) Vi i u khi n Trong rt nhiu ti liu c bn u cp n khi nim vi iu khin l g. Do vy, ti lt qua cc khi nim c bn ny.

. Ti ch cp n cc khi nim, m cc bn cn quan tm khi bt u hc, hoc la chn mt vi iu khin cho mt ng dng no ca cc bn. T nhng khi nim ti cp, cc bn c th tham kho t cc ti liu chi tit hn, v ri cc bn s nm c ton b nhng vn c bn ca mt h vi iu khin no .

a) Ki n trc vi i u khi n Thc ra vi iu khin cng l mt cu trc siu nh, gm cc linh kin in t kch thc micro hoc nano, cc linh kin ny c kt hp vi nhau v c ni vi cc thit b bn ngoi qua cc chn vi iu khin.Chnh v vy, hiu r c kin trc vi iu khin, cc bn s hiu r c mnh ang lm vic vi ci g, v ci lm vic nh th no. Kin trc my tnh hay kin trc vi iu khin cng tng t nhau. Do , cc bn c th tm hiu v kin trc my tnh, hiu r v kin trc vi iu khin. Hai kin trc vi iu khin ph bin hin nay, l kin trc Von Neumann v kin trc Harvard. S khc bit ch yu gia hai kin trc ny, chnh l vic t chc b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh. Kin trc Von Neumann t chc b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh chung vi nhau, chnh v vy, ng truyn (bus) ca kin trc Von Neumann l ng truyn chung. Trong khi , kin trc Harvard tch ri b nh d liu v b nh chng trnh. Mi kin trc ny c mt li im ring r khc nhau. Kin trc Von Neumann tn dng c ti nguyn b nh, trong khi kin trc Harvard s t tc x l cao hn, mt khc ng truyn d liu v ng truyn lnh iu khin (chng trnh) c th c dung lng khc nhau. b) T p l nh Tp lnh y c coi l tp m lnh nh phn, v chng ta cha nn vi cp n ngn ng lp trnh. Bn cht ca tp lnh l mt tp hp cc m nh phn, m t cc n v x l trung tm (CPU) nhn bit v thc hin. D liu c CPU x l l cc s nh phn. Chnh v vy, tp lnh d th no i na cng s thc hin my vic chnh sau y: - tnh ton cc con s nh phn. - cc lnh chuyn cc gi tr ra thnh tn hiu in t chn linh kin - cc lnh di chuyn cc gi tr gia cc thanh ghi

- cc lnh iu khin con tr chng trnh Nhng iu ny tng chng n gin, nhng thit ngh n s gip ch cho cc bn khi hc v hiu mt tp lnh, cc bn c th phn loi chng ng cch. Tp lnh hin nay c phn lm hai loi, tp lnh RISC v tp lnh CISC. Cc bn c th tm hiu su hn qua cc bi vit trn cc din n in t, tin hc, hoc nhng ti liu tin hc khc. Nh vy, t kin thc ny, nhng kh khn m rt nhiu ngi gp phi khi thc hin lnh tc ng ln nhng thanh ghi lnh (v n cng ch l dy s nh phn) s c gim bt i kh nhiu. c) Ch c nng Cu hi ln nht t ra khi cm mt con vi iu khin trn tay, chnh l chng ta s lm g vi n? Hin nay rt nhiu loi vi iu khin ra i, v rt nhiu tnh nng c tch hp vo trong vi iu khin di dng phn cng. Tuy nhin, tu chung li th mi vic cng u nm vic iu khin ng c v c cm bin. Mt cnh ca t ng l mt ci cm bin hng ngoi v mt ci ng c. i a s nhng g t ng u c dnh n ng c trong , v nu khng c ng c th lm sao n bin i in nng thnh c nng c? M ci g c i th cng c li, c ng c lm vic, th phi c cm bin quan st. Ci l lun ny su cng khng su, m nng cng khng nng, nhng n li l c s nhng nh sn xut tung ra cc sn phm vi iu khin ca mnh. V cng t , cc bn cng d phn loi la chn vi iu khin cho mnh dng. Ngoi tr hai loi ny, th nhng loi khc chng ta c xem l loi th ba. Chng ta cn nhm loi lm g? Bi v tnh nng ca vi iu khin, c lin quan trc tip n s chn ca vi iu khin. Cho nn vic phn loi v hnh dung ra mt bn y cc loi, cc chc nng ca vi iu khin, s gip cc bn la chn vi iu khin tt hn. Mt ngi mi hc, c mt tm nhn rng v vi iu khin m la chn cng tht l kh, nhng nu tm ti, hiu v phn loi c mt s loi vi iu khin, t nhin s hiu r c ci bn tng i phc tp ny. Lm th no bit? n gin thi, trong tt c cc datasheet c cung cp cho tng loi vi iu khin, u c m t r tnh nng ca tng loi. Cc bn t mnh tm hiu v phn loi mt s vi iu khin thng dng (m cc bn c th mua) ri t nh gi chng v mt tnh nng qua cc datasheet.V c hiu c cc tnh nng ny, th cc bn phi c mt kin thc nn, vd nh timer l g? pwm l g? capture l g? i2c l g? usart l g? giao tip CAN l g?... Nhng ci , bn khng cn hc t nhiu con vi iu khin, v nhng tnh nng hon

ton ging nhau, ch c cch lm cho n hot ng l khc nhau thi. Vy nn, cc bn c ly mt datasheet ca mt con vi iu khin bt k no , c v c gng hiu mc ch ca cc tnh nng , v chng ta c th dng kin thc ny cho bt k con vi iu khin no khc. 2) Ti p c n v i vi i u khi n V mt khoa hc m ni, chng ta c hai hng tip cn chnh vi mt i tng, mt l nghin cu pht trin i tng , hai l s dng i tng . i vi vi iu khin, thi im hin ti nm 2005, ti khuyn rng chng ta khng nn nghin cu pht trin vi iu khin, m nn hc s dng n. Vy chng ta cn nhng g tip cn v hc vi iu khin? Trc tin, nn hiu qu trnh thao tc t u n cui cho mt con vi iu khin bt k hot ng l: a) Chng ta c n lm ci g? Khi t cu hi ny, chng ta ngh ngay n tnh nng, s chn, v kch thc cn thit ca vi iu khin. V chng ta phi la chn c con vi iu khin chng ta cn dng, tt nhin km theo ngay sau l chng ta c th mua c n na. Ti ni rng chng ta phi bit rng chng ta c th mua c n, ch ng i mua n vi, m hy xem nhng vn tip theo. b) L p trnh Tt nhin cng vic ca bn l cng vic lp trnh, lm cho con vi iu khin hot ng theo bn mun trong gii hn cc tnh nng ca n. y c mt im rt vui l nu bn xt li t th "khai sinh lp a" ca con vi iu khin, chc nng v tp lnh ca n tht n gin, nhng nhng cng vic nh by gi n vn hon ton lm c. l vi sao? L v bn cht ca n vn ch l thao tc vi nhng con s nh phn. Do vy, nu mt con vi iu khin khng h tr mt tnh nng no , th chng ta cng u c th thc hin tnh nng bng phn mm v mt vi phn cng h tr bn ngoi. Nhng tm dng chuyn li, cc bn mun con vi iu khin hiu c nhng ch l ch m cc bn s dng lp trnh, th cc bn phi bin i cc ch thnh ra cc con s nh phn, th hin di dng file .HEX Mun lm c iu ny, cc bn cn c mt chng trnh dch. Vic sau l bn phi bit ngn ng lp trnh no , thng thng khi mi bt u, ngi ta dng ASM

c) N p ch ng trnh Bn vit chng trnh trn my tnh, bn dch ra c file HEX vi iu khin khi nhn c c th hiu c bn mun lm g. Vy lm sao a ni dung vo cho vi iu khin? Cc bn cn c mt mch np v mt chng trnh np ph hp vi mch np . Cng vic np c c th ho bng vic cm mch np vo my tnh, bt chng trnh np, load file .HEX vo chng trnh np, la chn vi iu khin cn np, ci t cc thng s np, nhn nt Program trn chng trnh np. Sau khi np xong, chng trnh np no cng thng bo kt qu np c hay khng np c. Nu khng c g sai, nhn OK l xong. d) M ch ch y vi i u khi n Mt mch chy vi iu khin ti thiu cn c ngun cp in cho vi iu khin hot ng. Ngun ny phi cp in p t 2.5V n 5.5V v dng t 150mA n 300mA tu theo mi loi vi iu khin. Ngun ny ch cung cp cho vi iu khin hot ng, khng cung cp cho cc thit b ngoi vi. Mch reset reset hot ng ca vi iu khin. Mch dao ng (c hoc khng c) c th c tch hp sn trong vi iu khin, ch ny gi l dao ng ni. Nu khng c mch dao ng ni, phi dng thch anh to ao ng cho vi iu khin. Thch anh thng dng t 38KHz cho n 40MHz tu theo tng loi vi iu khin. Chnh v nhng c im ny, nu chng ta khng tnh n tt c cc thit b ngoi vi cn iu khin, chng ta hy mnh dn thit k mt mch chun cho vi iu khin, cung cp in p 5V, dng 300mA, mch reset v mch dao ng. Khi dng bt k loi vi iu khin no, cng c th dng mch ny. Ngun cho thit b ngoi vi, ti khuyn rng nn thit k ring cho tng thit b ngoi vi, v cho rng thit b ngoi vi l bt k thit b no ni trc tip vi mch vi iu khin nu trn. Ngoi ra, cn lu rng, vi iu khin nhn v xut tn hiu in trn cc chn t 2.5V n 5.5V (ph thuc vo ngun), v t 12mA n 20mA (tu loi). V vy, cc thit b ngoi vi phi c thit k sao cho khi giao tip vi vi iu khin, trc tip ni vo cc chn vi iu khin, v c dng xut nhp, cng nh in p logic nh trn. e) K t lu n Trong tt c nhng vn cn c ny, chng ta thy rng cc mch ngun, reset v dao ng l kh n gin, v hu nh c cung cp mt cch chi tit

bi nh sn xut. Chnh v th, ch cn lt datasheet ra v thit k ging ht. i vi thit b ngoi vi, th tu theo ng dng m chng ta thit k. Ti cha cp n y. i vi chng trnh np v mch np, chng ta hon ton c th ln cc din n in t trong v ngoi nc, hoc tm cc ngun cung cp mch np cho tng loi vi iu khin. a s cc loi vi iu khin u c nhng ngi thit k mch np lm sn, ch vic tm v s dng. Chng ta tuyt i khng nn quan tm n vic lm sao lm ra mch np, hay vit ra c chng trnh np, hoc gi nguyn l np nh th no. Nhng ngi tm hiu su vi mc ch ging dy th cn thit lm vic ny, gip sinh vin hiu r hn vn , hoc phng khi sinh vin t cu hi. Nhng nhng ngi dng, khng cn quan tm n vic ny. Chng ta ch cn tm mch nguyn l, lm mch, v t v sau c th l dng. Thng thng, v gn nh l mc nh, bt c ngi no cung cp mch np, cng u cung cp theo chng trnh np. Vy k t y, chng ta cng khng cn quan tm n mch np v chng trnh np na. Chng trnh dch, hu ht cc nh sn xut cung cp chng trnh dch cho ngn ng ASM l min ph. C mt s nh sn xut cung cp c mi trng son tho min ph lun (nh Microchip PIC chng hn). Cc chng trnh dch t ngn ng cp cao C, Pascal, Basic, ... thng c bn vi gi kh cao. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam, thc t l chng ta dng rt nhiu nhng chng trnh khng c bn quyn. Ti khng c v cho vic dng trnh dch khng c bn quyn, nhng thc t l thc t, by gi hu nh cc chng trnh dch ngn ng cp cao cho hu ht cc loi vi iu khin u c cung cp y trn cc din n ca c Vit Nam ln nc ngoi. V vy, v phn chng trnh dch, cc bn cng chng phi lo lng g na. Vy iu quan trng nht, cc bn cn phi hc, l hc cch vit chng trnh. Ti phn tch vn ny din n in t www.diendandientu.com v s ng li bi vit ny ti www.picvietnam.com (din n m ti sp m ra). vit c chng trnh, cc bn phi hiu rng, bn vit chng trnh cho mt vi iu khin, tc l s dng cc tnh nng ca vi iu khin. Vy cc bn phi theo cc bc sau: - tnh nng hot ng nh th no? ti sao chng ta dng tnh nng ? - lm sao kch hot cho vi iu khin hiu rng chng ta cn dng tnh nng ? - khi lm vic vi mt tnh nng bt k, chng ta phi tng tc vi nhng thanh ghi c bit no trong vi iu khin? - mt s thut ton thc hin cng vic

Nh vy, cc bn s nm ngay c rng, iu khin mt thit b ngoi vi no , chng ta phi xc nh cng vic cn phi lm, xc nh xem dng tnh nng no ca vi iu khin gii quyt cng vic, khi nm r ht cc tnh nng ca vi iu khin, phn cn li l mt cht logic sp xp chng trnh chy cho c h thng. Chnh v vy, cc bn s thy rng c rt nhiu thut ton kinh in c xy dng, cc th vin code... Bi v thc t, cng vic cng ch quanh i qun li c bao nhiu . u c logic v kh nng lp trnh mt phn l do thin ph, mt phn l do s rn luyn v tch lu m c. Chnh v vy, cng mt vic lm, ngi ny lm tt hn ngi kia, ch yu l s logic v bit nhiu thut ton x l cng vic. Tm li, iu quan trng nht cc bn phi hc l cch thc hin mt chng trnh sao cho tht logic, hiu qu, nh s hng dn ca mi ngi tm n cc th vin code, nhng bi tp mu mt cng suy ngh nhng vn b nh m ngi khc gii quyt tt. Rt nhiu ngi t tin vo kh nng sng to ca mnh, m thiu s rn luyn v tch lu kinh nghim lp trnh, cho nn cho rng bi vit ca ti c phn d hi, v khng cung cp thm cc k thut g cho h. Tuy nhin ti li cho rng khi hiu mnh cn phi lm g, hc g, tch lu g, gim bt ci g, n quan trng hn rt nhiu so vi vic bit thm mt th kin thc nh mn t ngi khc. C nhn ti khuyn cc sinh vin mi bt u lm vic vi vi iu khin mt li khuyn chn thnh l cc bn hy theo nhng bc ti trnh by, hc tp v t mnh nh gi cc vn , hnh thnh mt bn kin thc, ri t thc hin mt ti bt k. Sau khi lm xong mt ti bt k, k c ti ch l lm nhp nhy mt ci n led, cc bn s thy rng, cc ti khc ri cng tng t. Nhng vn quan trng l phi xc nh c nhng bc thc hin nh ti cp trn kia v tip sau y. 3) Cc b c th c hi n m t ti v i vi i u khi n Ti vit ra y cc bc mt ngi mi hc c th theo v tip cn ngay c vi vi iu khin a) Tm hi u m t s khi ni m c n thi t: - Hin nay c 3 h vi iu khin ni ting l 8051 (bao gm AVR), PIC v Motorola. Nu bt u hc, chn mt trong 3 loi ny bt u. - Tm hiu v kin trc my tnh, hiu c bn v kin trc Harvard v kin trc Von Neumann - Tm hiu khi nim RISC v CISC - Khi nim thanh ghi - Khi nim Stack

Khi nim con tr (pointer) Khi nim a ch v a ch gin tip ca mt thanh ghi Khi nim timer Khi nim ngt

V sao cn nhng khi nim ny, bi v nhng khi nim ny s l nn tng cc bn hiu su hn v tnh nng v phng thc lm vic ca mt vi iu khin. Hn na, nhng khi nim ny u l nhng khi nim tng qut, v u bt ngun t kin trc my tnh m ra. Do vy, vic tm kim ti liu cng khng kh khn g. b) Hi u cc tnh nng c a vi i u khi n: Cc bn download ngay mt datasheet bt k loi vi iu khin no, ti ly th d download datasheet ca PIC16F877A, cho d l cc bn hc AVR hay Motorola hay 89C51.... Cc bn c download datasheet ny v. Trong , cc bn khng cn ch chi tit n kin trc ca vi iu khin , m cc bn ch cn xem phn m t tnh nng. Cc bn s thy trang u tin ca datasheet lun lit k y cc tnh nng ca vi iu khin. Mt s tnh nng nh: timer 8 bit, timer 16 bit, c bao nhiu ngt, tnh nng ADC, DAC, tnh nng PWM, Comparator, Capture, giao tip USB, CAN, I2C, UASRT, Parallel, ... y l cc tnh nng ph bin ca vi iu khin hin nay. Cc bn lt vo trong, c hiu nhng tnh nng ny lm nhng g. Vd: Ch cn hiu ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) dng bin i mt tn hiu in p Analog vo mt chn no ca vi iu khin, bin i n qua gi tr s (Digital) bng cch so snh vi mt in p tham chiu (Reference Voltage). in p tham chiu c th l in p VDD (in p ngun) hoc in p tham chiu c a vo mt chn khc. Nguyn l bin i ny c thc hin nh th no? Th no l ADC 10 bit, 12 bit, 8 bit... Ch cn nh vy thi, cc bn khng cn hiu nhiu hn na. Ni iu ny cng tht bun ci cho cc bn hc lu ri, nhng y l cc bn mi hc, th vic ny v cng quan trng. V rt nhiu bn ln mng v hi rng PWM l ci g? Th no l Duty cycle? Do vy, nhng khi nim ny, nu cc bn nm v hiu c ri, th vn ch cn l ng dng s dng n thng qua vic lp trnh trn vi iu khin m bn chn na thi. M cc tnh nng ny th vi iu khin no cng ging nhau, cho nn ch cn c mt datasheet th s bit ht. c) Tm d ng c h c t p

Tt nhin, i hc phi c dng c hc tp. Bn mun hc con vi iu khin A, thi bui ny khng phi l thi bui bao cp, pht phiu i lnh vi iu khin v xi. Cho nn, tt nht l bn lm cch no mun hc th phi tm mua bng c n ri tnh chuyn hc g ri hc. Cm con vi iu khin trong tay ri mi tnh chuyn hc, l hc khng c th sao? Th kim ci ba phang mnh mt ci vo con vi iu khin, m rut n ra xem coi n c ci g trong , thy n en thui, chng c g. Mt ci cc en thui m mnh phi hc v n m lm g? Thi vt m n i. Cch l hay nht. Tip tc trang b dng c hc tp, nh ti ni, chng ta cn c: chng trnh dch, mch np v chng trnh np. Hin nay din n in t www.diendandientu.com v din n ti sp m www.picvietnam.com c cung cp cc cng c ny. Mun tm hiu thm, cc bn ln cc din n nc ngoi, h cung cp khng thiu mt th g. Thm ch khng cn ln din n, i hi thng Google l c ngay. Keyword: PIC programmer, PIC bootloader, AVR programmer, free pcb programmer,.... nhiu lm nh ci g vo cng tm ra c ht. Nhng cc bn nn tm ci no min ph. Sau khi tm xong nh quay li share ci link cho mi ngi mi ngi mt cng tm kim. Keyword: PIC C compiler, AVR C compiler... c vy m tm ti ti Sau khi tm c s nguyn l mch np, chng trnh np cho con vi iu khin ca mnh, cc bn nhanh chng lm ngay mch np. Load mt chng trnh mu bt k n gin vo vi iu khin kim tra mch np hot ng tt hay khng. Nu tt th oki, nu khng th li b ln cc din n hi. Nhng thng rnh ri nh ti sn sng tr li cho cc bn. d) H c vi t ch ng trnh Hc vit chng trnh c th chia c th lm 2 cch hc, hc vit cho vi iu khin chy c th nhy thng vo hc ngn ng cp cao, hc cp tc i ph vi mt n no . Thm ch vi dng lnh ban u vit sai, nhy ln din n hi, tm thy hng dn hi, tm bn hi... cui cng ri cng vit xong cho n chy c. Ci no thy kh khn, khng bit lm th tm code mu bng ngn ng cp cao, th l xong. Cch th hai rm ra hn, l hc vit ASM. Hc ASM kh cng phu, phi hiu chi tit cu trc vi iu khin, phi iu khin tng thanh ghi... Tuy nhin, ti khuyn khi mi hc, cc bn nn bt u bng vic hc ASM. Khi nm vng cch vit ASM cho mt con vi iu khin no , chuyn sang con vi

iu khin khc khng my kh khn, v cc bn s ging nh mt chuyn gia v n mt khi cc bn hiu tng tn mi vn . Ban u c v s hi kh xi v mt mi, nhng sau ny th cc bn s thy hon ton t tin vo kin thc mnh thu thp c. e) Lm cc bi ng d ng Sau khi c chng trnh np v mch np, cc bn thng hay lm ngay bi tp nhp nhy n led l bi tp kh kinh in. Thc ra l g, cc bn thc hin mt mch chy cho vi iu khin, v thit b ngoi vi l ci n led. Nh li l thng thng vi iu khin xut tn hiu 5V, 12mA. Nhng ci n led ch dng khong 2.5V 12mA, nn chng ta ni mt ci in tr ni tip vi ci n led. Nh vy, chng ta xc nh r, chng ta phi lm mt mch chy cho vi iu khin, bao gm ngun, mch reset, mch dao ng. Cc chn cn li c ni vi dy chn cm ni ra ngoi. Ci ny, chng ta s gi l mch test. V cho n khi chng ta hc thnh tho mt con vi iu khin no , thm chi sau ny dng vo vic thc hin nhng d n ln vi con vi iu khin , mch test ny vn c gi tr ca n. Lm mt mch test l iu th t phi lm. Quay li chuyn ci n led. Ci n led v in tr, th vi tr ca ci n led v in tr l thit b ngoi vi, ci n led l thit b cn iu khin, ci in tr l "mch" giao tip. iu ny c ngha l, khng cn bit bn lm ci g, nhng cc bn thit k c mt mch ngoi vi, cm vo vi iu khin iu khin n, th bn ch vic cm n vo cc chn c a ra ngoi ca mch test (cc socket, chn cm...). Nh rng Mass phi c ni chung trong tt c cc mch in t. Mt s mch in t phc tp dng nhiu mass khc nhau, th t nht cng phi c mt mass chung vi mass ca vi iu khin. f) Cc b c h c tnh nng vi i u khi n Sau khi cc cc lm nhp nhy ci n led, theo mt s hng dn no , thm ch l copy and paste, nhng ci n n nhp nhy, chng t bn lm tt mi vic t u n khi chnh thc bt u hc vi iu khin. Hy tin hnh cc bi tp sau: Hc cc thanh ghi c bit, bn b nh (memory map) (hc l thuyt) Hc cch xut trn tng chn vi iu khin (bi tp tt m n led) Hc vit hm delay (lm n nhp nhy) n nhp nhy dng timer

Bm mt nt, n bt/tt (nhp port, nhp trn tng chn, dng ngt ngoi) iu khin ng c (PWM) c encoder (Capture/Comparator) c ADC bng cch xoay bin tr Giao tip RS232 Giao tip I2C

Sau khi cc bn hc xong cc bi hc ny, vic hc tip cc bi hc khc s khng phi l vn kh khn vi cc bn na, cc bn hon ton c th tham kho datasheet thc hin mt mnh. Cc bn cn phi phn bit tht r vn hc cc chc nng ca PIC, vi vic hc s dng mt s thit b ngoi vi thng dng. V d nh vic iu khin LCD, chng qua ch l vic xut nhp PORT, hoc nh bng in, quang bo, led 7 on, n cng ch l vic xut nhp port. Trong cc bi hc ny, l cc bn hc cc thit b ngoi vi thng thng khi dng vi iu khin, ch khng phi hc cc tnh nng ca vi iu khin. Nhng tri li, nu cc bn hc mt bi hc n gin v cng l dng tnh nng PWM lm b bin i DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) th chnh l cc bn li hc cch dng tnh nng PWM. Vic nh hng cc bi hc, v mc tiu ging dy ph thuc ch yu vo ngi hng dn, tuy nhin ti phn tch ny y cc bn sinh vin hiu v sao c th mt s bn thc hnh rt nhiu ti, nhng vn cm thy mnh khng kin thc thc hin mt ti ln vi vi iu khin. l v cc bn cha thc s dng ht cc tnh nng ca vi iu khin, m mi ch dng mt vi tnh nng v c rn luyn i rn luyn li. 4) K t lu n: Ti dnh thi gian vit bi vit ny, khng mong mun g hn l gip cc bn sinh vin mi hc, mi bt tay lm quen vi vi iu khin c mt ci nhn tng qut ban u v c mt nh hng r rng cho vic hc tp ca mnh. C nhn ti cng tng l ngi mi hc, v bt qu th ti ch hc trc cc bn mt vi nm. n by gi ti khng cn dng vi iu khin v lp trnh cho vi iu khin nhiu na, nhng ti cng mun chia s nhng kinh nghim ca ti khi bt u hc n khi lm c mt s vic hu ch bng vi iu khin, n cho cc bn. Hy vng cc bn bt u hc, v hc tp mau tin b.