\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo

Chapter (2) : Three Phase Induction Motors

2.1 Introduction
1- the most widely used electric motors in industry
2- the motor runs constant speed from no-load to full-load
3- the speed of motor is frequency dependent and consequently these motors are not
easily adapted to speed control
2.2 Three-Phase Induction Motor:
3-phase induction motor has a stator (stator winding) and a rotor (rotor winding)
Advantages:
1- It has simple and rugged construction.
2- It is relatively cheap.
3- It requires little maintenance.
4- It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.
5- It has self starting torque.
Disadvantages :
1- It is a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be changed easily.
2- Its starting torque is inferior to d.c. shunt motor.
2.3 Construction of A 3-phase induction motor
A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts
1- Stator 2- rotor
The rotor is separated from the stator by a small
air-gap which ranges from 0.4 mm to 4 mm,
depending on the power of the motor.

60

N
s
= synchronous speed (r.p.m)
F= power frequency (HZ)
P= no. of pair of pole
@ 2p= 4 p=2 N
s
=1500 r.p.m





\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
2.4 Principle of Operation of A 3-phase induction motor
1- rotates round the stator at synchronous speed

2- The rotating field passes through the air gap and
cuts the rotor conductors
3- The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in
the magnetic field produced by the stator The sum
of the mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors produces a torque
which tends to move the rotor in the same direction
2.5 Slip

100
Ns = speed of the rotating stator field
N= the actual rotor speed
Ns - N is called slip speed
In I.m , the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 0.1% to 3%
2.5 Rotor Current Frequency

=>

=>1
For a rotor speed N, the relative speed between the rotating flux and the rotor is
Ns - N. Consequently

=>2

=>3 sub from 3 in 2

EX: A 3-phase induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied from 50HZ system.
Calculate:
1- The synchronous speed
2- The speed of the motor when slip is 4 %
3- The rotor current frequency when the motor runs at 600 r.p.m
Solution
1-

1500 r.p.m
2-

N=N
s
-S N
s
= N
s
(1-S)=1500(1-0.04)=1440 r.p.m
3- When N =600 r.p.m =>

0.6

0.6 50 30 HZ



\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
2.7 Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
XL=JWL=J2FL inductive reactance
At stand still :
Rotor e.m.f./phase = E2
Rotor reactance/phase = X2
At any slip s:
Rotor e.m.f./phase = sE2
Rotor reactance/phase = sX2
Rotor frequency = sf
2.8 Rotor Current

At standstill (i)

When running at slip (ii)
Rotor current/phase

Rotor power frequency
cos
2
=

cos
2
=

\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
A 4-pole,3-phase ,50HZ induction motor has aster connect rotor .the rotor has
resistance of 0.1 per phase and standstill reactance of 2/phase .the induced e.m.f
between the slip rings is 100V .if the full load speed is 1460 r.p.m ,calculate (1)the slip
(2)the e.m.f induced in the rotor in each phase (3)the rotor reactance per phase (4)the
rotor current and (5)rotor power factor .assume slip rings are short circuited.
Solution
1-

1500 r.p.m =>

100 2.66%
2- Line e.m.f of rotor at standstill=100 V
Phase e.m.f of rotor at standstill,

57.75 V
Phase e.m.f of rotor at full load =SE
2
=0.0266*57.75=1.54 V
3- Rotor reactance/phase at standstill ,X
2
=2
Rotor reactance/phase at full load =S X
2
=0.0266*2=0.0532
4- Rotor impedance per phase at full load is

0.1132
rotor phase current = 1.54/0.1132=13.57
5- Rotor power factor = cos
2
=

0.883 lagging
2.9 rotor torque :
The torque T developed by the rotor is directly proportional to:
1- rotor current
2- rotor e.m.f.
3- power factor of the rotor circuit
T E
2
I
2
cos
2

T =K E
2
I
2
cos
2
2.10 Starting Torque (Ts)
E
2
= rotor e.m.f. per phase at standstill
X
2
= rotor reactance per phase at standstill
R
2
= rotor resistance per phase

Rotor impedance/phase,

Rotor current/phase ,

Rotor power factor , cos
2
=

Starting torque, T
s
= K E
2
I
2
cos
2
= K E
2
*

T
s
=

2.11 Condition for Maximum Starting Torque
R
2
=X
2
P.F= cos 45=0.707 lagging


\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
EX: the 3 phase induction motor having star connected rotor has an induct e.m.f of 50
V between the slip rings at standstill on open circuit.he rotoe has resistance and
reactance per phase of 0.5 and 4.5 respectively .find the current per phase and the
power factor at starting when (1) the slip rings are short circuited (2) the slip rings are
connected to astar-connected rheostat of 4 per phase
Solution
Phase e.m.f of rotor at standstill,

28.87 V
(1) the slip rings are short circuited
Rotor impedance per phase=

0.5

4.5

4.53
rotor current per phase

.
.
6.38
Rotor power factor

.
.
= 0.11 lag
(2) the slip rings are connected to astar-connected rheostat of 4 per phase
rotor resistance per phase=4+0.5=4.5
Rotor impedance per phase =4.5

4.5

6.63
rotor current per phase =
.
.
4.54
Rotor power factor
.
.
= 0.707 lag

2.12 Effect of Change of Supply Voltage
T
s
=

T
s

V T
s
V
2.13 Power Stages in an Induction Motor
1- P
i
= Stator input = Stator output + Stator losses
2- P
r
= Rotor input = Stator output
3- P
m
= Mechanical power losses available
= P
r
- Rotor Cu loss = the gross rotor output
gross torque Tg
4- Mechanical power at shaft, P
out
= P
m
- Friction and windage loss
P
m
- P
out
= Friction and windage loss



\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
2.14 Induction Motor Torque
P= W T ------>

9.55

9.55

9.55

2.15 Rotor Output
Gross rotor output =

Rotor input =

Rotor Cu loss = Rotor input - Rotor output =

Rotor Cu loss
Rotor input

Gross rotor output
Gross rotor output
Rotor input

Rotor Cu loss
Gross rotor output

S Rotor input (1 - s) 1-S

1



EX : nooooooooooooooooo taker care














\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
Chapter 3: Single-Phase Motors
3.1 Introduction
these motors are used on single-phase supply
used in home appliances , shops, offices etc.
single-phase motors are less efficient substitute for 3-phase motors
3.2 Types of Single-Phase Motors
Single-phase
induction motors
A.C. series motor Repulsion motors Synchronous motors
A-split-phase type
B-shaded-pole type
C-capacitor type
A-Repulsion-start
induction-run motor
B-Repulsion-induction
motor
A-Reluctance motor
B-Hysteresis motor

3.3 Single-Phase Induction Motors

3.4 Making Single-Phase Induction Motor
Self-Starting


EX:single phase induction motor has an out put torque of 0.25 N.M and speed of 100
rad/sec .if the input current is 0.6 A at 23V and 0.6 lagging power factor find (1) output
power (2)
Solution :
1- P= W T=0.25*100=25 watt
2- = VI cos

=0.6*230*0.6=82.8%
3.5 Split-Phase Induction Motor


\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
Operation
i- When the two stator windings are energized from a single-phase supply, the main
winding carries current I
m
while the starting winding carries current I
s

ii- the currents I
m
and I
s
have phase angle a (25to 30)
T
s
I
m
I
s
sin ------ > T
s
= K I
m
I
s
sin
iii- When the motor reaches about 75% of synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch
opens the circuit of the starting winding. The motor then operates as a single-phase
induction motor and continues to accelerate till it reaches the normal speed.
EX : resistance split phase induction motor is rate a 187 w , 1725 r.p.m, 115v ,60 HZ
,when the rotor is locked at test at reduced voltage on the main and starting winding
yields the following result :
Main winding Starting winding
Applied voltage 23 V 23 V
current 4 A 1.5 A
Active power 60 w 30 w
Calculate
1- the phase angle between I
m
and I
S

2- the locked rotor current drawing from the line at 115 V
solution
the phase angle between I
m
and I
S

P=I*V *cos
cos

0.65
m
=49.29
cos

.
0.869
s
=29.59
=
m
-
s
= 49.29-29.59 =19.7
Total active power P
t
=

60 30 90
Total reactive power Q
t
=

Q=I*V *sin
Q
m
=

sin
m
=4 23 sin49.29 69.7
Q
s
=

sin
s
= 1.5 23 sin29.59 17.3
Q
t
=

69.7 17.3 86.73

Total Apperent power S =

90

86.73

125
Line current I
L
=

cos 5.44
current drawing from the line at 115 V I
L
= 5.44

27.2



\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
3.6 Capacitor-Start Motor
Principle of operation
1- the starting winding has as many turns as the main winding
2- capacitor C is connected in series with the starting winding
3- The value of capacitor is so chosen that Is leads Im about 80
4- the starting winding is opened by the centrifugal switch when
the motor attains about 75% of synchronous speed. The motor then operates as a
single-phase induction motor and continues to accelerate till it reaches the normal
speed
Characteristics
1- Although starting characteristics of a capacitor-start motor are better than those of a
split-phase
2- The phase angle between the two currents is about 80
3- Capacitor-start motors are used where high starting torque is required and
where the starting period may be long e.g., to drive: (a) compressors (b) large fans (c)
pumps (d) high inertia loads
3.7 Capacitor start capacitor runs :
single capacitor Two capacitor
A- C is used for both starting and running
B- improves the power factor and efficiency
of the motor.
- produces a constant torque

C1 small capacitor using for running
C2 large capacitor using for starting
- Because of constant torque, the motor is
vibration free


3.8 shaded pole motor
Operation
Characteristics






\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
EX :At starting the winding of 230V , 50HZ split phase induction motor have the
following parameters : Main winding : R =4 ; X
L
=7.5
Starting winding : R =7.5 ; X
L
=4
Solution

27
m
=tan
-1
(7.5/4)=62

27
s
=tan
-1
(4/7.5)=28
the phase angle between I
m
and I
S
=
m
-
s
=

62-28=34
Line current I
L
=

cos 51.6
Motor power factor = cos

.
.
0.7


















\ ,-' ,- -,- Mohamed Misuo
Chapter 4: Synchronous generators alternators

4.1 Introduction
Maine two part : field winding ,armature winding
4.2 Synchronous generators
Three phase generator
Three phase AC generator voltage
Synchronous generator operates on the same fundamental principle of
electromagnetic induction as DC generator that i.e. ,when the flux linking conductors
changes , an e.m.f is induced in the conductor .like DC generator , Synchronous
generator has an armature winding and field winding .since no commentator is
required in an alternators. Is usually more convention and advantaged to place the
field winding on the rotating part (rotor) and armature winding on the stationary part
4.3 Construction Synchronous generator
1- Stator
2- Rotor
Principle of operation for Synchronous generator
4.4 Synchronous generator operation

60

f = frequency of supply in Hz
P = number of poles
N=speed of rotor in r.p.m
4.5 winding factors
The distributions and pitching of the coil affect the volages induced in the coils .we shall
discuse two winding factors :
1 distribution factor (Kd) 2- pitch factor (KP)