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Loi so snh kiu 1 mang tnh khch quan nn c dng lm phng php nghin cu ch o trong ngn ng hc i chiu ni ring, cng nh trong ngn ng hc so snh ni chung. Ni cch khc, trong ngn ng hc i chiu, nhng yu t c em so snh bao gi cng ng loi vi nhau. ng loi l iu kin tin quyt ca s so snh/i chiu.V d: Cng bnh din ng m, t vng, ng php
I. C S I CHIU NGN NG
2. Tiu ch i chiu
Tiu ch i chiu l im chung hay c s i chiu cc hin tng ngn ng Tertium comparationis Trong i chiu ngn ng, ch nhng i tng (cc n v ngn ng, cu trc ngn ng) tng ng vi nhau mi c th so snh vi nhau. Mi cp hay mi bnh din ngn ng u c nhng tiu ch i chiu ring.
V d: Tiu ch ring
Cp ng m: S ging nhau ca b my pht m ca tt c mi ngi trn th gii Cp t vng-ng ngha: S ging nhau v hin thc khch quan hay v ni dung t duy Cp cu: S ging nhau v quan h Ch th-Hnh ng-Khch th
i chiu nh lng: Kiu i chiu nhm xc nh nhng khc bit v s lng cc yu t ngn ng xt theo mt tiu ch i chiu no .
.
i chiu nh tnh: Kiu i chiu nhm tm ra nhng c im ging nhau v khc nhau gia cc yu t ngn ng tng ng ca hai ngn ng.
S nhiu
Chng ti, chng tao, chng t, bn mnh,... Chng my, cc cu,...
We
Ngi th hai
My, cu,...
Ngi th hai
You
Ngi th ba
N, y, hn,...
H, chng n,...
Ngi th ba
They
Nu i chiu vi ting Vit th ting Vit hnh thi xng h hon ton khng c phm tr cch (ch cch, tn cch, s hu cch). Nhng cc hnh thi tng ng th nhiu hn v ngi Vit s dng yu t phi i t bn cnh cc i t nhn xng tng hiu qu giao tip. V d: ng, b, c, cu...
Nguyn tc 1: Bo m cc phng tin trong hai ngn ng phi c miu t y , chnh xc v su sc trc khi tin hnh i chiu.
Vit
1. Cch phn loi cu hi Anh Vit theo cu trc c php a. Cu hi trong ting Anh: o Yes/ No questions (cu hi c/khng) o Wh- questions (cu hi c t nghi vn) o Alternative questions (cu hi la chn)
o
Declarative questions (cu hi dng tng thut) b. Cu hi trong ting Vit: o Cu hi tng qut. o Cu hi c t nghi vn. o Cu hi la chn. o Cu hi dng ng iu. 2. So snh im ging nhau v khc nhau trong tng loi cu hi.
o
Grand mother B
Grand father ng
cousin
Mother m
Father B/cha
Uncle Bc, ch
cousin
cousin Sister ch, em gi cousin Niece Chu gi Daughter Con gi EGO Bn thn Brother Anh, em trai cousin cousin
cousin
Xt mt cch khi qut, ng trn ng tm v t thn tc trong ting Vit v ting Anh tng t nhau. Tuy vy vn c nhng khc bit th hin s chia ct hin thc khch quan gia hai dn tc trong hai ngn ng, nh vic s dng t xng h trong gia nh ht nhn, s phn chia gii tnh, th h, tui tc, ni ngoi.
G
Coq (g trng) Poulet (g gi trng) Poule (g mi) Poulette (g gi mi) G(trng) g (gi)
g (con)
g (mi)
Poussin (g con)
Vy: Ngi Php quan tm n chi tit nn khng c mt t chung ch G nh ngi Vit. Ngi Vit thin v ci nhn tng th, mi loi c mt t chung i din
Nguyn tc 3: Phi xem xt cc phng tin i chiu trong hot ng giao tip
Tnh hung 1: (bn b) (quan h ngang quyn) Hai ngi bn i v pha nhau. C hai u rt vi. (H nhn thy nhau v ni.) ...................................... Tnh hung 2: (bn b) (quan h ngang quyn) Hai ngi bn i v pha nhau. C hai u ang i ti ch hn nhng khng vi lm. H c thi gian tr chuyn vi nhau. (H nhn thy nhau v ni)...................................................
Nguyn tc 4: Phi m bo tnh nht qun trong vic vn dng cc khi nim v m hnh l thuyt miu t cc ngn ng c i chiu: Theo V.Solnsev (2001): (1) Phi s dng nhng khi nim c th ph hp miu t c 2 ngn ng c i chiu v nhng khi nim phi hiu theo cng mt cch. (2) Phi theo cng mt khung l thuyt
V d: Phn loi cu theo cu trc c php trong ting Anh v ting Vit
Cu n She wrote a book Cu ghp: and, but, or She likes coffee but I like tea. Cu phc She believed that he was not a faithful man.
Nguyn tc 5: Phi tnh n mc gn gi v loi hnh gia cc ngn ng i chiu. Nguyn tc 6: Ring i vi nhng nghin cu i chiu nhm phc v cho vic dy ting v hc ting, cn phi tnh n nguyn tc n gin, thit thc i vi ngi dy v ngi hc.
Bc 1: Miu t
S dng kt qu miu t ca ngi khc v ch trnh by li di hnh thc ph hp vi mc ch i chiu ca mnh S dng kt qu miu t do mnh t xc lp Lu : Bc miu t trong nghin cu i chiu ph thuc rt nhiu v ng liu thu thp c
Bc 1: Miu t
V ng liu: - Vn bn dch khch quan v a dng - T in song ng - Li ni ca ngi bn ng - Sch ng php l thuyt
Bc 1: Miu t
Lu khi s dng ngun ng liu: - i vi vn bn dch: S dng vn bn ca cc dch gi c uy tn,trung thnh vi vn bn gc. V d: (1) He will return to Sai Gon in 2 weeks. N s tr v Si Gn trong 2 tun. Hai tun na n tr v Si Gn. (2) We stayed there for 2 days and I was offered more kindness than I was willing to accept Chng ti 2 ngy v ti c ban tng nhiu lng tt hn l ti mong i Chng ti 2 ngy. Ngi ta i x vi ti t t hn l ti mong i
Bc 1: Miu t
Lu khi s dng ngun ng liu: - i vi t in song ng, nhng thng tin v im ging v khc nhau ca nhng n v tng ng trong hai ngn ng thng khng chi tit v su sc - i vi ngi bn ng v sch ng php l thuyt, cn cn trng vi s ch quan hay nh kin - i vi ng liu li ni hng ngy phi l li ni trong mi trng giao tip t nhin, thun khit
Bc 3: i chiu
T.Krzesowski (1990): C 3 khung i chiu tng ng 3 kh nng c bn c th c khi i chiu 2 ngn ng XL1 = XL2 XL1 XL2 XL1 = 0 L2
Trong : X l yu t ngn ng; L l ngn ng
XL1 = 0 L2
X trong L1 khng c ci tng ng trong L2 2 kh nng: + Khng c ci tng ng tuyt i. V d: thanh iu ting Vit v ting Anh + Khng c ci tng ng tng i. V d: Biu hin phm tr thi Ting Anh dng cc phng tin ng php bin hnh t. Ting Vit khng c phm tr th nhng li s dng danh ng thi gian nh du ngha v thi: hm qua, ngy mai.
Tm li:
C l mt h thng tng th cc phng thc, th php phn tch nhm lm sng t cc c im chung v cc c im c th ca cc ngn ng c i chiu.
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