Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

MC LC
TI: CNG NGH SN XUT FILLET C BASA
T VN ............................................................................................................................................ 3
I.

C IM CHUNG ....................................................................................................................... 3

II.

TNH HNH CH BIN THY SN VIT NAM....................................................................... 3

1.

Cc giai on pht trin ................................................................................................................ 3

2.

Kim ngch xut khu thy sn Vit Nam qua cc nm .................................................................. 4

3.

C cu sn xut thy sn nm 2010 ............................................................................................ 4

4.

Th trng xut khu thy sn Vit Nam ...................................................................................... 5

III.

C IM SINH HC CA C BA SA ................................................................................... 5

QUY TRNH CH BIN FILLET C BA SA ........................................................................................................ 9

I/ THUYT MINH QUY TRNH ......................................................................................................... 11
1.

Cng on tip nhn nguyn liu ................................................................................................ 11

2.

Ct tit- ngm ............................................................................................................................ 11

3.

Cng on ra 1 ......................................................................................................................... 12

4.

Cng on fillet ......................................................................................................................... 13

5.

Cng on ra 2 ......................................................................................................................... 13

6.

Cng on lng da...................................................................................................................... 14

7.

Cng on nh hnh .................................................................................................................. 15

8.

Cng on soi k sinh trng ........................................................................................................ 16

9.

Cng on phn mu phn c s b......................................................................................... 16

10.

Cng on ra 3 ..................................................................................................................... 17

11.

Cng on quay thuc ............................................................................................................ 18

12.

Cng on phn mu - phn c ............................................................................................... 18

13.

Cng on cn........................................................................................................................ 20

14.

Cng on ra 4 ..................................................................................................................... 20

15.

Cng on xp khun (trong qu trnh lnh ng block) ......................................................... 21

16.

Cng on ch ng............................................................................................................... 21

17.

Cng on cp ng ............................................................................................................... 22

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

18.

Cng on tch khun: (i vi dng ng Block) ................................................................. 23

19.

Cng on m bng (trong qu trnh lnh ng IQF) .............................................................. 23

Hnh 9.1&2 Cng on m bng........................................................................................................ 25

20.

Cng on ti ng ................................................................................................................ 25

21.

Cng on d kim loi ........................................................................................................... 25

22.

Cng on bao gi- ht chn khng ........................................................................................ 26

23.

Cng on ng thng............................................................................................................ 27

24.

Cng on bo qun ............................................................................................................... 28

II/ K THUT LM LNH V LNH NG TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT FILLET C BA

SA ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
1.

Nguyn l lm lnh .................................................................................................................... 28

2.

Cng dng ca vic lm lnh...................................................................................................... 29

3.

Lm lnh ng sn phm thy sn .............................................................................................. 30

4.

Mt s bin i ca thy sn trong qu trnh lm lnh ng ........................................................ 30

III/ CC PHNG PHP V THIT B CP NG THY SN.................................................... 32

1.1 Lnh ng tip xc...................................................................................................................... 32
1.2 Lm ng cc nhanh ................................................................................................................... 33
1.3 Lm ng bng hn hp v mui ............................................................................................ 33
1.4 Lm ng bng nc mui lnh .................................................................................................. 33
Cc thit b cp ng thy sn............................................................................................................ 33

2.

H thng t cp ng tip xc ........................................................................................................ 35

2.2

2.2.2

Cu to t cp ng ............................................................................................................... 35

2.4.1

Khi nim v phn loi........................................................................................................... 39

2.4.1.1

H thng cp ng I.Q.F vi bung cp ng c bng ti dng xon ....................................... 39

2.4.1.2

H thng cp ng I.Q.F bung cp ng c bng chuyn kiu thng ..................................... 41

Cu to bng chuyn dng thng ............................................................................................... 41

2.4.1.3 H thng cp ng IQF siu tc................................................................................................. 43

Cu to v nguyn l lm vic .................................................................................................... 43

TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................................................... 46

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

T VN
I.

C IM CHUNG

Vi ng b bin di hn 3.200 km; Vit Nam c vng c quyn kinh t trn bin
rng hn 1 triu km2. Vit Nam cng c vng mt nc ni a ln rng hn 1,4 triu ha
nh h thng sng ngi, m ph dy c. V tr a l v iu kin t nhin thun li gip
Vit Nam c nhiu th mnh ni tri pht trin ngnh cng nghip thy sn. T lu Vit
Nam tr thnh quc gia sn xut v xut khu thy sn hng u khu vc, cng vi
Indonesia v Thi Lan. Xut khu thy sn tr thnh mt trong nhng lnh vc quan trng
ca nn kinh t.
II.

TNH HNH CH BIN THY SN VIT NAM

1. Cc giai on pht trin

Ni v thy sn khng th khng nhc n vai tr, v tr ca ngnh ch bin thy sn.
Nhng bc thng trm ca ngnh ny lun gn lin vi nhp sng chung ca nn kinh
t t nc, nht l cng cuc i mi ton din t nc. Bi vy, qu trnh pht trin ca
ngnh ch bin thy sn c th c hnh dung qua cc giai on sau:
a. Giai on 1975-1980
Nm trong tnh trng tr tr chung ca kinh t t nc, ngnh thy sn cng lm vo
tnh trng sa st ko di.
Cc c s ch bin c c ch yu bng ngun vin tr khng hon li ca quc t.
Nm 1980 c nc mi ch c 40 c s ch bin ng lnh vi tng cng sut cp ng l
172 tn/ngy. Trong khi nhiu nh my xy dng xong nhng khng pht huy c
cng sut, nguyn liu khai thc ch c huy ng cho ch bin t 20 - 30%.
b. Giai on 1981-1994
Trong 13 nm lin tc, ngnh thy sn lun hon thnh vt mc ton din cc ch
tiu k hoch Nh nc giao vi tc tng trng bnh qun 5 - 7%/nm v sn lng
khai thc, 12 - 13% v gi tr kim ngch xut khu.
Ni bt nht trong giai on ny l lnh vc ch bin pht trin rng khp vi tc
tng bnh qun 9 nh my mi nm.
Thm vo cn c h thng cc nh my sn xut nc vi tng cng sut 2.000
tn/ngy... to ra bc pht trin nhy vt v cht trong qu trnh gi gn ti ca
nguyn liu, gim tiu hao, tht thot sau thu hoch, gp phn nng cao gi tr kinh t ca
sn phm. Kt qu l t l sn phm ch bin ng lnh so vi tng nguyn liu tng nhanh
v t 51%/nm vo nm 1994 so vi 11,4%/nm vo nm 1980.
c. Giai on1994 - 2000
Ngnh ch bin thy sn cng nhn c s ch trng c bit ca cc cp, cc ngnh
v cc a phng. Nhiu chng trnh, d n to bo nh nh bt xa b c hnh
thnh. Xut khu tng mnh.
d. Giai on 2001 n nay
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

Ch bin xut khu thy sn l ng lc cho tng trng v chuyn i c cu trong

khai thc v nui trng thy sn. n nay, c nc c tng s hn 470 c s doanh
nghip ch bin thy sn. Trong , 248 c s - doanh nghip (chim gn 53%) t tiu
chun ca th trng EU - mt th trng kh tnh vo bc nht th gii; trn 300 c s doanh nghip c Hn Quc cng nhn tiu chun cht lng
Hin nay, Vit Nam xut khu thy sn n th trng ca 164 quc gia v vng
lnh th.
2. Kim ngch xut khu thy sn Vit Nam qua cc nm
Kim ngch xut khu thy sn Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y c tc tng
trng kh nhanh.Nm 2003, Vit Nam ng th 7 trong cc nc xut khu thy sn
nhiu nht th gii vi kim ngch xut khu 2,16 t USD.Tc tng trng kh nhanh
n nm 2006 th t 3,6 t USD a Vit Nam ln ng v tr th 6 trong top 10 nc xut
khu thy ln nht th gii. Kt thc nm 2007, kim ngch xut khu thy sn Vit Nam
t 3,75 t USD (tng gn 12% so vi nm 2006).
Hin nay mc d kinh t th gii, nht l cc nn kinh t pht trin phi i mt vi
nhiu kh khn, tiu dng suy gim nhng xut khu thy sn ca nc ta trong nm 2008
vn tng kh mnh.Nm 2008 xut khu thy sn Vit Nam t 4,5 t USD, mt phn l do
tng trng mnh ca c tra, c ba sa v cng nh a dng ha sn phm, pht trin th
trng mi.
Kim ngch xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam c nm 2009 c t 4,3 t USD. Theo
d liu thng k chnh thc t Tng cc Hi quan, nm 2010, ngnh thy sn ca Vit Nam
xut khu 1,353 triu tn, tr gi gn 5,034 t USD, tng 11,3% v khi lng v 18,4% v
gi tr so vi nm 2009.
6

T USD

2
T USD

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Bng 2.1 Kim ngch xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam t nm 2003-2010
3. C cu sn xut thy sn nm 2010
Mc d tr thnh nc xut khu thy sn nhiu nm nhng cc mt hng thu sn
xut khu ch lc ca Vit Nam vn cn kh n iu, ch yu l c, tm, nhuyn th, cc
loi thu sn ng lnh v thu sn kh. Tuy c cu mt hng thy sn xut khu ca nc
ta c b sung thm cc mt hng c gi tr nh c ng, nghu v mt s c sn khc
nhng nhn chung vn cn kh n iu. Cng ngh ch bin ca ngnh thy sn Vit Nam
vn cha p ng y nhu cu tiu dng ca th gii. Sau y l mt s mt hng hi
sn xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam:

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

4. Th trng xut khu thy sn Vit Nam

C cu th trng xut khu thu sn thay i r nt k t nm 2000 n nay. M v
Nht Bn tr thnh th trng tiu th thu sn hng u ca Vit Nam, tip l th
trng EU. Cc th trng chu nh i Loan, Hn Quc c v tr kh n nh.
+ M: l mt trong nhng th trng nhp khu thu sn hng u ca Vit Nam. C
tra, basa phi l ng lnh l mt hng c o ca Vit Nam ti th trng M
+ Nht Bn: l th trng em li hiu qu cao cho xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam.
S thiu ng b trong h thng bo m an ton cht lng sn phm thu sn ca Vit
Nam ang l vn rt ln trong vic duy tr ch ng trn th trng Nht Bn.
+ EU: l th trng c nhu cu ln v n nh v hng thu sn, nhng li l th trng
c coi l c yu cu cao nht i vi sn phm nhp khu, vi cc quy nh kht khe v
cht lng v an ton v sinh. Vic xut khu sn phm sang th trng EU s gp phn
nng cao uy tn ca hng thu sn Vit Nam trn th trng th gii
+ Trung Quc v Hng Kng: l nhng th trng nhp khu thu sn trung bnh trn
th gii. Trong tng lai, Trung Quc s l th trng tiu th thu sn hng u ca khu
vc chu , vi c im tiu th ca th trng ny l va tiu th cho dn c bn a, va
l th trng ti ch v ti xut.
+ Mt s th trng khc:
Cc th trng khc thuc chu c quan tm ngy mt nhiu hn, nht l Hn
Quc v i Loan. Cc th trng ny ch yu nhp khu c bin, mc, bch tuc.
xtrylia: xut khu sang th trng ny vn c s tng trng tuy nhp khng u.
Th trng ng u: mc d kim ngch xut khu cn cha cao nhng y cng l
mt th trng xut khu thu sn tim nng. Nga cng c nhng bc tin rt di trong
nhp khu thu sn ca Vit Nam.
III.

C IM SINH HC CA C BA SA

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

1. Phn loi c ba sa
Theo h thng phn loi Tyson Roberts, c ba sa thuc h Pangasiidae,
ging Pangasius, loi P. bocourti. Trc y, c Basa c nh danh l Pangasius
pangasius (Hamilton).
2. Phn b
C ba sa phn b lu vc sng M kng, c mt c 4 nc Lo, Vit Nam,
Campuchia v Thi lan. Thi Lan cn gp c ba sa sng Chaophraya. nc ta nhng
nm trc y khi cha c c sinh sn nhn to, c bt v c ging ba sa c vt trn sng
Tin v sng Hu. C trng thnh ch thy trong ao nui, rt t gp trong t nhin a phn
Vit nam, do c c tp tnh di c ngc dng sng M kng sinh sng v tm ni sinh
sn t nhin.
3. Hnh thi, sinh l
C ba sa (cn gi l c bng) l c da trn, c thn di, chiu di chun bng 2,5 ln
chiu cao thn. u c ba sa ngn, hi trn, dp bng, trn rng. Ming hp, chiu rng ca
ming t hn 10% chiu di chun, ming nm hi lch di mm. Di rng hm trn to v
rng v c th nhn thy khi ming khp. C 2 i ru, ru hm trn bng chiu di u, ru
mp di ti hoc qu gc vy ngc. Mt to, bng to, l m rt ln, phn sau thn dp bn,
lng v u mu xm xanh, bng trng bc. Chiu cao ca cung ui hn 7% chiu di
chun.
C basa khng c c quan h hp ph, ngng oxy cao hn c tra, nn chu ng km
mi trng nc c hm lng oxy ha tan thp.C ba sa sng ch yu nc ngt, chi
c nc l nh, nng mui 12%, chu ng c ni nc phn c pH >5,5.
Ngng nhit t 18 - 400C, ngng oxy ti thiu l 1,1mg/lt. Nhn chung s chu ng
ca c ba sa vi mi trng khc nghit khng bng c tra, do c c nui thng
phm ch yu trong b trn sng nc chy.
4. c im dinh dng
C ba sa c tnh n tp thin v ng vt. H tiu ha ca c thc s han chnh 3
ngy sau khi bt u n thc n bn ngai. C cng hu n nhng t tranh mi hn so vi c
tra. Sau khi ht non hong , c n ph du ng vt l chnh.
Trong iu kin nui nhn to thc n thch hp giai an u l u trng Artemia,
Moina, t c t l sng ti 91-93%, trong khi dng thc n nhn to th t l sng ch
t 67% v tc tng trng cng km hn. T ngy tui th 7 c th chuyn sang n
thc n nhn to. Nhu cu protein ca c ba sa khong 30-40% khu phn, h s tiu ha
protein khong 80-87% v h s tiu ha cht bo kh cao 90-98%.
Giai on ln c cng c kh nng thch ng nhanh vi cc loi thc n c ngun gc
ng vt, thc vt v d kim nh hn hp tm, cm, rau, c vn v ph phm nng nghip,
do thun li cho ngi nui khi cung cp thc n cho c trong b.
Khi phn tch thc n trong rut c nh bt ngoi t nhin, cho thy thnh phn thc
n kh a dng, c ba sa thin v ng vt v mn b hu c

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

C ba sa
(Theo D.Menon v P.I.Cheko (1955)
Mn b hu c

53,1%

R thc vt

21,1%

Gip xc

14%

Tri cy

12,1%

Cn trng

6,7%

Nhuyn th

5,4%

C nh

4,5%

Bng 4.1 Thnh phn thc n trong rut c ba sa ngoi t nhin

C ba sa thnh thc tui 3+ n - 4. Trong t nhin vo ma sinh sn (thng 3-4
hng nm) c ba sa ngc dng tm cc bi thch hp v trng. C ba sa khng c c
quan sinh dc ph nn cng kh phn bit c c ci khi nhn hnh dng ngoi. Khi c
giai an trng thnh c th phn bit bng cch vut tinh dch c c v thm trng c
ci. H s thnh thc ca c (nui v trong ao v b) t 2,72 - 6,2%, sc sinh sn tuyt i
t ti 67.000 trng (c 7 kg), ng knh trng t 1,6-1,8 mm. C trng dnh vo gi
th thng l r ca loi cy sng ven sng Gimenila asiatica, sau 24 gi th trng n thnh
c bt v tri v h ngun.
Trong sinh sn nhn to, ta c th nui thnh thc sm v cho sm hn trong t
nhin (t thng 3 dng lch hng nm). Ma v sinh sn c ba sa ngoi t nhin c tnh
chu k r rt.
Vo thng 8, sau khi kt thc ma sinh sn, tip theo l qu trnh thoi ho v c th
s hp thu nhng sn phm sinh dc cn st li, bung trng ch cn l cc nang rng v
vo nhng thng cui nm tr v giai an II. Cc thng tip theo sau l qu trnh hnh
thnh cc ht trng mi, bung trng tng dn kch thc v t ln nht vo thng 4-5(
nm sau). Vo thng 6-7, ng knh trng t 1,5-1,7mm v c bc vo thi k sinh sn
khi ng knh trng t 1,8-2mm.
T thng 7 tr i l thi k c trng. Trong nui v sinh sn nhn to, ma v
thnh thc v ca c ba sa thng sm hn trong t nhin t 2-3 thng, c thnh thc v
bc vo ma v sinh sn nhn to t thng 3 v ko di n thng 7, tp trung vo thng 4
- 5.
2. c im sinh trng
c ba sa, thi k c ging cng ln kh nhanh, sau 60 ngy c t chiu di 8-10,5
cm, sau 7-8 thng t th trng 400-550 gam, sau 1 nm t 700-1.300 gam. Nghin cu v
tng trng c ba sa cho thy trong 2 nm u tin c tng trng nhanh v chiu di thn,
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

cng v sau tc ny gim dn. Khi t n mt kch thc nht nh th chiu di thn
hu nh ngng tng. Ngc li trong 2 nm u tc tng trng v th trng chm
nhng tng dn v sau. Nui trong b sau 2 nm c th t ti 2.500 gam. Trong t nhin
gp c c c chiu di thn 0,5m.
3. Gi tr dinh dng
Thnh phn dinh dng trn 100g sn phm n c
Calo

Calo t
cht bo

Tng
lng cht
bo

Cht bo
bo ha

Cholesterol

Natri

Protien

170 cal

60

7g

2g

22mg

70,6mg

28g

Cng nh cc loi c khc, tht c basa l ngun protein ng vt cht lng cao, cung
cp nhiu protein, cc cht khong quan trng v c cha nhiu loi vitamin cn thit rt tt
cho sc khe. Tht c c hm lng protein t 23-28%, tng i cao hn so vi cc loi c
nc ngt khc (16-17%). Cc protein trong c nhn chung d ng ha, d hp thu hn tht
v cung cp dy cc acid amin cn thit cho s pht trin ca c th con ngi. Ngoi ra,
ngi ta cn nhn thy rng tng lng cht bo c trong tht c thp hn so vi thit v
phn ln chng l cc cht bo c li, c bit l hai cht dinh dng quan trng DHA v
EPA. ng lu , nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy, m c basa cha mt lng DHA
(Docosa Hexaenoic Acid) v EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) (4.74% DHA v 0.31% EPA) m
trc y, loi axit bo quan trng ny c xc nh l ch c trong m c hi, c ng, c
sc, mt s loi c vng bin su. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khoa cng chng minh
v nhng li ch ca acid bo khng bo ha trong c vai tr lm gim nguy c bnh tim
mch. Nhng acid ny gup h mc cholesterol ton phn v cholesterol LDL (cholesterol
xu) trong mu phng x va ng mnh, nhi mu c tim. C basa cn c trng bi hm
lng cholesterol rt thp (21-39 mg/100g). y l c tnh quan trng c khuyn co
trong cc ch dinh dng nm lm gim lng cholesterol tiu th hng ngy trong ba
n. Cho n nay, c basa thc s chinh phc ngi tiu dng trn th gii nh vo gi tr
dinh dng cao, v ngon v vai tr quan trng ca cc thnh phn c trong tht c.

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

QUY TRNH CH BIN FILLET C BA SA

Nguyn
liu

Tip nhn
nguyn liu

Ct tit

Ra 1

Fillet

Ra 2

Lng da

nh hnh

Soi k sinh
trng

Ra 3

Quay thuc

Phn mu, phn

c s b

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

Cn, ra 4

ng Block

Phn mu,
phn c

ng IQF

Cn

Ch ng

Xp khun

Cp ng

Ch ng

Cn

Cp ng

M bng

Tch khun

Ti ng

D kim loi

Bao gi, ht
chn khng
ng thng

Bo qun

Thnh
phm

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

I/ THUYT MINH QUY TRNH

1. Cng on tip nhn nguyn liu
Thao tc
- C t di ghe c vt vo st cho vo cc thng nha, mi thng nng khong 100
kg, pha di y thng c nhiu l thot nc.Dng balng in ko ln bng ti v
c bng ti vn chuyn a n bn cn in t.Sau khi cn xong c dc theo cc
mng ca tip nhn c i qua cc bn cha nguyn liu bn trong.
Mc ch
- Cn v kim tra khi lng nguyn liu u vo.
- Xc nh trng lng, mc ti n, mu sc, gi tr cm quan ca c theo ng
yu cu m x nghip t ra.
Yu cu
C c tip nhn phi c giy xc nhn:
- Khng s dng khng sinh cm (CAP, AOZ, MG, LMG) hoc khng sinh c s
dng nhng phi ngng 4 tun trc khi s dng.
- Ngng s dng thuc khng sinh trc khi thu hoch t nht 4 tun.
- m bo l nguyn liu c nui trong vng kim sot t yu cu v d lng
thuc tr su v kim loi nng.
- Ch tip nhn nhng l nguyn liu c khi lng t 0.5 kg/con tr ln, cn sng v
khng b try xc
- Mi l nguyn liu phi c m s ring.M s ny phi c ghi km l hng trong
qu trnh ch bin, ghi trn bao b truy xut l hng t thnh phm n nguyn
liu.V sinh nh xng, cu cng, bng ti trc v sau khi tip nhn nguyn liu.
- Thao tc nhanh nhn, trnh c ln khi mt nc qu lu gy cht trc khi ch bin.
2. Ct tit- ngm
Mc ch:
- Cng on ct tit nhm lm cho mau chy ra, trnh ng mu trong tht lm gim
cht lng cm quan, ngthi lm c cht nhanh.
Thao tc
- C sau khi cn tip nhn c ln bn.
- Cng nhn tay thun cm dao tay cn li gi cht c, dng dao ct su vo hu c cho
mu chy ra v chuyn c vo bn nc ngm.
- Tn sut 2 gi/tn di bn sch s mi c tip tc.
- Thao tc phi c tin hnh nhanh chng dao ct tit phi l dao inox nhn u, sc
bn, vt ct phi t hu cho mu chy ra nhanh.
Yu cu:
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- Thao tc phi nhanh gn v chnh xc. Ch s dng nc sch ngm c.

- Khu vc sn xut phi v sinh sch.
- Dng c phi c v sinh sch s trc khi s dng.
- Cng nhn trc khi vo sn xut phi trang b y bo h lao ng v v sinh c
nhn sch s.

3. Cng on ra 1
Thao tc
- C t bn ngoi vo bn inox 500 lt thng qua mng np nguyn liu.Cng nhn
x nc t vi nc vo bn, mi bn khng qu 1500 kg. Sau dng dm nha
khuy o nh, u v trnh lm try xc c.
Mc ch
- Nhm loi b bt tp cht, vi sinh vt v mt phn nht c bm trn thn c to iu
kin cho cc cng on sau c sch s v thun li.
Yu cu
- Nc ra phi l nc sch.
- Mi bn ra khng qu 1500 kg.
- Thay nc sau mi ln ra.
- Trong qu trnh ra khng c c qu y trnh hin tng c vng vy rt ra
ngoi gy nhim bn.

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

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4. Cng on fillet
Thao tc
- t c ln tht, u hng v pha bn phi, lng i din vi ngi fillet. Dng dao
chuyn dng cho ngi fillet, tay phi cm dao, tay tri dc ln thn c. Dng dao ct
mt ng pha di ngnh c, n mnh li dao pha di xng c. Sau nghing
li dao, to vi xng sng mt gc 45o ko mt ng t trn xung khi n k lng
ca c th ta lch li dao qua (thao tc ny phi kho lo trnh st tht v tr ny) sau
i dc ng dao xung ui. Phn bng cn dnh li ta dn mnh tay ct sut t
bng ti ui.
Mt cn li, ta lt ming c li v lm tng t.
Mc ch
- Tch phn tht ra khi xng c, loi b xng, vy, u. To gi tr cm quan p
cho ming c v theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Yu cu
- Ming c sau khi fillet khng b b ni tng, rch, vn, st xng, b mt phi nhn,
phng. Thao tc fillet sao cho hn ch ti a tht cn st li trn xng.
- B mt fille bng phng, p.
- Dao, tht, r trc khi fillet phi c v sinh sch s.
- Ming c ngay sau khi fillet phi c cho vo r t di vi nc phun sng
lm gim lng mu bm trn ming c v hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
- Ph phm phi nhanh chng chuyn ra ngoi phng cha ph phm, trnh gy ng
trong khu vc fillet.Thng cha ph phm khi c 2/3 l phi ko ra ngoi.

5. Cng on ra 2
Thao tc
- C sau khi fillet xong a qua cn tnh nng sut cho cng nhn. Sau a qua
khu ra, cc ming fillet c a qua cc bn ra sch mu, mi bn khong 300
kg c.T l ra 1:3 (300 kg c : 100 lt nc). Dng tay o lin tc ra sch mu cn
dnh li trn ming fillet, vt ra v chuyn sang cng on lng da.
Mc ch

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Nhm 6

- Loi b sch mu trn b mt ming c v cht bn ln t ni tng trong qu trnh

fillet. Cng on ny cng loi bt mt phn vi sinh vt trn ming fillet. Lm trng c
tht c v tng gi tr cm quan ca ming c.
Yu cu
- Ra c bng nc sch.Ra khng qu 300 kg / 1 ln. Nhit nc ra l nhit
nc thng. Khng nn ra c bng nc lnh, v nhit thp lm cho ming c cng
hn, m ng c gy kh khn trong qu trnh ra v cc cng on sau.
- Nc ra ch c s dng mt ln duy nht v thay nc sau mi ln ra.

6. Cng on lng da
Thao tc
- t ming fillet ln bn my lng da, b mt da tip xc vi bn my, t t y nh
phn da n vo li dao t ui n ht ming fillet. Sau khi lng xong th phn tht i
vo phn r cha nguyn liu v em cn tnh nng sut, phn da tch ra i xung
khay ph liu t pha di.
Mc ch
- Lm tng gi tr cm quan cho ming c fillet.
- To iu kin cho vic nh hnh d dng v p hn.
- p ng theo yu cu ca khch hng.
Yu cu
- Bn my phi c v sinh sch s trc khi vn hnh.
- Cc dng c chuyn dng phi v sinh sch s trc khi s dng.
- Ming c sau khi lng da phi sch tng i, phi tht phng, nhn v khng b phm
tht.

My lng da c
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Nhm 6

7. Cng on nh hnh
Thao tc
- t ming c ln tht v lng ht phn da cn st li khu lng da. Sau lt mt
trong ca ming c hng ln trn, dng dao lng b ht phn m bng, m lng, m d
v ly ht xng d cn st li.
+ i vi c tht trng
Lt mt ngoi ca ming c ln, cm dao nh nhng nhng phi c lc y li dao,
dng 40% t gc dao ln n mi dao lng ht phn tht 2 bn lng cn sng
lng dng gc li dao co t gia lng ln pha trn nh u, khi gn ln ti nh
dng dao gt nh phn tht .Sau quay dao li co t gia lng xung pha di
ui cho n khi sch hon ton tht .
Sau khi co xong, em nhng r qua bn nc lnh trc khi a qua khu kim
c.Trong sut cng on ny, phi p vy bo qun c.
+ i vi c tht
t c ln tht, xem k v tin hnh loi b xng, da cn st li trn ming c, khng
co tht , khng b m.Tin hnh chnh sa ming c sao cho c hnh dng p v
ng qui nh.

C tht trng

C tht

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

Mc ch
- Lm theo yu cu ca khch hng.
- Lm tng gi tri cm quan v gi tr dinh dng cho ming c.
Yu cu
- Bn thnh phm sau khi nh hnh xong khng cn st c tht (i vi c tht
trng), m, xng.
- Ming c phi phng, nhn, khng c rch nt.
- Nhit thn c lun <120C.
- Nhit nc nhng <30C.Sau khi ra khong 200 kg c thay nc mt ln.
- Cng nhn phi v sinh tay, dng c, bn sau 30 pht trong nc ra vi nng
chlorine 10-15 ppm.
- Qu trnh to hnh phi nhanh chng, ng cch trnh lm ng bn thnh phm qu
nhiu nh hng n cht lng sn phm.
8. Cng on soi k sinh trng
Thao tc
- t ming c ln bn soi kim tra s hin din ca k sinh trng, di nh sng ca
n, nh sng c th xuyn qua ming c gip ta nhn thy s hin din ca k sinh
trng hoc mu bm tn ti trong ming c. Nu pht hin ming c c k sinh trng th
phi tch ring ming c loi sang bn ph phm.
Mc ch
- Kim tra v pht hin k sinh trng tn ti trong ming c nhm loi b chng
m bo an ton thc phm.
Yu cu
- Loi b nhng k sinh trng c hnh dng m trng bu dc hoc l m en hnh
dng khng xc nh.
-

nh sng n c cng 540- lux

Cng nhn c ngh 10 pht sau mt gi kim tra.

- Phi soi c 2 mt ca c v thao tc phi nhanh chng, chnh xc.

9. Cng on phn mu phn c s b
Thao tc
- La ra nhng ming c cn st xng, da, m, vt mu, vt rch chnh li cho t
tiu chun.
-

Phn mu s b cho mu sc ca sn phm ng u.Phn ra lm 4 loi mu:

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

Bng phn mu s b
Loi

Mu

Trng + trng p

Hng nht

Hng m + vng chanh

Mc ch
- m bo s ng u v trng lng, kch thc, mu sc to iu kin thun li cho
qu trnh quay tng trng.

10. Cng on ra 3
Thao tc
- Cng nhn nhng ln lt mi r ng khng qu 5 kg qua 3 bn nc 100 lt.
Mc ch
- Loi b vn c v vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ming fillet.
- Lm sch ming fillet trc khi x l quay tng trng.
Cn bit khi lng c m pha dung dch
thuc quay tng trng cho ph hp.
Yu cu
- Khong 200 kg th tin hnh thay nc 1
ln.
- Nhit nc ra 80C
- Qu trnh thay nc hp l.
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

11. Cng on quay thuc

Thao tc
-

Chun b dung dch thuc gm:

2 % MP Seaphos VI (12 kg)

1 % mui NaCl (6 kg)
- Ha tan tt c vo 600 lt nc, va pha va cho vo h thp nhit dung
dch.
- Cho dung dch vo my, sau cho c vo theo t l 1:4. Mi ln cho vo my 300500 kg. Thi gian quay t 6-12 pht ty theo loi c.
Ba sa hm < 220 g ; thi gian quay t 8-10 pht.
Ba sa hm >220 g ; thi gian quay t 10-12 pht.
Mc ch
-

Tng gi tr cm quan cho ming fillet, mu sc ming c ti sng, bng p hn.

- Tng trng lng ming fillet, gim nh mc tiu hao nguyn liu, tng gi thnh
sn phm.
-

To iu kin thun li cho cng on phn c, bt mu, phn loi c.

Yu cu
-

S vng quay: 5-8 vng/ pht

Nhit dung dch thuc t 60C 80C.

T l tng trng t 8-12 %.

Nng dung dch thuc x l phi ph hp vi tng loi c, c c.

C sau khi x l phi c mu p, bng v kh nng gi nc tt.

Cc ha cht c s dng phi ng theo tiu chun ca b thy sn.

12. Cng on phn mu - phn c

Thao tc

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- Phn c: Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng v ty theo loi c m c c phn lm

cc c khc nhau. Vic phn c c thc hin bng my, c t ln my phn c phn
thnh cc size khc nhau theo yu cu khch hng. Gm c cc c Oz (1Oz = 28,35 g)
Bng 4.2 Bng phn c c tra fillet
Khi lng (g)

Size (Oz)

Trng v

Hng nht

Trng c

Hng m v
Vng chanh

2-3

60-100

60-100

60-100

3-4

100-120

100-120

100-120

4-5

120-150

120-150

120-150

5-6

150-180

150-180

150-180

6-7

180-210

180-210

180-210

7-8

210-240

210-240

210-240

8-9

240-270

240-270

240-270

9-10

270-300

270-300

270-300

10-11

300-330

300-330

300-330

11-12

330-360

330-360

330-360

12-UP

360-UP

360-UP

360-UP

- Phn mu: Phn li nhng mu m trong qu trnh phn mu s b cn st. Do trong

qu trnh ch bin bn thn c tht c c mu khc nhau nn ta phi phn ra thnh
tng loi ring bit v theo yu cu ca khch hng.C sau khi ngm quay th mu sc
c th hin r rng hn nn vic phn mu thun li hn.C 4 loi mu c bn: trng,
hng nht, hng m, vng chanh.
Mc ch
- To s ng u v kch c v mu sc ca ming c.
- To iu kin cho cho cng on sau c thun li hn.
Yu cu
- Phi thng xuyn hiu chnh cn m bo chnh xc ca sn phm.
- Thao tc nhanh gn, trnh ming fillet nm lu trn bn.
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- Phn c, loi theo tiu chun ngnh v theo yu cu ca khch hng.

- C c bt mu ng, tuyt i khng c ln ln mu sc, sai c khng c vt
gii hn 2 %.

13. Cng on cn
Mc ch:
- Cn p ng yu cu ca khch hng, xc nh trng lng tnh ng thi l c s
xc nh nng sut ca cng nhn.
- Phn sn phm thnh tng phn, to iu kin thun li cho cng an
- sau, gip d dng hn trong vic tiu th sn phm.
Thao tc
- Trng lng c cn cho mi n v sn phm l khc nhau ty theo yu cu khch
hng.
- Thng thng cn theo khi lung 3kg , 4.5kg.
- t r ln bn cn, tr b khi lng sau cho c ln cn ng khi lng
- Cn xong t th c vo ghi r size, khi lung cn, ngy sn xut.
Yu cu:
- Cn phi c hiu chnh thng xuyn m bo chnh xc.
- m bo trng lng tnh trn mi n v sn phm.

14. Cng on ra 4
Thao tc
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- Ln lt cho tng r c bn thnh phm ra qua nc sch, lnh.Nhit nc ra t

6-80C.Thi gian ra 15-20 giy.Cho tng r c vo bn ra v dng tay khuy u, gt
b lp m v bt trn b mt ra.Ly ra ro 3-5 pht ri chuyn sang cng on khc.
Mc ch
- Ra tng gi tr cm quan cho ming fillet, loi b vn c v vi sinh vt bm trn b
mt ming fillet.
Yu cu
- Ra bng nc sch, nhit nc ra phi c kim tra thng xuyn.
- Tn sut thay nc ng quy nh, 200 kg thay nc mt ln.

15. Cng on xp khun (trong qu trnh lnh ng block)

Mc ch
- Ngn cn s tip xc vi mi trng bn ngoi ,thun li cho qu trnh cp ng
Yu cu
- Ming c khng c dnh vo nhau , ming c phi ngay ngn.
- Thao tc nhanh, ng yu cu m bo nhit ca c khong 10oC.

16. Cng on ch ng
Mc ch :
- Ngn cng s pht trin ca vsv.
- Hn ch s gim khi lng ca sn phm.
Thao tc
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- Sau khi ra cho vo bao PE (55*57 cm), mi bao 5 kg cho vo bn.

- Mi lp c cho mt lp .Mi bn khong 450-500 kg gm 5 lp c v 6 lp .
- Sau mi lp dy 5 cm cho khong 500 g mui xay ln mt h thp im ng
bng ca nc gip h thp nhit bn thnh phm.
Mc ch
- H thp nhit sn phm, rt ngn thi gian cp ng.
- n nh cht lng sn phm, hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
Yu cu
- Thi gian ch ng khng qu 4h.
- Nhit kho ch ng t 1 40C.
- Kho ch ng phi c v sinh sch s v kim tra hit thng xuyn.
17. Cng on cp ng
Thao tc
- T lnh ng IQF trc khi vn hnh t phi tin hnh lm v sinh bng chuyn v
ro nc.Sau ng ca t v vn hnh cho t chy ch khng ti n khi nhit
t -330C.iu chnh sao cho tc bng chuyn ph hp vi nhit trung tm
ca sn phm l -180C.Cng nhn ng 2 bn bng chuyn t tng ming c ln bng
ti v nh hnh ming c ngay ngn, cc ming c khng c dnh lin nhau, khng
c cch qu xa nhau.Sau mi mt loi c, phi t size ln bng chuyn bit kch
c ca c.
- i vi t ng tip xc phi chy khi ng t n khi c mt lp bng mng ph
trn cc tm Plate mi cho hng vo cp ng; thi gian cp ng khng qu 3 gi.
Nhit trung tm sn phm t - 180C.
Mc ch
- nhit thp(-180C), nc trong sn phm gn nh kt tinh hon ton, enzym b v
hot, vi sinh vt hu nh khng th pht trin, ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm.
- To hnh dng c nh cho sn phm v to iu kin thun li cho bao gi, bo qun
sn phm.
Yu cu
i vi lnh ng IQF
- Nhit t cp ng -330C.
- Nhit tm sn phm l -180C.
- Thi gian cp ng 20 30 pht ty theo c c.
Lnh ng block
- Thi gian cp ng 3 gi.
- Nhit trung tm sn phm: -180C.
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- Nhit t cp ng: - 35 - 40oC.

- Cng nhn lm vic trong cng on ny phi mc y bo h lao ng v v sinh
sch s.

Lnh ng Block

Lnh ng IQF

18. Cng on tch khun: (i vi dng ng Block)

Mc ch:
- Tch sn phm ra khi khun.
Thao tc:
- Ngi cng nhn cho khun sn phm p i qua vi nc p lc mnh, ri g nh
thnh khun xung bn, bnh sn phm s tch ra khi khun.
Yu cu:
- Bnh sn phm phi nguyn vn, khng b nt, b.

19. Cng on m bng (trong qu trnh lnh ng IQF)

- M bng l qu trnh lm ng bng 01 lp nc trn b mt sn phm. i vi c
ng Block c bc kn trong bao nn vic m bng khng phi thc hin. Ch p
dng phng php m bng i vi c ng IQF.
Thao tc
- C sau khi tch ra khi bng chuyn ri xung bng chuyn li. Pha trn bng
chuyn li l h thng vi phun dng m bng ngay sn phm khi ri khi bng
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

chuyn.Vi h thng vi phun ny th sn phm c m bng ng u v hp v sinh

hn.
Mc ch
- Bo v sn phm, tng gi tr cm quan v hn ch mt nc.
- Gim tn hao nhit trong qu trnh bo qun, lm tng trng lng ca ming c.
- Gim thiu va chm trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun.
- Lp bng c tc dng bo v thc phm chng xi ho cc thnh phn dinh dng do
tip xc vi khng kh.
- Chng qu trnh thng hoa nc trong thc phm.
Yu cu
- Nc m bng phi l nc lnh, sch.
- Nhit nc m bng t 0 30C.
- T l lp m bng so vi trng lng sn phm thng thng l 5 % c th cao hn ty
theo yu cu ca khch hng.
- Bn thnh phm sau khi m bng trnh ng qu lu gy ra hin tng tan bng nh
hng n cht lng sn phm.
Phng php m bng sn phm ng
- C 2 phng php m bng: Nhng trong nc lnh v phun nc ln b mt sn
phm
o Phng php nhng m bo u hn, p hn, thc hin n gin nhng tn hao
lnh ln, sau khi nhng mt s ln th nc b nhim bn nn phi thay th. Nc nhng
o

c nhit khong 35 C.
o Phng php phun thc hin t nhiu pha, h thng iu khin t ng phi nhp
nhng gia cc khu. Tuy nhin khi phun mt di ca sn phm s khng c m nn
phi c bin php b sung.
- Do vy ngi ta thng s dng kt hp c 2 phng php trn l va nhng va
phun. v tr phun sn phm chuyn ng vng xung mng cha nc nn c hai mt
u c m bng: mt trn c m do phun cn mt di c m nh nc trong
mng. Phng php ny m bo u 2 mt nhng lng nc cn thit khng nhiu v
mt mt lnh khng ng k.
- Sau khi lm t b mt sn phm c trong khng kh, nc ly lnh t thc
phm v kt tinh trn b mt thc phm to thnh lp bng bm cht b mt thc phm.
tng lp bng m khng nn ko di thi gian m bng, v nh vy s b mt nhit
m nn thc hin nhiu ln, gia cc ln xen k lm lnh tip thc phm.
- m u sn phm cn tin hnh m nhiu ln, khng cho cc lp thc phm tip
xc vi nhau nhiu. Chiu dy bng m t nht l 0,3mm.

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- Sau khi m bng xong do nhit sn phm tng nn ngi ta a vo ti ng li ln

na lm lnh thc phm.

Hnh 9.1&2 Cng on m bng

20. Cng on ti ng
Thao tc:
- Sn phm sau khi m bng c a vo bung ti ng
Mc ch:
- H nhit sn phm nhm bo qun tt hn
Yu cu:
- Ch s dng nhng dng c lm v sinh sch s
- Dng c s dng cng on ny phi l dng c chuyn dng
- Cng nhn phi lm v sinh sch s v y bo h lao ng trc khi tip xc vi
sn phm
- i vi sn phm ng IQF sau khi m bng phi c ti ng ngay nhit
trung tm sn phm t -180C.

H thng ti ng
21. Cng on d kim loi
Thao tc
- Sn phm sau khi cn t yu cu c thc hin cho vo PE/PA sau chuyn qua
cng on d kim loi.
- i vi cng on d kim loi sn phm dng block: cho tng block sn phm a

qua my d kim loi.

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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- i vi sn phm d kim loi dng IQF: Sn phm c cn xong cho vo PE/PA a

qua my d kim loi pht hin v loi b mnh kim loi hin din trong sn phm.
Mc ch:
- Pht hin v loi b mnh kim loi c th hin din trong sn phm.
Mc ch:
- Loi b cc mnh kim loi trong sn phm
- m bo an ton, v sinh thc phm
Yu cu:
- Sau khi a qua my d kim loi khng cn hin din mnh kim loi trong sn phm
- Tn sut kim tra my d kim loi vo u ca, cui ca v mi 1gi/ ln

Hnh 21.1 My d kim loi trong c

22. Cng on bao gi- ht chn khng
bo v, bo qun v lm tng thm m thc phm, sau cp ng thc phm c
chuyn sang khu ng gi bao b. y l khu ht sc quan trng lm tng gi tr thc
phm, thu ht khch hng v qung b sn phm
Thao tc
- Sn phm sau khi m bng xong cho vo ti PE (PA nu ht chn khng) a qua my
ht chn khng v hn kn ming bao li.Trng lng mi ti ty theo yu cu ca
khch hng (thng l 1 kg hoc 1.5 kg ty theo yu cu khch hng).Ty theo loi
hng m c th khng ht chn khng, ch hn ming bao li v ng thng..
Mc ch
- Thun tin cho qu trnh ng thng.
- Tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm v bo v sn phm khng cho c tip xc vi
mi trng bn ngoi.
Yu cu
- Thao tc nhanh, nh nhng, trnh lm hng c.
- Bao gi ng loi, ng c, ng qui cch qui nh ring ca mi khch hng.
- Bao b phi sch, mi, nguyn vn, khng dng bao b b thng v rch.
- Cc mi hn phi kn, nu b h hoc rch phi loi b ti PE v thay ti khc.
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

- Phi kn trnh tip xc khng kh gy ra xi ho sn phm. Mt khc phi chng thm

nhp hi m hoc thot m ca thc phm. Thng sn phm c bao bc bn trong l
bao ny lng bn ngoi l thng cactn trng sp.
- Bao b phi p v hp dn, m bo thm m cng nghip.
- Bao b dng khi d dng xp t v vn chuyn.

Bao gi sn phm ng IQF

Bao gi sn phm ng block

23. Cng on ng thng

Thao tc
- Xp cc gi cng c, cng loi qua my d kim loi vo thng carton. C 10 ti
ng thnh mt thng, dng bng keo dn kn ming thng. t thng ln my ning,
ning 4 dy quanh thng (gm 2 dy dc v 2 dy ngang).
- Cc dy ning khng c qu cht hoc qu lng s nh hng n bao b v sn
phm bn trong.
- Nu cha ng hng ngay hoc cha c bao b th phi cho vo bao b tm ri chuyn
vo trong kho.
- ng thng c 10 kin hng th phi tin hnh bo qun trong kho lnh.
Mc ch
- Bo v v thng tin v sn phm bn trong.
- To iu kin thun li cho vic bo qun, vn chuyn, phn phi v lu kho.
- To v m quan, m bo cht lng theo yu cu khch hng.
Yu cu
- Cng nhn phi thc hin v sinh c nhn, mang y bo h lao ng.
- Tt c thit b nh xng v thng carton phi c v sinh sch s.
- Trn thng phi ghi y cc thng tin v a ch cng ty, tn sn phm, c, trng
lng, ngy sn xut, thi hn s dng, iu kin bo qun, m s l hng, m s EU,
hng dn s dng.
- Sn phm sau khi ng thng phi c a vo kho bo qun ngay, khng c
ngoi kho qu 15 pht.
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Cng ngh sn xut fillet c Basa

Nhm 6

24. Cng on bo qun

Thao tc
- Sau khi ng thng chuyn hng n ca kho cng sm, cng tt. t thng hng ln
bng chuyn chuyn cc thng hng vo trong kho n xe vn chuyn bn trong. Cng
nhn iu khin xe in sp xp hng ha theo yu cu k thut ra. Cc thng hng
c xp theo tng cm ring bit trnh nhim cho.
Mc ch
- Duy tr nhit sn phm mc thp, nhit ny khng c s nng chy hoc
kt tinh ca nc trong sn phm.
- Enzym b v hot, vi sinh vt trong sn phm khng cn c kh nng pht trin, ko
di thi gian bo qun sn phm.
- Sn phm cha trong kho bo qun trnh c s ph hoi ca cn trng, ngn nga
s ly nhim ca vi sinh vy t mi trng bn ngoi.
Yu cu
- Hng xp trong kho sao cho tit kim din tch nht nhng phi m bo nhit bo
qun ng ca tm sn phm.
- Tuyt i khng c a hng cha cp ng vo trong kho.
- Cn to li i thng thong, m bo khng kh lnh lu thng u trong kho bo
qun.
- Cc kin hng c cht ln pallet cch nn khong 15 cm, cch tng 40 cm, cch
trn 80 cm.
- Hng c cht theo tng chng loi ring bit v ai kin chc chn.
- Hng nhp trong kho phi ghi y cc k hiu thng tin v sn phm theo yu cu.
- Nhit kho bo qun -180C.
- Hng vo trc u tin xut trc.
II/ K THUT LM LNH V LNH NG TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT
FILLET C BA SA
1. Nguyn l lm lnh
Lm lnh hay p lnh l h nhit nguyn thy ca sn phm xung n gn im
ng bng, tc l lm cho phn nc t do ca t bo lnh i (khong -50 oC n -10 oC)
ch yu l lp b mt sn phm. nhit ny enzim sn phm v vi sinh vt b c ch,
hot ng chm chp. Cu trc t bo vn gi nguyn, khng thay i, v trng thi vt l
ca t bo ch l s h nhit lm lnh mt phn nc t do ca gian bo. Nhm lm gim
cng ca cc bin i v ha hc, ha sinh v sinh hc ko di thi gian s dng
ca thc phm ti sng hoc thc phm qua ch bin.
Nh vy nguyn liu cn c lm lnh phi l nguyn liu ti sng, vi sinh vt
khng c hay nu c cng ch lp b mt hay gian bo v b c ch bi nhit lnh.
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Nguyn liu cng cn c lm sch s trc khi p lnh, ngun nhim bn l c hi gip
cho vi sinh vt d pht trin ph hy nguyn liu. Ngoi ra s bin i thy sn ti sng
din ra rt nhanh khin cht lng nguyn liu thy sn gim cp dn dn do cn lm
lnh tc khc ngay khi thy sn cn thi k ti sng.
Khi lm lnh lp b mt h nhit trc ri mi h nhit dn su vo bn trong c th
thy sn, chnh thi gian tr hon ny lm cho lp bn trong b phn gii. Do , ngoi vic
lm lnh nhanh chng, nguyn liu cn c lm lnh u khp v di dng nhng lp
mng.
Tm li, t hiu qu cht lng cao trong vic p lnh thy sn cn phi:
- Ra sch nguyn liu.
- Lm lnh nhng nguyn liu ti tt, khng nhim vi sinh vt.
- Lm lnh ngay, phn b lnh u nguyn liu di dng lp mng.
2. Cng dng ca vic lm lnh
a. Tc dng ca nhit thp
Nhit thp c ch tc ca cc phn ng ha sinh trong ch bin thy sn Nhit
cng thp th tc ca phn ng cng gim; trong phm vi nhit bnh thng c h
xung 100C th tc phn ng gim xung 1/2 n1/3.
Nhit thp tc dng n hot ng ca cc men phn gii nhng khng tiu dit c
chng; nhit xung di 00C phn ln hot ng ca cc enzim b nh ch. Men lipaza,
trypsin, catalaza, nhit -1910C cng khng b ph hy, nhit cng thp th hot ng
ca enzim cng gim.
Nhit thp km hm qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt.Mt s vi khun ngng pht
trin -30C, mt s ngng -50C v s th ba ngng -100C. Tuy i a s ngng pht
trin -100C, nhng nm mc chu lnh tt hn.
ngn nga vi khun pht trin trn thy sn, phi bo qun thy sn nhit thp
hn -100C. ngn nga nm mc, nhit phi thp hn -150C.
Ngoi ra nhit thp lm nc trong t bo ng c thnh tinh th v lm ph v
mng t bo vi sinh vt.Vi sinh vt pht trin trong iu kin m nht nh, nu mi
trng sn phm khng m th vi sinh vt s b c ch. Cc loi nm mc c th sng ni
khan nc nht nhng lng nc ti thiu nht phi l 15%. Do nhit thp bo
qun sn phm phi l -18oC v nc trong sn phm ng bng n 86%, ch cn li
m l 14%, khng cho vi sinh vt hot ng.
b. Hiu ng ca lm lnh i vi thy sn
p lnh l phng php c s dng nhiu nht trong ngnh ch bin thy sn
ngn nga sn phm b h hng lng ph.Lm lnh c u im rt ln trong ngnh thy sn
v:
V bn cht: phn ln thy sn thch ng tt vi phng php ny v c bo qun
mau l hu hiu. Bn cht thy sn l rt mau h, hn na mang nng tnh cht ma v,
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c nhng lc bi thu.Lm lnh s gim thiu ti a v hao ht s lng, cht lng thy
sn
V k thut: phng php ny c kh nng gii quyt cng mt lc thy sn ti ni
nh bt.Ngoi ra c th linh ng sc sn xut ca cc c s ch bin v c th iu
chnh trang b theo mun.
V kt qu: bo ton c ti a nhng thuc tnh t nhin ca thy sn, gi gn
c hng v, phm cht ca thy sn nh lc ban u
c.

Cc yu t nh hng

Bn cht ca nguyn liu: thnh phn ha hc v cu trc ca nguyn liu l yu t nh

hng n nhit dung ring v tnh cht dn nhit ca nguyn liu. Do , n nh hng
trc tip n tc lm lnh nng lng tiu ha cho qu trnh lm lnh. Nhit dung ring
cng ln , nng lng tiu tn cho qu trnh lm lnh cng nhiu. dn nhit ca cc
nguyn liu cng ln, tc qu trnh lm lnh cng nhanh.
Kch thc v hnh dng ca nguyn liu: trong qu trnh lm lnh, din tch tip xc
vi tc nhn lnh nh hng n tc ca qu trnh lm lnh. Din tch c quyt nh
bi kch thc v hnh dng ca nguyn liu. T l din tch b mt v th tch ca nguyn
liu cng ln th qu trnh lm lnh cng nhanh.
Nhit ban u ca nguyn liu cng cao th nng lng tiu tn cho qu trnh lm
lnh cng nhiu.
3. Lm lnh ng sn phm thy sn
Lm lnh ng thy sn l qu trnh lm lnh thy sn do s ht nhit ca cht l lnh
a nhit ban u ca c th thy sn xung di im ng bng v ti
-8OC
-10OC v c th xung thp hn na:-180C, -30OC hay -40OC.
Qu trnh lm lnh ng c 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: Lm lnh ti im ng bng
Giai on 2: ng bng bng im
Giai on 3: Tip tc lm lnh ng n nhit bo qun lnh ng.
Nu h nhit nhanh, giai on 2 rt ngn li; h nhit chm th ko di giai on 2.
Ngoi ra do b dy ca sn phm m c s phn b nhit t ngoi vo trong. Khi sn
phm n im ng bng, ch yu l phn b mt, s c hin tng khuch tn m t
trong ra ngoi do lp trong cha ti im qu lnh v nng cht tan lp b mt tng
ln.Hin tng vn tip tc sut qu trnh lm lnh ng v nhit lnh ng vn xm
nhp t ngoi vo trong v s di chuyn m t trong ra ngoi. ng ranh gii gia phn
ng bng v phn cha ng bng s dch chuyn dn dn vo su trong lp sn phm,
v cc lp ngoi ng bng vn tip tc gim nhit tng ngy cng nhiu lng m
ng bng. Nh vy cht tan s dch chuyn v trung tm sn phm.
4. Mt s bin i ca thy sn trong qu trnh lm lnh ng
a. Bin i vi sinh vt
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Khi thy sn h nhit xung n im ng bng, vi sinh vt hot ng chm li. Xung
n -100C vi trng cc loi khng pht trin c nhng men mc cha b c ch. Phi
xung n -150C men mc mi ngng pht trin. Do nhit di - 150C s ngn chn
c vi trng ln men mc v khong nhit ny m thy sn ch xp x trn di
10%.
Ngoi ra khong nhit -10C - 50C gn nh a s nc t do ca t bo thy sn
kt tinh thnh . Nu lnh ng chm, cc tinh th nc to, sc lm ph v t bo vi
trng v tiu dit vi trng mnh nht giai on ny. Do phng php lnh ng chm
tiu dit vi trng nhiu hn l phng php lm lnh ng nhanh nhng li gy hi cho th
cht ca sn phm.
b. Bin i ha hc
Bin i cht m: -200C cht m b ng li, sau 6 thng bo qun c phn gii nh.
khong nhit -10C -50C, prtin b bin tnh, c bit l Miozin b kt ta.Thi gian
lnh ng cng ko di th prtin cng b bin tnh. Lm lnh ng nhanh s b bin
tnh prtin. Di -200C th prtein hu nh khng b bin tnh.
Bin i cht bo: c bo d b oxi ha cht bo. Cht bo b ha chua v hm lng
acid bo th t do ph thuc vo nhit v thi gian bo qun. Nu nhit -120C
sau 10 tun l th ch s proxit tng ln r rt; sau 30 tun ch s ny vt qu qui nh v
phm cht v sinh. Tnh cht ha tan ca vitamin trong m cng thay i, cht m s c
li v do.
Bin i glucid: khi lnh ng chm, glycogen phn gii ra nhiu axit lactic nhit
thp hn l trng hp lnh ng nhanh.
Bin i vitamin: vitamin t b mt trong giai on lnh ng, a s b mt trong lc ch
bin, ra. nhit lnh, vitamin A t ra bn vng. Vitamin B2, PP mt mt t. Vitamin C
mt nhiu khi sn phm mt nc, chy lnh. B hao ht ton b phi k n vitamin E.
Bin i cht khong: Nhit lnh khng nh hng ln cht khong nhng do s bin
i c cu sn phm khi lm lnh ng khin hao ht mt lng ln khong cht tan trong
dch t bo chy ra ngoi khi r ng.
c. Bin i l hc
Tng th tch: Nc trong thy sn ng bng lm tng th tch ln 10%.
Thay i nu sc: Do mt nc, cc sc t hmglbin, miglbin v mthmxyanin
chuyn thnh mthmglbin v mthmxyanin lm sc, mu chm li. Ngoi ra do tc
lnh ng chm hay nhanh, tinh th bng hnh thnh ln hay nh m c tit x quang hc
khc nhau.Tinh th bng nh th thy sn ng lnh c mu lt hn thy sn lm lnh ng
chm c tinh th bng to.
Gim trng lng: Sn phm ng lnh b gim trng lng do bc hi nc hoc do
thit hi l hc trong qu trnh lm lnh ng. Thit hi l hc c th do xo ng trong khi
lnh ng khin cho nhiu mnh nh b v vn, chng hn nh khi sn phm b ha lng
bi lung khng kh mt.Hnh thc thit hi khc l thy sn dn cht vo mm cp ng
hoc ai chuyn, lm trc mt mt phn toreng lng khi tch khi mm. Nu xt nc
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di mt y tch s gim c thit hi ny. Thit hi l hc trong mt my ng

khng ng k v khng hn 1% nu thc hin lm lnh ng khng ng cch.
Ring vic gim trng lng do bc hi ty vo cc yu t nh loi my ng, thi gian
lnh ng, loi sn phm, c dng sn phm, tc khng kh v iu kin vn hnh
my.Hao ht do bc hi trong my ng bn phng khng nhiu bng hao ht do ng
trong my ng qut gi v my dng hoi lnh trc tip nh Nit hay cacbnic.Tuy nhin
vic gim trng lng sn phm trong my ng Nit, cacbnic s thp do thi gian lnh
ng ngn qu. Thi gian trong mt my ng khng quan h trc tip vi hao ht trng
lng v t l ca t sut hao ht v thi gian l khng t l thun. lc u trng lng mt
nhiu hn lc cui.C ng tng con hao ht nhiu hn l c ng dng bnh (khi). Bao
gi c khi lnh ng s gim hao ht rt nhiu nhng nu bao gi khng cht, trong lng
s vn b hao ht do bc hi b mt bn trong lp bao gi.Gi sn phm s vn cn nguyn
trng lng nhng bn trong, lng nc b tch ra bt.
III/ CC PHNG PHP V THIT B CP NG THY SN
1. Cc phng php kt ng thy sn
Thit b cp ng c rt nhiu dng, hin nay nc ta s dng ph bin cc h thng
nh sau:
- Kho cp ng gi (Air Blast Freezer);
- T cp ng tip xc (Contact Freezer);
- T cp ng gi;
- H thng cp ng dng ri , c bng chuyn IQF
+ H thng cp ng c bng chuyn cp ng thng
+ H thng cp ng c bng chuyn dng xon
+ H thng cp ng siu tc
- H thng cp ng nhng N lng
2

1.1 Lnh ng tip xc

Cc sn phm c t trn cc khay v c kp gia cc tm lc cp ng. Cc tm
lc kim loi bn trong rng cho mi cht lnh chy qua, nhit bay hi t t o= - 40 o

45 C. Nh tip xc vi cc tm lc c nhit rt thp, qu trnh trao i nhit tng i

hiu qu v thi gian lm ng c rt ngn ng k so vi lm ng dng khi trong cc
kho cp ng gi, t = 1,52 gi nu cp dch bng bm hoc 4 4,5 gi nu cp dch t
bnh gi mc theo kiu ngp dch.
Truyn nhit trong t ng tip xc l dn nhit.
Phng php lm ng tip xc thng c p dng cho cc loi sn phm dng khi
(block).

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1.2 Lm ng cc nhanh
Thc phm c di chuyn trn cc bng chuyn v c phun lm lnh bng nit lng
o

c nhit bay hi rt thp -196 C. V th thi gian lm lnh ng cc nhanh t 510 pht.
Hin nay cc nc pht trin ng dng rng ri phng php ny.
1.3 Lm ng bng hn hp v mui
Phng php ny thc hin nhng ni khng c in chy my lnh. Khi cho mui
vo nc th to nn hn hp c kh nng lm lnh. Tu thuc vo t l mui pha m t
c cc hn hp nhit khc nhau.
Phng php ny c u im n gin d thc hin.
o

Nhng c nhc im l nhit hn hp to ra khng cao c -12 C, v vy ch c kh

nng bo qun trong thi gian ngn v thc phm ti sch. Nhc im khc ca phng
php ny l thc phm mt trng lng v gim phm cht b mt.
1.4 Lm ng bng nc mui lnh
C 2 cch:
Ngm trong nc mui
C c xp vo gi li ri nhng vo b nc mui c lm lnh bi gin bc hi
o

amnic. Nc mui c lu ng bng bm, nhit -18 C, thi gian lm ng 3

gi.
Phun nc mui lnh
Phng php ny c ng dng trong ch bin thu sn.
o

C vn chuyn trn bng chuyn v c phun nc mui lnh -25 C. Khi ng lnh
o

c c phun nc sch 20 C ra mui bm ln c, cui cng c c phun nc 0 C

m bng trc khi chuyn v kho bo qun.
Theo phng php ny thi gian lm ng ngn m hao ht trng lng t, lng mui
ngm vo t. Tuy nhin phng php ny cng lm cho thc phm ngm mui t nhiu.
2. Cc thit b cp ng thy sn
2.1 H thng kho cp ng
2.1.1 Nguyn l cp ng ca kho l lm lnh bng khng kh i lu cng bc. Sn
phm cp ng dng block hoc dng ri c t trong cc khay v cht ln cc xe cp
ng. Xe cp ng lm bng vt liu inox, c nhiu tng, khong cch gia cc tng ln
sau khi xp cc khay sn phm vo vn cn khong h nht nh khng kh lnh tun
hon i qua. Khng kh lnh tun hon cng bc trong kho xuyn qua khe h gia cc
khay v trao i nhit v c hai pha. Qu trnh trao i nhit y l trao i nhit i lu
cng bc, pha trn trao i trc tip vi sn phm, pha di trao i qua khay cp ng
v dn nhit vo sn phm.

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o

Nhit khng kh trong bung cp ng t 35 C. Do thi gian cp ng kh

nhanh, i vi sn phm dng ri khong 3 gi/m, sn phm dng block khong 79
gi/m.
Dn lnh kho cp ng c th treo trn cao hoc t di nn. i vi kho cng sut
ln, ngi ta chn gii php t nn, v khi lng dn kh nng. Khi treo trn cao ngi ta
phi lm cc gi treo chc chn t trn trn panel v treo ln cc x nh.
Dn lnh kho cp ng thng bm tuyt rt nhiu, do sn phm cp ng cn ti v
trn, nn phi c x bng thng xuyn. Tuy nhin khng nn lm dng x bng, v
mi ln x bng bao gi cng km theo tn tht nhit nht nh, ng thi ngng lm lnh
nn thi gian x bng b ko di. Ngi ta thng chn gii php x bng bng nc cho
dn lnh kho cp ng.
S nguyn l h thng v cu to cc thit b s dng trong cc kho cp ng tng
i n gin, d ch to.
Kho cp ng c u im l khi lng hng cp ng mi m ln. Tuy nhin, do thi
gian cp ng kh lu nn kho cp ng t c s dng.

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2.2 H thng t cp ng tip xc

2.2.2 Cu to t cp ng
T cp ng tip xc c s dng cp ng cc mt hng dng block. Mi block
thng c khi lng 2 kg.
T gm c nhiu tm lc cp ng (freezer plates) bn trong, khong cch gia cc tm
c th iu chnh c bng ben thu lc, thng chuyn dch t 50105mm. Kch thc
chun ca cc tm lc l 2200Lx1250Wx22D (mm). i vi t cp ng ln t 2000 kg/m
tr ln, ngi ta s dng cc tm lc ln, c kch thc l 2400Lx1250Wx22D (mm). Sn
phm cp ng c t trong cc khay cp ng sau t trc tip ln cc tp lc hoc
ln cc mm cp ng, mi mm c 4 khay. t trc tip khay ln cc tm lc tt hn khi
c khay v hn ch c nhit tr dn nhit. Trn hnh 4-10 gii thiu cch sp xp cc
khay cp ng trn cc tm lc.
Ben thu lc nng h cc tm lc t trn t cp ng. Pittng v cn dn ben thu lc
lm bng thp khng r m bo yu cu v sinh. H thng c b phn phi du cho truyn
ng bm thu lc.
Khi cp ng ben thu lc p cc tm lc cho cc khay tip xc 2 mt vi tm lc.
Qu trnh trao i nhit l nh dn nhit. Trong cc tm lc cha ngp dch lng nhit
o

m su -40-45 C .
Theo nguyn l cp dch, h thng lnh t cp ng tip xc c th chia ra lm cc
dng sau:
- Cp dch t bnh trng trn (c chc nng ging bnh gi mc - tch lng). Vi t
cp dch dng ny, dch lng chuyn dch dn vo cc tm lc nh chnh lch ct p thu
tnh, nn tc chuyn ng chm v thi gian cp ng lu 46 gi/m
- Cp dch nh bm dch. Mi cht chuyn ng vo cc tm lc di dng cng bc
do bm to ra nn tc chuyn ng ln, thi gian cp ng gim cn 1h30 n 2h30
pht/m. Hin nay ngi ta thng s dng cp dch dng ny.

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1 - My nn; 2- Bnh cha cao p; 3- Dn ngng; 4-Bnh tch du; 5- Bnh cha h p;
6- Bnh trung gian;
7- T cp ng; 8 - Bnh thu hi du; 9 -Bm dch; 10- Bm nc gii nhit
S nguyn l t cp ng cp dch bng bm
Theo s ny, dch lng c bm bm thng vo cc tm lc nn tc chuyn ng
bn trong rt cao, hiu qu truyn nhit tng ln r rt, do gim ng k thi gian cp
ng. Thi gian cp ng ch cn khong 1gi 30n 2 gi 30.
Tuy nhin h thng bt buc phi trang b bnh cha h p. Bnh cha h p ng vai tr
rt quan trng, c th:
- Cha dch cung cp n nh cho bm hot ng.
- m nhim chc nng tch lng: Do dch chuyn ng qua cc tm lc l cng bc
nn u ra cc tm lc vn cn mt lng ln lng cha bay hi, nu a trc tip v u
ht my nn s rt nguy him, a vo cc bnh tch lng nh th khng c kh nng tch
ht v lng lng qu ln. V th ch c bnh cha h p mi c kh nng tch ht lng
lng ny.
Bnh cha h p c dung tch kh ln, tng ng bnh cha cao p, c bc cch
nhit polyurethan dy khong 200mm, bn ngoi bc inox thm m. Bnh c bo v
bng: 03 van phao, van an ton. Nhim v ca cc van phao nh sau:
- Van phao trn cng, bo v mc dch cc i, ngn nga ht lng v my nn. Khi
mc dch trong bnh t n mc cc i, van phao ny tc ng ng van in t cp dch
vo bnh trng trn.
- Van phao gia, bo v mc dch trung bnh, tc ng m van in t cp dch cho
bnh.
- Van phao di cng bo v mc dch thp, y l mc dch s c. Khi dch lng qu
thp, s tc ng dng bm, trnh bm lm vic khng c dch.
Bnh trung gian kiu t ng ca t cp ng c bo v bng 02 van phao, 01 van an
ton. Nhim v ca cc van phao nh sau:
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- Van phao trn, bo v mc lng cc i, ngn nga ht m v my nn cao p. Khi

mc lng dng ln cao, van phao s tc ng ng van in t cp dch vo bnh.
- Van phao di, bo v mc dch cc tiu: Khi mc dch trong bnh qu thp, khng
ngp ng xon rut g, nn hiu qu lm lnh ng xon km, trong trng hp ny van
phao s tc ng m van in t cp dch cho bnh.
2.2.3 Thng s k thut:
- Kiu cp ng : Tip xc trc tip, 2 mt
- Sn phm cp ng : Tht, thu sn cc loi
o

- Nhit sn phm u vo: +10 C 12 C

o

- Nhit trung bnh sn phm sau cp ng : -18 C

2.3 H thng t cp ng gi

T cp ng gi c s dng cp ng cc sn phm ng ri vi khi lng nh,

c trang b cho cc x nghip nh v trung bnh. Nng sut ch yu t 200 n 500 kg/h.
Trong trng hp khi lng nhiu, ngi ta chuyn sang cp ng dng c bng chuyn
I.Q.F. Thit b chnh ca h thng l t ng lm lnh nh gi cng bc. Cu to v hnh
dng b ngoi tng t t ng tip xc. Bn trong t c cc cm dn lnh, qut gi, h
thng gi t cc khay cha hng cp ng. Cc sn phm dng ri nh tm, c phil vv
c t trn khay vi mt lp mng, c lm lnh nh gi tun hon vi tc ln,
nhit rt thp, khong -35C, do thi gian ngn.

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S nguyn l t ng gi
1-My nn ; 2-Thp gii nhit ; 3-Bnh cha ; 4-Bnh ngng; 5-Bnh tch du ;
6-Bnh tch lng; 7-Bnh trng trn; 8-T ng gi ;9-Bnh thu hi du;10-Bnh trung
gian;11-B nc x bng;12-Bm x bng;13-Bm gii nhit.
2.3.1 Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng:
u ht ca h p ht hi t bnh cha tun hon (bnh trng trn) v qua bnh tch
lng, vo u ht ca my nn h p ri nn ln n p sut trung gian y vo bnh trung
gian ng xon.
Ti bnh trung gian, mi cht sau khi nn h p, ha trn vi mi cht lnh ti bnh sau
tit lu ln th nht c my nn cao p ht vo.
Hi mi cht c lm mt, v nn ln n p sut cao pk, nhit cao tk. Hi mi
cht i qua bnh tch du y vo bnh ngng.
Ti bnh ngng hi mi cht thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit tr thnh lng.
Mi cht lng sau khi ngng t chy vo bnh cha cao p, i vo bnh trung gian ng
xon v c qu lnh, mt phn mi cht i vo tit lu lm lnh bnh trung gian v thc
hin qu trnh trao i nhit trong bnh trung gian.
Mi cht lnh sau khi c qu lnh i vo tit lu hai, gim p sut xung p sut thp
0
p v nhit t0 cha vo bnh cha tun hon.
T bnh cha tun hon mi cht lng lnh c phn phi ti cc ng phn phi lng
(ng gp) phn phi cho cc dn lnh.
Sau khi bay hi lm lnh t cp ng. Hi mi cht tr v ng gp quay v bnh cha
tun hon.
Lng lng ri xung di c cung cp lng cho dn bay hi tip cn hi c
dn v qua bnh tch lng v tr v u ht ca my nn cao p.
Bnh cha tun hon lm c nhim v tch lng nhng phng trng hp ti nhit
qu ln, dng hi qu mnh vn cn vn cun theo lng v my nn, nn phi t thm
bnh tch lng trc khi hi mi cht v my nn h p.

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Trc van tit lu ngi ta b tr van in t khng ch mc lng tiu chun trong
bnh cha tun hon.
2.4 H thng cp ng I.Q.F

2.4.1 Khi nim v phn loi

H thng lnh I.Q.F c vit tt t ch ting Anh Individual Quickly Freezer, ngha l
h thng cp ng nhanh cc sn phm ri.
Mt trong nhng im c bit ca h thng I.Q.F l cc sn phm c t trn cc
bng chuyn, chuyn dng vi tc chm, trong qu trnh n tip xc vi khng kh
lnh nhit thp v nhit h xung rt nhanh.
Bung cp ng kiu I.Q.F chuyn s dng cp ng cc sn phm dng ri. Tc
bng ti di chuyn c th iu chnh c tu thuc vo loi sn phm v yu cu cng
ngh. Trong qu trnh di chuyn trn bng chuyn sn phm tip xc vi khng kh i lu
o

cng bc vi tc ln, nhit thp -35-43 C v h nhit rt nhanh. V bao che

bung cp ng l cc tm cch nhit polyurethan, hai mt bc inox.
Bung cp ng I.Q.F c 3 dng chnh sau y:
- Bung cp ng c bng chuyn kiu xon : Spiral I.Q.F
- Bung cp ng c bng chuyn kiu thng : Straight I.Q.F
- Bung cp ng c bng chuyn siu tc : Impingement I.Q.F
i i vi bung cp ng cc h thng cn c trang b thm cc bng chuyn khc
nh bng chuyn hp, bng chuyn lm ngui, bng lm kh, bng chuyn m bng, v
bung ti ng.
2.4.1.1 H thng cp ng I.Q.F vi bung cp ng c bng ti dng xon
H thng cp ng vi bung cp ng c bng ti dng xon yu cu cng sut lnh
tng i ln, thi gian ng lnh ngn nn thng s dng phng php cp dch bng
bm.
Thit b i km bng chuyn cp ng l bng chuyn ti ng. Ngi ta thng s
dng nc x bng cho cc dn lnh ca bng chuyn cp ng v ti ng. lm kh
bng chuyn ngi ta s dng kh nn.
Cc thit b khc bao gm: Bnh cha cao p, h p , thit b ngng t, bnh tch du,
bnh trung gian, bnh thu hi du, bm dch, bm nc gii nhit, x bng v b nc x
bng.
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1- My nn; 2- Bnh cha; 3- Dn ngng; 4- Bnh tch du; 5- Bnh cha h p; 6

Bnh trung gian; 7- Bung ng IQF; 8- Bung ti ng; 9- Bnh thu hi du; 10- B nc
x bng; 11- Bm x bng; 12- Bm gii nhit; 13- Bm dch
S nguyn l h thng cp ng I.Q.F dng xon

Bung cp ng dng xon

Bung c cu to dng khi hp, cc tm vch l tm cch nhit polyurethan dy
3

150mm, t trng 40 kg/m , hai mt inox. Bn trong b tr mt bng ti vn chuyn sn

phm cp ng i theo dng xon l xo t di ln trn. Dn lnh khng kh i lu cng
o

bc vi tc cao v nhit rt thp, t 40-30 C.

Bung cp ng vi bng ti kiu xon c cu to nh gn, nn tn tht lnh khng ln,
hiu qu lm lnh cao v khng gian lp t b. Tuy nhin vic ch to, vn hnh v sa
cha kh phc tp, nht l cch b tr bng ti.
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Bung c 04 ca ra vo hai pha rt tin li cho vic kim tra, v sinh v bo tr bo

dng. Nn bung c gia c thm lp nhm lm sn v mng thot nc, nhm c
c gn dng chn chim chng trt dy 3mm.
Bng ti hng lm bng vt liu inox hoc nha c bit, c th iu chnh chuyn ng
nhanh chm v cp nh b bin tn in t (Inverter) tng ng kch c sn phm khc
nhau.
Bung c h thng ra v sinh bng nc v thi kh bng ti bng kh nn. Bung cp
ng c ba lm rung chng cc sn phm dnh vo nhau v vo bng ti.
Dn lnh s dng mi cht NH , ng trao i nhit l vt liu inox, cnh nhm, x bng
3

bng nc. Dn lnh c qut kiu hng trc, m t chu c m t.

Tt c cc chi tit ca bng chuyn cp ng IQF nh ; Khung bng chuyn, khung
dn lnh, v che dn lnh u lm bng vt liu khng r.

Tun hon gi trong bung

2.4.1.2 H thng cp ng I.Q.F bung cp ng c bng chuyn kiu thng
Cu to bng chuyn dng thng
Cc dn lnh c b tr bn trn cc bng chuyn, thi gi lnh ln b mt bng
chuyn c sn phm i qua. V bao che l polyurethan dy 150mm, bc inox hai mt. Ton
b bng chuyn tri di theo mt ng thng
Bng chuyn dng thng n gin d ch to, sn phm cp ng c a vo mt u
v ra u kia. thi gian cp ng t yu cu, chuyn di ca bng chuyn kh ln nn
chim nhiu din tch.
hn ch tn tht nhit ca ra vo ca cc bng ti, khe h vo ra rt hp. Mt s
bung cp ng c khe h c th iu chnh c tu thuc tng loi sn phm.

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Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng bng chuyn:

H thng bng chuyn phng. V my nn c t s nn cao nn phi s dng chu
trnh 2 cp nn
Hi mi cht s c my nn h p nn ln bnh trung gian, ti y mi cht s
c lm mt trung gian. Sau khi c lm mt trung gian xong hi mi cht c my
nn cao p ht v v tip nn cao p.
Hi sau khi nn cao p i vo bnh tch du. Ti y, du s c tch ra khi hi
mi cht tr v li my nn trnh trng hp my nn thiu hay du s theo hi mi
cht vo cc thit b trao i nhit s lm gim hiu qu trao i nhit.
Sau , mi cht s i vo bnh ngng t. Bnh ngng t l thit b trao i nhit
ngc dng nn lng mi cht c qu lnh ngay thit b ngng t. y l bnh
ngng ng chm nm ngang.
Ti bnh ngng lng mi cht s c lm mt bng nc nh thp gii nhit. Sau
khi hi mi cht c lm mt thnh lng i qua bnh cha cao p, ng ng ni
tip t bnh ngng xung bnh cha cao p l ng ng cn bng p.
Bnh cha cao p dng cha lng mi cht p sut cao, gii phng b mt ca
thit b ngng t duy tr s cp lng lin tc cho van tit lu. Sau lng s qua mt
gas v tit lu t ng, nh mt gas m chng ta c th bit lng gas trong h thng
hay thiu, hoc gas c ln tp cht.
Lng tip tc i theo ng dn lng i qua phin lc, khi qua y th cc cn bn c
hc, nc, cc axit s c loi tr. Lng qua phin sy lc ri qua van in t, van
in t vi nhim v ng m nhm cung cp dch cho tit lu hoc ngng cp dch
cho tit lu.
Mi cht sau li i vo tit lu nhit ( y ta dng van tit lu t ng ), van tit
lu t ng trong qu trnh lm vic t ng iu chnh khe h gia cht v than van
nhm khng ch mc dch vo bnh trung gian va v duy tr, hi u ra ca bnh
trung gian c mt mc thp nht, lng qua van tit lu vo bnh trung gian, vi
nhim v duy tr mc dch lun n nh v trn bnh c gn van phao khng ch
mc dch cc i trong bnh.

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Mi cht tip tc i qua van in t vo van tit lu iu chnh qu trnh cp dch

cho h thng.
Trc khi vo bng chuyn th mi cht lng phi vo van tit lu, y ta dng van
tit lu cn bng ngoi ( v tr lc ca coil lnh ln v v s chnh p gia p sut trc
khi vo coil lnh v p sut trc khi ra khi coil lnh ln v l do nn phi s dng
van tit lu cn bng ngoi vi ng ng ly p sut tn hiu u ra ca coil lnh ),
van tit lu nhit c u cm bin t ng ng ht pha sau coil lnh, trong bu cm
bin c cha mi cht, khi m nhit ca mi cht trong dn lnh s tng ln th mi
cht trn trong bu cm bin s n ra v tc dng ln mng ca van tit lu nhit lm
cho van m ra v cp dch cho coil lnh vi bu cm bin nhit t trn ng ng ht
pha sau coil lnh, khi m nhit ca mi cht ra khi bng chuyn tng ln th mi
cht trong bu cm bin nhit s n ra v tc dng ln mng ca van tit lu nhit lm
cho van m ra v cp dch cho coil lnh.
Trong trng hp ngc li nu gas sau khi ra khi dn lnh c nhit thp th van
tit lu s ng bt li, lng dich cung cp cho coil lnh s gim. h thng bng
chuyn ny ta dng cht ti lnh l khng kh, khi mi cht vo coil lnh th chng s
trao i nhit vi lng gi do cc qut lnh thi ra, lng gi ny sau khi c lm
lnh s c cc bec phun, phun cc tia kh lnh vi tc cao hng trc tip ln mt
trn v mt di ca sn phm, thi hi nng bao bc quanh sn phm y nhanh qu
trnh trao i nhit. Tch lng dng gas ht v my nn. Lng lng sau dn bay hi
kh ln nu s dng bnh tch lng th khng c kh nng tch ht, rt d gy ngp lng.
Mc ch ca vic tch lng ny nhm khng cho cc mi cht lng v my nn gy
va p thy lc h hng my nn. Hi mi cht sau tch lng s c ht v li my
nn thp p, chu trnh mi s c lp li tip tc.
2.4.1.3 H thng cp ng IQF siu tc
Cu to v nguyn l lm vic
Cu to:
V cu to bng chuyn cp ng IQF siu tc khng khc my so vi bng chuyn
dng thng. Bn trong b tr 1 hoc 2 bng ti sn phm c kh nng iu chnh tc v
cp, tu theo yu cu cp ng ca nhiu sn phm khc nhau. Cc dn lnh xp thnh 02
dy 2 bn bng ti. dng khng kh hng tp trung vo sn phm trn bng ti, ngi
ta lp h thng ng hng gi cng bng vt liu thp khng r.
Bung cp ng c bao che cch nhit bng polyurethan, dy 150200mm, hai bn 2
lp inox, ph sn nha thc phm mu trng hai mt. Bung cp ng c ca ra vo kiu
kho lnh vi h thng in tr nhit si ca, bn trong cng c h thng n chiu sng.
H thng bng ti rt n gin c thit k gim thiu chi ph bo dng. Tc
ca bng c th thay i cho tng loi sn phm cp ng khc nhau. Bng ti cp ng
chuyn ng c th iu chnh v cp nh b bin tn v t tc khong t 0,5 10
m/pht, cho thi gian cp ng t 0,5 pht n 10 pht.
Khung bng ti v cc thit b cng lm bng vt liu inox. Dn lnh lm bng thp
khng r vi cc cnh tn nhit bng nhm thit k cho bm cp dch tun hon NH /R
3

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bc cnh c thit k c bit tng hiu qu truyn nhit v v sinh d dng. Bng ti
bng inox dng li c kch c M8 x 2,5 (bc 8mm v thanh inox c 2,5mm).
Chiu cao cho thng sn phm khong 50mm (tiu chun 35mm)
V sinh cc bng ti bng nc c p lc do ngi s dng u vo h thng vi phun
bng ng ra bng ti v h thng x tuyt lm sch dn. Cc b phn bn trong
my c th xt ra th cng bng nc c pha ho cht ph hp.
Qut gi kiu ly tm vi m t ni trc tip, cnh qut bng nhm v lng dn kh vo
trong, m t qut bng hp kim nhm c bit c sn ph.
- Bung cp ng c thit k vi mt hoc nhiu bng ti thng xuyn sut c nhiu
c rng v lung gi khc nhau.
- Khu vc m tip nhn nguyn liu u vo ca my cp ng c th thay i d
dng ph hp vi dy sn phm cp ng.
- Bng ti c lm bng thp khng r
- H thng c thit k theo tng mun lp sn cho php tng gim nng sut cp
ng trong mt di rng. Mi mun u c dn lnh, qut lm bng nhm c lp hon
chnh.

Bng chuyn cp ng siu tc

Tt c b mt v sn u kn nc, bn trong my cp ng c dc nghing tho
nc d dng.
H thng x tuyt dn lnh bng nc hot ng t ng vo cui ca sn xut.
Nhng chc nng ca h thng
Cc tm phn phi kh pha bn trn c th d dng c nng ln hoc h xung
v sinh thng xuyn v bo dng cho khu vc tip xc v cp ng sn phm.
Dn lnh b tr h c 2 pha kim tra d dng khi dng my
Bng ti lm bng thp khng r c thit k bng 01 lp li inox n gin, hn
ch vic sn phm kt trong qu trnh sn xut.

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Bng in iu khin my cp ng v iu chnh thi gian cp ng mi ch vn

hnh, v sinh x tuyt dn lnh. Vic iu chnh nhit gip d dng theo di v kim
sot cht lng sn phm.
Nguyn l lm vic
Trong sut thi gian cp ng, khi sn phm di chuyn xuyn qua bung cp ng trn
nhng bng chuyn, hng ngn tia kh lnh vi tc cao hng trc tip v lin tc ln
mt trn v mt di ca sn phm, thi hi nng bao bc quanh sn phm y nhanh qu
trnh trao i nhit. Cc tia kh lnh ny lm lnh t hiu qu tng ng phng php
nhng nit lng.
Khi cc tia kh lnh thi qua b mt sn phm, trn b mt sn phm nhanh chng to
nn mt lp bng mng bao bc quanh sn phm, lm gim mt nc v gi sn phm
khng b bin dng v mt c hc. Hnh dng v kch thc ban u ca sn phm c
duy tr trong sut qu trnh cp ng.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. L Vn Vit Mn, Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, NXB HQG TP H Ch Minh
2. L Bch Tuyt, Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong sn xut thc phm, NXB
Gio Dc, 1996
3. Phm Vn Bn, Qu trnh v thit b truyn nhit, NXB HQG TP H Ch Minh,
2007
4. PGS.TS inh Vn Thun, V Ch Chnh, H thng my v thit b lnh, NXB Khoa
hc k thut, 2009
5. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/ky-thuat-lanh-dong-thuy-san.96496.html
6. http://cnx.org/content/m30642/latest/
7. http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/showprint/entry_id/5253759/cat_id/1321
8. http://www.ebook.edu.vn/?page=1.32&view=8051
9. http://d3.violet.vn/uploads/previews/562/378734/preview.swf
10. http://www.clfish.com/inc/haccpv/gmp/
11. http://thucpham.dncot.edu.vn/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=52OyHZGgTEI%3D&tabid=57&mid=375&la
nguage=vi-VN

12. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/bao-cao-thuc-hanh-nganh-cong-nghe-thuc-pham.413587.html

HT

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