VN TI 1. So snh KN, c im, chng t iu chnh mi QH gia ch hng v NCC trong pthc thu tu ch v tu chuyn?

Tu ch Tu chuyn KN - L loi tu chuyn ch hh trn bin - L loi tu chuyn ch hh trn bin - Chy trn 1 tuyn ng nht nh - Chy theo lch trnh gia 2 hay nhiu cng - Gh vo cc cng quy nh theo lch trnh theo yu cu ca ngi thu tu trn c s nh trc HTT - Thu tu ch l vic ch hng lin h vi - Thu tu chuyn l vic ch hng lin h vi ch tu (hoc i l hng tu) ginh ch ch tu (i din ch tu thu ton b con trn tu chuyn ch hh t cng ny n tu chuyn ch hh t 1 (hoc nhiu) cng xp cng khc n 1 (hoc nhiu) cng d theo y/c ca ngi thu tu c im - Tu chy gia cc cng theo lch trnh c Tu k chy theo lch trnh c nh m chy cng b trc theo lch trnh ca HTT - Chng t iu chnh cc mi quan h l - Vn bn iu chnh cc mi quan h l vn n ng bin B/L (bill of lading) HTT chuyn (Voyage Charter Party C/P) bng chng ca 1 HVT hh = bin hoc B/L - Ch tu cng l NCC - Ch tu thng k phi - K c quy nh thng pht xp d nhanh - C quy nh NCCthng pht xp d ghi chm trong H * i tng chuyn ch S dng ch hh c khi lng va v nh nh hng bch ha, hng ng trong bao, kin, containerhoc c khi lng t hn trng ti ca tu * i tng chuyn ch S dng ch ~ loi hng c khi lng ln, tnh cht ca hng ho chuyn ch tng i thun nht v thng ch y tu nh ch hng lng (xng,du), hng ri,hng bch ha,hng ng trong bao, kin, containerc khi lng tng ng trng ti con tu * Tu vn chuyn Tu c cu to mt boong, ming hm ln thun tin cho vic bc hng. * iu kin chuyn ch iu kin chuyn ch, cc ph, chi ph d hng ho ln xung... c quy nh c th trong HTT do ngi thu v ngi cho thu tho thun. * Cc ph Cc do ngi thu v ngi cho thu tho thun a vo H, n c th bao gm c chi ph xp d hoc khng tu quy nh trong H. Gi cc thng cha tnh chi ph xp , d hh.Cc tu chuyn thng bin ng hn cc tu ch ngi thu tu phi lin h vi hng tu m phn,k kt HTT

* Tu vn chuyn Tu c cu to nhiu boong,nhiu hm,c trang b thit b xp d ring * iu kin chuyn ch Ngi thu tu khng c t do tha thun cc k chuyn ch, phi tun th cc k in sn trn B/L * Cc ph - Cc ph bao gm chi ph xp,d hh theo biu cc ca hng tu (c hiu lc trong tg tng i di)

Nghip v

- Th tc n gin, nhanh chng v ch ng c tg giao hng.Ngi thu tu phi :

- Xem k lch trnh hng hi ca hng tu - Lin h vi hng tu k Booking note km theo bng danh mc hh (cargo list) - Tr cc ph thu tu - Giao hng cho hng tu ti cng xp theo ng tg ghi trong lch trnh Trng hp p dng

2. KN B/L?Phn tch 3 chc nng ca B/L? a.KN : L chng t chuyn ch hh = bin do NCC hoc ngi i din ca h cp cho ngi gi hng sau khi xp hng ln tu hoc sau khi nhn hng xp. b.Chc nng: - L bin lai nhn hng ch ca NCC c/m s lng,k.lng,tnh trng bn ngoi ca hh c giao ti cng n, NCC c trch nhim giao cho ngi nhn ng s lng, k.lng v tnh trng nh lc nhn cng i khi ngi nhn xut trnh cho h 1 B/L gc Khi B/L gc xut trnh nhn hng th cc bn gc khc s k cn gi tr nhn hng na - L chng t s hu ~ hh m t trn B/L ai c B/L gc trong tay th c quyn s hu hh ghi trn B/L bin l chng t lu thong c, tc l c th mua bn,chuyn nhng,th chp hh ghi trn B/L = cch mua bn, chuyn nhng, th chp B/L bin. - L bng chng ca HVT (contract of carriage) Bn thn B/L bin k phi l HVT v ch c ch k ca 1 bn nhng B/L bin c gi tr nh 1 HVT bin iu chnh mi QH gia ngi gi hng v NCC iu chnh mi QH gia NCC vi ngi nhn hng v ngi cm B/L 3. Cc phng thc giao hng bng container? Gi hng nguyn container (FCL Full container load) - Ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc in vo Booking Note v a cho i din hng tu hoc i l tu bin xin k cng vi Danh mc hng XK. - Sau khi k Booking Note, hng tu s cp lnh giao v container ch hng mn v giao Packing List v Seal; - Ch hng ly container rng v a im ng hng ca mnh - Ch hng mi i din hi quan, kim nghim, kim dch, gim nh( nu c) n kim tra v gim st vic ng hng vo container. Sau khi ng xong, nhn vin hi quan s nim phong kp ch container. Ch hng iu chnh li Packing List v Cargo List, nu cn; - Ch hng vn chuyn v giao container cho tu ti CY quy nh hoc hi quan cng, trc khi ht thi gian quy nh ( closing time) ca tng chuyn tu ( thng l 8 ting trc khi bt u xp hng) v ly Mate's Receipt; - Sau khi hng c xp ln tu th mang Mate's Receipt i ly vn n. * Nu gi hng l (LCL/LCL) - Ch hng gi Booking Note cho hng tu hoc i l ca hng tu, cung cp cho h nhng thng tin cn thit v hng xut khu. Sau khi Booking Note c chp nhn, ch hng s tho thun vi hng tu v ngy, gi, a im giao nhn hng; -Ch hng hoc ngi c ch hng u thc mang hng n giao cho ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ti CFS hoc ICD

- Cc ch hng mi i din hi quan kim tra, kim ho v gim st vic ng hng vo container ca NCC hoc ngi gom hng. Sau khi hi quan nim phong, kp ch container, ch hng hon thnh nt th tc bc container ln tu v yu cu cp vn n, - NCC xp container ln tu v vn chuyn n ni n; - Tp hp b chng t thanh ton 4.Phn tch cc trch nhim ca NCC theo cng c Hague,Hague Visby? - cung cp tu c kh nng i bin(sea worthy ship) NCC phi = s cn mn,hp l ca mnh trc v trong lc bt u hnh trnh phi cung cp c cho con tu c kh nng i bin (phi chu c sng gi bt trn bin khong cp tr li;bin ch thuyn vin,thy th on,s quan trn tu phi y v s lng ln cht lng;cc hm hng,bung lnh phi ph hp,sch s vn chuyn hh;cung cp y lng thc,thc phm,nc ngt v nhin liu phc v cho hnh trnh;trang thit b phi y v ph hp cho vic bc d) - trch nhim TM /v hh: NCC phi = s cn mn,hp l ca mnh thc hin tt cng tc bc,d,sp xp,co san,chm sc,bo qun,ngn nga,khc phc cc tn tht xy ra ca hh nu c - cung cp B/L: cung cp B/L cho ngi gi ng theo y/c.B/L phi l B/L xp hng(nu B/L pht hnh l B/L nhn xp th sau khi hh c xp ln tu th NCC phi ng du xp ln B/L).Phi chu trch nhim /v tnh chnh xc v nd trn B/L vi nd do ch hng cc 5. Trong 13 k c s giao hng theo Incoterm 2000,k no ch ph hp vi VT .bin?V sao? Nhng k ph hp vi VT .bin l FAS,FOB,CFR,CIF,DES,DEQ. V : - a im chuyn giao hng l cng bin - quy nh phng thc VT l tu bin - quy nh ngha v ca NB,NM,NCC u ti cng hay trn tu bin 6.Trnh by KN v chc nng ca AWB? So snh AWB v B/L? KN: chng t vn chuyn hng ho v l bng chng ca vic k kt H vn chuyn hng ho bng my bay, v iu kin ca H v vic tip nhn hng ho chuyn ch( Lut Hng Khng dn dng Vit Nam ngy 4 thng 1 nm 1992). Chc nng + L = chng ca HVT hng khng c k kt gia ngi gi hng v NCC hng khng: + L =chng chng nhn vic nhn hng ca NCC hng khng. + L ho n thanh ton tin cc ph (Freight Bill): + L giy chng nhn bo him: AWB c dng nh IC (Insurance Certificate) + L bn hng dn i vi nhn vin hng khng: + L chng t khai hi quan (custom declaration): + Khng c chc nng s hu AWB khng lu thng c + L vn n nhn xp. + c k bi ngi gi hng v ngi chuyn ch (i l). So snh : Ging : -u l chng t chuyn ch hh - l = chng ca HVT -l c s php l gii quyt tranh chp gia ch hng v NCC Khc: AWB B/L -l chng t BH(nu ngi VT nhn BH) L chng t s hu hh m t trn B/L.Ai c B/L gc -l chng t c bn lm th tc hi quan khi hh ti trong tay th c quyn s hu hh ghi trn . ni n L chng t lu thng c.(c th mua bn,chuyn -l t ch dn cho NVHK khi tip nhn hng,kt vic nhng,th chp hh ghi trn B/L = cch mua bn,chuyn thanh ton cc ph nhng,th chp B/L bin) -k c chc nng lu thng v khi nhn cn xut trnh bn gc (giy bo nhn hng v cn cc nhn dng) 7. Quyn VT l g? Nu ~ li ch ca vic ginh quyn VT? Quyn VT l : - Trch nhim t chc vic vn chuyn

Trch nhim thanh ton trc tip cc ph Giao hng ti nc ngi bn: FOB + I + F Giao hng ti nc ngi mua: CIF = FOB + I + F Quyn thu tu

~ li ch ca vic ginh quyn VT : Ch ng trong vic t chc chuyn ch + La chn phng thc vn chuyn (Tr cc iu kin c s giao hng bng ng bin) FCA cho mi phng thc vn chuyn + Tuyn ng vn chuyn + Ngi vn chuyn Mua FOB c th t thu tu Mua CIF: ri ro tu xu, mt hng. Ch ng trong vic giao hng: Mua FOB Bn CIF Tng kh nng s dng i tu trong nc : - Tit kim chi ngoi t - Xut khu sn phm vn ti v bo him - Pht trin i tu quc gia - To ra nhng vic lm mi, thu nhp mi (dch v giao nhn, bo him, kho bi.) Ch ng v trc tip tham gia vo th trng thu tu quc t Nng lc i tu VIT NAM: 30% hng XNK Thc t: 12-14 % Ginh c quyn v vn ti to iu kin s dng cc dch v vn ti v giao nhn trong nc, c tc dng: - Tng thu ngoi t, ci thin cn cn thng mi nh ni trn Mua FOB: Thu tu trong nc -> trnh nhp khu sn phm VT Bn CIF: thu tu trong nc Xut khu sn phm vn ti Ngc li: Khi mua CIF -> Nhp khu sn phm vn ti Bn FOB Mt c hi xut khu sn phm vn ti - To iu kin pht trin ngnh vn ti v cc dch v h tr trong nc pht trin nh: dch v giao nhn, bo him. - To thm nhiu cng n vic lm mi cho x hi 8. Nu cc loi cc ph vn chuyn hh bng container?Cc ph c cu thnh t ~ b phn no? + Cc vn chuyn container tnh theo mt hng (CBR: Commodity Box Rate): l mc cc khon gp cho vic chuyn ch mt container cha mt mt hng ring bit. NCC cn c vo kh nng s dng trung bnh ca container m tnh ton d n nh mc cc (vd: 14 tn container loi 20 feet). Vi cch tnh ny nu ch hng ng thm c hng s c li. thng ch hng ln thch loi cc ny cn ch hng nh li khng thch. i vi NCC, cch tnh cc trn container n gin hn v gim c ~ chi ph hnh chnh. + Cc ph container tnh chung cho mi loi hng (FAK: Freight all kinds Rate): mi mt hng u phi ng mt gi cc cho cng mt chuyn container m k cn tnh n gi tr ca hng ha trong container. NCC v c bn cn c vo tng chi ph d tnh ca chuyn i chia cho s container d tnh vn chuyn. So vi cc ph loi CBR, cc ph FAK hp l hn v n v xp, d hng v chim ch trn tu l container. /v NCC p dng loi cc ny s n gim trong vic tnh ton. Nhng loi cc ny li cng c nhng bt cp ch ch hng c hng ha gi tr cao hn th li, cn ch hng c gi tr thp li bt li. + Cc ph hng ch l: c tnh theo trng lng, th tch hoc gi tr ca hng ha (tu theo s la chn ca NCC), cng vi cc loi dch v lm hng l nh ph bn bi container (container freight station charges), ph nhi, rt hng ra khi container (Less than container load charges). Chnh v th nn mc cc container hng l bao gi cng cao hn cc loi cc khc.

Cc ph c cu thnh t : chi ph vn ti ni a; chi ph chuyn ch container chng ng chnh.; chi ph bn, bi container cng xp, d; chi ph khc 9.Cc yu t /h n cc ph vn chuyn container? - Loi, c container (ln hay nh, chuyn dng hay khng chuyn dng). - Loi hh xp trong container- Mc s dng trng ti container.- Chiu di v c im ca tuyn ng chuyn ch. 10.Thi hn,c s,gii hn trch nhim ca NCC l g?Trnh by theo 3 cng c hin hnh Hague 1924 Hague-Visby 1968 Hamburg 1978 Thi hn trch NCC c trch nhim ch hh t cng n cng NCC c trch nhim /v hh t khi nhim : quy nh - t khi xp hng cng i v d hng cng n nhn hng n khi giao xong trch nhim ca - t khi cu chm vo l hng cng i v t an -NCC c coi nh nhn hng khi nhn : NCC v mt tg v ton xung cu cng th NCC mi ht trch nhim trc tip t ngi gi;i din ca khng gian /v hh ngi gi;c quan c thm quyn do lut ca QG quy nh - NCC coi nh giao xong hh khi : giao trc tip cho hoc i din ca ngi nhn;t hh di s nh ot ca ngi mua/nhn;giao hng cho c quan c thm quyn m theo lut phi giao nh th 3 trch nhim: - ~ tn tht, mt mt v chm giao C s trch - cung cp tu c kh nng i bin(sea worthy hng xy ra /v hh m NCC phi chu nhim : NCC ship) trch nhim theo quy tc suy on NCC phi = s cn mn,hp l ca mnh trc v li(ngha l NCC phi c/m iu phi chu trch trong lc bt u hnh trnh phi cung cp c cho ngc li) nhim v thit con tu c kh nng i bin (phi chu c sng - k quy nh trch nhim v min trch hi trong TH mt gi bt trn bin khong cp tr li;bin ch thuyn cho NCC 1 cch r rang vin,thy th on,s quan trn tu phi y v s - NCC ch c min trch trong TH mt, thiu ht, lng ln cht lng;cc hm hng,bung lnh phi cu hoc c cu ngi v ti sn h hng hh trong ph hp,sch s vn chuyn hh;cung cp y trn bin 1 cch hp l phm vi thi hn lng thc,thc phm,nc ngt v nhin liu phc - chy k phi do s c ca mnh v cho hnh trnh;trang thit b phi y v ph trch nhim hp cho vic bc d) - trch nhim TM /v hh: NCC phi = s cn mn,hp l ca mnh thc hin tt cng tc bc,d,sp xp,co san,cham sc ,bo qun,ngn nga,khc phc cc tn tht xy ra ca hh nu c - cung cp B/L: cung cp B/L cho ngi gi ng theo y/c.B/L phi l B/L xp hng(nu B/L pht hnh l B/L nhn xp th sau khi hh c xp ln tu th NCC phi ng du xp ln B/L).Phi chu trch nhim /v tnh chnh xc v nd trn B/L vi nd do ch hng cc 17 min trch: a.li hng vn,hi vn (NCC s c min trch do li s sut ca thuyn trng,thuyn vin,thy th on trong v/ iu khin v qun tr tu)b.hh b chy,n c.thin tai(bo,lc xoy)d.him ha ca bin( ngm,bng tri)e.hn ch do cm dch ,kim dch ng TV f.chin tranh(hnh ng hoc hu qu) g.ni chin,bo ng,khi ngha ca dn chng h.nh cng,cm xng(do cng nhn ca cng hoc cc bn c lin quan) i.lnh bt gi,cm gi,cu thc

,cu lu ca vua cha,ta n,chnh quyn ca nc s ti j.li ca ch hng k. bao b k ph hp,k y l.k m hiu k y ,k r rng m.hnh ng cu ngi v ti sn trn bin 1 cch hp l n.ni t,bn cht ca hh o.n t ca hh p.n t ca tu q.c/m c mnh v ~ ngi lm cng cho mnh k c v k c li Gii hn trch nhim : l iu khon quy nh s tin ln nht m NCC phi bi thng cho mt n v hh -NCC bi thng ti a l 100GBP/kin (vi ng gi ca hh) (1GBP = 1,5USD) -cc bn c quyn tha thun s tin bi thng khc nhau nhng k c thp hn 100GBPs tin ny l s tin c bi thng trong TH hh k c k khai gtri trn B/L -nu hh c k khai gtri th gtri k khai ntn s bi thng nh th y(da vo gtri hh ti cng n): >,=:bt theo gti k khai;< :bt theo gtri hh -NCC bi thng ti a 10.000Frc vng/kin hoc 30Frc vng/kg -ty cch tnh no c li hn cho ch hng th bt theo cch y(1Frc =65,5mg vng) -da vo t l quy i vng m i ra ni t ca tngQG - 10 nm sau ng tin chung cho cc nc ra i l ng SDR ca IMF -SDR dgl quyn rt vn c bit ca cc QG l thnh vin ca IMF ( 666,67SDR /kin hoc 2SDR/kg)ty vo s /gp ca tng QG vo IMF m quy i ra tin bt - cp n hh ng trong container -hh ng trong container c k khai s kin th bt theo s kin k khai -nu k k khai s kin th 1 container c tnh l 1 v bt -1 container c coi l nhiu kin -NCC bi thng ti a 835SDR/kin hoc 2,5SDR/kg -ty cch tnh no c li cho ch hng -nu k phi l thnh vin ca IMF th s dng s tin bt nh sau: 12.000v tin t(MU)/kin hoc 37,5MU/kg MU c tnh theo MU ca tng QG - cp n hh ng trong container -hh ng trong container c k khai s kin th bt theo s kin k khai -nu k k khai s kin th 1 container c tnh l 1 v bt -nu v container k phi do NCC cung cp th 1 v container c tnh l 1v bt, 1 kin bt - cp n vic chm giao hhg * giao hng chm l trch nhim ca NB * chm giao hg l trch nhim ca NCC * bi thg 2,5 ln tin cc cho phn hg chm giao nhg k c vt q tg tin cc ca ton b l hg

11.Trnh by quan im ca ngi XK,NK khi la chn k c s giao hng theo gi FOB v gi CIF? Hu ht cc DNVN u mun bn FOB v mua CIF v thi quen. Do hiu nhm phm vi trch nhim gia NM v NB,gia cc k giao dch c in FOB v CIF.ng thi k thy ht ngha ca vic ginh quyn VT,do ch quan ca i tu bun trong nc pht trin,bun bn quc t,trnh nghip v VT,c bit l nghip v thu tu khng hn ch. Nhm ch ng ginh quyn VT cn phi thay i cc k KD,t bn FOB nay chuyn sang bn CIF,t mua CIF chuyn sang mua FOB.V vic la chn NCC trong VT bin c ngha rt ln,bn no ginh c quyn VT s c php la chn : - tuyn ng chuyn ch - pp chuyn ch - NCC Trong c cu gi CIF,cc DN ngoi thng ch thu c phn C,phn F ch thu c khong 10-15%,cn li nc ngoi hng trn.Nu NK theo k CIF,NB nc ngoi 1 mt tnh gi cc cao hn gi trung bnh trn gi vn th trng,mt khc s thu tu vi ~ k k cht ch,iu s c th gy cho ngi NK ~ kh khn v thit hi ln. Tnh ton cho thy rng hiu s gia bn CIF v FOB do ngi NK nc ngoi t mua k b p F v I thc t b ra khi bn CIF.Hoc hiu s gia gi nhp CIF do ngi NK nc ngoi cho bn v gi FOB thp hn tng F v I thc t b ra,ta c: MXK : CIF I F = C + m MNK : FOB + I + F< CIF(NK) MXK : tng s tin thu c sau khi tr cc chi ph NK

m l phn thu thm sau khi thc hin cc DV v VT F v BH I MNK l tng chi ph phi b ra NK 1 l hng CIF NK l gi ca NB cho hng V vy phi lun gn cht gia nghip v XNK vi nghip v VT,nu tch ri 2 nghip v ny s a n ~ kh khn,thit hi ln 12. Container l g? Nguyn nhn ra i ca container? Container l 1 cng c cha hng,dng khi hnh hp ch nht c lm = g,kim loi,c kch thc tiu chun ha,dng c nhiu ln v c sc cha ln Theo ISO Container l mt dng c vn ti c cc c im: + C hnh dng c nh, bn chc, c s dng nhiu ln. + C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic chuyn ch bng mt hoc nhiu phng tin vn ti, hng ha khng phi xp d cng dc ng. + C thit b ring thun tin cho vic xp d v thay i t cng c vn ti ny sang cng c vn ti khc. + C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic xp hng vo v d hng ra. + C dung tch khng t hn 1m3 . Nguyn nhn ra i : Cc cuc cch mng KH-KT: Ln 1 - u my hi nc Ln 2 - ng c in, ng c t trong Mc ch ca vn ti:Bo m an ton cho i tng chuyn ch Gim tg vn chuyn Gim cph vn chuyn. Tng tc vn chuyn Gim ri ro cho i tng chuyn ch Gim gi thnh vn chuyn /v ha hng ha (unitization) trong xp d tha mn: - cc /v hng ha nh khng thay i tnh cht l ha, hnh dng, kch thc, trng lng - phi c kh nng to iu kin thun li cho vic c gii ha ton b qu trnh xp d, s dng hp l kho hng v cng c vn ti - ph hp vi yu cu t ra trong q/tr pht trin ca SX v lu thng hng ho. Cc hnh thc /v ha hng ha - Dng bao b thng thng ng gi hng ha - Dng pallet gp nhiu kin hng vi nhau, to NSL cao, + Loi 1: 8001200 mm+ Loi 2: 1000 1200 mm+ Loi 3: 1000 800 mm - To ra 1 /v hng ha ln, hin i hn, t h/qu KT cao nht trong xp d v vn chuyn container => Bn cht ca Container ha l vic xp d, bo qun hng ha trong sut qu trnh vn ti bng mt dng c vn ti c bit, c kch thc tiu chun ha, dng c nhiu ln v c sc cha ln 13.Thi hn,c s,gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch hng khng theo cng c quc t hin hnh(cng c Vc-sa-va 1929 ) * Thi hn trch nhim: l iu khon quy nh trch nhim ca NCC v mt tg v kgian /v hh .Theo cng c Vc-sa-va, NCC phi chu trch nhim /v hh trong qtrnh vn chuyn = my bay . Vn chuyn = my bay bao gm giai on m hh nm trong s bo qun ca NCC hng khng cng hng khng, trong my bay, hoc bt c ni no nu my bay phi h cnh ngoi cng hng khng .Vn chuyn= my bay k m rng ti bt k vic vn chuyn no = b , bin hoc sng tin hnh ngoi cng hng khng. Tuy nhin , nu vic vn chuyn nh vy xy ra trong khi thc hin HVC =my bay nhm mc ch ly hng , giao hoc chuyn ti hng th thit hi c coi l kt qu ca s kin xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn = my bay . * C s trch nhim :Theo cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 , NCC phi chu trch nhim v thit hi trong trng hp mt mt, thiu ht, h hng hng ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng khng .NCC cng phi chu trch nhim v thit hi xy ra do chm trong qtrnh vn chuyn hh bng my bay .Tuy nhin , NCC k phi chu trch nhim nu c/m c rng anh ta v i l ca anh ta p dng mi bin php cn thit trnh thit hi hoc kth p dng c ~ bin php nh vy trong kh nng ca mnh . NCC cng k phi chu trch nhim bi thng nu c/m c rng thit hi xy ra do li trong vic hoa tiu , ch huy hoc vn hnh my bay hoc trong mi phng tin khc m anh ta v i l ca anh ta p dng mi bin php cn thit

nhng thit hi vn xy ra .Nh vy theo cng c Vc-sa-va , NCC khng phi chu trch nhim bi thng trong hai trng hp sau : hng ho b mt mt h hi v hng ho b giao chm trong thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch .Nhng, theo cng c th NCC c hng min trch nhim k phi bi thng khi tn tht ca hng ho l do li trong vic hoa tiu , ch huy vn hnh my bay hoc trong trng hp NCC hay ngi thay mt h c gng ht sc trong kh nng c th nhng tn tht v hh vn xy ra . * Gii hn trch nhim: l iu khon quy nh s tin ln nht m NCC phi bi thng cho mt n v hng ho trong TH t/c v tr gi k c k khai trn vn n hng khng.Theo cng c Vc-sa-va 1929, trch nhim ca NCC c gii hn mt khon 250 Frng/kg tr phi ngi gi hng c t k khai c bit tr gi ni giao hng, vo lc hh c giao cho NCC v mt khon ph b sung nu NCC yu cu.Trong trng hp tr gi hh c k khai trn vn n th gii hn trch nhim ca NCC l tr gi k khai trn vn n . Nu tr gi hh m ngi gi hng k khai trn vn n ln hn gi tr thc t ca hng ho lc giao hng th NCC ch phi bi thng ti gi tr ca hng ho lc giao hng nu h c/m c nh vy .ng Frng ni y l ng Frng Php c hm lng vng l 65,5 mg vng, tinh khit 900/1000 . Khon tin ny c th i ra bt k ng tin quc gia no theo s trn .Trong trng hp ngi chuyn ch c gy tn tht cho hng ho th h khng c hng gii hn trch nhim ni trn. 14. Trnh by cc loi B/L cn c theo hnh thc xut trnh v kh nng chuyn nhng B/L? Cn c vo kh nng chuyn nhng B/L : c 2 loi - K c kh nng chuyn nhng (non negotiable B/L) + B/L ch danh - C kh nng chuyn nhng: + B/L v danh + B/L theo lnh ch danh (Named B/L): - L loi B/L m 1 ngi nhn hng (consignee) ghi ch danh tn ngi nhn - Ch ngi no c tn trn B/L mi c quyn i nhn hng - K th mua bn, chuyn nhng c - u im: . tng i kh an ton cho NM v NB . d c thanh ton tin hng v bit chnh xc ngi nhn hng . NB qun l,kim sot tt vic giao hng - Nhc im : k chuyn nhng c V danh (To bearer B/L): - L loi B.L m ngi nhn hng k ghi ch danh tn ngi nhn m ch ghi to bearer - Bt c ngi no cm B/L cng c quyn i nhn hng - u im : + th tc chuyn nhng n gin + c th mua bn trao tay - Nhc im: + ri ro mt hng cao khi lm mt/tht lc B/L + kh qun l vic giao hng (/v NB) + kh i tin hng v k xc nh c ngi nhn nn cn phi s dng phng thc : thanh ton trc,thoanh ton = L/C

Theo lnh (To order B/L):

L loi B/L m ngi nhn hng k ghi ch danh tn ngi nhn m cng k trng,m ghi l theo lnh ca ngi no To order C 3 loi : + theo lnh ca ngi gi => ch ngi gi hng mi c quyn chuyn nhng B/L u tin = cch k hu. Nu ngi gi k k hu th ch c ngi gi mi c quyn nhn hng + theo lnh ca ngi nhn => ngi no c tn trn th c quyn i nhn hng hoc k hu chuyn nhng cho ngi khc i nhn + theo lnh ca NH =>NH s l ngi k hu u tin trn B/L chuyn nhng quyn s hu hh cho ngi khc. Nu NH k k hu th ch NB mi nhn c hng u im : + c kh nng chuyn nhng + NB kim sot hh kh tt + k s mt hh khi mt B/L (tr B/L k hu v danh) Nhc im: th tc chuyn nhng rm ra, phc tp

Cn c vo hnh thc xut trnh : B/L gc (original B/L) - l b B/L c pht hnh trn b 3 bn gc cng vi 2,3 bn copy - NM mun nhn c hng phi xut trnh cho c t nht 1 bn gc - Nu xut trnh 1 bn nhn hng th cc bn cn li s t nhin v hiu (null and void/invalid) - u im : + ch c B/L gc mi c kh nng pht hnh theo lnh,v danh,ch danh + ch B/L gc mi c kh nng chuyn nhng, lu thng + thanh ton qua NH theo phng thc L/C, thng s i B/L gc - Nhc im : + tg chuyn B/L lu + hng n nhng B/L cha n + d tht lc + tn chi ph + kh nng mt hng cao khi mt B/L B/L copy (surrendered B/L) - Cho bit B/L gc c pht hnh v xut trnh cng i -> NM k cn xut trnh cng n m ch cn xut trnh bn copy c du surrendered l c th nhn c hng - Chuyn B/L bng cch fax,email - u im : + nhanh + tit kim tg v chi ph cho vic chuyn B/L + khc phc c hin tng n ri nhng B/L cha n + lun c pht hnh di dng ch danh => k s mt hng khi tht lc B/L - Nhc im : + k chuyn nhng c + k k hu c Phiu gi hng ng bin (seaway bill) - L 1 loi chng t lun i km vi hh - cng n, NM k cn xut trnh B/L m ch cn xut trnh chng t c/m mnh l ch s hu hh l c th nhn c hng - u im + nhn hng nhanh chng,d dng + khc phc c hin tng hng n nhng B/L cha n - Nhc im : + kh nng mt hng /v NB (kh qun l vic giao hng) + lun c pht hnh di dng ch danh nn k chuyn nhng c

15. Li hng vn l j?n t,ni t ca hng l j?n t ca tu l j? Li TM l j? NCC chu trch nhim vi ~ li no?k chu trch nhim vi ~ li no? - Li hng vn l li do s sut ca thuyn trng,thuyn vin,thy th on v ~ ngi lm cng trn tu,s quan trong vn iu khin v qun tr tu. - n t ca hng l ~ khim khuyt ca hh ch yu thc v nguyn vt liu,k thut SX gy ra - Ni t ca hng l l ~ khim khuyt v bn cht ca hh -n t ca tu l ~ khim khuyt trn than,v,my mc,thit b trn tu m = mt thng qua ktra k th pht hin c - Li TM l do s sut trong qtrnh s dng,iu khin cc thit b phc v cho vic trng coi,bo qun,cht xp,dch chuyn hh -NCC chu trch nhim vi ~ li: - nu hh b h hng,mt mt do tu k kh nng i bin gy ra m NCC k c/m c l cn mn hp l th NCC phi bt - nu hh b h hng do vic xp hng k ng KT gy ra hoc do cc hm hng k m bo v sinh,k thch hp cho vic vn chuyn loi hh c lin quan th NCC phi bt cho ch hng - NCC k chu trch nhim vi ~ li : a.li hng vn,hi b.hh b chy,n (tr khi do li thc s hoc c ca NCC gy ra) c.thin tai(bo,lc xoy) d.him ha ca bin( ngm,bng tri) e.hn ch do cm dch,kim dch ng thc vt f.chin tranh(hnh ng hoc hu qu) g.ni chin,bo ng,khi ngha ca dn chng h.nh cng,cm xng(do cng nhn ca cng hoc cc bn c lin quan) i.lnh bt gi,cm gi,cu thc ,cu lu ca vua cha,ta n,chnh quyn ca nc s ti j.li ca ch hng k. bao b k ph hp,k y l.k m hiu k y ,k r rng m.hnh ng cu ngi v ti sn trn bin 1 cch hp l n.ni t,bn cht ca hh o.n t ca hh p.n t ca tu q.mi nguyn nhn khc k phi do li thc s hay c ca NCC cng k phi li s sut ca ngi lm cng hay i l ca NCC gy ra 16. H Ngoi thng k kt theo iu khon CIF ,ai ginh quyn thu tu? Nu thu tu chuyn th ti thiu phi quy nh iu khon cc ph,chi ph lm hng ntn?V sao? Nu H Ngoi thng k kt theo iu khon CIF th NB c ginh quyn thu tu Cc ph (Freight rate) : trng lng,k.lng tnh cc c th l lc nhn hng (ghi trn B/L) hoc lc giao hng ti cng n - /v hng nng: tnh theo trng lng - /v hng nh hoc hng cng knh : tnh theo kiu th tch - /v hng k.lng ln : tnh theo kiu thu bao (lumpsum) Thanh ton cc ph: - cc tr trc (freight prepaid): ngi thu tu tr cho ch tu ti cng xp hng sau khi k B/L 1 s ngy no . Tin cc s k honh li d tu hoc hng b mt hay k mt. - cc tr sau (freight to collect) : ngi thu tu tr cho ch tu ti cng n. Thi im tr c th l: khi bt u d hngng thi vi d hngsau khi hng xongsau khi giao hng xong - cc tr trc 1 phn , tr sau 1 phn : 20% sau khi k B/L;80%sau khi tu ti cng d hng ng tin thanh ton phi c tha thun r rng trong H v hnh thc,phng thc thanh ton no . Chi ph lm hng (xp d hng): Bn cch ch yu quy nh ai phi chu chi ph xp d: Theo iu kin tu ch (Liner Terms): ngi vn chuyn phi chu trch nhim v chi ph xp d hng. Cc chi ph xp d c tnh gp trong gi cc thu tu. Theo cch ny, mc xp d c quy nh theo tp qun ca cng (ngi ta ghi According to customs of port hoc With all despatch hoc customary quick despatch ch khng quy nh tin thng pht xp d nhanh hay chm nh thu tu chuyn

Theo iu kin min xp (Free In: FI): Ch tu c min ph xp xung tu, nhng phi chu ph d hng ti cng n. Theo iu kin min d (Free Out: FO): ch tu c min ph d hng khi tu ti cng n nhng phi chu chi ph xp hng xung tu ti cng xp. Theo iu kin min xp. d (Free In and Out: FIO): Ngi thu tu phi chu cc ph chi ph xp hng xung tu ti cng xp cng nh ph d hng khi tu ti cng d.. Ngoi ra cn quy nh chi ph san hng (Trimming) i vi hng ri v xp t (Stowage) i vi hng c bao b hm tu do ai chu. Nu ch tu c min ph xp d, san xp th ghi FIOST sau gi cc. Th d: Freight: USD 15/MT, FIOST