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L1
dI Lm 2 dt
+ + -
I1 Lm L1 L2
+
L2
+
I2
V1
-
Lm
dI1 dt
V2
-
I1 Lm L1 L2
+
L1
dI 2 Lm dt
+ + -
L2
+
I2
V1
-
dI1 Lm dt
V2
-
V1 = L1
dI1 dI Lm 2 dt dt dI1 dI 2 V2 = Lm + L2 dt dt
Correct sign for mutual inductance found from Lenz law and dot convention Dot convention: current flowing into one dot will induce current flow out of second dot
Transformers
A transformer is just a special case where the mutual inductance is made as large as possible by allowing both coils to share the same flux This is usually achieved by winding them both on a common core of high permeability material (soft iron or ferrite materials)
I1
+ +
I2
V1
-
V1 = j L1 I1 + j Lm I 2 V2 = j Lm I1 + j L2 I 2
V2
-
When there is no flux leakage, the mutual inductance is related to the primary and secondary inductances as
Lm = L1 L2
For real transformers this can never be quite achieved, so we write
Lm = k L1 L2
Robert York, 2006
where
0 < k <1
coefficient of coupling
Ideal Transformer
I1
+
1:n
+
I2
If both coils share the same flux, then Faradys law gives:
V1 N1 1 = = V2 N 2 n I1 N2 =n I2 N1
V1
-
V2
-
As the permeability of the core increases, the relationship between the primary and secondary currents approaches a limiting value set by the turns ratio:
These two relationships define an ideal transformer. This is a fictitous element (note that implies infinite inductancesm so the impedance matrix is infinite) but a real transformer approaches this behavior. An idea transformer has the following property when one winding is terminated:
I1
+
1:n
+
I2 ZL
V1
Robert York, 2006
V2
-
V1 ( N1 / N 2 )V2 Z L Z in = = = 2 I1 ( N 2 / N1 ) I 2 n
Using the tee-equivalent for reciprocal networks, we find the followign equivalent circuit for mutual inductances or transformers
L1 Lm
L2 Lm
L1 N1
Lm
L2 N 2 = n 2 L1 Lm = k L1 L2 = knL1
This can be cascaded with an ideal 1:1 transformer to simulate the fact that a real transformer has electrically isolated ports
L1 (1 k 2 ) k L1
2
1:n
L2 n= Lm
ideal
For good transformers, k is nearly 1, and this model shows why real transformers do not work at DC