 [MW] Xs 1.8 (3)

The reactive power production is given by: Q= 10 103 Vll (Ell cos Vll ) = (15 103 cos(28 ) 10 103 ) 18 [MVAr] Xs 1.8 (4)

The active electric power delivered from the synchronous generator as a function of the load angle is shown in Fig. 1. At a given excitation (Ell ), the load angle adjusts itself in such a way

(Vl-lEl-l)/Xs

-(Vl-lEl-l)/Xs
- -/2 /2

Figure 1: P = f () for a synchronous generator at a given excitation. that the delivered electric power is equal to the impressed mechanical power. An increase in impressed mechanical power implies that increases. However, as exceeds 90 , an increased load angle as a response to an increase in impressed mechanical power leads to a decreased electric active power ouput, as can be seen in Fig. 1. The power unbalance is thus enhanced and the generator will soon loose synchronism with the external power grid. The operation point = 90 corresponds to the static stability limit of the synchronous machine at a given excitation. Typical hydropower generators operate at = 20 30 and thus have a substantial stability margin. Answer: P = 39 [MW] and Q = 18 [MVAr]. The load angle should not exceed 90 during normal operation.

Problem 2
A three-phase round-rotor synchronous generator, rated 16 kV and 200 MV has a synchronous reactance A of 2.1 [] and is operated on a 15 kV innite bus. The internal emf and the load angle at a given instant are found to be 24 kV and 27.4 respectively. a) Determine the line current and the three-phase active and reactive power delivered to the power grid. b) If the mechanical power input and the eld current of the generator are changed in a way such that the magnitude of the line current is reduced by 25 % but the power factor is kept constant, nd the new internal emf and the new load angle. c) While delivering the reduced current found in b), the mechanical power input and the excitation are further adjusted so that the machine operates at unity power factor at its terminals. Calculate the new values of the internal emf and load angle in this situation. Solution: a) First, we calculate the per-phase internal emf and terminal voltage: 24 E = 13.86 [kV] (5) 3 15 (6) V = 8.66 [kV] 3 The phasor diagram for the given load situation is shown in Fig. 2. The following relations

E jXsI
d
j

I
obviously hold

Figure 2: Illustration of Problem 2a. Ecos = V + Xs Isin Esin = Xs Icos Eqs. (7) and (8) can be rearranged as Isin = and Ecos V Xs (9) (7) (8)

Esin (10) Xs By taking the square of Eqs. (9) and (10) and then adding them together, the line current is obtained: )2 ( )2 ( Ecos V Esin I 2 cos2 + I 2 sin2 = I 2 = + Xs Xs ( )2 ( )2 Ecos V Esin + = I= (11) Xs Xs ( )2 ( )2 13.86cos(27.4 ) 8.66 13.86sin(27.4 ) = + 3.50 [kA] 2.1 2.1 Icos = 3

Eq. (8) can then be used to nd cos: cos = Esin 13.86 sin(27.4 ) = 0.87 (lag). Xs I 2.1 3.50 (12)

The active and reactive power can be calculated either by using the generator power equation or by using the power triangle relation discussed during Lecture 7. Here, we will use the latter approach: P = Scos = 3V Icos = 3 8.66 3.5 0.87 79 [MW] (13) Q = Ssin = 3V I 1 cos2 = 3 8.66 3.5 1 0.872 45 [MVAr] (14) It is left as an exercise to check that the same results are obtained with the power equation. Answer: I = 3.5 kA, P = 79 MW and Q = 45 MVAr. b) The new line current equals I = 3.5 0.75 2.6 [kA]. (15)

The new phasor diagram that relates the quantities E, V and I is shown in Fig. 3. The old phasor diagram is displayed with dotted lines. Using Pythagoras theorem, we can write the

E
jXsI
d

Figure 3: Phasor diagram Problem 2b. new internal emf as E= (V + Xs Isin )2 + (Xs Icos )2 = = (8.66 + 2.1 2.6 1 0.872 )2 + (2.1 2.6 0.87)2 12.4 [kV]

(16)

The corresponding line-to-line voltage is Ell = 3 12.4 21.4 [kV]. (17)

Finally, the new load angle can be found via a rearrangement of Eq. (8): sin = 2.1 2.6 0.87 Xs Icos = 0.39 22.8 E 12.4 (18)

Answer: Ell = 21.4 [kV] and = 22.8 c) The new load situation is illustrated in Fig. 4. The internal emf and the load angle are given by: E = (Xs I)2 + V 2 = (2.1 2.6)2 + 8.62 10.3 [kV] (19) ( ) Xs I (20) = arctan 32.5 V 4

E
jXsI
d

V
Figure 4: Phasor diagram Problem 2c. Expressed as a line-to-line quantity, the internal emf equals Ell = 3E 17.8 [kV] Answer: Ell = 17.8 [kV] and = 32.5

(21)

Problem 3
The no-load curve of a three-phase wye-connected 831 V synchronous generator with a synchronous reactance of 0.1 [] is shown in Fig. 5.

600

300

5 Field current [A]

10

Figure 5: No-load curve (Terminal phase voltage versus eld current) for the synchronous generator in Problem 3. a) Determine approximately the eld current needed to achieve a terminal voltage of 831 V at no-load. b) If the generator is connected to a purely resistive load, the resulting line-current is 692 [A]. Calculate the eld current that is needed to maintain a voltage of 831 V at the load. c) Determine the terminal voltage if an inductive load which draws a line current of magnitude 692 [A] at cos=0.8 is connected to the generator. Assume that the eld current is the same as in a). d) Determine the terminal voltage if an capacitive load which draws a line current of magnitude 692 [A] at cos=0.8 is connected to the generator. Assume that the eld current is the same as in a). Solution: a) The desired terminal phase voltage is Vll 831 V = = 480 [V]. 3 3 The corresponding eld current can be read from the Fig. 5: If (V = 480 [V]) 4.5 [A]. Answer: If = 4.5 A b) The phasor diagram that corresponds to the described load situation is shown in Fig. 6. Further, it is given that: I = 692 [A] Vll = 831 [V] V = 480 [V] 6 (23) (22)

E
jXsI
d

V
Figure 6: Phasor diagram Problem 3b. The internal emf can be calculated as (refer to Fig. 6): E = V 2 + (Xs I)2 = 4802 + (0.1 692)2 485 [V] This corresponds to a eld current If = 4.6 [A] (see Fig. 5) Answer: If = 4.6 [A] (that is, a slightly larger eld current is needed than in the no-load case. c) The phasor diagram that corresponds to the described inductive load situation is shown in Fig. 7. Further, it is given that:

(24)

E jXsI
d
j

Figure 7: Phasor diagram Problem 3c. I = 692 [A] Ell = 831 [V] E = 480 [V]

The terminal voltage can be obtained as V = E 2 (Xs Icos )2 Xs Isin = = 4802 (0.1 692 0.8)2 0.1 692 1 0.82 435 [V]. That is Vll = 3V = 754 [V].

(25)

(26)

Answer: Vll = 754 V. This value is lower than the no-load voltage 831 V. That is, inductive loads decrease the terminal voltage. Typical inductive loads include asynchronous motors and heavily loaded transmission lines. d) The phasor diagram that corresponds to the described capacitive load situation is shown in Fig. 8 Further, it is given that: I = 692 [A] Ell = 831 [V] E = 480 [V] The terminal voltage can be obtained as V = E 2 (Xs Icos )2 + Xs Isin = = 4802 (0.1 692 0.8)2 + 0.1 692 1 0.82 518 [V]. 7

(27)

E
j

jXsI

V
Figure 8: Phasor diagram Problem 3d. That is Vll =

3V = 898 [V].

(28)

Answer: Vll = 898 V. This value is higher than the no-load voltage 831 V. That is, capacitive loads increase the terminal voltage. A typical capacitive load is a lightly loaded transmission line.

Problem 4
Two three-phase wye-connected synchronous generators are connected to a load according to the gure below. The load consumes 3000 kW at cos=0.8. The synchronous reactance is (0.5 + j10) [] per phase for generator A and (0.4 + j12) [] per phase for generator B. At a given time the active power load is evenly distributed between the generators and the phase current owing from Generator A is 150 [A]. The voltage drop over the load at this time is found to be 6.6 [kV]. Calculate the load angles, line currents and power factors for both generators.

ZL A B

Figure 9: Illustration of problem 4. Solution: Given information: PL = 3000 kW IA = 150 A cos L = 0.8 (lag)
6.6 3

ZA = 0.5 +j10

ZB = 0.4 +j12

VL =

= 3.8 kV
IL
IA IB

ZA

ZB

EA

+ EB

Z L VL

Figure 10: Notation used in the solution of Problem 4. EA = EA A , EB = EB B , IA = IA A , IB = IB B , IL = IL L and VL = VL 0 The notation used above has been introduced in Fig. 10. If the voltage across the load, VL , is taken as the angle reference, the load current IL can be determined from IL = Since 3000 103 PL = 328 [A]. 3VL cos L 3 3.8103 0.8 L = arccos(0.8) 36.9 , (29)

(30)

the complex current I can be written L IL = IL 36.9 262.4 j196.8 [A]. (31)

The minus sign before the power factor angle appears, since we have been informed that the current is lagging the voltage. Since the magnitude of the current from generator A is known and it is given that each generator supplies half of the active load PL , we can determine the angle of I referred to the voltage VL : A cosA = PL /2 3000/2 = 0.875(lag) A 29 3VL IA 3 3.8 150 (32)

Thus, the complex current from Generator A, I , can be written A IA = 150 29 131.2 j72.7 [A]. We can then obtain EA using Kirchoffs voltage law: EA = VL + ZA IA = 3.8 103 + (0.5 + j10) (131.2 j72.7) = 3.8 103 + 0.5 131.2 + 10 72.7 + j(10 131.2 0.5 72.7) 4.6 + j1.28 [kV]. Thus, the load angle of Generator A is A = arctan 1.28 15.5 . 4.6 (35) (34) (33)

The current from Generator B can be derived from Kirchoffs current law IB = IL IA = 262.4 j196.8 (131.2 j72.7) 131.2 j124.1 [A]. The phase angle of IB , B , is ( B = arctan 124.1 131.2 ) 43.4 . (37) (36)

The power factor for Generator B hence becomes cos B = cos(43.4 ) 0.726 (lag) and the complex current IB can be written in polar coordinates as IB = IB B = 131.22 + 124.12 43.4 181 43 . We can then obtain EB using Kirchoffs voltage law: EB = VL + ZB IB = 3.8 103 + (0.4 + j12) (131.2 j124.1) = 3.8 103 + 0.4 131.2 + 12 124.1 + j(12 131.2 0.4 124.1) 5.35 + j1.52 [kV]. The load angle of Generator B is given by B = arctan 1.52 15.9 . 5.35 (41) (40) (38)

(39)

10

A phasor diagram displaying all the relevant electrical quantities in the presented solution is shown in Fig. 11.

EA
A A B

EB VL

IA IB

Figure 11: Notation used in the solution of Problem 4. Answer: A = 15.5 B = 15.9 I A = 150-29 [A] I B = 181-43.4 [A] cosA = 0.875 (lag) cosB = 0.726 (lag)

11