Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential

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Rweq Determination from ESSP

Clean formations

SP-1

This chart and nomograph calculate the equivalent formation water resistivity, R weq, from the static spontaneous potential, E SSP, measurement in clean formations. Enter the nomograph with ESSP in mV, turning through the reservoir temperature in F or C to dene the R mfeq /R weq ratio. From this value, pass through the R mfeq value to dene R weq. For predominantly NaCl muds, determine R mfeq as follows: a. If R mf at 75F (24C) is greater than 0.1 ohm-m, correct R mf to formation temperature using Chart Gen-9, and use R mfeq = 0.85 R mf. b. If R mf at 75F (24C) is less than 0.1 ohm-m, use Chart SP-2 to derive a value of R mfeq at formation temperature.

Example: SSP = 100 mV at 250F R mf = 0.70 ohm-m at 100F or 0.33 ohm-m at 250F Therefore, R mfeq = 0.85 0.33 = 0.28 ohm-m at 250F R weq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250F E SSP = K c log(R mfeq /R weq ) K C = 61 + 0.133 TF K C = 65 + 0.24 TC

Rweq (ohm-m) 0.001

SP

Rmfeq /Rweq 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.02 0.04 0.06 2 aw /amf or Rmfe /Rwe 3 4 5 6 8 10
F 0 F 50 0 40 0F C C 0 30 25 00 C 0F 2 0 20 15 0C F 10 100 C 50 0C

0.005

Rmfeq (ohm-m) 0.01

0.01

0.02

0.1 0.2

0.05

4 6

0.4 0.6 1 0.1

8 10 2 4 6 20 10 20 40 40 60 100 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.2

20 30 40 50 +50 0 50 Formation temperature

100

150

200

ESSP, static spontaneous potential (mV)

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Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential

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Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature

SP-2 (English)

0.001 500F 400F 0.002 300F 200F 150F 0.005 100F 75F 0.01 Saturation 0.02 R weq or R mfeq (ohm-m)

SP

0.05

0.1

0.2
500 F 400 F 300 F 200 F 150 F 100 F 75 F

0.5

F 5 t7 la aC N

1.0

2.0 0.005

0.01

0.02 0.03

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.5

1.0

4 5

R w or Rmf (ohm-m)
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These charts convert equivalent water resistivity, R weq , from Chart SP-1 to actual water resistivity, R w. They may also be used to convert R mf to R mfeq in saline muds. Use the solid lines for predominantly NaCl waters. The dashed lines are approximate for average fresh formation waters (where effects of salts other than NaCl become signicant). The dashed portions may also be used for gyp-base mud ltrates.

Example: R weq = 0.025 ohm-m at 120C From chart, R w = 0.031 ohm-m at 120C Special procedures for muds containing Ca or Mg in solution are discussed in Reference 3. Lime-base muds usually have a negligible amount of Ca in solution; they may be treated as regular mud types.

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Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential

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Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature

SP-2m (Metric)

0.001 250C 200C 0.002 150C 100C 75C 0.005 50C 25C Saturation 0.02 R weq or R mfeq (ohm-m)

SP

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2
250 C 200 C 150 C 100 75 C C 50 C 25 C

0.5

C 5 t2 la aC N

1.0

2.0 0.005

0.01

0.02 0.03

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.5

1.0

4 5

R w or Rmf (ohm-m)
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Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential

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SP Correction Charts
For representative cases

SP-3

No invasion R xo = 0.2 R t Rs =1 Rm
1.0
1 52 10 20

Invasion, di /dh = 5 R xo = R t
1.0
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5

R xo = 5 R t
1.0
0.5 21 5 10

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

SP
ESP /ESPcor
0.6

0.6
50

0.5 1

0.6
10 20

0.6
20

0.4 0.2

0.4 0.2

2 5 10 20 50

0.4 0.2

0.4
50

100 200

50

0.2
100

100 200

R t /Rm

Rxo /Rm

100

Rxo /Rm

200

Rxo /Rm

40 30 20 15 10 7.5

40 30 20 15 10 7.5

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 1.0

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 1.0
1 5 2

Rs =5 Rm

h/dh
1.0
5 10 2

h/dh
1.0
0.2 0.5 1 2

0.8
20

0.8

0.5 1

0.8

5 10 20

0.8
10 20

ESP /ESPcor

0.6
50

0.6

2 5

0.6

0.6

0.4
100

0.4
10

0.4
50 20 50 100 200

0.4 0.2
Rxo /Rm

50

0.2
R t /Rm

200 500

0.2
Rxo /Rm

0.2
Rxo /Rm

100 200 500

100 200 500

40 30 20 15 10 7.5

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 1.0

40 30 20 15 10 7.5 1.0

h/dh Rs = 20 Rm
1.0
5 10 2

h/dh
1.0
1 2 5 2 5 1 5 10 20 2

0.8

20

0.8

0.8

10 20

0.8

ESP /ESPcor

0.6
50

0.6
10

0.6

0.6

50

0.4
100

0.4
200 500 1000

20 50 100 200 500

0.4 0.2
Rxo /Rm

50

0.4 0.2
Rxo /Rm

100

0.2
R t /Rm

0.2
Rxo /Rm

100 200 500 1000

200 500 1000

40 30 20 15 10 7.5
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40 30 20 15 10 7.5 5

40 30 20 15 10 7.5

40 30 20 15 10 7.5

h/dh

h/dh

1. Select row of charts for most appropriate value of R s /R m . 2. Select chart for No Invasion or for Invasion of d i /d h = 5, whichever is appropriate. 3. Enter abscissa with value of h/d h (ratio of bed thickness to hole diameter).
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4. Go vertically up to curve for appropriate R t /Rm (for no invasion) or R xo /R m (for invaded cases), interpolating between curves if necessary. 5. Read E SP/ESPcor in ordinate scale. Calculate E SPcor = E SP/(ESP/E SPcor). (ESP is SP from log.) For more detail on SP corrections, see References 4 and 33.

Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential

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SP Correction Chart (Empirical)

SP-4 (English)

8-in. hole; 338 -in. tool, centered 100 di (in.)

20

1.0

90

SP
30
Ri Rm

30
30
30

35

80
30

35
40
5 1.5 Correction factor

70

40

% ESSP

60

50

20

2.0

40

50

2.5 3.0

30

100

3.5 4.0

20

200 70 50 40 30 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

5.0

Bed thickness, h (ft)

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This chart provides an empirical correction to the SP for the effects of invasion and bed thickness obtained by averaging a series of thin-bed corrections in Reference 37. This chart considers only h, bed thickness, as variable, and R i /R m and d i as parameters of xed value. Hole diameter is set at 8 in.

Enter the chart with bed thickness, h; go to the appropriate invasion diameter, d i, and invaded zone resistivity/mud resistivity ratio, R i / R m. The recorded SP measurement is then corrected by the resulting correction factor. Continued on next page

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Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential

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SP Correction Chart (Empirical)

SP-4m (Metric)

200-mm hole; 86-mm tool, centered 100 di (m) 90

0.5
75 0. 0.8 8 75 0.8 0. 75 0. 5 1.0

1.0

SP
80

Ri Rm

0.7

0.7 5

5 1.5 Correction factor

70

1.0

% ESSP

60

50

20

2.0

40

50

2.5 3.0

30

100

3.5 4.0

20 200 20
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5.0

15

10

Bed thickness, h (m)

Example: SP = 80 mV in a 3-m bed R m = 0.5 ohm-m, and R i (invaded zone resistivity) = 10 ohm-m (both at formation temperature) Invasion diameter = 0.80 m

Therefore, R i /R m = 10/0.5 = 20 SP correction factor = 1.1 Corrected SP, E SSP = 80 (1.1) = 88 mV

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