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ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST

STUDY GUIDE

Student Name: __________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Vocabulary
1. afford 2. all in all 3. all of a sudden 4. amused 5. be gone 6. count on 7. debt 8. do your best 9. dripping 10.exclusive 11.far too much 12.fasten 13.gather 14.go wrong 15.hire 16.homesick 17.inclusive 18.make something worse 19.nightmare 20.paid 21.raise 22.reality 23.setting 24.shopping spree 25.soak 26.spend 27.suffer 28.tour 29.trip 30.voyage 31.wealth 32.wet 33.worsen

Adjectives Difference between so, very and too. Very + adjective = muy (Wow!! Your house is very big. I like it!) So + adj = tan (Youre house is so big that it looks like a castle.) Too + adjective = demasiado (Youre house is too big. You should buy a smaller one.) Adverbs There are many rules about the position of adverbs in a sentence. However, one of the most common mistakes is when the adverb appears in sentences with modal verbs. Affirmative (Subject + modal + adverb + verb) I will definitely go to the party. Negative (Subject + modal + adverb + not + verb) I will definitely not go to the party. Interrogative (Modal + subject + adverb + verb) Must I definitely go to the party? Adjectives VS. Adverbs Adjectives modify nouns. This car is red. (after the verb to be) This is a red car. (before the noun that is being modified) That car is as red as a tomato. (between as..as when making a no difference
comparison)

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. The red car unexpectedly made a U-turn. (adverb unexpectedly is modifying the

verb made) That red car runs very fast. (adverb very is modifying the adjective fast) The red car speeds up incredibly well. (adverb incredibly is modifying the adverb well)

ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST


STUDY GUIDE

Either /Neither
When used with negative verbs, "Either" and "Neither" are interpreted as Tampoco. Examples: I didn't get enough to eat, and you didn't either. (Either goes at the end of the sentence, after the negative auxiliary word) or I didn't get enough to eat, and neither did you. (Neither goes between the conjunction (and, but, so) and the positive auxiliary word) Double negatives are not possible in English: I didnt go to the party, and she didnt neither. (incorrect; didnt and neither are both negative) I didnt go to the party, and she didnt either. (correct; negative auxiliary + either) I didnt go to the party, and neither did she. (correct; neither + positive auxiliary) When two situations are the same, you could write a sentence like this: William doesn't work there, and John doesn't work there. But this is better: William doesn't work there, and John doesn't either. or William doesn't work there, and neither does John.

Feel + like + gerund This combination is similar to Tengo ganas de. Look at these examples: I feel like crying. (Tengo ganas de llorar.) I felt like kissing him. (Tuve ganas de besarlo.) I have felt like running away with her. (He tenido ganas de huir con ella.) Conditionals
Conditional Type Zero Conditional First Conditional Second Conditional Time Always True Present Real Present Unreal Probability Certain Possible Imaginary Structure Present + Present Present + Future Past + Would + Bare Infinitive Past Perfect + Woud Have + Past Participle Example If you freeze water, it turns into ice.
If I see Helen, I will invite her to the party.

If I had a car, I would take you home. If I had studied more, I would have passed.

Third Conditional

Past Unreal

Impossible

ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST


STUDY GUIDE

In First Conditional sentences, sometimes we use can, or may instead of will, for example: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. If you finish all your food, you may go out to play. In Second Conditional sentences, sometimes, we use could or might instead of would, for example: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. If you didnt water the plants, they might die. In third conditional sentences, sometimes, could have or might have instead of would have, for example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. If you had gone with us, you could have been hurt.
The word unless basically means the same thing as if ... not. For example, "Unless you study, you will fail." means the same thing as "If you do not study, you will fail." Unless is often used in conditional sentences. It can be used with the first, second, or third conditional. First Conditional: "You'll be unhappy unless you break up with her." => "You'll be unhappy if you dont break up with her." Second Conditional: "I wouldn't ask her out unless you told me it was OK." => "I wouldn't ask her out if you told me it wasnt OK." Third Conditional: "They wouldn't have come over unless we'd invited them." => "They wouldn't have come over if we hadnt invited them."

Conditionals with To Be
When talking about a hypothetical conditional using the verb To Be, make sure that you use WERE with any subject. WAS is accepted informally, but WERE is the correct grammatical form. Examples, If I were you, I would sleep at least 6 hours daily. If she were my sister, I would tell her not to smoke. If Ana were here, I wouldnt feel so lonely. If you were in the US, you would probably learn English faster.

Some meanings of the verb Get The meaning of the verb get depends on the word that follows it. Get + preposition = change in position or location
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ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST


STUDY GUIDE

Get out of here. Get way from here. Get off table. Get in the car. Get + adjective = change in mood or physical state Get happy. Get angry. Get dressed. Get worried. Get drunk. Get + subject = obtain something I got a new car. She gets $200 weekly. They are getting two presents for Christmas. Past participles
Have + just + past participle = Refers to an action that ended very recently. Ive just finished my homework. (I had been doing it for hours, but now Im done.) Should + have + past participle = Recommendation about a past action that didnt happen. You should have told her the truth. (Now she thinks youre not a nice person) Could + have + past participle = Past actions that you had the chance to do, but werent done. You could have won the tournament. (But you quit and gave Oscar the chance of winning.) Confusing Havent with Dont have Remember that the verb HAVE can be used as an action verb or as an auxiliary verb. But be careful not to mistake them. Have is used as an action verb when it denotes a possession or ownership. Affirmative: I have moms book. Negative: I dont have moms book. Interrogative: Do you have moms book? Have works as an auxiliary verb when it is used in Perfect tenses. Affirmative: I have seen moms book. Negative: I havent seen moms book. Interrogative: Have you seen moms book? Confusing Is with Its Another common mistake among Mexican students is when they confuse is for its. But to avoid this, remember that in English we cannot leave the subject out as we do in Spanish. In Spanish we may say; Es rojo. But when we translate it; its not possible to say, Is red. English verbs cannot stand alone. They need to be accompanied by a subject. So, the correct sentence would be, Its red. or It is red. Modals A very common mistake among Spanish speakers is that they tend to combine modal verbs with the full infinitive form of the verb they modify. But remember the golden rule: ANY MODAL VERB IS FOLLOWED BY THE BARE INFINITIVE. 4

ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST


STUDY GUIDE

can / could may / might shall / should will / would must had better

I can run fast. It may rain. We shall go. They will paint. She must work. Shed better go now.

I could run fast. It might rain. We should go. They would paint.

These two modal verbs already have the word TO in them so we only need the bare infinitive to complement them. You have to listen. He ought to finish his dinner.

Infinitives: List of verbs followed by the FULL INFINITIVE.


Tom agreed to help me. His health appeared to be better. Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami. He doesn't care to participate in the activity. She claimed to be a princess. We decided to go to Hawaii. He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris. He failed to get enough money to pay the rent. If Debbie gets to go to the concert! Why can't I? She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed. She hesitated to tell me the problem. I hope to begin college this year. We intend to visit you next spring. I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid. He managed to open the door without the key. Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket. We plan to go to Europe this summer. The child pretended to be a monster. The guard refused to let them enter the building. Nancy seemed to be disappointed. She swore to tell the truth. He tends to be a little shy. He vowed to get revenge. She waited to buy a movie ticket. Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.

Remember that the Negative infinitive is formed with the word NOT before the Full Infinitive; They agreed not to help her because she is very strict. She decided not to go to the party because she doesnt want to see Robert.

Progressive Tense Past Progressive + While + Past Progressive This structure is used to describe to actions that were happening at the same time in the past. Examples; Peter was sleeping in class while Gemma was checking out her FB. Bob was paying attention while Ernesto and Judith were talking.
Active Voice Present Progressive: I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Chi. Past Progressive: I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Passive Voice Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Chi are being helped by June. The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom was being cleaned by them.

ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST


STUDY GUIDE

Reach/Arrived In/Get To All these verbs have the same meaning, but pay attention to their structure. What is the first thing youll do when you reach London? What is the first thing youll do when you arrive in London? What is the first thing youll do when you get to London? Relative clauses Relative clauses are used to give more information about the subject. They are introduced by the words; what, when, where, why, who, which, whose, whom & that. Defining Relative Clauses (No commas needed) (Where the relative clause is part of the sentence and cannot be omitted) Ana is the girl who won the bike race last year. Ignacio wanted to know what the use of YET was. Non Defining Relative Clauses (Commas are needed) (Where the relative clause is just extra or unnecessary information and may be omitted) Karlita, whose smile is very cute, seems to be fond of wallets. Ulises, the guy who hurt his leg, loves to break-dance before class. Reported speech Points to remember when using reported speech. I. The difference between say and tell. Say is used when we communicate something in general. Adrian said that he had to give a presentation. Tell is used when we communicate something directly to someone. Adrian told me that he had to give a presentation. II. If the reporting verb is in present or present progressive, the tense does not change. Bob says that he loves to travel. Valery is saying that she feels tired. III. If the reporting verb is in past, you must remember these changes; Present > Past Salvador said that he was a musician. Present Progressive > Past Progressive Eli told me that he was studying for a test. Present Perfect, Simple Past & Past Perfect > Past Perfect Roque said that he had participated in a competition. Nallely mentioned that she had complemented Peters work. Past Progressive > Past Perfect Progressive Cesar said that he had been reading a book. 6

ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST


STUDY GUIDE

Future (will) > Conditional (Would) T. Roger told us that we would have a test next Monday. Can > Could He said that we could forget about the projects.

IV. When the reporting verb is in past, place and time also change. This > That, Now > Then, Tonight > That Night, Here > Here, Etc. She said that she would go there. I told Mr. Negrete that I could call him that night. V. Connectors. Affirmative and Negative statements use THAT. o Peter said that he had some neat swimming gear. o Judith said that she didnt like working in teams. Yes/No Questions use IF or WHETHER. o She asked if I had a car. o Our teacher asked whether we were tired. Information Questions use the WH question words. o Oscar asked where I worked. o Sonia asked why I was sad. Commands turn to infinitives. o Mr. Negrete asked me to open the door. (Asked is used when making a polite request). o He told me to open the door. (Told is used when making an order or direct command). Saxon genitive used incorrectly as plural or contraction of is Sometimes the Saxon Genitive (s) is used incorrectly to form plural forms or contractions of the verb To Be. So, be careful and remember The Saxon Genitive is used to denote a possession when added to a Subject. This is Marias car. It is not used for plurals. These are my cars. (Incorrect) These are my cars. (correct) The S may be confused with contractions of the verb To Be, observe; Andreas car is blue. (In this case it is the Saxon Genitive denoting a possession). Andreas driving the blue car. (Here the S is just the contraction of ANDREA IS).

ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST


STUDY GUIDE

Some/Any/No compounds When using these compounds, remember not to mistake their usage. Form Some People Someone Thing Something Place Somewher e Any Anyone Anything Anywher e No No one Nothing Nowher e Every Everyone Everything Everywher e

Subject verb agreement A very common mistake is when students dont pay attention to the agreement between the subject and the verb. Remember that if the subject is the third person singular (he, she, it), the verb is altered in the simple present tense, but not with I, You, We or They. So, avoid these mistakes; Ana like bananas. (Incorrect; The subject Ana doesnt agree with Like). Ana likes bananas. (Correct; The subject Ana perfectly agrees with Likes). My brothers likes apples. (Incorrect; The subject My Brothers doesnt agree with Likes). My brothers like apples. (Correct; The subject My brothers perfectly agrees with Like). Which or What Many students misuse these words because in some languages they mean the same thing. But in English, WHICH refers to something specific and WHAT to something general. In Spanish for example, we may say... Cul es tu color favorito? or Cul es tu nombre? But if we ask, Which is your favorite color? or Which is your name? in English, we are referring to a favorite color from a specific group of colors or the names from a specific list. So, if we want to ask someone about his name or favorite color, we would use WHAT because the choices are not limited. Therefore, the best option would be; Whats your favorite color? and Whats your name? Wishes Use I WISH or IF ONLY plus the SIMPLE PAST to express a wish: I wish I had a dog. (If only I had a dog.) I wish I were rich. (If only I were rich.) I wish I knew calculus. (If only I knew calculus.) 8

ITS: 5TH LEVEL FINAL TEST


STUDY GUIDE

Use I WISH or IF ONLY plus the PAST PERFECT to express a regret: I wish I had studied harder. (If only I had studied harder.) I wish I had told her the truth. (If only I had told her the truth.) Use I WISH or IF ONLY plus the SUBJECT and WOULD + BARE INFINITVE to express a complaint: I wish she would stop calling. (If only she would stop calling.) I wish Jos would call me more often. (If only Jos would call me more often).

Mr. Negrete

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