ENERGIE SOLAIRE PHOTOVOLTAIQUE (PHY 558B)

A recently used renewable energy source, but with exponentially growing applications.

Outline
Course introduction World energetic context Solar energy

Photovoltaics (PV)
State of PV electricity Environmental impact PV market R&D strategies

ENERGIE SOLAIRE PHOTOVOLTAIQUE (PHY 558B)

Objective : a scientific and technological presentation of the dominant photovoltaics (PV) lines, as close as possible of the presenr Research and R&D developments (Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces, LPICM-X) Institut Solaire Photovoltaque Francilien on X campus PV Solar cell : sunlight conversion by a semiconductor device (diode : p-n junction) Teaching : Introduction to the semiconductor physics

Solar cells (crystalline silicon, thin films)

Emphasise on the increase of conversion efficiency

Master Program Year 2 A new M2

program : Renewable Energy Science and Technology (REST)

Master Year 2 (M2): to open in September 2011

- Specialization courses - Cross-discipline courses - Internship

REST Partners
Masters diploma to be delivered by

Coordinating school :

Contributing ParisTech schools :

Supporting companies :

SPECIALIZATION COURSES FOR YEAR 2 I Photovoltaics

ParisTech Contributors

Faculty Members

Thin-Film Photovoltaics
Photovoltaic Technologies in Industry Polymers for Photovoltaics II Energy Vectors and Storage Hydrogen and Energy: Production, Storage, Fuel Cells and Economic Issues Batteries and Energy Storage Renewable Generation of Electricity using the Thermal Cycle III Energy Distribution Networks Electrical Systems Grid Optimization

Ecole Polytechnique (Physics), Chimie ParisTech

Ecole Polytechnique (Physics), Chimie ParisTech Ecole Polytechnique (Physics)

Pere ROCA I CABARROCAS

Anne HUDE, Jean Francois GUILLEMOLES, Erik JOHNSON Gilles HOROWITZ

ENSTA ParisTech Chimie ParisTech AgroParisTech / Mines ParisTech

Johnny DESCHAMPS, Didier DALMAZZONE, Patrice PARICAUD Michel CASSIR, Philippe BARBOUX Benoit GABRIELLE, Didier MAYER

EDF Ecole des Ponts ParisTech / Ecole Polytechnique (Applied Mathematics) Mines ParisTech / Telecom ParisTech

Herv MIGNON Michel DE LARA, Frdric BONNANS Didier MAYER, Elie NAJM

Integrating Off-Grid Energy into Smart Grids IV Wind and Hydro Power Wind Power Fluvial and maritime resources for renewable energy

Arts et Mtiers ParisTech Ecole Polytechnique (Mechanics) / ESPCI ParisTech

Fawaz MASSOUH Alexandre STEGNER, Ramiro GODOY-DIANA

Research Project Research Project All TBD

Master Program Year 2 : Cross-discipline courses

V Cross-discipline courses

Resource evaluation
Energy Potential of Wind, Solar and Hydropower Sources Ecole Polytechnique (Mechanics) AgroParisTech AgroParisTech Alexandre STEGNER, Philippe DROBINSKI Benoit GABRIELLE Benoit GABRIELLE

Biomass and Bioenergy

Introduction to Biomass and Bioenergy Specialization Course in Biomass and Bioenergy Socioeconomic Issues New Energies and New Markets Project Management, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Topical seminars Overviews of Energy Production and Transmission Technologies All Invited speakers Ecole Polytechnique HEC Business School Jean-Pierre PONSSARD Sihem JOUINI

 Course introduction World energetic context Solar energy

Photovoltaics (PV)
State of PV electricity Environmental impact PV market R&D strategies

Energetic balance (UE, 2002) consumption

Households and services
Other including electricity

375 Mtoe (39%)

Heat

Oil products

Electricity

Electricity

Heat

Transport 369 Mtoe (28%) Industry 313 Mtoe (33%)

World Primary Energy Consumption (2004)

CMO : Cubic Mile Oil 1 CMO 4.4 1013 Kwh

Fossil energy consumption > 80 %

World Production of Electricity (2007 ~ 20 000 TWh)

Electricity production strongly influenced by national policies : - Nuclear power domination in France - China : coal 80 %

Evolution of World Primary Energy Consumption

World energy consumption (in M TOE) Dominated by fossil energies Strong increase still 1945

World population : 2010 : 6 billions 2050 : 10 billions (70 % increase !)

Exhausting of fossil sources

Primary energy consumption

World population

oil

coal

gas

General energy context

Energy needs are expected to increase

Whats available ?

World Energy Outlook 2010, IEA

EPIA, 2010

 Course introduction World energetic context Solar energy

Photovoltaics (PV)
State of PV electricity Environmental impact PV market R&D strategies

Solar energy : an obvious long-term solution

Incoming solar energy on top of atmosphere 120,000 Gtoe / year Worldwide energy demand : 12 Gtoe / year France :
15-25 m2 solar pannels can cover typical family energy needs Electricity consumption corresponds to 2000 km2 PV pannels (<0.4 % national territory)

Main characteristics of Solar energy :

Dilute (about 100 W/m2 usable with mainstream technology) Intermittent (for terrestrial applications) requires progress in storage technology and /or grid management (smart grids)

Solar Energy in Europe

Solar Energy in France

Global irradiation kWh/m2/year

Corsica, French riviera and south Alps : > 50% than northern areas Mistral wind influence Microclimate on Atlantic coast

Various forms of solar energy

Passive heating or cooling

Thermal mass materials store solar energy during the day and release this energy during cooler periods. Common thermal mass materials include stone, concrete, and water. Use of air motion and possibly greenhouse effect

Low temperature solar thermal energy (< 250C)

Water- heater for domestic applications (50-80 C), 1m2/person, tank storage ( 60 l/ m2) Possible contribution for heating (and cooling) residential building Other applications : solar drying, cooking, distillation

Various forms of solar energy

Thermodynamic solar energy (use of concentration)

Cylindrical-parabolic (c 50-80)

parabolic mirrors (c > 1000)

solar tower combined with heliostats (pseudo-parabolic c 1000)

Sun tracking required Solar thermodynamic electricity (2 - 400 MW) : 34 power plants in Spain (2013 : 2 GW).

Fuel production (hydrogen, coal gasification..)

Odeillo (France) : T = 3800 C

Concentrating Solar Power

Favourable area :
yearly solar irradiation > 2000 kWh/m2

Conversion efficiency for thermal electricital energy production : 20-30 % (parabolic mirrors) Promising applications in North Africa and Middle East (20 GW in 2020, 85 GW in 2030) Desertec project (Union for Mediterranean) Concentration can be combined with PV (decrease of material cost for high efficiency)

 Course introduction World energetic context Solar energy

Photovoltaics (PV)
State of PV electricity Environmental impact PV market R&D strategies

Range of uses of PV
Photovoltaics (PV) : direct solar conversion for electricity production

Grid-connected domestic systems

Grid-Connected power plants

Off-grid systems for rural electrification

Consumer goods

Off-grid industrial applications

Range of uses of PV

Grid-connected PV system

Stand alone PV system

The PV module : an illumination-dependent DC generator

6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 0,00

Current I (A)
irradiance level (AM1.5 spectrum) 1kW/m 0.8kW/m

0.6kW/m
0.5kW/m 0.4kW/m

0.2kW/m
0.1kW/m

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

Voltage V(volt)

Performance Parameters of a PV Module

Current 6 Short-circuit current Isc I (A) 5

Maximum power point Pm

Im
4 3 2 1 0

90 Output power 80 P (Watt) 70 60

OpenCircuit voltage VOC Vm

0 5 10 15 20

50 40 30

20 10
0

25 V(volt)

Efficiency : h=Pm/Plight Pm : maximum output power Plight : Incident light received (AM1.5 spectrum at 1000W/m) Fill factor of a PV cell : FF=ImVm/ILVOC

A look at the datasheet of a PV module (best performance)

From cell to module (Si technology)

A solar module is made by series assembly of solar cells. Solar cell size : typically15x15 cm2 Each cell has a open-circuit voltage of about 0.6 volt Typically 36 cells are connected in series in a module : Voc (module)~0.6*36~20V Vm (module)~15V : suitable to charge a 12V battery 40-70 V required for inverters

 Course introduction World energetic context Solar energy

Photovoltaics (PV)
State of PV electricity Environmental impact PV market R&D strategies

Photovoltaics (PV) : an exponentially growing industry

Expected PV production growth in UE

But still a very

small contribution of PV to the world energy mix to date

Example of Germany, the world leader for PV installed capacity (50 % imported from China !)

Market shares of main PV technologies

Bulk silicon technologies : 85%

Thin film technologies : also growing

Where are the manufacturers of PV panels ?

 Course introduction World energetic context Solar energy

Photovoltaics (PV)
State of PV electricity Environmental impact PV market R&D strategies

Energy pay-back time of a PV system

Environmental context
Global warming related to CO2 emission

Increase of CO2 emission is related to the growing use of fossil energy. However, is PV a good way to reduce global CO2 emission ?

CO2 payback time (year)

Production site and final consumer are important for CO2 payback time
UCTE : Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity (Europe)

 Course introduction World energetic context Solar energy

Photovoltaics (PV)
State of PV electricity Environmental impact PV market R&D strategies

State of PV Electricity : Price (Germany, end 2010)

Wholesale prices per Wc : - Si modules (from China) : - Si modules (from Europe) : - CdTe modules : System prices (without storage) : 1.55 1.75 1.38 2.1 2.9 (5 in 2006 !)

PV electricity from large in-field systems is currently still 2 or 3 times higher than electricity from the high-voltage grid.

International challenge : < 1 / Wc (modules)

Public support for the development of PV industry

In most countries the cost of PV electricity is not yet competitive with the cost of electricity produced by conventional sources
Manufacturing costs drop with the volume produced In over 50 countries in the world, producers of renewable energy benefit from FeedIn-Tariffs (FIT) : Guaranted grid access long-term contracts for the electricity produced purchase prices based on the cost of generation This helps protecting the growth of PV industry until the volume (or the appearance of breakthrough technologies) has reached levels where the costs become competitive

Price of PV Electricity : Future trends

PV Energy Competitiveness
2005

Geographic area of PV competitiveness

Source: SRA PV TRAC 2006

PV Energy Competitiveness
2010

Source: SRA PV TRAC 2006

PV Energy Competitiveness
2015

Source: SRA PV TRAC 2006

PV Energy Competitiveness
2020

PV competitiveness in France around 2020

Source: SRA PV TRAC 2006

PV Energy Competitiveness
2030

PV competitiveness in Europe around 2030

Source: SRA PV TRAC 2006

 Course introduction World energetic context Solar energy

Photovoltaics (PV)
State of PV electricity Environmental impact PV market R&D strategies

PV : technology cost evaluation

2010/MWh

2010/MWh

2010/MW h

Industrial roof

Residential roof

Solar farm

PV R&D Strategies

I - Bulk crystalline Silicon technologies II Thin film technologies (Si, CdTe) III New concepts and multi-junctions

PV : a few quantitative characteristics

1 kW peak power corresponds typically to a module area of 7 m2 A PV array of 1 kW generates 1000-2000 kWh over a whole year (as function of irradiation) A PV generator produces, per kW and year, less than most conventional power plants (half of a wind turbine in a typical wind regime) World PV capacity 65 GW in 2012

Current price of PV electricity : 1.4-1.5 /Wc (objective < 1 /Wc) Germany : PV corresponds to 3% of the electricity demand in 2010 (Bavaria 10 % in 2011)
Germany : 133 000 jobs related to PV in 2011 (about 10 000 in France)

Summary : advantages of PV (1)

No greenhouse gases emissions, no combustion or waste during operation Low operating costs once installed (no fuel) No moving parts (no wear) High reliability in modules (>20 years) Energetic payback time : 12 to 24 months Current technologies mostly rely on silicon : unlimited resources (sand) and easy recycling Ambient temperature operation (no high temperature, corrosion or safety issues) Can be easily integrated into new or existing building structures

Summary : advantages of PV (2)

Can be installed at nearly any point-of-use Lack of geopolitical risk (as compared to nuclear) : can be installed everywhere in the world Impressive scalability : same underlying technology for milliwatts (e.g. watch, calculator) to Megawatt production (e.g. solar farm)

Possible drawbacks : Amonts of hazardous materials (eg Cadmium in CdTe) are much reduced in thinfilm technologies Si technology : small amount of hazardous gases are used in processing (same quantity for 1 m2 of solar panel as for 1 mobile phone).