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Nhp mn K ngh phn mm l mn hc nhm gip cho sinh vin c kin thc c bn nht trong lnh vc cng ngh phn mm. Ni dng ca mn hc xoay quanh vn gip sinh vin hnh dung c bc tranh tng th v ngnh cng ngh phn mm, bao gm qui trnh pht trin, ngha v mi quan lin h ca tng cng on pht trin, cch thc trnh by ti liu, vai tr ca tng ngi trong qui trnh php trin. ng thi gii thiu cho sinh vin qu trnh lch s pht trin ca ngnh sinh vin c hng i tip theo hp l. c bit, gip sinh vin thy c vai tr thc s ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin trong x hi. Qua mn hc ny sinh vin c ci nhn khi qut v qui trnh pht trin phn mm, hiu bit v thc hin cc giai on trong qui trnh trn mt phn mm c th da trn nhng phng php, k thut trong qu trnh thu thp yu cu, phn tch, thit k v ci t, vit su liu c minh ha c th trong gio trnh. Mc tiu gio trnh l sinh vin c th hiu c nhng yu cu cng vic cn phi lm mi giai on ca qui trnh, c th m trch cng vic mt trong cc giai on lm phn mm trong nhng nhm d n.
MC LC
Mc lc ... 1 Chng 1: TNG QUAN V CNG NGH PHN MM .......................................... 3 1. CC KHI NIM C BN........................................................................................ 3 1.1. Phn mm .............................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1. Cc khi nim ................................................................................................. 3 1.1.2. Phn loi ......................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3. Kin trc phn mm ....................................................................................... 4 1.2. Cht lng phn mm ........................................................................................... 6 1.2.1. Tnh ng n ................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2. Tnh tin ha ................................................................................................... 7 1.2.3. Tnh hiu qu .................................................................................................. 7 1.2.4. Tnh tin dng................................................................................................. 8 1.2.5. Tnh tng thch ............................................................................................. 8 1.2.6. Tnh ti s dng .............................................................................................. 8 1.3. K ngh phn mm................................................................................................ 8 1.3.1. S ra i ......................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2. nh ngha ...................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3. i tng nghin cu ................................................................................... 10 2. QUI TRNH CNG NGH PHN MM ................................................................. 11 2.1. Cc bc c bn trong xy dng phn mm ....................................................... 11 2.1.1. Xc nh........................................................................................................ 11 2.1.2. Pht trin....................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3. Bo tr (Vn hnh) ........................................................................................ 12 2.2. Cc qui trnh xy dng phn mm...................................................................... 12 2.2.1. M hnh thc nc ........................................................................................ 12 2.2.2. M hnh bn mu phn mm ....................................................................... 17 2.2.3. M hnh xon c ........................................................................................... 18 3. CC PHNG PHP XY DNG PHN MM .................................................. 19 3.1. Tng quan ............................................................................................................ 19 3.1.1. Khi nim ..................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2. Phn loi ....................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Cc phng php xy dng phn mm ............................................................... 20 3.2.1. Cch tip cn ................................................................................................ 20 3.2.2. Cch tin hnh .............................................................................................. 21 4. CNG C V MI TRNG PHT TRIN PHN MM .................................. 24
4.1. M u................................................................................................................. 24 4.1.1. Khi nim ..................................................................................................... 24 4.2. Phn mm h tr thc hin cc giai on............................................................ 24 4.2.1. Phn mm h tr phn tch ........................................................................... 24 4.2.2. Phn mm h tr thit k.............................................................................. 24 4.2.3. Phn mm h tr lp trnh ............................................................................ 25 4.2.4. Phn mm h tr kim chng....................................................................... 25 4.3. Phn mm h tr t chc, qun l vic trin khai ............................................... 25 4.3.1. Xy dng phng n .................................................................................... 25 4.3.2. Lp k hoch................................................................................................. 25 Chng 2: PHN TCH V C T YU CU........................................................ 26 1. Tng quan ................................................................................................................... 26 1.1 Qu trnh phn tch ............................................................................................... 26 1.1.1 Phn tch phm vi d n ................................................................................ 26 1.1.2 Phn tch m rng yu cu nghip v ........................................................... 27 1.1.3.Phn tch yu cu bo mt ............................................................................. 28 1.1.4.Phn tch yu cu tc ................................................................................ 30 1.1.5 Phn tch yu cu vn hnh ........................................................................... 31 1.1.6 Phn tch kh nng m rng yu cu............................................................. 32 1.1.7. Phn tch nhng yu cu sn c.................................................................... 32 1.1.8. Phn tch yu t con ngi ........................................................................... 33 1.1.9. Phn tch yu cu tch hp............................................................................ 33 1.1.10. Phn tch thc tin nghip v tn ti .......................................................... 34 1.1.11.Phn tch yu cu kh nng quy m ............................................................ 34 1.2 Xc nh yu cu .................................................................................................. 35 1.2.1 Yu cu v m t yu cu .............................................................................. 35 1.2.2 Phn loi yu cu ........................................................................................... 37 1.2.3 Cc bc xc nh yu cu ............................................................................ 42 1.2.3.1 Kho st hin trng ..................................................................................... 43 1.2.3.2 Lp danh sch cc yu cu ......................................................................... 44 1.2.4 Kho st mt s phn mm tiu biu ............................................................ 54 Tra cu........................................................................................................................ 57 2. M hnh ha yu cu h thng................................................................................ 58
2.1 Cc nguyn l m hnh ha .............................................................................. 58 2.3 S phn r chc nng .................................................................................. 59 2.3 M hnh bn mu (protoype) ........................................................................... 59 2.4 S lung d liu........................................................................................... 60 2.5 M hnh hng i tng................................................................................. 60 2. 6 V d minh ha t yu cu sang m hnh ha ......................................................... 61 Chng 3: THIT K PHN MM ............................................................................. 64 1.Tng quan v thit k .................................................................................................. 64 1.1.K thut thit k ................................................................................................... 65 1.1.1.Thit k trn xung (Top-down) ................................................................... 65 1.1.2.Thit k t di ln (Bottomup).................................................................. 65 1.1.3.Thit k h thng ........................................................................................... 65 1.1.4.Thit k bn mu (prototype) ........................................................................ 66 1.1.5.Phn r thit k .............................................................................................. 66 1.1.5.1 Phn r hng chc nng ........................................................................... 66 1.1.5.2 Phn r hng d liu................................................................................. 67 1.1.5.3 Phn r hng i tng ............................................................................ 73 1.2. Thit k giao din ngi dng............................................................................. 74 1.3.Ca s hi thoi (dialog window): ....................................................................... 74 1.4 Thit k hng chc nng .................................................................................... 75 1.5.Thit k hng i tng ..................................................................................... 75 2.Kin trc phn mm .................................................................................................... 76 3.Phng php thit k phn mm ................................................................................. 77 4.V d minh ha ............................................................................................................ 77 Chng 4: THIT K D LIU ................................................................................... 84 1.Tng quan .................................................................................................................... 84 2.Kt qu ca thit k ..................................................................................................... 84 3.Qu trnh thit k ......................................................................................................... 86 4.Phng php thit k d liu ....................................................................................... 90 4.1.Phng php trc tip .......................................................................................... 90 4.2.Phng php gin tip .......................................................................................... 92 4.2.1.Lp s lp ................................................................................................. 92
4.2.2.nh x s lp............................................................................................ 93 4.2.3.nh x quan h .............................................................................................. 93 4.2.4.Hon chnh s logic .................................................................................. 93 5.Thit k d liu vi tnh ng n............................................................................... 95 6.Thit k d liu v yu cu cht lng........................................................................ 95 6.1.Xem xt tnh tin ha ........................................................................................... 96 6.2.Xem xt tnh hiu qu (tc ) ............................................................................. 97 6.3.Xem xt tnh hiu qu (lu tr) ............................................................................ 98
Chng 5 : THIT K GIAO DIN............................................................................ 102 1.Tng quan .................................................................................................................. 102 1.1.Kt qu thit k................................................................................................... 102 1.2.Phn loi mn hnh giao din ............................................................................. 104 1.3.Qu trnh thit k ................................................................................................ 105 2.Thit k mn hnh ...................................................................................................... 112 2.1.M t mn hnh chnh ......................................................................................... 112 2.2.Thit k mn hnh chnh dng thc n (menu) ................................................ 113 3.Thit k mn hnh tra cu .......................................................................................... 114 3.1.M t mn hnh tra cu....................................................................................... 114 3.2.Th hin tiu chun tra cu ................................................................................ 114 3.2.1.Tra cu vi biu thc logic ......................................................................... 114 3.2.2.Tra cu vi hnh thc cy............................................................................ 114 3.2.3.Tch hp....................................................................................................... 114 3.3.Th hin kt qu tra cu ..................................................................................... 115 3.3.1.Kt qu tra cu dng thng bo................................................................... 115 3.3.2.Kt qu tra cu dng danh sch n ........................................................... 115 3.3.3.Kt qu tra cu dng xu cc danh sch ..................................................... 115 3.3.4.Cy cc danh sch ....................................................................................... 115 3.4.Thao tc ngi dng v x l ca phn mm .................................................... 115 4.Thit k mn hnh nhp liu ...................................................................................... 116 4.1.M t mn hnh nhp liu ................................................................................... 116 4.2.Cc hnh thc trnh by mn hnh nhp liu....................................................... 117 4.2.1.Thit k mn hnh nhp liu dng danh sch............................................... 117 4.2.2.Thit k mn hnh nhp liu dng h s...................................................... 118
Chng 6: CI T ................................................................................................... 119 1.Tng quan .................................................................................................................. 119 2.Mi trng lp trnh .................................................................................................. 120 2.1.Cht lng i hi cho mt ngn ng lp trnh: ................................................ 120 2.2.Kh nng M un ha ca ngn ng lp trnh ................................................... 120 2.3.Gi tr su liu ca ngn ng lp trnh ............................................................... 121 2.4.Cu trc d liu trong ngn ng lp trnh .......................................................... 121 2.5.V d minh ha ................................................................................................... 122 3.Phong cch lp trnh .................................................................................................. 122 3.1.Tnh cu trc ....................................................................................................... 123 3.2.Th mnh ca din t........................................................................................ 123 3.3.Cch thc trnh by bn ngoi ............................................................................ 124 4.nh gi cht lng cng vic .................................................................................. 125 4.1.Hin thc tng cng ......................................................................................... 125 4.2.nh gi li thit k v chng trnh (Design and Code Review) ..................... 126 5.V d minh ha .......................................................................................................... 126 Chng 7: KIM TH PHN MM ......................................................................... 129 1.Tng quan .................................................................................................................. 129 2.Yu cu i vi kim th .......................................................................................... 129 3.Cc k thut kim th................................................................................................ 130 3.1.Phng php hp en (Kim th chc nng)..................................................... 130 3.2.Phng php hp trng (Kim th cu trc) ...................................................... 131 4.Cc giai on v chin lc kim th ....................................................................... 132 4.1.Kim th n v .................................................................................................. 132 4.2.Kim th tch hp ............................................................................................... 133 4.2.1.Trn xung................................................................................................... 133 4.2.2.Di ln ....................................................................................................... 134 4.3.Kim th chp nhn............................................................................................ 135 4.4.Kim th beta ..................................................................................................... 135 4.5.Kim th h thng .............................................................................................. 135 5.V d minh ha .......................................................................................................... 135
Chng 8: SU LIU .................................................................................................. 137 1.Tng quan .................................................................................................................. 137 2.Su liu ngi dng .................................................................................................. 137 2.1.M t chc nng ................................................................................................. 138 2.2.Bng Gii thiu .................................................................................................. 138 2.3.Bng tham kho .................................................................................................. 138 2.4.Su liu ci t ................................................................................................... 138 3.Su liu h thng ....................................................................................................... 139 4.Cht lng ca su liu ............................................................................................. 140 5.Botr su liu ........................................................................................................... 141 6.Cc mu su liu cho qui trnh lm phn mm ......................................................... 141 6.1.Xc nh yu cu (SRS) ..................................................................................... 141 6.2.Thit k ............................................................................................................... 142 6.2.1.M t thit k phn mm (SDD) ................................................................. 142 6.2.2.System Design Rationale Document (SDRD)............................................. 143 Ph Lc A ..................................................................................................................... 144 1.Cu hi l thuyt ....................................................................................................... 144 2.Ni dung v yu cu bi tp ...................................................................................... 145 2.1.Qun l thu bao in thoi ................................................................................ 145 2.2.Qun l hc sinh trng ph thng trung hc .................................................... 146 2.3.Qun l cc ti khon trong ngn hng .............................................................. 147 2.4.Theo di k hoch sn lng cao su................................................................... 147 2.5.Qun l gii v ch bng .............................................................................. 148 2.6.Thi trc nghim trn my tnh ............................................................................ 148 2.7.Qun l trung tm gii thiu vic lm sinh vin ................................................ 149 2.8.Phn mm qun l bn sch ............................................................................... 150 2.9.Phn mm qun l bn v chuyn bay ............................................................... 150 2.10. Phn mm qun l phng mch....................................................................... 150 3.Bi tp nng cao ........................................................................................................ 150 3.1. ng k mn hc v hc ph ............................................................................. 150 3.1. Qun l n Nin lun ................................................................................. 152 3.2. Qun l c s sn xut v cht lng sn phm................................................ 153 3.3. Qun l lng sn phm.................................................................................... 154
3.4. Qun l cng tc thc hnh tin hc ................................................................... 155 3.5. Cng tc t chc thi hc k ............................................................................... 156 4. Biu mu thc hin n mn hc .......................................................................... 157 PHC LC B ............................................................................................................... 160 1. Phn mm qun l th vin ...................................................................................... 160 2. Phn mm qun l gii v ch bng ................................................................... 163
Cc phn mm lng gic, hnh hc, gii tch, s hc, c car, c tng, c vua, xp hnh, thi u, thi kha biu, hi ngh, nhn s, hc sinh lp 10 3
5 6 7 8 9
Sn phm, cu th, Mm non, trung hc, trung tm thuc ty, vt liu xy dng, my tnh in, in thoi, nc, sch, truyn, phim,
Mt cch tng qut thnh phn giao tip l h thng cc hm chuyn v vic nhp/xut d liu (hm nhp/xut) cng vi hnh thc trnh by v t chc lu tr d liu tng ng, mc tiu chnh ca cc hm ny l a d liu t th gii bn ngoi phn mm vo bn trong hoc ngc li. Trong phm vi gio trnh ny ch gii hn xt n giao tip vi ngi s dng phn mm v khi c tn gi c th hn l thnh phn giao din. b) Thnh phn d liu Cho php lu tr li (hm ghi) cc kt qu x l (vic mn sch c kim tra hp l, bng lng thng c tnh) trn b nh ph vi t chc lu tr c xc nh trc (tp tin c cu trc, tp tin nh phn, c s d liu). Cho php truy xut li (hm c) cc d liu lu tr phc v cho cc hm x l tng ng. Mt cch tng qut thnh phn d liu l h thng cc hm chuyn v c ghi d liu (hm c/ghi) cng vi m hnh t chc d liu tng ng. Mc tiu chnh ca cc hm ny l chuyn i d liu gia b nh chnh v b nh ph. c) Thnh phn x l Kim tra tnh hp l ca cc d liu ngun c cung cp t ngi dng theo cc quy trnh rng buc trong th gii thc (ch cho mn ti a 3 quyn sch, mi lp hc c ti a 50 hc sinh, ) Tin hnh x l cho ra kt qu mong i theo quy nh tnh ton c sn trong th gii thc (quy tc tnh tin pht khi tr sch tr, quy tc tnh tin in, quy tc tr gp khi mua nh) hoc theo thut gii t xut (xp thi kha biu t ng, nn nh) Vic x l da trn d liu ngun t ngi s dng cung cp (tnh nghim phng trnh bc 2 da trn cc h s nhp) hoc d liu lu tr c sn (tnh tn kho thng da trn cc phiu nhp xut lu tr) hoc c hai (tnh tin pht da trn ngy tr sch c nhp vo v thng tin v loi sch c lu tr) ty vo x l c th. Tng t, vic x l cho ra kt qu c th dng xut cho ngi dng xem qua thnh phn giao din (trnh by nghim, xut tin pht), hay cng c th lu tr li qua thnh phn d lu (s sch hin ang c mn ca mt c gi) hoc c hai (bng lng, bng tn kho) Mt cch tng qut, thnh phn x l l h thng cc hm chuyn v x l tnh ton, bin i d liu. Cc hm ny s dng d liu ngun t cc hm trong thnh phn giao din 5
(hm nhp) hay thnh phn d liu (hm c d liu) kim tra tnh hp l (hm kim tra) v sau tin hnh x l (hm x l) nu cn thit cho ra kt qu m s c trnh by cho ngi dng xem qua cc hm trong thnh phn giao din (hm xut) hoc lu tr li qua cc hm trong thnh phn d liu (hm ghi). STT Thnh phn 1 giao din Hm Hm xut ngha Nhp yu cu, d liu ngun. Xut kt qu x l Ghi ch Cn xc nh hnh thc nhp/xut v t chc d liu tng ng 2 Thnh phn Hm kim x l tra Hm x l Kim tra tnh hp l ca d liu. X l tnh ton, pht sinh, bin i trn d liu 3 Thnh phn Hm c d liu Hm ghi c d liu t b nh ph vo b nh chnh. Ghi d liu t b nh chnh vo b nh ph Bng 1.2: Danh sch cc hm cng ngha tng ng S dng hm nhp, hm c. S dng hm nhp, hm c, hm xut, hm ghi Cn xc nh cchh thc t chc lu tr d liu
chng trnh cn phi thc hin c trong c nhng trng hp m d liu u vo l khng hp l. V d, nu mt trong s cc chc nng ca phn mm l sp xp mt tp tin c s lng mu tin ty theo mt ct ty theo chiu tng hoc gim th nhng trng hp sau l vi phm tnh ng n ca chng trnh: Khng th thc hin c (treo my) khi tp tin rng (khng c mu tin no). Khng th thc hin hoc thc hin nhng cho kt qu sai khi cc mu tin c hn 100 ct hoc c qu nhiu mu tin. Khng th thc hin hoc cho kt qu sai khi cc ct c chiu di ln hn 125 bytes. Khng th sp xp theo chiu tng dn. Tnh ng n ca mt sn phm phn mm c xc minh qua cc cn c sau y: Tnh ng n ca thut ton. Tnh tng ng ca chng trnh vi thut ton. Thut ton c th ng nhng chng trnh lp ra khng tng ng vi thut ton nn khi thc hin s cho kt qu sai. Tnh ng n ca chng trnh c th c chng minh trc tip trong vn bn ca chng trnh. Tnh ng n cng c th c khng nh dn qua vic kim th, vic p dng chng trnh trong mt khong thi gian di trn din rng v vi tn sut s dng cao.
o Kh s dng o Thc hin chm o Kh chuyn i d liu gia cc phn mm o .. gii quyt vn trn mt hi ngh c triu tp bn v cch gii quyt. Hi ngh tin hnh xem xt, phn tch v xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra cuc khng hong phn mm. Kt lun nh sau: - Vic tng vt ca s lng phn mm l iu hp l v iu ny s cn tip din. - Cc khuyt im ca phn mm c ngun gc chnh t phng php, cch thc tin hnh xy dng phn mm: o Cm tnh: mi ngi theo mt phng php ring. o Th s, n gin: ch tp trung vo vic lp trnh m t quan tm n cc cng vic cn lm khc trc khi lp trnh (kho st hin trng, phn tch yu cu, thit k). o Th cng: cng c h tr chnh khi xy dng phn mm ch l trnh bin dch. Vi cc kt lun nh trn, hi ngh xut khai sinh mt ngnh khoa hc mi: K ngh phn mmvi nhim v chnh l nghin cu v cc phng php tin hnh xy dng phn mm.
1.3.2. nh ngha
K ngh phn mml mt lnh vc nghin cu ca tin hc nhm xut cc nguyn l, phng php, cng c, cch tip cn phc v cho vic thit k, ci t cc sn phm phn mm t c y cc yu cu v cht lng phn mm. Do qu trnh tin ha ca ngnh K ngh phn mmnn khi nim v n cng thay i theo thi gian. Hn na do y l mt lnh vc mi nn cc khi nim vn cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo quan im ch quan ca tng ngi khc nhau. C th nh sau: - Bauer[1969]: vic thit lp v s dng cc nguyn l cng ngh ng n thu c phn mm mt cch kinh t va tin cy va lm vic hiu qu trn cc my thc. - Ghezzi[1991]: l mt lnh vc ca khoa hc my tnh lin quan n vic xy dng cc phn mm va ln va phc tp bi mt hay mt s nhm k s. - IEEE[1993]: 9
1.
Vic p dng phng php tip cn c h thng, bi bn v c lng ha trong pht trin, vn hnh v bo tr phn mm.
2.
- Sommervile[1995]: l lnh vc lin quan n l thuyt, phng php v cng c dng cho pht trin phn mm. - Kawamura[1995]: l lnh vc hc vn v cc k thut, phng php lun cng ngh hc (l lun v k thut c hin thc ha trn cc nguyn l, nguyn tc xc nh) trong ton b quy trnh pht trin phn mm nhm nng cao c cht v lng ca sn xut phn mm. - Pressman[1995]: l b mn tch hp c qui trnh, cc phng php, cc cng c pht trin phn mm my tnh. C th nh ngha tm tt v K ngh phn mmnh sau: K ngh phn mml mt nghnh khoa hc nghin cu v vic xy dng cc phn mm c cht lng trong khong thi gian v chi ph hp l. Mc tiu nghin cu c chia thnh 2 phn r nt: 1. Xy dng phn mm c cht lng. 2. Xy dng phn mm trong thi gian v chi ph hp l.
11
Sau bc thit k l bc trin khai cc c t chng trnh thnh mt sn phm phn mm da trn mt ngn ng lp trnh c th. Trong giai on ny cc lp trnh vin s tin hnh ci t cc thao tc cn thit thc hin ng cc yu cu c c t. Cng vic cui cng ca giai on pht trin l chng ta cn phi chng minh tnh ng n ca chng trnh sau khi tin hnh ci t. Tuy nhin thng thng bc ny chng ta coi cc chng trnh nh nhng hp en. Vn t ra l xy dng mt cch c ch ch cc tp d liu nhp khc nhau giao cho chng trnh thc hin ri da vo kt qu thu c nh gi chng trnh. Cng vic nh trn c gi l kim th chng trnh. Cng vic kim th nhm vo cc mc tiu sau: Kim tra pht hin li ca chng trnh. Lu rng kim th khng m bo tuyt i tnh ng n ca chng trnh do bn cht quy np khng hon ton ca cch lm. Kim tra tnh n nh, hiu qu cng nh kh nng ti a ca chng trnh. Ty theo mc ch m ngi ta thit k cc tp d liu th sao cho c th ph ht cc trng hp cn quan tm.
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- Mc tiu: M t cc thnh phn ca phn mm (m hnh ca phn mm) trc khi tin hnh ci t. - Kt qu nhn: Danh sch cc yu cu v thng tin lin quan. - Kt qu chuyn giao: M t thnh phn giao din: cc hm nhp/xut, cu trc d liu nhp/xut. M t thnh phn x l: cc hm kim tra x l. M t thnh phn d liu: cc hm c/ ghi, t chc lu tr trn b nh ph. o Lp trnh (ci t): c tin hnh ngay sau khi kt thc vic thit k. - Mc tiu: To lp phn mm theo yu cu. - Kt qu nhn: M hnh phn mm - Kt qu chuyn giao: Chng trnh ngun ca phn mm vi cu trc c s d liu tng ng (nu cn thit) v chng trnh thc hin c trn my tnh (chng trnh ngun c bin dch) Qui trnh 4 giai on: L qui trnh ci tin ca qui trnh pha trc bng cch b sung thm mt giai on mi gia xc nh yu cu v thit k (c sa i) o Xc nh yu cu: c tin hnh ngay khi c nhu cu v vic xy dng phn mm. - Mc tiu: Xc nh chnh xc cc yu cu t ra cho phn mm s xy dng. - Kt qu nhn: Thng tin v hot ng ca th gii thc. - Kt qu chuyn giao: Danh sch cc yu cu (cng vic s thc hin trn my tnh) cng vi cc thng tin miu t chi tit v cc yu cu (cch thc thc hin trong th gii thc) o Phn tch: c tin hnh ngay sau khi kt thc vic xc nh yu cu. - Mc tiu: M t li th gii thc thng qua cc m hnh (m hnh th gii thc) trc khi thit k. - Kt qu nhn: Danh sch cc yu cu cng cc thng tin c lin quan. - Kt qu chuyn giao: M hnh x l (h thng cc cng vic trong th gii thc cng vi quan h gia chng) M hnh d liu (h thng cc loi thng tin c s dng trong th gii thc cng vi quan h gia chng) 14
Cc m hnh khc (khng gian, thi gian, con ngi) nu cn thit. o Thit k: c tin hnh ngay sau khi kt thc vic phn tch. - Mc tiu: M t cc thnh phn ca phn mm (m hnh ca phn mm) trc khi tin hnh ci t. - Kt qu nhn: M hnh th gii thc. - Kt qu chuyn giao: M t thnh phn giao din: cc hm nhp/xut, cu trc d liu nhp/xut. M t thnh phn x l: cc hm kim tra x l. M t thnh phn d liu: cc hm c/ghi, t chc lu tr trn b nh ph. o Lp trnh (ci t): c tin hnh ngay sau khi kt thc vic thit k. - Mc tiu: To lp phn mm theo yu cu - Kt qu nhn: M hnh phn mm - Kt qu chuyn giao: Chng trnh ngun ca phn mm vi cu trc c s d liu tng ng (nu cn thit) v chng trnh thc hin c trn my tnh (chng trnh ngun c bin dch) Qui trnh 5 giai on: L qui trnh ci tin ca qui trnh pha trc bng cch b sung thm mt giai on mi sau giai on lp trnh nhm tng cng tin cy ca phn mm. o Xc nh yu cu: c tin hnh ngay khi c nhu cu v vic xy dng phn mm. - Mc tiu: Xc nh chnh xc cc yu cu t ra cho phn mm s xy dng. - Kt qu nhn: Thng tin v hot ng ca th gii thc. - Kt qu chuyn giao: Danh sch cc yu cu (cng vic s thc hin trn my tnh) cng vi cc thng tin miu t chi tit v cc yu cu (cch thc thc hin trong th gii thc) o Phn tch: c tin hnh ngay sau khi kt thc vic xc nh yu cu. - Mc tiu: M t li th gii thc thng qua cc m hnh (m hnh th gii thc) trc khi thit k. - Kt qu nhn: Danh sch cc yu cu cng cc thng tin c lin quan. - Kt qu chuyn giao: 15
M hnh x l (h thng cc cng vic trong th gii thc cng vi quan h gia chng) M hnh d liu (h thng cc loi thng tin c s dng trong th gii thc cng vi quan h gia chng) Cc m hnh khc (khng gian, thi gian, con ngi) nu cn thit. o Thit k: c tin hnh ngay sau khi kt thc vic phn tch. - Mc tiu: M t cc thnh phn ca phn mm (m hnh ca phn mm) trc khi tin hnh ci t. - Kt qu nhn: M hnh th gii thc. - Kt qu chuyn giao: M t thnh phn giao din: cc hm nhp/xut, cu trc d liu nhp/xut. M t thnh phn x l: cc hm kim tra x l. M t thnh phn d liu: cc hm c/ ghi, t chc lu tr trn b nh ph. o Lp trnh (ci t): c tin hnh ngay sau khi kt thc vic thit k. - Mc tiu: To lp phn mm theo yu cu. - Kt qu nhn: M hnh phn mm. - Kt qu chuyn giao: Chng trnh ngun ca phn mm vi cu trc c s d liu tng ng (nu cn thit) v chng trnh thc hin c trn my tnh (chng trnh ngun c bin dch). o Kim th: c tin hnh ngay sau khi c kt qu (tng phn) ca vic lp trnh. - Mc tiu: Tng tin cy ca phn mm. - Kt qu nhn: Danh sch yu cu. M hnh phn mm. Phn mm. - Kt qu chuyn giao: Phn mm vi tin cy cao ( tm v sa li). o Bo tr: Cng vic ca giai on bao gm vic ci t v vn hnh phn mm trong thc t. - Mc tiu: m bo phn mm vn hnh tt - Kt qu nhn: phn mm hon thng 16
- Kt qu chuyn giao: cc phn nh ca khch hng trong qu trnh s dng phn mm.
Nhn xt: M hnh thc nc gip chng ta c th d dng phn chia qu trnh xy dng phn mm thnh nhng giai on hon ton c lp nhau. Tuy nhin, cc d n ln him khi tun theo dng chy tun t ca m hnh v thng phi lp li cc bc nng cao cht lng. Hn na, khch hng him khi tuyn b ht cc yu cu trong giai on phn tch. M hnh ny cng c mt hn ch l chng ta rt kh thc hin cc thay i mt khi thc hin xong mt gii on no . iu ny lm cho vic xy dng phn mm rt kh thay i cc yu cu theo mun ca khch hng. Do , phng php ny ch thch hp cho nhng trng hp m chng ta hiu rt r cc yu cu ca khch hng. Ch : M hnh thc nc c th c ci tin bng cch cho php quay lui khi pht hin li trong giai on pha trc.
s. Ngc li c hai phi quay li giai on xc nh yu cu. Cng vic ny c lp li lin tc cho n khi ngi s dng ng vi cc bn mu do nh pht trin a ra. Nh vy y l mt hng tip cn tt khi cc yu cu cha r rng v kh nh gi c tnh hiu qu ca cc thut ton. Tuy nhin, m hnh ny cng c nhc im l tnh cu trc khng cao do khch hng d mt tin tng.
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M hnh ny ph hpvi cc h thng phn mm ln do c kh nng kim sot ri ro tng bc tin ha. Tuy nhin vn cha c s dng rng ri nh m hnh thc nc hoc bn mu do i hi nng lc qun l, nng lc phn tch ri ro cao.
3. CC PHNG PHP XY DNG PHN MM 3.1. Tng quan 3.1.1. Khi nim
tin hnh xy dng mt phn mm, chng ta c th p dng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Mi phng php c nhng u v khuyt im ring v ph hp vi tng loi phn mm c th. Mi phng php s c nhng hng dn c th cc cng vic cn phi thc hin trong tng giai on trong quy trnh xy dng phn mm. Bn cnh mi phng php cng s quy nh nhng cch thc khc nhau trnh by cc kt qu thu c trong qu trnh xy dng phn mm. Nhng quy nh ny c tnh cht nh l ngn ng thng nht cc thnh vin tham gia xy dng phn mm c th trao i thng tin trong vic xy dng phn mm.
Phng php hng d liu Phng php hng i tng Phng php t chc qun l Xy dng phng n T chc nhn s c lng ri ro, chi ph Lp v theo di k hoch trin khai. Trong phn tip theo ca gio trnh ny, chng ta ch quan tm n cc phng php xy dng. V phng php t chc qun l chng ta c th tham kho trong gio trnh Qun l d n xy dng cc h thng thng tin.
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Phng php chung gii quyt vn l p dng nguyn l chia tr. Khi tin hnh xy dng phn mm theo phng php ny, chng ta s chia cc cng vic ln m h thng cn thc hin hnh cc cng vic nh hn c lp nhau. Vic phn chia cc cng vic c tin hnh cho n khi cc cng vic thu c nh chng ta c th tin hnh xy dng hon chnh. Hnh di: Minh ha cch tip cn theo hng chc nng.
Phng php hng chc nng ch trng n cch gii quyt vn nhng khng c kh nng che du cc thng tin trng thi ca h thng. iu ny dn n vic cc chc nng trong h thng khng tng thch vi nhau trong vic thc hin thay i cc thng tin trong h thng. Chnh v vy m cch tip cn ny ch thch hp khi trong h thng c rt t thng tin cn phi qun l v chia s gia cc chc nng vi nhau. m hnh ha cch x l thng tin trong h thng dng lc dng d liu (Data Flow Diagrams). DFD l mt cng c n gin v hu ch miu t cch thc hot ng ca h thng. DFD s dng cc k hiu sau m t h thng: vung c gc trn c dng biu din cc chc nng ca h thng. 21
vung dng biu din thnh phn d liu trong h thng. Hnh trn dng biu din cc thnh phn bn ngoi c giao tip vi h thng.
Du mi tn dng biu din hng di chuyn ca d liu. Cc t kha and v or dng lin kt cc dng d liu khi cn thit.
b) Phng php hng d liu Ngc li vi phng php hng chc nng, phng php hng d liu ch trng nhiu n thnh phn d liu cn phi x l trong h thng: T chc d liu Khi lng lu tr Tc truy xut Khi tin hnh thit k theo phng php hng d liu chng ta bt u vi vic thit k cc cu trc d liu cn thit c trong bi ton, sau mi tin hnh thit kt cc thao tc vn hnh trn cc cu trc d liu thit k.
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Phng php ny c bit ch thch hp trong cc loi phn mm ch c chc nng chnh l lu tr v thao tc trn cc loi d liu. Hn ch ca n l khng quan tm n cc
chc nng m h thng cn phi p ng. iu ny dn n vic c kh nng h thng sau khi thit k khng c y cc chc nng cn thit. Kt qu thu c sau khi thit k theo phng php hng d liu l m hnh thc th kt hp (Entity Relationship Diagram). Mt m hnh thc th kt hp in hnh gm c 2 thnh phn c bn: cc thc th v cc mi kt hp. Mt thc th l mt i tng trong th gii thc m h thng c quan h, hoc tng tc qua li. Cc thc th c biu din trong s bng cc hnh vung cng vi tn v c th c thm cc thuc tnh ca thc th. Mi kt hp biu din s kt hp gia hai hay nhiu thc th. Mi mi kt hp gm c ba thnh phn c bn: Mi kt hp gia cc thc th c biu din bng mt ng thng ni gia hai thc th. Tn ca mi lin h dng miu t ngha ca mi lin h. Bn s hai u ca mi kt hp dng xc nh con s ti a v ti thiu cc thc th lin quan n mi kt hp. c) Phng php hng i tng Phng php thit k hng i tng l s kt hp ca phng php hng d liu v phng php hng chc nng. Phng php ny ch trng n c thnh phn d liu v chc nng ca h thng. Theo phng php hng i tng th mt h thng phn mm l mt tp hp cc i tng c kh nng tng tc vi nhau. Cc i tng chnh l cc s vt v hin tng vt l cng nh tru tng m chng ta c trong th gii thc. Mi i tng c d liu ring c che du vi th gii bn ngoi v cc thao tc m i tng c th thc hin trn cc thnh phn d liu ca i tng. 23
Cc i tng lin lc, trao i thng tin vi nhau bng cch gi cc thng ip cho nhau. Cc thng ip m mi i tng c th x l c gi l giao din ca i tng. Khi mi thao tc lin quan n cc i tng c phi thc hin thng qua giao din ca i tng. iu ny gip chng ta m bo rng cc thng tin bn trong cc i tng c bo v mt cch chc chn. Chng ta c th s dng nhiu h thng k hiu khc nhau m t cc i tng ca h thng cng nh mi lin h gia chng. Mt trong s cc h thng k hiu ph bin hin nay l h thnng k hiu UML.
4.3. Phn mm h tr t chc, qun l vic trin khai 4.3.1. Xy dng phng n
- Cng vic h tr chnh o To lp phng n o D on ri ro o Tnh chi ph - Cc phn mm: MS Project, Visio
4.3.2. Lp k hoch
- Cng vic h tr chnh o Xc nh cc cng vic o Phn cng o Lp lch biu o Theo di thc hin - Cc phn mm: MS Project, Visio
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bn bc vn vi khch hng a ra quyt nh thng lng cho tha ng. Chng ta phi chn la hoc nhiu thi gian hn, hoc nhiu tin hn hoc c hai. Hoc chng ta phi gim phm vi d n xung. Phn tch tt c nhng tnh hung giai on u ca d n s lm cho d n thnh cng nhiu hn.
Khi a gii php, nh rng c s h tng hin hnh m bo gii php ca chng ta c th tng thch. d. Phn tch nh hng k thut Nu cn m rng chc nng cho h thng hin hnh, chng ta mong c thay i h thng c c vic ci thin h thng c v tch hp d dng hn h thng mi. V d, chc nng ca chng trnh k ton lu tr d liu nh nh CSDL hng n tp tin Access. to d liu truy xut hiu qu hn v tha mn yu cu ca gii php mi, chng ta mi chuyn ton b d liu sang h qun tr csdl SQL Server. Vic suy ngh trc s tit kim thi gian sau : tri qua thi gian tm hiu s khc bit v giao tc, bo mt, v nhng chc nng khc gia k thut c v gii php mi. Chng ta nn tm hiu th tc chuyn i d liu t k thut c sang k thut mi. m bo c php thc nghim nhng th tc ny, v c k hoch bo lu trong trng hp thc hin vn ny b li. m bo chc chn nhng tc ng chuyn i trn mi thnh phn ca h thng, khng ch phn t gn nht thay i.
1.1.3.Phn tch yu cu bo mt
Khi h thng lu tr, truy xut d liu c nhn nh thng tin nhn s, th tn dng, doanh s bn hay thng tin ring t, chng ta cn c bin php m bo an ton nhng d liu ny. a. Xc nh vai tr Ton b ng dng khng ch c 1 mc bo mt. Ngi dng cui ch cn quyn truy xut gii hn vo h thng. Qun tr h thng, ngi thao tc vin cp nht, v ngi dng c quyn truy cp cao hn mi cp . Bo mt da trn vai tr l k thut dng cp quyn mc bo mt khc nhau tng ng quyn hn v chuyn nghip ca mi ngi dng trong h thng. Lu : Nhn bit nhng lp chnh ca nhng ngi dng cn truy cp n ng dng ca chng ta. Gn tn vai tr cho mi lp ngi dng. Cui cng, gn mc ti thiu c th truy xut n mi vai tr. Mi lp ngi dng nn c quyn truy xut n cng vic ca h, v khng nhiu hn. b. Xc nh mi trng bo mt ng dng bo mt khng b gii hn ngi dng h thng. Ch ngi dng ng nhp vo ng dng, ng dnng phi login kim sot ti nguyn chia s nh tp tin, dch v h thng, 28
c s d liu. Mc kim sot ca ng dng c gi l ng cnh bo mt. Chng ta cn phi lm vic vi nhiu ngi dng khc nh qun tr mng, cp quyn truy xut ph hp ng dng chia s ti nguyn. c. Xc nh nh hng bo mt Nu cng ty c sn c ch bo mt thay vo h thng ca chng ta nn iu chnh cho ph hp vi c ch c. Nu chng ta ang thc thi h thng bo mt mi hay mt h thng khc, cn phi phn tch tc ng ca h thng trn h thng hin ti: H thng mi c lm hng chc nng ca phn mm hin ti? H thng i hi phi h tr thm mt phn ngi dng ng nhp m rng ? H thng s kha mt vi ngi dng trn nhng tp tin hay nhng ti nguyn m h c quyn truy cp trc y d. K hoch vn hnh Khi t chc pht trin v thay i, ngi dng mi c thm vo, ngi c c cp nht v b i. Nhng thao tc ny i hi thay i CSDL bo mt, l ni thng tin ngi dng v quyn hn truy cp ca h c lu. Nhng thng tin ny c lu tr hin thi. Nu ngi dng c v tr a l khc nhau, vn phng khc nhau, chng ta cn ln k hoch ti to c s d liu bo mt. S ti to l s thay i h thng d liu ti ni ny sao chp n ni khc sao cho tt c thng tin bo mt c lu gi mi ni. Thun li vic to bn sao l ngi dng c th ng nhp dng thng tin c lu v tr gn hn so vi v tr a l. Nu mng WAN b ngng hot ng, v d ngi dng vn c th ng nhp. Vic to bn sao cn c ln k hoch v vn hnh. Lu : Chng ta ln k hoch cho iu kin khn cp phi lm g nu csdl bo mt b ngt hay nu vic to bn sao b hng. i vi h thng bo mt b hng, chng ta cng nn c c hai k hoch khn cp v th tc t ng ch n nhng vn chung nh mng b hng. d. K hoch kim sot v ng nhp Mt h thng bo mt tt khng l c ch th ng. Thay vo , cha chc nng tr gip kim sot hot ng ca h thng cho vn bo mt. Vn chung ca chc nng ny l nht k. Ton b thao tc ca h thng c th c ghi nhn hu nh ton b s kin lin quan n bo mt h thng. C th ghi nhn mi khi ng nhp, truy xut n mi ti nguyn nhng iu ny him khi hiu qa; thng chng ta s ghi nhn mt s tp thng tin ny nh vic c gng ng nhp li. 29
Lu : Nht k h thng t n th khng c ngha; chng ta phi k hoch kim sot thng xuyn bi ta c th pht hin nhng nghi ng nhng mu nht k hot ng. Ngi kim sot c hun luyn nn phn tch nht k trn c s thng xuyn, a ra nhng ngh nu c bt k iu nghi ng. e. Xc nh mc yu cu bo mt Bo mt cng ging nh nhng phn khc trong thit k ng dng, l s cn nhc gia hiu qu v chi ph. Nu h thng khng lu nhng d liu c tnh nhy cm cao. Cch tt nht trin khai h thng l gi s xc thc ca ngi dng i hi lu tr. Nu chng ta lu tr thng tin cn cho bo mt, chi ph cho bo mt thng tin c bit phi c kim chng. Khng c h thng no bo mt 100%. Chng ta phi xc nh mc ri ro bo mt c th chp nhn c. ri ro bo mt din t t l phn trm tng xng kh nng m bo mt h thng khng bao gi t n. iu c th nhng ph tn xy dng h thng bo mt 99%. Chng ta hay khch hng phi xc nh mc ri ro c th chp nhn c da trn d liu nhy cm ca h thng. f. R sot bo mt hin ti Chng ta nn trung thnh tng ca yu cu bo mt ca ng dng. thi im phn tch chnh sch bo mt hin ti ca cng ty xc nh bo mt c t n nhng nhu cu ca h thng hay khng. Nu khng, tho lun vn vi ngi gch vc h thng bo mt cng ty tm ra gii php mang li li ch trin khai m rng bo mt.
1.1.4.Phn tch yu cu tc
Tc ca ng dng c th i hi kh. i vi ngi dng, ng dng s hu nh chy qu chm nhng chy nhanh ng dng thit k tt c th mang li gi tr Lu : vic chy nhanh mt ng dng thit k km th d, nhiu ng dng c th chy chm bi thit k thiu st, nhng khng bi khng tng thch gia phn ng v cc yu t bn ngoi. Chng ta nn nhn thc yu cu tc ng dng trc khi bt u qui trnh thit k. Yu cu tc da theo cc mc sau: Mi pht giao dch: cung cp dch v ph thuc vo s lng ln ngi dng, ng dng phn tn dng nhng giao tc. S giao tc mi pht (TPM) l o tc h thng c s d liu. 30
Bng thng: ng dng phn tn lm nghn vic s dng mng. S phn hi ca ng dng xc nh nh bng thng mng ( rng ca ng truyn mng). Bng thng thng c o bng megabit mi giy. Kh nng cha: Lng lu tr- c chnh v ph - sn sng i vi ng dng l vn lu tm quan trng cho tc chung ca ng dng. RAM i hi ca ng dng gy ra nhng khc bit ln cho tc ca ng dng. Nt tht: Trong mi h thng, c phn gii hn tc h thng ni chung. V d CPU tc nhanh cng khng ci thin g my nu phi ch d liu t mt cng qu chm. Trong trng hp ny, cng s l nt tht ca ton b h thng. Khng th tng tc tr khi nt thc c nhn bit, bi v ch c ci thin nt tht lm nng tc ph hp. Chng ta c th nhn bit nt tht bng cch s dng cng c bo co h thng nh Mn hnh iu khin tc trn Window NT (Windows NT Performance Monitor). Thut ng tc thng dng ng ngha vi s phn hi - s lng thi gian chim gi phn hi li hnh ng ca ngi dng. C th lm cho ng dng xut hin phn hi m khng cn tng tc . Tuy nhin, thi gian phn hi trung bnh ca ng dng l c tnh quan trng, chng ta phi kt hp cht ch nhng mc tiu thi gian phn hi i vi yu cu chung thit k. Khng th ni v tc trong nhng ng dng phn tn m khng phn bit quan trng: gia nhu cu cao v trung bnh. Ti mt s thi im - ti hay cui tun c l ng dng s phc v vi s lng nh ngi dng, th tc n s trn trung bnh. thi im khc, s lng ngi dng s cao hn v tc ng dng cho php. Mc tiu tc bao gm c mc tiu tc trung bnh v cao.
mi hay hun luyn li nhng nhn vin c duy tr mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca h thng. Gim chi ph vn hnh i hi s t tha mn li nhun trong thi ngn i vi nhng li ch trong tng lai. Gim chi ph vn hnh lu di thng i hi u t n u trong t ng ha phn cng v phn mm.
nh hng ngi dng cn li ang ni kt. Bt k thnh phn ng dng no hng hay khng sn sng th nn khi ng li ngay khi c th. Vic bo tr c k hoch cng tc ng n tnh sn sng. Mt my ch cha ng dng l tng lun c bn sao lu c th khi ng khi my ch bo tr. ng dng c mc sn sng cao c cch lun phin kt ni mng trong trng hp mng WAN, LAN ngng hot ng Lu : Tnh sn sng lin quan n nghip v. Tnh sn sng ca ng dng cng cao, gi tr ca ng dng cng cao. Chng ta phi xc nh bao nhiu gi trong ngy ng dng cn c thao tc; gi no l quan trng so vi cc gi trong ngy. Cn nhc gi tr ca vic tng tnh sn sng i vi gi tr d n ca thi gian down ng dng. Nhng h thng trng yu, gi tr i vi cng ty bt k thi im down no hon ton iu chnh chi ph thit k 100 % ng dng sn sng. ng dng khc n gin cn tr nn sn sng hu ht mi lc.
Khi pht sinh nhu cu ln hn, c s d liu phi thit k li. K thut d liu mi hay v l a nhu cu ci thin CSDL bn di ng dng. Nhng ci tin phi c cn thn bi chng ph v tt c m ngun CSDL hin ti. Trc khi ci tin khung d liu, m bo nhng phn m ngun hin ti c th truy xut n CSDL. Tt c m ngun hin ti phi c sot li, c th vit li.
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Mt cch n gin nng cao ng dng l mua CPU nhanh hn, nhiu RAM, kt ni mng tt hn. Tuy nhin vic tng cng my n chy nhanh hn. Thc s nhng ng dng c th nng cp phi thm vo nhiu dch v pha my ch. iu ny c ngha ng dng c th chy trn nhiu my tnh cng mt lc, s phn phi vic ti xung ca ngi dng v x l thi gian qua nhiu my ch. iu ny s gia tng ng k tnh phc tp, v vy mt ln na tnh thun tin kh nng quy m phi c cn nhc i vi gi tr cung cp. Tuy nhin, ng dng nh Miscrosoft Transaction Server gim ng k chi ph pht trin ng dng phn tn bi qun l v mt logic ca phn tn t ng.
1.2 Xc nh yu cu
Mc tiu ca vic xc nh yu cu: Xc nh tht chnh xc v y cc yu cu t ra cho phn mm s c xy dng. Kt qu nhn c sau giai on xc nh yu cu: 1. Danh sch cc cng vic s c thc hin trn my tnh
2.
Nhng m t chi tit v cc cng vic ny khi c thc hin trong th gii thc.
Qua bc u hnh thnh thng tin khi qut v cc hot ng trong th gii thc.
1.2.1 Yu cu v m t yu cu
Yu cu (hay yu cu phn mm) l cng vic mun thc hin trn my tnh. Nhng cng vic ny phi xut pht t thc t ch khng thun ty tin hc
Thi gian thc hin cng vic Cch thc tin hnh cng vic cng vi cc quy nh lin quan Sau y, tng loi thng tin s ln lt c xem xt chi tit: a. Tn cng vic. Cn xc nh c th, trnh dng cc tn chung chung, m h V d: xt mt s tn cng vic sau: Qun l c gi: chung chung, m h; c th nh vic ng k mn sch, gia hn th c gi, tr sch Qun l sch: chung chung, m h; c th nh nhp sch vo kho, tra cu sch, cho mn sch, nhn tr sch, thanh l sch. b. Ngi thc hin. Cn xc nh chnh xc ngi hoc b phn s thc hin cng vic trn my tnh (cn gi l ngi dng phn mm hay ngi dng). Nhng ngi dng c vai tr v cng vic thc hin tng t nh nhau s c xp vo cng mt loi ngi dng (thng thng mt loi ngi dng s tng ng vi mt b phn trong th gii thc). Cng mt cng vic c th c nhiu loi ngi dng khc nhau thc hin v ngc li, mt loi ngi dng c th thc hin nhiu cng vic khc nhau. c. Thi gian, a im. Cn xc nh chnh xc a im, thi im tin hnh cng vic. Cc thng tin ny s c ngha nht nh trong mt s trng hp c th. d. Cch thc tin hnh v cc quy nh lin quan. y l phn chnh yu khi tin hnh m t yu cu. i vi loi thng tin ny cn c bit quan tm n mt s yu t sau: i. Cc quy nh cn kim tra khi thc hin cng vic ghi nhn thng tin
V d: Quy nh v vic mn sch khi cho c gi mn sch: ch cho mn sch i vi nhng c gi c th c gi cn hn, s sch ang mn cha n 2 v khng c sch mn qu hn.
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V d: Quy nh tnh hp l ca phn s trong vic ghi nhn bi ca gio vin v bi gii ca hc sinh: phn s phi c mu s khc 0 ii. Cc quy nh, cng thc tnh ton khi thc hin cng vic tnh ton
V d : Quy nh tnh tin pht tr sch tr khi thc hin vic tr sch: mi ngy tr tr pht 1500 ng/ngy. T ngy tr tr th 10 tr i s pht 5000 ng/ngy v thu hi th c gi 2 tun. V d: Quy nh tin lng khi thc hin cng vic tnh lng nhn vin cho 1 cng ty * Lng ca nhn vin thuc b phn vn phng c tnh theo cng thc: Tin_Lng = (S_Ngy * Mc_Lng )/22 + Tin_Thng + Tin_Pht mi ngy lm thm thng 30.000 mi ngy ngh vic pht 50.000 * Lng ca nhn vin thuc b phn sn xut c tnh theo cng thc: Tin_Lng = S_Sn_Phm * n_Gi Bit rng mt sn phm phi tri qua 3 cng on sn xut: cng on 1: 200 ng/sn phm cng on 2: 400 ng/sn phm cng on 3: 300 ng/sn phm
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YU CU
(7) Lu tr
(8) Tra cu
(13) T ng
(10) Kt xut
(15) Sao lu
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c t chi tit tng loi yu cu: (1) Yu cu chc nng l danh sch cc cng vic s c thc hin trn my tnh cng vi cc thng tin m t tng ng. (2) Yu cu phi chc nng l cc yu cu lin quan n cht lng phn mm, l s rng buc cch thc thc hin cc yu cu chc nng. (3) Yu cu chc nng nghip v l cc chc nng ca phn mm tng ng vi cng vic c tht trong th gii thc. (4) Yu cu chc nng h thng l cc chc nng phn mm c pht sinh thm khi thc hin cng vic trn my tnh thay v trong th gii thc hoc cc chc nng khng tng ng vi bt k cng vic no trong th gii thc. (7) Chc nng lu tr: Tng ng vi cng vic ghi chp thng tin trn s sch (km theo cc quy nh khi ghi chp). V d: - Ghi nhn vic cho mn sch ca mt th vin theo quy nh mn. - Ghi nhn bi gii bi tp v phn s theo quy nh v phn s,cch bin i phn s tng ng, cc php tnh trn phn s, (8) Chc nng tra cu: Tng ng vi cng vic tm kim, theo di hot ng v xem thng tin v mt i tng. V d: - Tm ti khon v xem tnh hnh gi rt. - Tm sch v xem tnh trng sch - Tm hng ha v xem tnh trng ca hng ha (s lng tn kho, lng nhp, thi gian nhp,). - Tm bi ging l thuyt v phng trnh, bt phng trnh v xem ni dung tng ng. (9) Chc nng tnh ton: Tng ng vi cng vic tnh ton (theo quy nh v cng thc cho trc). V d:
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- Tnh im trung bnh mn hc ca hc sinh theo quy nh h s cho cc t kim tra. - Xp th hng cho cc i bng sau mt lt thi u theo quy nh ca ban t chc gii. - Tnh tin pht tr sch tr theo quy nh pht ca th vin. - Tm nghim ca phng trnh bc hai theo phng php gii phng trnh bc hai. (10) Chc nng kt xut : Tng ng vi cng vic lp bo co (theo biu mu cho trc) V d: - Lp bng xp hng cc i bng sau mt lt u. - Lp bo co thng k v s lt mn sch theo tng th loi trong nm. - Lp bo co thng k v t l xp loi hc sinh theo tng lp, tng khi. (11) Chc nng mi trng : nh cu hnh thit b, ngy gi, s ngi lm vic, V d: S lng ngi lm vic, chn loi my in, kh giy, nin kha hin hnh, (12) Chc nng m phng: M phng hot ng ca th gii thc V d: - M phng mt tai nn my bay, xe t, trn ng t (13) Chc nng t ng: T ng thng bo, nhc nh ngi dng. V d: - Nhc nh th th gi giy bo i sch khi c c gi mn qu hn. - Bo ng khi khch hng thiu n qu lu hay s tin n qu ln. (14) Chc nng phn quyn : Phn quyn s dng gia cc loi ngi dng. V d: Phn quyn cho 3 loi ngi s dng trong phn mm qun l th vin: + Qun tr h thng: c quyn s dng tt c cc chc nng. + Th th: ch s dng cc chc nng lin quan n vic cho mn v tr sch. + c gi: ch s dng chc nng tra cu. Trong phn mm qun l bn hng, vic phn chia kh nng truy cp d liu nhp xut cho tng nhm ngi s dng s trnh vic iu chnh s liu khng thuc phm vi qun l ca ngi s dng nh nhn vin thu ngn ch c php lp v iu chnh cc ha n bn hng trong ca lm vic ca mnh. Ca trng v b phn qun l quy c th tham kho lng hng 40
tn kho nhng khng c php iu chnh lng hng nhp, khng c tham kho vn hng xut, kt qu kinh doanh, (15) Chc nng sao lu : Sao lu, phc hi d liu. V d: Sao lu thng tin v cc hc sinh ra trng v ch phc hi li khi cn thit (16) Tnh tin ha: y l cc yu cu lin quan n vic cho php ngi dng thay i li cch m t ca mt yu cu chc nng (cc quy nh, quy tc tnh ton), mt biu mu no khi ang dng phn mm c chuyn giao. iu ny i hi phi c d kin v cc thay i trn thnh phn d liu v x l. V d: - Cho php thay i quy nh v s sch cho mn ti a, hay mc pht khi tr tr. - Cho php thay i cc bin trong quy nh v xp loi hc sinh. (17) Tnh tin dng: l cc yu cu lin quan n hnh thc giao din ca phn mm, th hin s t nhin, d s dng, d hc, y thng tin,... V d: - Giao din nhp ha n bn hng dng form, dng nhp th hin bng sng v bo li khi s liu nhp lm s lng tn kho m (phn mm qun l hng ha). (18) Tnh hiu qu : y l yu cu lin quan n thi gian thc hin cc chc nng phn mm, dung lng lu tr, chi ph s dng ti nguyn h thng nh s dng ti u cc khng gian, thao tc thc hin nhanh ... V d: Thi gian tra cu sch, tra cu c gi khng qu 10 giy. (19) Tnh tng thch: l cc yu cu lin quan n vic chuyn i d liu gia phn mm ang xt v cc phn mm khc, s nht qun gia cc mn hnh trong h thng. V d: - Cho php chuyn tt c cc bo co sang nh dng file Excel - Cho php nhp thng tin sch mi t tp tin Excel hay t thit b c m vch. - Cho php thc hin chc nng bng ging ni. (20) Tnh ti s dng: (do chuyn vin tin hc m trch)
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(21) Tnh bo tr: (do chuyn vin tin hc m trch) l cc yu cu cho php thay i m khng lm nh hng n phn mm
1.2.3 Cc bc xc nh yu cu
Qu trnh thc hin xc nh yu cu: gm 2 bc chnh nh sau Bc 1: Kho st hin trng, kt qu nhn c l cc bo co v hin trng. Bc 2: Lp danh sch cc yu cu, kt qu nhn c l danh sch cc yu cu s c thc hin trn my tnh. i tng tham gia xc nh yu cu: gm 2 nhm ngi: 42
Chuyn vin tin hc: nhng ngi hiu r v kh nng ca my tnh. H phi tm hiu tht chi tit v cng vic ca nh chuyn mn nhm trnh s hiu nhm cho nhng bc phn tch sau ny. Nh chuyn mn: nhng ngi hiu r v cng vic ca mnh. H cn lng nghe kin ca cc chuyn vin tin hc m bo cc yu cu ca h l c th thc hin c vi chi ph v thi gian hp l. Hai nhm ngi ny cn phi phi hp tht cht ch c th xc nh y v chnh xc cc yu cu. Sau y, chng ta s phn tch chi tit tng bc quy trnh thc hin. 1.2.3.1 Kho st hin trng Cc chuyn vin tin hc s tm hiu hin trng v cc cng vic ca cc nh chuyn mn. a. Cc hnh thc thc hin ph bin: Quan st: theo di cc hot ng ang din ra th gii thc c lin quan, c th tin hnh ghi m, ghi hnh i vi nhng tnh hung mang tnh phc tp, quan trng, cn s chnh xc cao. V d: - Ghi hnh qu trnh giao dch ca mt nhn vin ngn hng vi khch hng ti mt ngn hng X. - Quan st thao tc cho mn sch ca mt th th ti mt th vin Y Phng vn trc ti p: t chc phng vn bt u t cp lnh o dn xung cc v tr cng vic. C th s dng cc bng cu hi c sn cc cu tr li cho i tng c phng vn la chn, Thu thp thng tin, ti liu: cc cng thc tnh ton, quy nh; cc bng biu, mu giy t c t nhiu lin quan. V d: - Mu ha n v cc quy nh lp ha n bn hng ti mt ca hng Y. - Phiu mn sch ti th vin ca trng i hc Z. b.Quy trnh thc hin: Tm hiu tng quan v th gii thc: bao gm 43
- Quy m hot ng. - Cc hot ng m n v c tham gia. Tm hiu hin trng t chc (c cu t chc) Ngi tin hnh kho st hin trng cn hiu r c cu t chc cc b phn ca th gii thc, c bit l 2 yu t: trch nhim v quyn hn. S hiu r c cu t chc gip xc nh b phn no s s dng phn mm c th ln k hoch tip tc kho st chi tit hn b phn . C cu t chc bao gm: - i ni. - i ngoi. - Cc chc danh (V d: nhn vin nhp liu, th th, nhn vin bn hng, ). S dng cc hnh v li c cu t chc. Tm hiu hin trng nghip v Thng din ra ti cc v tr cng vic. Vi b phn c chn kho st chi tit, ngi thc hin kho st cn lp danh sch cc cng vic m b phn ny ph trch, sau tm hiu cc thng tin chi tit cho tng cng vic (thng tin m t yu cu phn mm). Vic tm hiu da trn cc sau: Thng tin u vo. Qu trnh x l. Thng tin kt xut.
Sau tin hnh xp loi cc nghip v vo 4 loi sau nhm trnh thiu xt khi tm hiu cc thng tin: Nghip v lu tr. Nghip v tra cu. Nghip v tnh ton. Nghip v tng hp, thng k
Xc nh yu cu chc nng h thng Xc nh yu cu phi chc nng a. Xc nh yu cu chc nng nghip v. Cch tin hnh: Nh chuyn mn xut v chuyn vin tin hc s xem xt li Bc tin hnh : 1. Xc nh b phn (ngi dng) s s dng phn mm 2. Xc nh cc cng vic m ngi dng s thc hin trn phn mm theo tng loi cng vic sau: Lu tr Tra cu Tnh ton Kt xut
Ln lt lp bng yu cu chc nng nghip v, bng quy nh/Cng thc v cc biu mu c m t chi tit nh sau: *Mu 1: Bng yu cu chc nng nghip v B phn (ngi thc hin): stt Cng vic Loi cng vic 1 2 Quy nh/ Cng thc lin quan M s: ... Biu mu lin quan Ghi ch
* Mu 2: Bng Quy nh/ Cng thc lin quan stt M s Tn Quy nh/ Cng thc 1 Q 1 M t chi tit Ghi ch
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Q 2
Cc biu mu c m t chi tit ngay sau bng quy nh/Cng thc V d: Xt phn mm qun l th vin
B phn: Th th.
stt Cng vic Loi cng vic 1 Cho mn sch 2 Nhn tr sch 3 Tnh tin pht Tnh ton Lu tr Lu tr
M s: TT
Quy nh/Cng thc lin quan Biu mu lin quan TT_Q 1 TT_BM 1 Ghi ch
TT_BM 1
Mi ngy tr tr pht : 1000 ng/ngy : t ngy th nht n ngy th 5 th 6 tr i. 3000 ng/ngy : t ngy
Tnh tin n
Tnh ton
5.
Tra cu sch
Tra cu
Vic tm sch da trn cc thng tin : tn sch, tn tc gi, nh xut bn, nm xut bn
6.
Gi giy bo i sch
Kt xut
Sch mn qu hn 3 ngy s t ng gi giy bo cho n khi sch c tr hoc tnh xong tin n sch
TT_BM 2
Bng yu cu chc nng nghip v stt M s Tn Quy nh/ M t chi tit Ghi ch
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Cng thc 1 Q 1 Quy nh cho mn sch Ch cho mn sch khi : hn ngi mn c gi cha mn ht s sch quy nh c gi khng c sch mn qu hn Sch hin khng c Th c gi cn c gi mn sch s phi gi li th c gi ti b phn bn c, nhn phiu mn sch (TT_BM 1, tm kim m s sch mn v in cc sch cn mn vo phiu, xong gi cho th th. Bng Quy nh/ Cng thc lin quan TT_BM 1: PHIU MN SCH S th: H v tn: [ ] Mn v nh STT M sch S phiu mn: Ngy mn: [ ] c ti ch Tn sch Tc gi M loi 1 2
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TT_BM 2: GIY BO MN SCH QU HN Thn gi: a ch: Chng ti xin thng bo rng, anh (ch) mn ca th vin chng ti nhng quyn sch sau: STT M sch Tn sch Ngy mn n hm nay qu hn 1 2 Vy thng bo anh(ch) vui lng em sch n tr. V mang theo s tin ng tr ph sch tr.
B phn: c gi.
STT Cng vic 1 Tm sch Loi cng vic Tra cu
M s: G
Quy nh/ Cng thc lin quan Vic tm sch da trn cc thng tin: tn sch, tn tc bn, gi, nm nh xut xut bn Biu mu lin quan Ghi ch
ng k mn sch
Lu tr
c gi phi c th c gi.
TT_BM 1
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sch ca c gi ht hn s dng.
M s : QLG
Biu mu lin quan c gi c yu cu c lm th nhn mn sch s phiu ng k in thng tin vo (QLDG_BM 1), sau b phn qun gi l c tin hnh cp th v thu l ph theo quy nh (QLDG_BM 2) Ghi ch
Ch cp th c gi c QLDGBM1 tui t 18 tr ln v c QLDGBM2 chng minh th. L ph lm th c gi l 5000 ng/th. Mt s chng minh th ch c th c duy nht mt th c gi
Gia hn th c gi
Lu tr
Gia hn th theo yu cu ca c gi v thi gian qu hn khng c qu 3 thng. Sau thi gian 3 thng, nhng th ht hn s b hy. Hy b cc th c gi qu hn ng k 3 thng.
Hu th Lu c gi tr
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QLDG_BM 1: PHIU NG K LM TH MN SCH H v tn: a ch thng tr: Ngh nghip: Ngy ng k: QLDG_BM 2: TH C GI H v tn: Trng: a ch: Ngy ___ thng ___ nm __ Lp: Nm sinh:
M s: QLS
Biu mu lin quan QLSBM 1 Khi c sch mi nhp v, b phn qun l sch c trch nhim r xt xem s sch c hay cha, nu cha th lp th qun l sch v nh m s sch mi. Nu c ri th gi li th c cp nht b sung s lng. Ghi ch
2.
Thanh l Lu sch c tr
Cc sch
h,
khng c c QLS_BM 2
3.
Lp bo Kt co cc xut sch cn
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QLS_BM 1: TH QUN L SCH Tn sch: Tp: S lng: M ngn ng: M nh xut bn: M phn loi: S trang: Nm xut bn: Ngn ng: Nh xut bn: Phn loi:
M tc gi: ___________________Tc gi: M v tr: QLS_BM 2: DANH SCH CC SCH CN THANH L stt M sch 1 2 Ngy lp bo co: Ngi lp: Tn sch Tc gi Nm Ngy Tnh trng Khu: ___ K: ___ Ngn: ___
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QLS_BM 3: BO CO THNG K SCH MN T ngy stt 1. 2. Ngy lp bo co: Ngi lp: b. Xc nh yu cu chc nng h thng v yu cu cht lng * Cch tin hnh: Chuyn vin tin hc v nh chuyn mn cng xut v cng xem xt li cc yu cu. * Bc tin hnh: Bc 1: Xem xt cc yu cu chc nng h thng c bn, thng dng (yu cu pht sinh thm do thc hin cc cng vic trn my tnh): phn quyn, sao lu, phc hi, nh cu hnh h thng, Bc 2: Xem xt cc yu cu chc nng h thng chuyn bit (yu cu v cc cng vic mi, ch c th tin hnh khi thc hin trn my tnh. Bc 3: Xem xt cc yu cu v cht lng theo tng loi tiu chun sau: - Tin ha - Tin dng - Hiu qu - Tng thch Sau lp bng yu cu tng ng theo mu sau: STT Ni dung 1. M t chi tit Ghi ch M sch Tn sch n ngy Tc gi S lt mn
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Mu 3: Bng yu cu chc nng h thng. STT Ni dung Tiu chun M t chi tit 1. 2. Mu 4: Bng yu cu v cht lng. V d: Xt phn mm qun l th vin (gi s phn mm c xy dng nhm phc v cho 4 b phn l: c gi, th th, ban gim c v qun tr h thng ). Bng yu cu chc nng h thng: stt Ni dung 1 Phn quyn s dng thng k chc Th th: tt c cc nng, ngoi tr chc nng phn quyn, sao lu v phc hi d liu Ngi qun tr: c php s dng tt c cc chc nng c gi: ch tra cu sch v ng k mn sch Ban gim c: ch tra cu sch v lp cc bo co M t chi tit Ghi ch Ghi ch
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Bng yu cu v cht lng h thng: stt Ni dung Tiu chun 1 Cho php thay i quy nh tnh tin pht Tin ha Ngi dng phn mm c th thay i n gi pht v bin cc mc pht. 2 Hnh thc tra cu tht tin dng, t nhin, trc quan. D s dng cho c nhng ngi khng chuyn tin hc. 3 Cho php nhp sch mi t tp tin Excel c sn. Cc mn hnh c s nht qun chung 4 Tc thc hin vic cho mn v tra cu sch nhanh Hiu qu Tng thch C th nhp trc tip danh sch cc sch mi c trc trn tp tin Excel vi cu trc hp l. Ti a 30 giy cho mi phiu mn sch. H tr thit b c m vch. Ti a 10 giy phi c kt qu tra cu. Tin dng H tr kh nng tra cu gn ng, tra cu theo ni dung,... M t chi tit Ghi ch
1.2.4 Kho st mt s phn mm tiu biu minh ha cho giai on xc nh yu cu. A. Phn mm h tr gii bi tp phn s. B phn: Gio vin.
ST T Cng vic Loi cng vic
M s: GV
Quy nh/Cng thc lin quan Biu mu lin quan Ghi ch 54
Lu tr
2 3 4
Lu tr Lu tr Tnh ton
GV_BM 2 GV_BM 3
stt
M s
M t chi tit
Ghi ch
1.
bi c gii hn ch l biu thc cc php ton trn phn s vi ti a 4 phn s thnh phn.
C 3 mc bi tp: 1. Ch gm 2 phn s v 1 php ton. 2. Ch gm 3 phn s v 2 php ton. 3. Hn hp nhiu phn s ( ti a 4 phn s ) vi nhiu php ton
Mi bc gii ch c php rt gn biu thc bng cc thc hin php tnh trn 2 phn s. Th t thc hin php tnh theo quy tc u tin nh sau : u tin 1 : nhn chia cao hn cng tr. u tin 2 : bi ton u tin bn phi 55
Ring i vi bi gii ca hc sinh cho php b qua cc bc trung gian. 3. GV_Q 4 Quy nh chm im C p n cui cng ng Thc hin hn hoc bng 50% cc bc so vi p n : o rt gn : 10 o Cha rt gn : 8 Thc hin di 50% cc bc so vi p n : o rt gn : 9 o Cha rt gn : 7 C p n cui cng sai Thc hin hn hoc bng 70% cc bc so vi p n : 5 Thc hin t 50% n di 70% cc bc so vi p n : 3 Thc hin t 50% cc bc so vi p n : 0
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GV_BM 2: bi tp ca gio vin. Thc hin cc php tnh trn biu thc cc phn s : <phn s> [php ton] <phn s> [php ton] ... GV_BM 3: p n ca gio vin ( bi gii ca hc sinh ) bi: Cc bc bin i tng ng : Bc 1: ... Bc 2: ... Bc 3: ... p s: ...
B phn: Hc sinh.
stt Cng vic
M s: HS
Quy nh lin quan GV_Q 2 GV_Q 3 Biu mu lin quan GV_BM 2 GV_BM 3 Ghi ch
1 2 3
Tra cu
Lu tr Kt xut
Xem nh gi v p n
Kt xut
GV_Q 3 GV_Q 4
GV_BM 3
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2. M hnh ha yu cu h thng
Cc m t yu cu trong giai on xc nh yu cu ch m t ch yu cc thng tin lin quan n vic thc hin cc nghip v trong th gii thc cha v cha th hin r nt vic thc hin cc nghip v ny trn my tnh. M t thng qua cc vn bn d gy ra nhm ln v khng trc quan. V d: Xt yu cu lp ha n bn sch, yu cu ny ch m t biu mu v ha n, qui nh lp ha n v cha th hin cch thc lp ha n trn my tnh Mc tiu ca m hnh ha: Cho php ta hiu 1 cch chi tit hn v ng cnh vn cn gii quyt mt cch trc quan v bn cht nht (thng tin ct li) yu cu. Kt qu: cho mt m hnh m t li ton b hot ng ca h thng thc. Mi phng php phn tch a ra mt kiu s hay m hnh xy dng h thng. K thut phn tch l cch tin hnh sao cho thu thp c nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng t trnh by li nhu cu trn m hnh, chi tit ha s hay m hnh bng c t chc nng, c t d liu thng qua phn tch gc nhn, phn tch i tng, phn tch d liu thu thp c cc bc trn. Trc khi i vo tm hiu cc phng php biu din bng m hnh, chng ta hy xem qua mt s nguyn l phn tch.
Xc nh cc d liu lm thay i hnh vi h thng v d: bn phm, chut, cc cng thng tin d. Phn hoch cc m hnh (Nguyn l phn tch 4) Lm mn, phn hoch v biu din cc m hnh cc mc khc nhau Lm mn cc m hnh d liu To cy (m hnh) phn r chc nng Biu din hnh vi cc mc chi tit khc nhau e. Tm hiu vn bn cht (Nguyn l phn tch 5) Nhn nhn bn cht ca yu cu Khng quan tm n cch thc ci t
Ngi s dng khi xem xt bn mu s a ra kin ng gp v phn hi thng tin ng hay khng ng phng n thit k ca bn mu a ra. Nu ngi s dng ng vi bn mu a th ngi pht trin s tin hnh ci t thc s. Ngc li c hai phi quay li giai on xc nh yu cu. Cng vic ny c lp li lin tc cho n khi ngi s dng ng vi cc bn mu do nh pht trin a ra.
M hnh use-case: Actor: ngi/ h thng ngoi/ thit b ngoi tng tc vi h thng Use-case: cc chc nng c ngha ca h thng cung cp cho cc actor lung cc s kin (flow of events) cc yu cu c bit ca use-case
b. M hnh phn tch hng i tng vi UML Mc ch ca hot ng phn tch yu cu l xy dng m hnh phn tch vi cc c im sau: Dng ngn ng ca nh pht trin miu t m hnh Th hin gc nhn t bn trong h thng c cu trc t cc lp phn tch v cc package phn tch c dng ch yu cho cc nh pht trin hiu cch thc to hnh dng h thng Loi tr mi chi tit d tha, khng nht qun Pht ha hin thc cc cht nng bn trong h thng nh ngha cc dn xut use-case, mi dn xut use-case cp phn tch miu t s phn tch 1 use-case M hnh phn tch= h thng phn tch Cc class phn tch: lp bin, lp thc th, lp iu khin Cc dn xut use-case cp phn tch: cc lc lp phn tch, cc lc tng tc, lung s kin, cc yu cu c bit ca use-case Cc package phn tch c t kin trc
Lu : Cc m hnh hng i tng cho tng giai on pht trin phn mm c trnh by gio trnh khc. Xem chi tit c th gio trnh mn Phn tch thit k hng i tng vi UML.
D1: Thng tin v th c gi cn nhp D4: Thng tin v th c gi cn lu tr trn b nh ph D5: Thng tin trn th c gi (trong th gii thc) X l th c gi: Kim tra tnh hp l ca th trc ghi nhn v in S lung d liu cho cng vic nhn sch Qun l sch D1 Nhn sch D4
D1: Thng tin v th sch cn nhp D4: Thng tin v sch cn lu tr trn b nh ph X l nhp sch: Kim tra tnh hp l ca sch trc khi ghi nhn trn b nh ph S lung d liu cho cng vic cho mn sch
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Th th D1 Cho mn sch D3 D4
D1: Thng tin v c gi v sch mun mn D3: Thng tin c s dng cho vic kim tra qui nh mn sch D4: Thng tin v vic mn sch X l cho mn sch: Kim tra tnh hp l ca vic mn sch ghi nhn trn b nh ph S lung d liu cho cng vic tr sch Th th D1 Tr sch D3 D4
D1: Thng tin v c gi v sch tr D3: Thng tin s dng cho vic kim tra qui nh tr sch D4: Thng tin v vic tr sch X l tr sch: Kim tra tnh hp l ca vic tr sch ghi nhn trn b nh.
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65
66
Cc bc xy dng DFD: Phn r chc nng h thng Lit k cc tc nhn, cc khon mc d liu V DFD cho cc mc Nguyn tc: Cc tin trnh phi c lung vo lung ra Khng c lung d liu trc tip gia cc tc nhn vi tc nhn v kho d liu Lung d liu khng quay li ni xut pht Bt u bng DFD mc 0, lit k cc tc nhn ngoi mc 0 Cc mc(cp) s : o mc 0: Ton b phn mm l khi x l o mc 1: S mc 0 c th phn r thnh nhiu s mc 1, cc s mc 1ny phi m bo th hin y ngha s mc 0 (tc nhn, thit b, lung d liu, x l, b nh ph) o mc 2: Mi s mc 1 c th phn r thnh nhiu s mc 2 tng ng nh vic phn r ca s mc 0 o Trnh by s : Trong mi cp c 2 hnh thc trnh by s Dng tng hp : Ch c mt khi x l chung, tt c cc lung d liu ch tp trung lin quan n khi x l chung ny Dng chi tit: Bao gm nhiu khi x l vi lung d liu ring bit cho tng khi x l V d: biu din cc mc ca DFD
V d DFD h thng bn v 68
mc 0:
mc 1: DFD mc 1
Qu trnh kt thc khi t n cc s khng th tip tc phn r c (s l). Thng thng y l s tng ng vi cng vic c th ca mt nh chuyn mn trong th gii thc.
nh gi Tip cn ny thch hp vi cc phn mm c s lng ngi dng, s lng cc yu cu t (nu ngc li s cp 0 s rt phc tp v kh lp chnh xc). - Tip cn ny c bit thch hp vi cc loi phn mm m v l do no cc h thng yu cu cha c xc nh r ngay t u (v d cc phn mm h thng). Thng thng cch tip cn ny t c s dng.
Hng tip cn t di ln (bottomup) Qu trnh thc hin theo hng tip cn ny nh sau Lp s lung d liu mc cao nht. Cc s ny s khng c tin hnh phn r thnh cc s c cp ln hn (thng thng y l s ng vi mt cng vic c th ca mt ngi dng no trong th gii thc) + Tch hp cc s ny to lp cc s c cp nh hn (thng thng cc s c chn tch hp theo mt tiu ch c th: cng mt ngi s dng, cng mt loi yu cu, v.v). C 2 cch tch hp: + Tch hp cc x l ca cc s cp k vo s cp k-1 v gi nguyn cc lung d liu ca cc s cp k + Tch hp ng thi cc x l v cc lung d liu ca cc s cp k to lp s cp k-1. Qu trnh kt thc khi t n cc s cp 0
nh gi Tip cn ny rt thch hp vi cc phn mm c h thng yu cu chi tit, c th v c qui m yu cu (s lng ngi dng, s lng yu cu) thuc mc trung bnh (cc n mn hc Tip cn ny s kh khn nu qui m yu cu ln v cha tht r rng chi tit Cch tip cn ny s c s dng trong gio trnh vi cc n mn hc v cc v d minh ha Hng tip cn phi hp: Qu trnh thc hin theo hng tip cn ny nh sau: 70
Lp s lung d liu cp k theo mt tiu ch xc nh (s cho tng ngi dng, s cho mt b phn, s cho mt loi yu cu, v.v) Phn r s cp k thnh nhiu s cp k+1 tip tc cho n khi t c cc s l Tch hp cc s cp k thnh cc s cp k-1 tip tc cho n khi t c s cp 0
nh gi Tip cn ny thch hp cho cc phn mm c qui m yu cu ln, phc tp Tip cn ny c s dng rt thng xuyn trong thc t.
Bc 1: Xc nh d liu nhp D liu nhp t ngi dng s dng c xc nh da vo biu mu c lin quan vi cc lu sau: + Khng nhp vo cc d liu c th tnh ton c da trn qui nh hay cng thc c. + Khng nhp vo cc d liu c lu tr trc (qua mt cng vic khc). D liu nhp t thit b nhp (khc bn phm) ch c xem xt khi c yu cu c bit trong mt s ng dng c bit (h thng thi gian thc, h thng bn , nhp thng qua s dng in thoi tng i in thoi trong qun l khch sn, v.v). D liu nhp (c) t b nh ph c xc nh da trn cc qui nh cng thc lin quan vi mt s lu : + Ch c d liu tht s cn thit cho vic thc hin x l tng ng (thng tin nhp cha x l).
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+ ci tin cht lng phn mm(c bit tnh tin ha) c th c thm cc tham s phc v cho vic x l t b nh ph (bng qui nh n gi pht khi tr sch tr hn, bng nh mc v n gi tin in, v,v). Tuy nhin trong giai on ny ch nn tp trung vo tnh ng n (cc cht lng khc s c xem xt chi tit trong giai on thit k). Bc 2: Xc nh d liu xut D liu xut cho ngi dng c xc nh da trn biu mu lin quan vi mt s lu nh sau +Cc thng bo v vic x l c thc hin c hay khng l lun lun phi c v khng cn thit th hin trn s (thng bo vic mn sch l khng hp l, thng bo li khi tnh im trung bnh m c mn cha c im, v.v) + tng tnh tin dng, trong tt c cc x l u phi xut cho ngi dng nhiu thng tin (k c x l lu tr, x l tnh ton). Tuy nhin vn ny ch xem xt v thc hin trong cc giai on sau, nu ch qu sm n vn ny s lm phc tp s v d phm cc sai lm trong tnh ng n. D liu xut ra thit b xut (khc mn hnh) thng thng l my in, tng tnh tin dng c th tun theo nguyn tc sau Tt c d liu xut ra mn hnh u cho php ngi dng xut ra my in (c th vi cch trnh by khc). Tuy nhin vn ny cng c th di li xem xt chi tit trong giai on thit k. Cc loi thit b xut khc ch c trong cc loi ng dng c bit hoc do yu cu tnh tng thch. D liu xut (ghi) vo b nh ph c xc nh da trn biu mu lin quan vi mt s lu nh sau: + Ghi cc d liu kt qu mi to lp hoc cc d liu c nhng b thay i trong qu trnh thc hin x l. + tng tnh hiu qu c th ghi cc thng tin b sung c lin quan n cc yu cu khc. Tuy nhin tt nht vn n ny c xem xt chi tit trong giai on thit k. Bc 3: M t x l M t qu trnh s dng d liu nhp D1, D2, D3 to ra cc d liu xut D4, D5, D6 vi cc lu sau: Ch m t x l m khng cn lu n cch thc hin nhp xut (hnh thc nhp, t chc lu tr trn b nh ph, cu lnh c th c, ghi).
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M t chi tit cch s dng d liu nhp to d liu xut (m t cng chi tit th vic thit k x l cng d dng. Ch ch trng n tnh ng n m khng nn xem xt qu sm cc yu cu cht lng khc.
M t chnh xc th t nhp v xut (trong mt vi trng hp c th xut trc v sau mi nhp). 2. M hnh thc th quan h (Entity Relation Diagram) a.Cc khi nim v k hiu Thc th l i tng th gii thc m chng ta mun x l, c th l i tng thc hay tru tng Thuc tnh: c im ca thc th Quan h: l mi lin h gia cc thc th, l thng tin cn lu tru/ x l K tha: l quan h k tha gia cc thc th b. K hiu
Vi gio trnh ny ch dng li gii thiu khi nim, m hnh c hc cc gio trnh Phn tch Thit k h thng thng tin
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Cch tt nht tp trung s ch ca ngi dng. ng dng ph hp trong cc tnh hung x l li, s kin khng chc chn, tm thi. To nhng m thanh khc nhau vi nhng s kin khc nhau, trnh dng m thanh gy n. Tnh kin nh: Menu lnh vi nhng chc nng ging nhau nn v tr ging nhau thm ch nhng chng trnh khc nhau. Phm nng trn menu lnh nn c nh. Nt lnh vi nhng chc nng tng t ging nhn v v tr lin h nh nhau trong nhng ca s hi thoi.
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Thng tin v cc thnh phn giao din bao gm cc thng tin sau: Ni dung v hnh thc trnh by cc mn hnh giao tip ca phn mm. nim v mn hnh giao tip s c trnh by chi tit trong phn thit k giao din. H thng cc thao tc m ngi dng c th thc hin trn mn hnh giao tip v x l tng ng ca phn mm. Cc nim v thao tc v x l trn mn hnh giao tip s c trnh by chi tit trong phn thit k giao din. Thng tin v thnh phn x l bao gm cc thng tin sau: H thng cc kiu d liu c s dng trong phn mm. Cc kiu d liu ny c m t cch t chc lu tr d liu trong b nh chnh ca phn mm H thng cc hm c s dng trong phn mm. Cc hm ny s th hin tng ng vic thc hin mt cng vic no ca th gii thc trn my tnh (kim tra tnh hp l vic cho mn sch, ghi vo s vic cho mn schv.v) Thng tin v cc thnh phn d liu bao gm cc thng tin lin quan n cch thc t chc lu tr cc d liu (ni dung ca vic ghi chp vo s sch trong th gii thc) trn b nh ph. Dng lu tr c s dng ca phn mm. nim v dng lu tr (tp tin, c s d liu,..v.v) s c trnh by chi tit trong phn thit k d liu H thng cc thnh phn lu tr cng vi quan h gia chng. nim v thnh phn lu tr cng vi quan h gia cc thnh phn ny cng s c trnh by chi tit trong phn thit k d liu
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5. V d minh ha
Cc v d sau y ch nhm minh ha qu trnh thit k phn mm sau khi thc hin giai on m hnh ha yu cu, cc kt qu ch ch trng ch yu tnh ng n v b qua cc yu cu cht lng khc (tin ha, hiu qu, tin dng). Kt qu thc t khi xem xt y cc yu cu cht lng l qu phc tp v khng thch hp cho vic min ha V d 1: Xt phn mm qun l th vin vi 4 yu cu 77
a. M hnh ha cc yu cu
Qun l c gi
Qun l sch
Th th
Lp th c gi
Nhp sch
Cho mn
Tr sch
b.Thit k phn mm H thng cc mn hnh giao din Mn hnh chnh: Nidung: + Thng tin v th vin + Thng tin v cc c gi trong th vin + Thng tin v cc sch trong th vin Thao tc ngi dng + Tra cu v chn c gi + Tra cu v chn sch Mn hnh Lp th Nidung: + Thng tin v th c gi Thao tc ngi dng + Nhp thng tin v th + Yu cu lp th Mn hnh Cho mn sch: Nidung: + Thng tin v th c gi 78
+ Ngy mn sch + Danh sch cc sch mun mn Thao tc ngi dng + Nhp thng tin v vic cho mn sch + Yu cu cho mn sch Mn hnh Nhn sch: Nidung: + Ngy nhn sch + Danh sch cc sch nhn cng thng tin lin quan Thao tc ngi dng + Nhp thng tin v vic cho nhn sch + Yu cu cho nhn sch Mn hnh Tr sch: Nidung: + Ngy tr sch + Thng tin v vic tr sch Thao tc ngi dng + Nhp thng tin v vic tr sch + Yu cu tr sch c. H thng cc hm x l Hm Lp th: Kim tra tnh hp l v ghi nhn th trn b nh ph Hm Tra cu c gi: Tm th c gi theo cc tiu chun khc nhau cho php cp nht hay xa th Hm Xa th: Xa th trn b nh ph Hm Nhp sch: Kim tra tnh hp l ca sch v ghi nhn sch trn b nh ph Hm Xa sch: Xa sch trn b nh ph Hm Cho mn sch: Kim tra tnh hp l ca vic cho mn sch v ghi nhn cc thng tin cho mn sch trn b nh ph Hm Tra cu sch: Tm sch theo cc tiu chun khc nhau cho php cp nht hay xa sch Hm Tnh s sch c gi ang mng: Tnh s lng sch c gi ang mn v cha tr
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Hm Kim tra c gi c sch mn qu hn: Kim tra c gi c sch mn qu hn v tr v 1 nu ng, 0 nu sai Hm Kim tra tnh trng sch: Kim tra sch ang c mn tr v 1 nu ng , 0 nu sai Hm Tra cu phiu cho mn sch: Tra cu cc phiu mn sch theo nhiu tiu chun cp nht hay x phiu cho mn Hm Xa phiu cho mn sch: Xa thng tin v vic cho mn sch trn b nh ph Hm Tr sch: Ghi nhn vic tr sch trn b nh ph Hm Tnh tin pht: Tnh tin pht khi c gi tr sch tr hn d. H thng cc bng d liu: S logic THU_VIEN DOC_GIA
SACH
MUON_SACH
Bng THU_VIEN: cc thng tin v th vin Bng DOC_GIA: Cc thng tin v c gi Bng SACH: Cc thng tin v sch Bng MUON_SACH: Cc thng tin v mn tr sch V d 2: Xt phn mm h tr gii bi tp phng trnh i s vi 4 yu cu 1. Son bi 2. Son p n 3. Gii bi tp 4. Chm im
a. M hnh ha yu cu
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Gio vin
Hc sinh
Son bi
Son p n
Gii bi tp
Chm im
b. Thit k phn mm Mn hnh chnh: Nidung: + Thng tin v sch bi tp + Thng tin v cc bi tp ca sch Thao tc ngi dng: Tra cu v chn bi tp
Mn hnh Son bi: Nidung: + Thng tin v bi Thao tc ngi dng + Nhp thng tin v bi + Yu cu pht sinh + Yu cu ghi nhn Mn hnh Son p n: Nidung: + Thng tin v p n Thao tc ngi dng + Nhp thng tin v p n + Yu cu ghi nhn p n Mn hnh Nhn bi gii: Nidung: + Thng tin v bi gii Thao tc ngi dng + Nhp thng tin v bi gii + Yu cu ghi nhn bi gii 81
+ Yu cu chm im Mn hnh Chm im: Nidung: + Thng tin v bi gii + Thng tin v vic chm im + Thng tin v p n Thao tc ngi dng + Xem thng tin im + Yu cu xem p n c. H thng cc hm x l: Hm Son tho bi: Ghi nhn bi ca gio vin trn b nh ph (gii hn khng kim tra tnh hp l ca bi) Hm Tra cu bi tp: Tm kin bi tp theo nhiu tiu chun khc nhau c th cp nht, xa hay son p n Hm Xa bi tp : Xa bi tp trn b nh ph Hm Son p n: Kim tra tnh hp l ca p n ca gio vin v ghi nhn p n trn b nh ph Hm Xa p n: Xa bi tp trn b nh ph Hm Ghi nhn bi gii: Kim tra tnh hp l bi gii ca hc sinh v ghi nhn bi gii trn b nh ph Hm Bin i: Bin i mt biu thc thnh mt a thc Hm Khai trin: Nhn a thc Hm Rt gn: Cng 2 a thc Hm so snh: So snh a thc Hm Xa bi gii: Xa bi gii ca hc sinh trn b nh ph Hm Chm im: Tnh im s bi gii ca hc sinh Hm Xem p n: Trnh by cc bc gii ca p n cho hc sinh xem d. H thng lu tr S logic
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SACH_BAI_TAP
BAI_TAP
BUOC_GIAI
BAI_GIAI
Bng SACH_BAI_TAP: cc thng tin v sch bi tp Bng BAI_TAP: Cc thng tin v cc bi tp ca sch Bng BUOC_GIAI: Cc thng tin v cc bc gii trong mt bi gii Bng BAI_GIAI: Cc thng tin v p n v cc bi gii ca mt bi tp
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2. Kt qu ca thit k
Cch thc t chc lu tr d liu ca phn mm c m t thng qua 2 loi thng tin sau:
Thng tin tng qut Cung cp gc nhn tng quan v cc thnh phn lu tr Danh sch cc bng d liu: Vic lu tr cn s dng bao nhiu bng d liu v l cc bng no ? Danh sch cc lin kt: Cc bng d liu c quan h, c mi lin kt gia chng ra sao?
Thng tin chi tit: Danh sch cc thuc tnh ca tng thnh phn: Cc thng tin cn lu tr ca thnh phn ? Danh sch cc Min gi tr ton vn: Cc qui nh v tnh hp l ca cc thng tin c lu tr 84
C nhiu phng php, nhiu ngh khc nhau v vic m t cc thng tin trn. Gio trnh ny chn s logic biu din cc thng tin tng qut v bng thuc tnh. Min gi tr m t chi tit cc thnh phn trong s logic. S logic l s cho php th hin h thng cc bng d liu cng vi quan h mi ni lin kt gia chng. Cc k hiu c dng trong s rt n gin nh sau: Bng: hnh ch nht Lin kt: (xc nh duy nht mt): Mi tn A B
Mi tn hnh trn c ng ngha: 1 phn t A s xc nh duy nht 1 phn t B, ngc li 1 phn t B c th tng ng vi nhiu phn t A. V d: Vi phn mm qun l th vin c s logic sau: DOCGIA MUONSACH SACH
Theo s ny vic lu tr cc d liu ca phn mm qun l th vin c t chc 3 bng (DOCGIA, MUONSACH, SACH) vng vi 2 lin kt gia chng Tt nhin s trn ch l mt trong cc cch thc t chc lu tr d liu cn nhiu cch khc c th c. Chi tit cc cch ny s c trnh by trong phng php thit k c s d liu. Bng thuc tnh cho php m t chi tit thnh phn trong s logic theo dng nh sau: Thnh phn ngha STT Thuc tnh 1 2 Bng min gi tr cho php m t cc Min gi tr gia cc thuc tnh cng mt thnh phn hay nhiu thnh phn khc nhau. Kiu Min gi tr ngha Ghi ch
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M t min gi tr
Ghi ch
- Bng thuc tnh cho php m t chi tit thanh phn cn lu tr v s c dng trong bo co v thit k d liu ca phn mm. Tuy nhin cch m t trn kh di dng, trong gio trnh ny s s dng mt dng trnh by c ng hn theo dng lc quan h. Vi dng trnh by ny gm tn bng v thuc tnh i km, cc thuc tnh kha c gch chn. V d: DOC_GIA(MDG,Hoten,Loaidg,Ngsinh, Nglapthe, Diachi) SACH(MSACH,Tensach,Theloai, NgNhap, Tacgia, Nhaxb, Namxb) MUON(MDG,MSACH,NgMuon,Ngtra)
3. Qu trnh thit k
C 2 cch tip cn chnh thit k d liu:
T cc yu cu xc nh, to lp trc tip s logic cng vi bng thuc tnh, bng min gi tr. Cc tip cn ny rt kh thc hin i vi s logic phc tp.
T cc yu cu xc nh, to lp m hnh quan nim d liu, v sau a vo m hnh ny s to lp s logic, bng thuc tnh, bng min gi tr. Cc tip cn ny d thc hin hn v m hnh quan nim d liu thng n gin (cha cc thnh phn d liu bn cht nht ca phn mm). Khi nim chi tit v m hnh quan nim d liu cng vi cc bc c th s c trnh by chi tip trong phn sau. Tng ng vi 3 yu cu ca phn mm, qu trnh thit k d liu bao gm 3 bc ln: Thit k vi tnh ng n Thit k vi yu cu cht lng Thit k vi yu cu h thng
Thit k vi tnh ng n 86
m bo y v chnh xc v mt ng ngha cc thng tin lin quan n cc cng vic trong yu cu. Cc thng tin phc v cho cc yu cu cht lng s khng c xt n trong bc thit k ny.
Thit k vi yu cu cht lng Vn m bo tnhh ng n nhng tha mn thm cc yu cu cht lng khc (tin ha, tc nhanh, lu tr ti u). Cn ch bo m tnh ng n khi ci tin s logic.
Thit k vi yu cu h thng Vn m bo tnh ng n v cc yu cu cht lng khc nhng tha mn thm cc yu cu h thng (phn quyn, cu hnh phn cng, mi trng phn mm, v.v) V d: phn mm qun l th vin: Vi phng php trc tip s cho kt qa nh sau: S logic: Tc gi
c gi
Phiu mn
Sch
Nh Xut bn
Loi c gi
Loi Sch
Ngn ng
Chi tit mn
Cc bng thuc tnh: DOC_GIA(MDG,MLDG,HoTen,NgaySinh,DiaChi,DienThoai) SACH(MSACH,MTG,MNXB,MLSACH,MNN,TenSach, Ngymua, SoTrang) PHIEU_MUON(MPHM, NgayMuon) CHITIETMUON(MPHM, MSACH, NgayTra) 87
LOAISACH(MLSACH,TenLS,GhiChu) LOAIDOCGIA(MLDG,TenLDG,GhiChu) NHAXB(MNXB,TenNXB, GhiChu) TACGIA(MTG,Ten, Ghichu) NGONNGU(MNN,Ten,Ghichu) Vi phng php gin tip, ngoi kt qa cui cng tng t nh phng php trc tip, cn c kt qu trung gian l m hnh quan nim d liu nh sau: + S lp i tng vi 2 i tng chnh Sch, c gi v 1 quan h Mn gia 2 lp i tng trn Mn
c gi
Sch
+ M hnh chi tit cc thnh phn trong s lp: Xem chi tit ph lc B V d : Xt phn mm vi 4 yu cu: Lp th c gi, Nhn sch, Cho mn sch, Tr sch Thit k d liu vi tnh ng n S logic DOC_GIA
SACH
MUON_SACH
Chi tit cc bng DOCGIA(MDG,MLDG,HoTen,NgaySinh,DiaChi,DienThoai) SACH(MSACH,MTG,MNXB,MLSACH,MNN,TenSach, Ngymua, SoTrang) MUON_SACH(MDG,MSACH,NgMuon,NgTra,Tienphat) Thit k d liu vi tnh tin ha S logic
88
DOC_GIA
MUON_SACH
SACH
THE_LOAI
DOC_GIA(MDG,MLDG,HoTen,NgaySinh,DiaChi,DienThoaiNg_lapthe,Ng_hethan) SACH(MSACH,Tensach,MTL,ng_Nhap, Tacgia,NamXB, NhaXB) MUON_SACH(MDG,MSACH,NgMuon,NgTra,Tienphat THE_LOAI(MTL,Tentheloai,GhiChu) LOAI_DG(MLDG,TenLDG,GhiChu) Thit k vi tnh hiu qu (truy xut nhanh) S logic Cng vi s logic nh trn nhng ta c cc bng thuc tnh: DOC_GIA(MDG,MLDG,HoTen,NgaySinh,DiaChi,DienThoaiNg_lapthe,Ng_hethan, SosachMuon, TinhTrangtra) SACH(MSACH,Tensach,MTL,ng_Nhap, Tacgia,NamXB, NhaXB, TinhTrangMuon) MUON_SACH(MDG,MSACH,NgMuon,NgTra,Tienphat) THE_LOAI(MTL,Tentheloai,GhiChu) LOAI_DG(MLDG,TenLDG,GhiChu) Thit k d liu vi tnh hiu qu (lu tr ti u) S logic DOC_GIA MUON_SACH SACH
LOAI_DG
CHITIET_MUON
THE_LOAI
Chi tit cc bng thuc tnh DOC_GIA(MDG,MLDG,HoTen,NgaySinh,DiaChi,DienThoaiNg_lapthe,Ng_hethan, SosachMuon, TinhTrangtra) SACH(MSACH,Tensach,MTL,ng_Nhap, Tacgia,NamXB, NhaXB, TinhTrangMuon) MUON_SACH(MDG,MSACH,NgMuon,NgTra,Tienphat)
89
CHITIET_MUON(MMUON,MSACH,NgTra,Tienphat) THE_LOAI(MTL,Tentheloai,GhiChu) LOAI_DG(MLDG,TenLDG,GhiChu) Thit k d liu vi yu cu phn quyn h thng (phn quyn) S logic DOC_GIA MUON_SACH SACH
LOAI_DG
CHITIET_MUON
THE_LOAI
NGUOI_DUNG
QUYEN_HAN
CHUC_NANG
Chi tit cc bng DOC_GIA(MDG,MLDG,HoTen,NgaySinh,DiaChi,DienThoaiNg_lapthe,Ng_hethan, SosachMuon, TinhTrangtra) SACH(MSACH,Tensach,MTL,ng_Nhap, Tacgia,NamXB, NhaXB, TinhTrangMuon) MUON_SACH(MDG,MSACH,NgMuon,NgTra,Tienphat) CHITIET_MUON(MMUON,MSACH,NgTra,Tienphat) THE_LOAI(MTL,Tentheloai,GhiChu) LOAI_DG(MLDG,TenLDG,GhiChu) NGUOI_DUNG(MND,HoTen, Ghichu) CHUC_NANG(MCN,Ten_Chucnang, Ghichu) QUYEN_HAN(MND,MCN)
- Xc nh lin kt gia cc thnh phn - nh gi tnh ng n so vi cc yu cu v lp li bc 2 nu cn thit V d: phn mm qun l th vin Cch 1: Ch dng 1 thnh phn SCH Masach, Ten, Theloai, Ngaymua, Tacgia, NhaXB, NamXB HotenDG, LoaiDG, Ngaylamthe, Ngaymuon, Ngaytra Cch 2: Dng 2 thnh phn SACH,DOCGIA Cch 2.1 : Ch lu tr ln mn sch cui cng SACH MSACH, MADG, Ten, Theloai, NgayMua, TacGia, NhaXB, NamXB, Ngaymuon, NgayTra. DOCGIA MDG, HoTen, LoaiDG,Ngaylamthe, Cch 2.2: Ch cho php c gi mn ti a 1 quyn sch SACH MSACH, Ten, Theloai, NgayMua, TacGia, NhaXB, NamXB, Ngaymuon, NgayTra. DOCGIA MDG, MSACH,HoTen, LoaiDG,Ngaylamthe, Ngaymuon Cch 3: Dng 3 thnh phn SACH,DOCGIA, MUONSACH SACH MSACH, Ten, Theloai, NgayMua, TacGia, NhaXB, NamXB, Ngaymuon, NgayTra. DOCGIA MDG, HoTen, LoaiDG,Ngaylamthe, MUONSACH Mmuon,MDG,MSACH, Ngaymuon, Ngaytra V d: Phn mm qun l hc sinh Cch 1: Dng 1 thnh phn HOCSINH HOCSINH MAHS, HoTen, Ngaysinh, GioiTinh, Lop, Monhoc, LoaiKT, HocKy,Diem, Ngayvang, Lydo Cch 2: Dng 3 bng HOCSINH, KIEMTRA, DIEMDANH 91
HOCSINH MAHS, Hoten, Ngaysinh, GioiTinh, Lop KIEMTRA MAKT,MAHS, Monhoc,LoaiKT,Hocky, Diem DIEMDANH MADD,MAHS,Ngayvang, Lydo
4.2.1 Lp s lp
V d: Vi phn mm qun l th vin 2 i tng chnh l c gi, Sch v quan h gia chng l quan h mn sch Mn
c gi
Sch
Vi phn mm qun l hc sinh trng ph thng trung hc 2 i tng chnh l Hc sinh, Mn hc v quan h gia chng l quan h kim tra Hc sinh Kim tra Mn hc
92
Vi phn mm xp thi kha biu trng trung hc ph thng 2 i tng chnh l Gio Vin, Mn hc v quan h gia chng l quan h dy. Gio Vin Dy Mn hc
4.2.2 nh x s lp
nh x lp i tng. Mi i tng trong s lp tng ng vi 1 thnh phn trong s logic
S lp:
c gi
Sch
S logic:
c gi
Sch
4.2.3 nh x quan h
Quan h 1-n: Quan h 1-n trong s lp gia 2 lp i tng A,B (1 A nhiu B) tng ng vi lin kt xcnh duy nht v A sang B trong s logic. Quan h m-n: Quan h m-n C trong s lp gia 2 lp i tng A,B tng ng vi 1 thnh phn C trong s logic. Thnh phn ny c lin h xc nh duy nht A,B.
S lp: c gi Mn Sch
S logic:
c gi
Mn
Sch
Tc gi
c gi
Mn
Sch
Nh xut bn
2. M t chi tit thuc tnh cc thnh phn + Thuc tnh kha chnh: - Mi thnh phn ng vi i tng (chnh, ph) cn 1 thuc tnh kha ring) - Cc thnh phn cn li, ty theo ngha s dng s c thuc tnh kha ring hay dng t hp thuc tnh kha ca cc thnh phn khc V d: Cc thnh phn cgi, Sch, Nh xut bn, Tc gi s c thuc tnh kha chnh tng ng l MDG, MSACH, MNXB, MTG. Thnh phn mn cng s c kha chnh l MMUON (khng dng t hp cc thuc tnh kha ngoi c ?) + Thuc tnh kha ngoi: - Th hin ng lin kt gia cc thnh phn trong s logic: nu A xc nh duy nht B th A c thuc tnh l kho chnh ca B ( l kha ngoi ca A) V d: Thnh phn Mn c 2 kha ngoi: MDG,MSACH Thnh phn Sch c 2 kho ngoi: MNXB, MTG, MDG + Cc thuc tnh khc: Da vo yu cu lu tr, ch cc loi thuc tnh sau: nh danh: Tn Loi: S phn loi Thi gian: Ngy thng Khng gian: v tr nh lng: o, tnh cht, v.v.v
HoTen (nh danh) LoaiDG (loi) Ngaysinh (thi gian) Ngayhethan (thi gian) Diachi (khng gian) Sch s c thuc tnh khc nh: TenSach (nh danh) LoaiSach (loi) NgayMua (thi gian) GiaTien (nh lng)
Kha ca cc thnh phn phi da trn ng ngha tng ng trong th gii thc
Mc tiu
95
Xem xt nh gi s logic theo cc yu cu v cht lng v tin hnh cp nht li s bo m cc tiu chun v cht lng. Ngoi tnh ng n cn u tin hng u xem xt s hn km nhau gia cc phn mm chnh l mc tha mn cc tiu chun cht lng cn li (c bit l tnh tin ha).
96
Tc gi
c gi
Mn
Sch
Nh Xut bn
Loi c gi
Loi Sch
Ngn ng
Vic tng tc truy xut c th s dn n vic lu tr khng ti u Th t xem xt cc yu cu theo th t t u n cui (khng cn chn nh cc bc trong thit k d liu) V d: Phn mm qun l gii v hc bng quc gia vi bng thuc tnh tnh ton Thuc tnh: Tong_ban_thang, Tong_the_phat, Diem_so l nhng thuc tnh c th x l t ng cp nht
98
Vi trng hp trn vic ti u ho c th thc hin thng qua vic b sung cc bng mi (bng TAC_GIA, NHA_XB) v t chc cu trc bng SACH (thay thuc tnh TAC_GIA bng MTG, thay thuc tnh NHA_XB bng MNXB)
Bc 3: Ti u ha cc bng m kha ca bng bao gm nhiu thuc tnh. Phn r bng ang xt thnh hai bng. Trong , mt bng cha cc thuc tnh m gi tr c lp li nhiu ln trong cng mt ln thc hin cng vic tng ng trong th gii thc. Bng ny cn c kha ring (s c bng cn li s dng tham chiu n) Ghi ch: - Vic phn r gip cho lu tr ti u tuy nhin: Tc truy xut c th s chm hn Vic thc hin x l kh khn hn (thut gii phc tp hn)
- Cn cn nhc trc khi thc hin phn r - Vic nh gi kha ring cho bng phn ra c th cn kim tra thm s ph thuc hm V d minh ha: Phn mm qun l bn sch Bc 1: Cc bng cn xem xt NHAP_SACH(MSACH, Ng_Nhap, So_luong, Don_gia, Thanh_tien) HOA_DON(MHD,MSACH, Khach_hang, Ng_lap_hd, So_Luong, Don_gia, Thanh_tien) Bc 2: B sung bng KHACH_HANG
HOA_DON (MHD,MSACH,MKH,Ng_lap_hd,So_luong, Don_gia, Thanh_tien) Bc 3: Phn r bng NHAP_SACH thnh 2 bng NHAP_SACH, CT_NHAP
NHAP_SACH(MNHAP,Ng_Nhap) CT_NHAP(MNHAP,MSACH,So_luong, Don_gia, Thanh_tien) Phn r bng HOA_DON thnh 2 bng HOA_DON, CT_HOA_DON 99
Tc gi
c gi
Phiu mn
Sch
Nh Xut bn
Loi c gi
Loi Sch
Ngn ng
Chi tit mn
i bng
Thi u
Trn u Ra sn
Cu th
100
S logic
Trch nhim
Thnh ph
Sn
Loi trn u
i bng
Thi u
Trn u
iu khin
Cu th
Ra sn
Vai tr
Trng ti
V tr
Pht
Ghi bn
Th pht
Loi bn thng
101
1.1 Kt qu thit k
Mn hnh giao din: Mn hnh giao din l mt trong cc hnh thc giao tip gia ngi s dng v phn mm khi h thc hin cc cng vic ca mnh trn my tnh. Mc tiu chnh ca thit k giao din l m t h thng cc mn hnh giao din ny Kt qu thit k giao din: bao gm 2 phn o S mn hnh: M t cc thng tin tng qut v h thng cc mn hnh cng vi quan h v vic chuyn iu khin gia chng o M t chi tit tng mn hnh: M t chi tit ni dung, hnh thc trnh by v cc thao tc m ngi dng c th thc hin trn tng mn hnh V d: Lit k cc phn sau: mn hnh, ngha s dng Danh sch cc thao tc c th thc hin 102
ngha
X l lin quan
Ghi ch
Mn hnh chnh
Mn hnh kt thc
Mn hnh 1
Mn hnh 2
Mn hnh 3
K hiu: Tn mn hnh Mn hnh vi tn tng ng Chuyn iu khin n mn hnh khc M t mn hnh giao din: Cc thng tin cn m t mt mn hnh giao din bao gm o Tn mn hnh:
Cu trc cc thnh phn bn trong mn hnh. Cc thnh phn ny c th chia lm 2 loi: Thanh phn d liu, thnh phn x l. + Thnh phn d liu Cc thng tin lin quan n cng vic ang xt nh sau: a. Thng tin nhp liu:loi thng tin ngi dng chu trch nhim cung cp gi tr (ngy lp, ha n, hng bn,..) c th l nhp liu trc tip, nhp liu vi gi tr nh sn(c th sa nu mun) hoc chn trong danh sch c trc. 103
b. Thng tin kt xut: loi thng tin ny phn mm chu trch nhim cung cp gi tr (v d lng hn tn hin nay, tng tin tr,). +Thnh phn x l: Cc nt iu khin cho php ngi dng yu cu phn mm thc hin mt x l no . + Hnh thc trnh by: Cch thc b tr sp xp cc thnh phn trong mn hnh (v tr, mu sc, kch thc,) Vi mn hnh c biu mu lin quan, tt nht l trnh by ng vi biu mu tng ng hoc trnh by ng nh yu cu ca khch hng. Tuy nhin cn lu trong trng hp biu mu lin quan ch l kt qu cui cng cn ghi nhn trc khi t n kt qu cn phi thc hin mt s cng vic trung gian khng c biu mu r rng. Vi nhng trng hp ny cn b sung, sng to hnh thc trnh by cc mn hnh trung gian th hin cc cng vic trung gian. Vi mn hnh khng c biu mu lin quan hnh thc trnh by mn hnh hon ton l s sng to khi thit k. + Cc thao tc c th thc hin M t h thng cc thao tc m ngi dng c th thc hin trn mn hnh cng vi ngha ca chng. C rt nhiu loi thao tc khc nhau c th cung cp cho ngi dng trn mt mn hnh giao din, tuy nhin gio trnh ny ch gii hn xem xt vic m t thao tc khi ngi dng nhn vo nt iu khin hay nt lnh hoc kt thc vic nhp liu ti mt thnh phn nhp liu no .
o o o o o
Mn hnh nhp liu lu tr: Cho php ngi dng thc hin lu tr cc thng tin c pht sinh trong th gii thc. Mn hnh nhp liu x l: Cho php ngi s dng cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho vic thc hin mt cng vic no Mn hnh kt qu: Trnh by cho ngi s dng cc kt qu vic thc hin ca mt cng vic no Mn hnh thng bo: Thng bo, nhc nh ngi s dng trong qu trnh thc hin mt cng vic no Mn hnh tra cu: Cho php tm kim thng tin c lu tr vi cc tiu chun tm kim Mt mn hnh giao din c th thuc mt trong cc loi trn hay cng c th tch hp t
nhiu mn hnh c s thuc vo cc loi trn ty theo bn cht cng vic lin quan. Trong thc t cn c rt nhiu mn hnh khc, tuy nhin gio trnh ch gii hn xem xt ch yu n cc loi mn hnh trnh by pha trn, gio trnh s ch trng trnh by chi tit 3 loi mn hnh quan trng v thng dng nht: mn hnh chnh, mn hnh tra cu, mn hnh nhp liu lu tr.
Mn hnh chnh 1. Cho mn sch 2. Nhn tr sch 3.Tm sch 4.Lp bo co mn tr 5.Lp th c gi 6.Gian hn th c gi 7.Tm c gi 8. Lp bo co v c gi 9.Nhn sch mi 10.Thanh l sch 11.Lp bo co sch 12.Thay i qui inh t chc 13.Thay i quy nh mn tr 14. Thot
y l thit k cho ng dng chy c lp c th hin th tt c danh sch cc mn hnh, cn i vi ng dng lp trnh mng web c th ty theo quyn hn s dng mn hnh chnh hn ch bi cc mn hnh tng tc cho ngi s dng . V d 2: Phn mm qun l hc sinh cp 3 Mn hnh chnh 1. Tip nhn h s 2. Xp lp 3.Tm hc sinh 4. Nhn bng im danh 5.Nhn bng im kim tra 6.Xp loi hc sinh 7.Lp bo co tng kt 8. Thay i qui inh t chc 9. Thay i qui inh xp loi 10.Thot
106
2. Xp lch thi u 3. Phn cng trng ti 4. Ghi nhn kt qu thi u 5. Lp bng xp hng tm thi 6. Tra cu cu th 7.Lp bo co tng kt gii 2. Mn hnh tra cu
Chn tiu chun tra cu n gin nht (ch c m s) v kt qu tm kim n gin (cho bit c hay khng c m s trn). V d 1: Tra cu sch vi phn mm qun l th vin
107
3. Mn hnh nhp liu Xc nh chnh xc ni dung da trn biu mu hoc thng tin lin quan n cng vic tng ng v chn hnh thc trnh by n gin nht c th c (lit k tun t cc ni dung) V d: Nhp sch, mn sch vi qun l th vin
108
109
Thit k giao din vi tnh tin dng S mn hnh B sung vo s cc mn hnh cng vic trung gian gip cho vic s dng cc mn hnh cng vic chnh d dng hn, t nhin hn. M t chi tit tng mn hnh 1. Mn hnh chnh Phn chia cc cng vic theo tng nhm ty theo ngha v chn hnh thc trnh by t nhin nht c th c (menu, s ,) V d 1: Mn hnh chnh phn mm qun l gii bng . C cc nt iu khin sau:
T chc: Sn, Trng ti, Loi th pht, Loi bn thng, Qui ch t chc. K hoch: ng k i bng, Xp lch thi u, Phn trng ti Thi u: Ghi nhn kt qu, tra cu cu th, xp loi tm thi Tng kt: Xp hng chnh thc, Lp bo co tng kt V d 2: Mn hnh qun l hc sinh. C cc nt iu khin sau T chc: Hc k, Lp, Mn hc, hnh thc kim tra, danh hiu, qui nh chung, Thot Khai ging: Tip nhn h s, Xp lp Hc tp: im danh, Bng im, tra cu hc sinh Tng kt: Xp loi hc sinh, Bo co tng hp
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2. Mn hnh tra cu M rng cc tiu chun tra cu (cc thng tin khc v i tng cn tm). M rng kt qu tm kim (cc thng tin lin quan n i tng khi tm thy ). Cho php ngi dung xem cc kt qu tra cu di nhiu hnh thc trnh by khc nhau ( cc th t khc nhau vi mt danh sch, cc dng th hin biu , hnh nh, v.v.) V d 1: Tra cu hc sinh
V d 2: Tra cu cu th
111
3. Mn hnh nhp liu Chn dng trnh by l biu mu lin quan (nu c) v b sung vo cc thng tin gip vic s dng thun tin hn. Nu khng c biu mu lin quan, c gng thit k hnh thc trnh by t nhin nht c th c.
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Biu tng: cng vic th trc quan qua biu tng (k hiu hay hnh nh tng trng cho cng vic. Tng t nh phm nng nhng thng dng hn v thng kt hp vi cc hnh thc khc. S : Dng s hin th trc quan cc i tng chnh, c th hin qua cc thao tc trc tip trn s . Tch hp: S dng ng thi nhiu hnh thc, thng thng hnh thc thc n s c u tin trc v kt hp vi nhiu hnh thc khc. Thao tc ngi dng Trn mn hnh ny thao tc chnh ca ngoi dng l chn cng vic trong danh sch cc cng vic c a ra bi phn mm.
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3.2 Th hin tiu chun tra cu 3.2.1 Tra cu vi biu thc logic
Tiu chun tra cu c th hin di dng mt biu thc logic c dng nh sau: <Biu thc logic>=<biu thc c s> Php ton logic Php ton AND, OR, NOT, php so snh
3.2.3 Tch hp
S dng ng thi c hai hnh thc trn 114
- Nhn vo nt tra cu. - Da vo gi tr cc tiu chun tra cu phn mm s tin hnh c v xut cc kt qu tra cu tng ng (x l tra cu). Xem xt chi tit cc kt qu tra cu - Chn i tng cn xem chi tit trong danh sch ca kt qu tra cu.. - Nhp phm vi thi gian cn quan st (thng thng l thi gian t ngy n ny hoc n v thi gian c th thng nm ). - Da vo i tng c chn v da vo phm v thi gian, phn mm s c v xut cc kt qu tra cu cp chi tit hn theo tng loi hot ng. Yu cu kt xut - C th b sung cc nt iu khin tng ng vi vic in n hoc ghi ln tp tin cc kt qu tra cu. Thng thng mi kt qu tra cu s c mt nt ring, nhng cng c th dng chung mt nt cho mi kt qu tra cu (da vo kt qu hin hnh). - Vic kt xut thng thng l qua my in, tuy nhin cng c th cho php ngi dng xc nh li ch ca kt xut (tp tin Excel, trang web,) ty theo mc ch s dng.
Hnh thc trnh by: Mt s hnh thc thng dng - Danh sch: Mn hnh nhp liu c dng mt danh sch trong th gii thc (danh sch cc th loi sch, danh sch cc lp hc). - H s: Mn hnh nhp liu c dng mt h s vi nhiu thng tin chi tit (h s hc sinh, h s cu th). - Phiu: Mn hnh nhp liu c dng phiu vi nhiu dng chi tit (ha n bn hng, phiu nhp hng, ). - Tch hp: S dng ng thi cc hnh thc trn. Thao tc ngi dng: C 3 thao tc c bn trn mn hnh nhp liu. Nt Ghi: Lu tr thng tin. Nt Xa: Xa cc thng tin lu tr. Nt Tm: Tm v cp nht li thng tin lu tr.
Ngoi ra tng tnh tin dng c b sung cc thao tc khc. To phm nng: nh ngha cc phm nng tng ng vi cc gi tr nhp liu thng dng, iu ny cho php tng tc nhp liu. To cc nt chuyn iu khin: Chuyn iu khin trc tip n mn hnh khc c lin quan n vic nhp liu hin hnh (b sung th loi sch mi, nh xut bn mi, ).
4.2 Cc hnh thc trnh by mn hnh nhp liu 4.2.1 Thit k mn hnh nhp liu dng danh sch
S dng: Dng danh sch thch hp khi cn nhp liu cc bng danh sch vi kch thc nh (danh sch cc th loi sch, cc mn hc,). Thnh phn nhp liu: - Thng tin nhp liu: Cc thuc tnh cc bng lin quan - Thng tin tnh ton: Thng thng cc m s c t ng pht sinh. Thnh phn x l: - Ghi: Ghi nhn cc thay i trn danh sch (thm mi, sa i. - Xa: Xa 1 dng trong danh sch. - Thot: Quy v mn hnh trc . 117
Cc thao tc: Ngi dng c th ty sa i cc thng tin trn cc dng hoc thm dng mi (nhp vo cui danh sch), xa dng sau khi chn dng cn xa v cui cng yu cu ghi cc thay i trn b nh ph. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp c bit mt s thao tc c th b cm (khng cho xa, khng cho thay i mt s thuc tnh ) ty vo ngha c th ca danh sch.
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Chng 6: CI T
1. Tng quan
Trong ci t, chng ta xut pht t kt qu ca thit k v ci t h thng di dng cc thnh phn, tc l cc m ngun, cc kch bn, cc tp tin nh phn, cc tp tin thc thi, th vin, bng, d liu May thay, phn ln kin trc ca h thng c nm bt trong qu trnh thit k. Mc tiu ch yu ca ci t l b sung thm cho kin trc v h thng tr thnh mt khi hon chnh. C th hn, cc mc tiu ci t l: Ln k hoch tch hp h thng (system integration) trong mi bc lp mt cc tng cng. iu ny c ngha l mt h thng c ci t bi mt dy cc bc nh lin tip v c th qun l c. Phn phi h thng bng cch nh x cc thnh phn thi hnh c vo cc nt trong m hnh trin khai. Cng vic ny ch yu da vo cc lp ng c tm thy trong qu trnh thit k. Ci t cc lp thit k v cc h thng con tm c trong qu trnh thit k. c bit, cc lp thit k c ci t thnh cc thnh phn file cha m ngun. Kim th n v cc thnh phn, ri sau tch hp chng bng cc bin dch chng v lin kt chng li vi nhau thnh mt hoc nhiu thnh phn thi hnh c trc khi kim th tch hp v kim th h thng t c nhng mc tiu trn, chng ny s a ra nhng bn lun chung qu trnh ci t phn mm. Trc tin chng ta a ra khi qut chung ca tiu ch cht lng v yu t then cht ca ngn ng lp trnh v chng ta s tho lun trn nhng phn chnh ca kiu lp trnh nh cu trc, nhng din gii, hnh thc, v hiu qa. Cui cng chng ta s bn n thuc tnh chnh ca phn mm nh kh nng uyn chuyn v dng li. Mt ci t tt phn nh nhng quyt nh ca thit k Ci t nn m bo theo cc mc sau: Cu trc, cu trc d liu v nhng nh ngha c chn la v thit lp trong sut th tc thit k cn c t chc d dng nhn bit trong qu trnh ci t.
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Mc tru tng ca thit k (cc lp (class), m un (module), thut ton (algorithm), cu trc d liu (data structure), v kiu d liu (data type)) cng phi linh ng trong thc hin.
Giao din gia cc thnh phn (components) ca h thng phn mm c m t r rng trong thc hin.
Qu trnh thc hin cng c th c kim tra tin cy ca i tng v thao tc vi trnh bin dch (trc khi qua giai an kim tra chng trnh thc s). m bo nhng c trng trn ph thuc vo vic chn la ngn ng thc hin v
kiu lp trnh.
2. Mi trng lp trnh
Cu hi cho vic chn la ng ngn ng lp trnh lun l ch c a ra trong qui trnh lp trnh.Vic chn la ngn ng lp trnh trong cng on thc thi ca mt d n lun ng vai tr quan trng. Trong trng hp l tng, thit k nn m trch m khng c bt c kin thc lin quan n ngn ng thc hin sau sao cho thit k c th thc hin c trn bt k ngn ng lp trnh no.
120
Khng c kh nng m un ha th phn chia cng vic trong giai on thc hin tr nn khng th c. Nhng chng trnh n nht tr nn khng th qun l: chng kh c th bo tr v su liu v chng thc hin vi thi gian bin dch di. Ngn ng nh Pascal chun (khng h tr m un, nhng so snh vi Turbo Pascal v Moun 2) chng minh tnh khng thch hp cho nhng d n ln. Nu mt ngn ng h tr pht tho mt chng trnh thnh nhng phn nh, chng phi m bo nhng thnh phn phi hot ng vi nhau. Nu mt th tc c thc thi m un khc, cng c kim tra th tc c thc s tn ti v n c c s dng chnh xc hay khng (ngha l s tham s v kiu d liu l chnh xc). Nhng ngn ng vi vic bin dch c lp (v d nh C) ni vic kim tra ca ngn ng ch thay th qu trnh run-time. Ngn ng vi vic bin dch tch bit (v d Ada v Modula-2) mi m un c mt m t giao din cung cp nhng phng thc c bn cho vic kim tra nhng thnh phn ca m un dng ti thi im chy chng trnh (run time).
Trng tm trong d n ln vi nhiu nhm d n, d liu tru tng mang ngha c th. Mc d d liu tru tng c th phn bit vi bt k m un ngn ng, bi kh nng c tt hn. Ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng c nhng c trng m rng loi kiu d liu tru tng cho php hin thc ho nhng h thng phn mm phc tp. i vi nhng gii php m rng v uyn chuyn, ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng cung cp tu chn c bit tt.
2.5 V d minh ha
V d: Giai on thc hin phn mm qun l th vin, cc giai on trc c minh ha cc chng trc Giai on 5: Thc hin phn mm H thng lp i tng: To lp cc lp i tng (THU_VIEN, DOC_GIA, SACH) theo m t ca phn thit k trong mt mi trng c th no (Visual Basic, Visual C++, Java,) H thng giao din: To lp (v) cc mn hnh giao din (mn hnh chnh, mn hnh lp th, mn hnh cho mn sch, mn hnh nhn sch, mn hnh tr sch) theo m t ca phn thit k trong mt mi trng c th no (Visual Basic, Viusal C++, Java) H thng lu tr: To lp cu trc c s d liu (cc bng THU_VIEN, DOC_GIA, SACH, MUON_SACH) theo m t ca phn thit k trong mi trng c th no (Access, SQL Server, Oracle,)
Yu t quan trng nht ca phong cch lp trnh tt l: Tnh cu trc S trnh by din t Cch thc trnh by bn ngoi Hiu sut
Mt s lut cho vic vit nhng ghi ch: Mi thnh phn h thng (mi m un v lp) nn bt u vi ghi ch chi tit cho ngi c nhng thng tin vi mt vi vn lin quan n thnh phn ca h thng: Thnh phn ny lm g? Thnh phn ny c s dng nh th no trong nhng ng cnh g? Nhng phng thc c bit c s dng. Ai l Tc gi ca thnh phn ny? Thnh phn ny c vit khi no? Nhng sa i cp nht n c thc hin. Mi th tc v phng thc cung cp ghi ch m t cng vic (c th c). iu ny ng dng t bit cho c t giao din. Gii thch ngha ca bin vi ghi ch. Nhng thnh phn ca chng chu trch nhim cho nhng tc nhim ring nn c nh nhn vi nhng ghi ch. Nhng khi lnh kh hiu (v d th tc rc ri hay nhng thnh phn m c trng cho mt my tnh c th) nn c m t ghi ch sao cho ngi c d dng hiu chng. H thng phn mm nn cha m mt vi ghi ch gy gn sc tch nh nu c th nhng nhiu ghi ch chi tit tng xng nu cn thit. m bo nhng thay i chng trnh khng ch c tc ng phn khai bo v khi lnh m cn phn nh nhng cp nht trong phn ghi ch. Nhng ghi ch khng chnh xc th s t hn. Lu : nhng lut trn tun th cn nhc bi v khng c lut p dng ng nht cho tt c cc h thng phn mm v mi phm vi ng dng. Vic ghi ch h thng phn mm l mt ngh thut cng ging nh phn thit k ci t h thng phn mm.
Phn khai bo nn c mt cu trc ng nht khi c th nh th t sau: hng, kiu d liu, lp, m un, phng thc v th tc. M t giao din (danh sch tham s cho phng thc v th tc) nn tch tham s nhp liu, kt xut v nhp/xut. Phn ghi ch v chng trnh ngun nn tch bch. Cu trc ca chng trnh nn c nhn mnh phn canh chnh l (s dng phm tab cho t mi u khi lnh n khi lnh theo sau).
t giao din. i vi s hp l ca thit k h thng hin hnh, bt k lc no giao din ngi dng trin khai th tng ng khun mu cn c kch hot.
5. V d minh ha
V d: Xt phn mm h tr gii bi tp phng trnh i s vi 4 yu cu: Son bi, Son p n, Gii bi tp, Chm im. Nhm th hin cc giai on thc hin trong qui trnh Giai on 1: Xc nh yu cu Yu cu 1: Son bi vi qui nh v Son bi Yu cu 2: Son p n vi qui nh v Son p n v biu mu Son p n 126
Yu cu 3: Gii bi tp vi qui nh v Gii bi tp v biu mu Gii bi tp Yu cu 4: Chm im vi qui nh v Chm im Giai on 2: S lung d liu cho cng vic Son bi Gio vin D1 Son bi D4
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Hc sinh D1 Chm im D3 D4
Giai on 3: Phn tch yu cu chc nng Giai on 4: Thit k phn mm ( trnh by trong phn kin trc phn mm ca chng Thit k phn mm) Giai on 5: Thc hin phn mm H thng Lp i tng: To lp cc lp i tng SACH_BAI_TAP, BAI_TAP theo m t phn thit k trong mi trng c th no (VIsual Basic, Visual C++, Java H thng giao din: To lp (v) cc mn hnh giao din (mn hnh chnh, mn hnh son bi, mn hnh son p n, mn hnh gii bi tp, mn hnh chm im) theo m t ca phn thit k trong mt mi trng c th no (Visual Basic, Visual C++, Java, v.v.) H thng lu tr: To cu trc c s d liu (cc bng SACH_BAI_TAP, BAI_TAP, BAI_GIAI, BUOC_GIAI) theo m t ca phn thit k trong mt mi trng c th no (Access, SQL Server, Oracle,. v.v) Giai on 6: Kim chng phn mm xem chng Kim th
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Khng gian th nghim l tp cc b s th nghim. Khng gian ny ni chung l rt ln. Nu c th vt cn c khng gian th nghim th chc chn qua php kim tra n v s khng cn li. Tuy nhin iu ny khng kh thi trong thc t. Do khi cp n tnh ng n ca phn mm chng ta dng khi nim tin cy. Phng php kim th l cch chn b s th nghim tng cng tin cy ca n v cn kim tra. Hay ni cch khc phng php kim th l cch phn hoch khng gian th nghim thnh nhiu min ri chn b s liu th nghim i din cho min . Nh vy cn trnh trng hp mi b th nghim u ri vo mt min kim tra.
2. Yu cu i vi kim th
Tnh lp li: o Kim th phi lp li c (kim tra xem li c sa hay cha) 129
o D liu/trng thi phi m t c Tnh h thng: phi m bo kim tra ht cc trng hp. c lp ti liu: phi kim sot c tin trnh/kt qu.
V nghim
C nghim kp
Sau khi th kim tra vi cc b th nghim thit k, chng ta cn m rng b th nghim cho cc trng hp c bit nh: bin ca s trong my tnh (32767,-32768), s khng, s m, s thp phn, d liu sai kiu, d liu ngu nhin.
130
n v cn kim tra
n v cn kim tra.
b th nghim
Kim tra giao tip ca n v l m bo dng thng tin vo ra n v lun ng (ng gi tr, khp kiu...) Kim tra d liu cc b m bo d liu c lu tr trong n v ton vn trong sut qu trnh thut gii c thc hin. V d: nhp d liu sai, tn bin khng ng, kiu d liu khng nht qun, cc rng buc hoc ngoi l. Kim tra cc iu kin bin ca cc cu lnh if, vng lp m bo n v lun chy ng ti cc bin ny. Kim tra m bo mi con ng thc hin phi c i qua t nht mt ln. Con ng thc hin ca mt n v chng trnh l mt dy c th t cc cu lnh bn trong n v s c thc hin khi kch hot n v. V d: P1 l1 l2 l3 l4 P2 l1 if (k) l2 else l3 l4
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P1: l1 l2 l3 l4 l1 l2 l4 P2 l1 l3 l4
4.1 Kim th n v
S dng k thut hp trng v da vo h s thit k xy dng cc b th nghim sao cho kh nng pht hin li l ln nht. V n v c kim tra khng l 1 chng trnh y , hn na n v ny c th c gi bi nhng n v khc hoc gi n nhng n v khc nn d chng trnh c hon tt y cc n v, chng ta cng khng nn gi thuyt s tn ti hoc tnh ng n ca cc n v khc m phi xy dng cc module gi lp n v gi tn l driver v n v b gi l stub. Driver ng vai tr nh mt chng trnh chnh nhp cc b s th nghim v gi chng n n v cn kim tra ng thi nhn kt qu tr v ca n v cn kim tra. Stub l chng trnh gi lp thay th cc n v c gi bi n v cn kim tra. Stub thc hin cc thao tc x l d liu n gin nh in n, kim tra d liu nhp v tr kt qu ra.
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133
a) u im Kim th trn xung kt hp vi pht trin trn xung s gip pht hin sm cc li thit k v lm gim gi thnh sa i. Nhanh chng c phin bn thc hin vi cc chc nng chnh. C th thm nh tnh dng c ca sn phm sm. b) Nhc im Nhiu mun cp thp rt kh m phng: thao tc vi cu trc d liu phc tp, kt qu tr v phc tp
4.2.2 Di ln
Kim ta module l trc do khng cn phi vit stub. Thut gi ca hng ny l: chc nng) Vit driver iu khin tham s nhp xut. B driver v gn chm vo module cao hn. Cc module cp thp c nhm thnh tng nhm (thc hin cng
a)u im Trnh xy dng cc mun tm thi phc tp. Trnh sinh cc kt qu nhn to (nhp t bn phm) Thun tin cho pht trin cc mun dng li
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b) Nhc im Chm pht hin cc li kin trc Chm c phin bn thc hin
5. V d minh ha
V d 1: Phn mm qun l th vin trong giai on kim th, cc giai on trc c trnh by cc chng trc Giai on 6: Kim chng phn mm hng i tng Kim tra tnh ng n ca c lp i tng Chun b d liu th nghim: Nhp d liu th nghim cho cc bng THU_VIEN, SACH, DOC_GIA, MUON_SACH Kim tra: + Kim tra tng lp i tng: - Kim tra lp THU_VIEN (Tra cu c gi, Tra cu sch) - Kim tra lp DOC_GIA (Lp th, cho mn sch) 135
- Kim tr lp SACH (Nhn sch, Tr sch) + Kim tra phi hp cc lp i tng - Kim tra phi hp gia lp THU_VIEN v lp DOC_GIA (Lp th v sau Tra cu c gi) - Kim tra phi hp gia lp THU_VIEN v lp SACH (Nhn sch v sau Tra cu sch) - Kim tra phi hp gia lp DOC_GIA v lp SACH (Lp th, Nhn sch, Cho mn sch v Tra sch) - Kim tra phi hp gia 3 lp THU_VIEN, DOC_GIA v lp SACH Xc nhn ca khch hng: Khch hng s dng phn mm thc hin cc cng vic ca mnh v so snh kt qu khi s dng phn mm vi kt qu khi thc hin trong th gii thc V d 2: Minh ha giai on kim chng ca phn mm h tr gii bi tp phng trnh i s Giai on 6: Kim chng phn mm Kim tra tnh ng n ca cc lp i tng Chun b d liu th nghim: Chun b cc ti, p n, bi gii, im s c trong th gii thc v nhp im cho cc bng SACH_BAI_TAP, BAI_TAP, BAI_GIAI, BUOC_GIAI Kim tra: + Kim tra tng lp i tng: - Kim tra lp SACH_BAI_TAP (Tra cu bi tp) - Kim tra lp BAI_TAP (Son , Pht sinh , bi tp, Xem p n, Chm im Son p n, Gii
Ghi ch: Cn phi kim tra tng cng vic v sau kim tra phi hp gia cc cng vic + Kim tra phi hp cc lp i tng: Kim tra phi hp gia cc lp SACH_BAI_TAP v lp BAI_TAP (Son thi v sau tra cu bi tp
Xc nhn ca khch hng: Khch hng s dng phn mm thc hin cc cng vic ca mnh v so snh kt qu khi s dng phn mm vi kt qu khi thc hin trong th gii thc. 136
Chng 8: SU LIU
6. Tng quan
Chng ny xem xt su liu l mt phn ca h thng phn mm. Cu trc ca su liu ngi dng v h thng c m t v iu quan trng ca vic to ra nhng su liu t cht lng phi c nhn mnh. Phn cui ca chng ny ch n kh nng bo tr, tnh kh chuyn ca su liu. C hai lp su liu kt hp vi h thng my tnh. Lp su liu ngi dng c m t lm th no s dng h thng v su liu h thng c m t thit k v thc hin h thng Su liu c cung cp cng vi h thng c th hu dng trong bt k giai on sng ca h thng Tt c su liu cn c ch mc hiu qu. Mt ch mc tt, cho php ngi dng tm kim thng tin h cn, v l c tnh hu dng nht c cung cp nhng cng thng l phn ri nht trong khi to su liu. Mt ch mc cn k c th lm cho su liu c vit t c th s dng c, nhng khng c ch mc, cho d su liu vit tt th khng chc ngi c su liu c hiu qu khng.
137
Hng dn ngi qun tr h thng (nu cn), gii thch lm th no ng x vi nhng trng pht sinh khi h thng ang s dng v lm th no thc hin bo qun h thng nh backup h thng
7.4. Su liu ci t
Su liu ci t nn c cung cp y chi tit lm th no install h thng trong m trng c th.
138
Phi bao gm m t thit b c th c ca my m h thng cung cp nh nh dng, m k t dng, lm th no thng tin c vit, v nhng tp tin c to ca h thng. Su liu ny gm cc m t: - Cu hnh ti thiu i hi c th chy ca h thng. - Tp tin c nh phi c thit lp. - Lm th no bt u ca h thng. - Nhng tp tin ph thuc cu hnh phi thay i thch ng vi h thng i vi h thng my ch c th. Hng dn cho qun tr h thng (cho h thng i hi ngi theo di tng tc) M t nhng thng ip pht sinh mn hnh h thng, v lm th no ng ph vi nhng thng ip ny Gii thch nhng nhim v ca ngi theo di trong duy tr phn cng
Nhng ti liu d c khc Danh sch cc tham kho nhanh sn c ca tin ch ca h thng v lm th no s dng chng H thng on-line help
8. Su liu h thng
Su liu h thng cha tt c nhng su liu m t qu trnh thc hin ca h thng t nhng su liu c t n bn k hoch test cui cng -Ti liu m t thit k - Su liu m t thc hin - Su liu m t vic kim th Su liu h thng th cn thit hiu v bo tr h thng phn mm. Su liu nn c cu trc v c m t tng quan hng ngi c n m t hnh thc v chi tit vi mi kha cnh ca h thng. Mt trong nhng kh khn ca su liu h thng l duy tr tnh kin nh qua nhng su liu khc m t h thng. Lu vt nhng thay i, cn nhc nhng su liu nn c thay th di nhng kim sot ca h thng qun l cu hnh.
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Nhng thnh phn ca su liu h thng: 1.nh ngha v c t yu cu v kt hp. 2.Trnh by c t tt c h thng lm th no nhng yu cu c phn r thnh nhng nhm cc chng trnh tng tc vi nhau. Su liu ny khng c yu cu khi h thng c thc hin ch vi chng trnh n l. 3.Mi chng trnh ca h thng, mt m t lm th no chng trnh c phn r thnh nhng thnh phn v khng nh ca nhng c t ca thnh phn. 4.Mi n v, mt m t ca nhng thao tc. iu ny khng cn m rng m t hot ng ca chng trnh. 5.M t k hoch kim th (test plan) chi tit lm th no mi n v chng trnh c kim th. 6.Mt k hoch kim th ch ra nhng kim th hp nht nh l kim tra tt c n v chng trnh kt hp vi nhau c thc hin. 7.Mt k hoch kim th c chp nhn, vch ra s ni kt nhng ngi dng h thng. Ti liu ny nn m t nhng kim th phi c tha mn trc khi h thng c chp nhn.
+ S mc v mc con Phong cch vit l yu t nn tng nh hng n cht lng ca su liu v l kh nng ca ngi vit xy dng mt cch r rng k thut son tho chnh xc. Mt s cch vit nn trnh nh dng cu qu di, m t phc tp, lp li, thng tin tham chiu ch ton l s khng nhng chi tit gi nh cho ngi c v.v
10.
Botr su liu
Bi v h thng phn mm c cp nht, su liu kt hp vi h thng cng phi c
cp nht tng ng vi nhng thay i ca h thng. Tt c nhng su liu kt hp nn c cp nht khi mt thay i c lm bi chng trnh. Gi s nhng thay i ny c nhn thy bi ngi dng, ch m t thc hin h thng cn phi thay i. Nu h thng thay i nhiu hn s chnh xc ca li chng trnh th iu ny c ngha l xem xt li su liu thit k v kim th v c th su liu thit k mc cao m t c t v yu cu. Mt trong nhng vn chnh ca bo tr su liu l lu nhng th hin khc nhau ca h thng tng bc vi nhau. Gii php tt nht cho vn ny l h tr bo tr su liu vi cng c phn mm m ghi nhn mi lin h su liu, nhc nh nhng k s phn mm khi thay i mt su liu c tc ng n su liu khc, v ghi nhn nhng thay i trong su liu Nu s thay i ca h thng tc ng giao din ngi dng mt cch trc tip hoc thm mi mt tin ch hoc m rng tin ch tn ti.
11.
11.1. Xc nh yu cu (SRS)
Software Requirements Specifications (w/o Use Cases) Chun IEE 830-1984 1. Gii thiu 1.1 Mc ch 1.2 Phm vi 1.3 nh ngha (nh ngha, t vit tt) 1.4 Ti liu tham kho 141
1.5 M t cu trc ti liu 2. M t chung 2.1 Tng quan v sn phm 2.2 Chc nng sn phm 2.3 i tng ngi dng 2.4 Rng buc tng th 2.5 Gi thit v s l thuc 3. Yu cu chi tit 3.1 Yu cu chc nng 3.1.1 Yu cu chc nng 1 3.1.1.1 Gii thiu 3.1.1.2 D liu vo 3.1.1.3 X l 3.1.1.4 Kt qu 3.1.2 Yu cu chc nng 2 3.1.n Yu cu chc nng n
b. Thit k
Su liu cho giai on thit k c cc mu thit k sau: Thit k c s d liu (Database Design) Thit k rng buc (Design Criteria) Su liu kin trc phn mm (Software Architecture Document) Thit k Thnh phn (Components Design)
Scope (Phm vi) Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations (nh ngha, vit tt)
2 References (Tham kho) 3 Decomposition description (M t phn r) 4 Dependency description (M t ph thuc) 5 Interface description (m t giao din) 6 Detailed design (thit k chi tit)
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Ph Lc A
1. Cu hi l thuyt
Chng (1->4) 1. Trnh by s khc bit ca giai on thit k trong cc qui trnh khc nhau 2. Trnh by s khc bit ca giai on lp trnh trong cc qui trnh khc nhau 3. Khi tin hnh thc hin phn mm qua cc giai on (trong qui trnh 5 giai on) c th pht sinh li trong mt giai on no (kt qu chuyn giao khng chnh xc, thiu st, v.v). Theo cc anh ch li (nu pht sinh) ca giai on no l nghim trng nht 4. Theo cc anh ch trong cc giai on ca qui trnh cng ngh phn mm Giai on no l quan trng nht (ti sao) Giai on no d thc hin nht (ti sao) Giai on no l tn nhiu thi gian v chi ph nht (ti sao) Giai on no l c th b qua (trong trng hp no v ti sao)
Chng 2 (5-10) 5. Cho bit s khc bit c bn gia yu cu chc nng (yu cu nghip v, yu cu h thng) v phi chc nng (yu cu cht lng). Theo anh ch th loi yu cu no l quan trng hn 6. Xc nh tt c cc yu cu chc nng h thng c th c trong cc phn mm sau (chi tit v qui nh, biu mu lin quan c trong m t ca ti) 1) Phn mm qun l bn sch 2) Phn mm qun l hc sinh trng cp 3 3) Phn mm nh c gnh 4) Phn mm h tr gii bi tp phng trnh i s 5) Phn mm qun l gii v ch bng quc gi 7. Nhn xt v pht biu sau Mi phn mm u c yu cu v tnh tin dng. Nu ng: gii thch Nu sai: gii thch v v d minh ha
8. Nhn xt v pht biu sau: Mi phn mm c yu cu v tnh hiu qu Nu ng: gii thch 144
9. Nhn xt v pht biu sau: Mi phn mm c yu cu chc nng h thng Nu ng: gii thch Nu sai: gii thch v cho v d minh ha
Chng (3-14) 10. Nhn xt v pht biu sau Vic m hnh ha yu cu khng cung cp thm thng tin mi v yu cu ca phn mm m ch gip trnh by li yu cu ca phn mm di dng trc quan hn Nu ng: gii thch Nu sai: gii thch v cho v d minh ha
11. Nu khng thc hin qua bc m hnh ha yu cu th vic lp m hnh i tng s c cc kh khn g? ti sao? 12. Cho bit cc kt qu ca vic m hnh ha yu cu c c s dng trong bc thit k giao din ca i tng hay khng ? Nu ng: gii thch Nu sai: gii thch v cho v d minh ha
13. Cho bit cc kt qu ca vic m hnh ha yu cu c c s dng trong bc xc nh thuc tnh i tng (giai on thit k) hay khng Nu ng: gii thch Nu sai: gii thch v cho v d minh ha
14. Cho bit cc kt qu ca vic m hnh ha yu cu c c s dng trong bc xc nh hm x l ca i tng (giai on thit k) hay khng Nu ng: gii thch Nu sai: gii thch v cho v d minh ha
Tnh ton: - S tin phi tr ca tng my in thoi trong tng thng: Tin thu bao hng thng (ph thuc vo tng loi thu bao vi cc nh mc ring). Tin cc ph tr thm (h thuc vo thi gian gi, s pht gi, ni gi n) - Tnh cng n khch hng i vi cc khch hng cha thanh ton tin in thoi. Kt xut: - Ha n tnh tin in thoi cho tng khch hng trong tng thng. - Danh sch khch hng cha thanh ton tin in thoi. - Thng k v ni gi n, thi im gi theo tng khu vc trong tng thng.
- Phiu im cho mi hc sinh. - Bng im cc mn v bng im tng kt cho tng lp. - Thng k v xp lai hc sinh ca tan trng trong 1 nin kha.
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Kt xut: - Bo co nhanh hng ngy. - Bo co thng. - K hoch nm cho tng nng trng cho tng loi m.
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Tnh ton: - Pht sinh cc thi tng ng cho mt thi chn cho mt mn thi no ( thi tng c cng cc cu hi trc nghim nhng c s th t khc nhau v trt t cc cu tr li cng khc nhau). - Tnh im thi cho tng th sinh: Tng im cc cu hi vi thang im tng ng. Kt xut: - Danh sch cc th sinh theo tng phng thi. - thi. - Bi lm ca tng th sinh cng vi im s. - Danh sch kt qu thi ca mi mn thi. - Thng k kt qu thi theo tng mc theo tng mn thi. - Thng k kt qu thi theo tng cu hi.
- Cc sinh vin thch hp cho cng vic cn tuyn dng ca 1 n v. Kt xut: - Danh sch sinh vin ng k theo tng cng vic. - Danh sch s lng sinh vin ng k theo tng loi cng vic. - Danh sch cc n v tuyn dng theo tng cng vic. - Danh sch s lng n v tuyn dng theo tng cng vic. - Thng k tnh hnh gii thiu vic lm thc hin trong nm.
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Tt nhin l cc mn hc s c dy trong hc k cho sinh vin ng k m phng Gio v c k hoch trong thi kha biu thng bo cho sinh vin bit trc khi ng k. Mi mn hc ngoi vic nh danh bng tn cn km theo s tn ch hc trnh v c gn cho mt m s mn hc. S tn ch ca mi mn hc ty thuc vo thi gian ging dy (thng 15 tit l thuyt hoc bi tp hay 30 tit thc hnh tng ng 1 tn ch). n gin ngi ta phn thnh hai loi mn: mn l thuyt (hoc bi tp) v mn thc hnh. Nu ng k mn l thuyt sinh vin s phi tr 27000 ng/ tn ch, cn vi mn thc hnh l 37000 ng/tn ch. C mt s mn, mun ng k hc, sinh vin phi hc v t trn im trung bnh mt s mn trc lm c s cho vic hc mn (gi l cc mn tin quyt ca mn hc ). Mi ngnh hc bao gm mt h thng nhiu mn m sinh vin thuc ngnh phi theo hc nm trong ni dung chng trnh ging dy ca ngnh ; c th c nhiu mn thuc chng trnh ging dy ca nhiu ngnh hc khc nhau. Mi hc k, cn c vo vic ng k cc mn hc v i tng ca tng sinh vin m ngi ta xc nh c s tin hc ph m mi sinh vin s phi ng. Sau khi ng k xong cc mn hc, sinh vin phi n Phng Ti v ca trng ng hc ph. Mi ln khi mt sinh vin n np hc ph, mt phiu thu c lp, trn ghi nhn m s sinh vin, ngy lp, s tin m sinh vin ng v c nh s th t tin vic theo di. Mi phiu thu ch thu tin hc ph ca mt sinh vin ti mt hc k. Mt phiu thu c in thnh hai lin, mt lin gi cho sinh vin nh mt bin lai, lin cn li lu. Nhn vin ca Phng Ti v lp phiu phi nhn tin hc ph ca sinh vin cui bui np cho th qu. Mi hc k, nh trng khng ch thi im cui cng (mt ngy no ) m sinh vin phi hon thnh th tc trn, nu qu hn phng Ti v kha s khng thu na, v nh vy nhng sinh vin khng ng, khng kp ng hoc ng khng hc ph s khng c tham d k thi cui hc k . Mi hc k, sau khi cho sinh vin ng k mn hc, khuyn khch sinh vin ng hc ph sm nh trng cng qui nh mt ngy m nu sinh vin ng hc ph trc ngy s c gim mt t l no (thng l 5% s tin hc ph m sinh vin phi ng cho hc k ). Mi hc k sinh vin c th ng hc ph lm nhiu ln ty theo tnh hnh ti chnh ca mnh v phi ng trc ngy ht hn ng hc ph ca hc k . Khi ht hn ng hc ph Phng Ti v s tng kt s tin hc ph m mi sinh vin ng, kt hp vi s tin hc ph m sinh vin phi ng xc nh danh sch nhng sinh vin ang cn n hc ph ca hc k gi cho b phn qun l ca Phng Gio v loi nhng sinh vin ra khi danh sch d thi. 151
trch nhim thu nhn cc quyn n m sinh vin np. n gin trong qun l, mi quyn n - nin lun c cn b trc b mn gn cho mt s th t, ghi nhn li ngy m sinh vin np. Ngay sau ngy ht hn np trng hoc ph b mn s phn cng gio vin nh gi v chm im cho tng quyn n. B mn cng yu cu cc gio vin np kt qu ng k hn tng kt im. Cc sinh vin thc hin chung mt ti s c chung mt im kt qu qua s cho im . Khi n hn, b mn s tng kt im, lp danh sch bo co cho phng Gio v. Cui hc k b mn tng kt s ti m mi gio vin ra (m c sinh vin chn lm n - nin lun), s n - nin lun m mi gio vin hng dn, chm lm c s cho vic tnh tin ging dy.
sn xut sn phm ng k . Da vo kt qu kim nghim m ngi c trch nhim cho nh gi l t hay khng t cht lng theo mc ng k. Sn phm ca c s no khng t cht lng s khng c php tip tc sn xut v lu hnh trn th trng, v b rt giy php kinh doanh. Nu sn phm gy nguy hi cho ngi dng th ch c s c th b truy t trc php lut. n lc no cc tiu chun o lng cht lng sn phm mun bit cc sn phm ca c s no ht thi hn ng k, nhng sn phm no khng t cht lng, vv...
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i vi vic tnh lng cho nhn vin hnh chnh cn c vo h s lng v s ngy lm vic trong thng ca ngi . Nu ngh c l do (bnh t xut, thai sn, ... ) s c hng tin bo him x hi ty theo s ngy ngh c l do trong thng. Nu ngh khng l do th khng c tnh lng. H s lng thng cn c vo trnh chuyn mn, trnh ngoi ng, v thm nin cng tc v do lnh o cng ty xem xt v quyt nh. i vi nhng ngi c m trch chc v th c hng ph cp chc v ty theo c th ca chc v. Do nhu cu ca cng tc, c th cc nhn vin hnh chnh c th lm vic ngoi gi. B phn theo di lng s tng kt s bui lm thm ngoi gi ca tng nhn vin trong thng tnh lng ngoi gi cho nhn vin.
b lch thc hnh, b mn s phn cng cn b ging dy hng dn sinh vin thc hin cc bi tp cho thc hnh ny. Cng mt mn nhng c th c nhiu cn b coi thc hnh ti mt bui thi. Xong mi t thc hnh cn b ph trch phng thc hnh kim tra sinh vin no tiu chun thi, sinh vin no khng tham d y s bui thc hnh s b cm thi. Cui hc k b mn s tng kt s gi coi thc hnh ca tng cn b gio v khoa tng hp cng tc ging dy.
v khoa d kin ngy, gi bt u cho mi mn thi ti tng n v o to. Ngi c trch nhim ti cc n v o to chu trch nhim phn cng cn b coi thi cho mi mn. Theo qui nh thng c 2 cn b coi thi cho mi mn. Ty theo thi gian lm bi ca sinh vin i vi mi mn thi c qui nh bi gio vin ra m tnh tin coi thi cho cn b coi thi mn . Thi gian thi cng di th tin coi thi cng nhiu. Mi t thi, sau khi phng o to x l bi thi (ct phch) xong cc trng b mn phn cng cn b n phng o to nhn bi thi v chm. Ch l trong cng mt t thi, cng mt mn thi, bi thi cc lp ti cc n v o to khc nhau, c th do cc cn b khc nhau chm. Sau khi chm xong cc cn b chm thi np kt qu cho phng o to v bo s sinh vin cn thiu im tr l gio v khoa ghi nhn, lm c s xc nh s lng cn photocopy cho vic ra ln sau. Mi t thi ti mi n v o to, tr l gio v khoa cn bit cc thng tin c th nh: ngy, gi, mn, lp. thi gian thi, cn b ra , cn b chm, s sinh vin cn n sau khi chm, cc cn b coi thi tng ng i vi tng mn thi.
- S lung d liu cho tng yu cu - M t chi tit cho tng s M hnh lung d liu chung cho ton b h thn S lung d liu chung cho ton b h thng 3. Thit k phn mm Thit k d liu + S logic + Danh sch cc thnh phn ca s Stt Tn Loi ngha Ghi ch
+ Danh sch cc thuc tnh ca tng thnh phn Tn thnh phn: Stt Tn Loi Kiu Min gi tr ngha
+ M t chi tit tng mn hnh Ni dung Danh sch bin c v x l tng ng trn mn hnh Stt Bin c ngha X l tng ng M s x l
Thit k x l + Danh sch cc x l (Cc x l quan trng) Stt M s Loi ngha Ghi ch
4. Ci t th nghim Ci t + Danh sch tnh trng ci t cc chc nng (mc hon thnh) Stt Chc nng Mc hon thnh ngha
Th nghim + Ni dung cc bng d liu + Mt s test-case chy th nghim + Cc bo biu mn hnh cng cc s liu tng ng 5. Tng kt + Cc kt qu thc hin + nh gi u khuyt im + Hng m rng tng lai
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PHC LC B
1. Phn mm qun l th vin
M t chi tit cc thuc tnh 1. c gi: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. Sch: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3. Phiu mn: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 4. Chi tit mn: Stt Thuc tnh Kiu Min gi tr ngha Ghi ch 160 MPHM NgayMuon Kiu Chui Ngy Min gi tr Kha chnh ngha Ghi ch MSACH MTG MNXB MLSACH MNN TenSach Ngymua SoTrang Kiu Chui Chui Chui Chui Chui Chui Ngy S >0 Min gi tr Kha chnh Kha ngoi Kha ngoi Kha ngoi Kha ngoi ngha Ghi ch MDG MLDG HoTen NgaySinh DiaChi DienThoai Kiu Chui Chui Chui Ngy Chui Chui Min gi tr Kha chnh Kha ngoi ngha Ghi ch
1 2 3 5.Loi sch:
Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 6. Loi c gi: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 7. Nh xut bn: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 8. Tc gi: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 8. Ngn ng Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 MNN Ten MTG Ten GhiChu MNXB Tenloai GhiChu MLDG Tenloi GhiChu MLSACH TenLoai Ghi Chu
ngha
Ghi ch
ngha
Ghi ch
ngha
Ghi ch
ngha
Ghi ch
ngha
Ghi ch
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GhiChu
Chui
M hnh chi tit cc thnh phn trong s lp 1. i tng c Gi Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. i tng Sch Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3. Quan h mn Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 Ngy mn Ngy tr Kiu Ngay Ngay Min gi tr >=Ngy nhp >=Ngy mn ngha Ghi ch MSACH Loi sch Tc gi Nh xut bn Ngy nhp TenSach Ngn ng SoTrang Chui Chui Ngy S >0 Kiu Chui S Chui Chui Min gi tr ngha Ghi ch MDG Loi c gi HoTen NgaySinh DiaChi DienThoai Kiu Chui S Chui Ngy Chui Chui t 19 n 90 gi tr ri rc Min gi tr ngha Ghi ch
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2. i tng Cu th Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 H Tn Ngy sinh V tr S o Chiu cao Trng thi Kiu Chui Ngy T ph S S S >=0 >1.5 Ri rc Min gi tr Ghi ch
3. i tng Trn u Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Loi trn u Ngy Gi Thi gian Sn Trng ti S khn gi S T ph T ph S Nhiu t hn sc cha ca sn 4. Quan h Thi u Stt Thuc tnh 1 S bn thng Kiu S Min gi tr Gi tr ri rc Ghi ch Tnh ton >=0 Kiu S NGAY Min gi tr Gi tr ri rc >=0 Ghi ch
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2 3
S bn thua Th pht
NGAY T ph
>=0 Nhiu
5. Quan h Ra sn Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 Thi im V tr Bn thng Th pht Kiu S T ph T ph T ph Nhiu Nhiu Min gi tr >=0 Ghi ch
i bng Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 Cu th: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Trn u: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 MTRD MLTRD MSAN Ngay Kiu Chui Chui Chui NGAY 164 Rng buc Kha chnh Kha ngoi Kha ngoi Ghi ch MCT MDB MVT HoTen Ngaysinh SoAo TrangThai Kiu Chui Chui Chui Chui NGAY S Logic >0 Rng buc Kha chnh Kha ngoi Kha ngoi Ghi ch MDBTn MTP HoTen Diachi DienThoai Kiu Chui Chui Chui Chui Chui Rng buc Kha chnh Kha ngoi Ghi ch
5 6 7 Thi u:
Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 Ra Sn Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 Ghi bn: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 Pht Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 iu khin: Stt Thuc tnh MRS MTHE Thoidiem MRS MTD Thoidiem MRS MTD MCT MVT Thoidiem MTD MTRD MDB Ketqua
Ghi ch
Rng buc Kha chnh Kha ngoi Kha ngoi Kha ngoi
Ghi ch
Rng buc Kha chnh, kha ngoi Kha chnh, Kha ngoi
Ghi ch
Rng buc Kha chnh, kha ngoi Kha chnh, Kha ngoi
Ghi ch
Kiu
Rng buc
Ghi ch
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1 2 3 Loi trn u:
Kha chnh, kha ngoi Kha chnh, Kha ngoi Kha ngoi
Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 V tr: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 Trch nhim: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 Vai tr: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 Loi bn thng: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 MLBT Tn MVTRO Tn Ghichu Soluong MTN Tn Ghichu MVT Tn Ghichu MLTRD Tn Ghichu Sobanthang SoThe
Ghi ch
>0 >0
Ghi ch
Ghi ch
Ghi ch
tnh ton
Ghi ch
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3 4 Th pht:
Ghichu Soluong
Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 Trng ti: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 Hun luyn vin: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 4 5 Thnh ph: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 3 Sn: Stt Thuc tnh 1 2 2 3 MSAN MTP Tn Succhua MTP Tn Ghichu MHLV MDB MTN Ten Ghichu MTTAI Tn Ghichu MTHE Tn Ghichu Soluong
Ghi ch
tnh ton
Ghi ch
Ghi ch
Ghi ch
Ghi ch
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TI IU THAM KHO
Nguyn Xun Huy , Software Engineering, Institue of Information Technology Nguyn Tin Huy, Nhp mn cng ngh phn mm, H Khoa hc T Nhin Watts S. Humphrey, A Discipline for Software Engineering Nguyn Tun Huy, Qu trnh pht trin phn mm thng nht, Nh xut bn thng k [5] Ian Lewis Bruce Nielson, Analyzing Requriements and Defining Solution Architechtures [6] Roger S.PressMan, Software Engineering
[1] [2] [3] [4]
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